会议答题

zhongshujie

2024-11-27 ac7fea17d01289e22bddf492603afe183f46c77e

 src/books/civilAviation/view/components/chapter002.vue

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                    <p class="p-odd">常见的航空器种类如图2-1所示。</p>
                    <p class="center openImgBox p-odd">
                        <img class="img-a" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0051-1.jpg" />
                        <img class="w80" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0051-1.jpg" />
                    </p>
                    <p class="img p-odd">图2-1 常见的航空器种类</p>
                    <h5 id="e005" class="unit2-c">（一）轻于空气的航空器</h5>
@@ -109,6 +109,60 @@
                            风筝是最早出现的重于空气的航空器，迄今已有4000年历史。风筝的出现证明了重于空气的物体飞上天空的可能性。在航空发展初期，风筝经常是用来验证空气动力的手段。现代风筝（图2-4）造型美观，多用于娱乐、庆典等活动。
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                        <p><b>考证指南：空港服务管理师考题</b></p>
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                        <p class="img">图2-5 滑翔机</p>
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                            飞机按用途不同可分为民用飞机和军用飞机，按起降场地不同可分为陆上飞机、水上飞机和水陆两用飞机，图2-8为我国设计生产的AG600“鲲龙”大型水陆两用飞机。民用航空器主要是陆上飞机。
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                    <h6 id="f006" class="p-odd">4.旋翼航空器</h6>
                    <p class="p-odd">
                        和固定翼飞机不同，旋翼航空器没有固定的机翼，它产生升力的部分是可以旋转的叶片，类似于螺旋桨。旋翼航空器主要有旋翼机和直升机两种。
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                    <li class="headerNumber">043</li>
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                        <img class="img-a" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0055-1.jpg" />
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                    <p class="img">图2-12 扑翼机</p>
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                                        <p class="img">图2-12 扑翼机</p>
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                    <p class="p-odd">
                        综上所述，航空器虽然种类繁多，但真正在民航中广泛应用的只是飞机，在个别领域中用到少量的直升机。因此，本书讨论的航空器主要针对民用飞机。
                    </p>
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                    <p class="p-even td-0">
                        执行远距离的国际航线飞行任务。中程客机航程在3000～8000km，可执行国内航线和中短距离的国际航线飞行任务。近程客机的航程一般在3000km以下，多用于执行国内航线和飞往邻近国家的短程国际航线飞行任务。我国把远程客机、中程客机称为干线客机，用于执行国内干线和国际航线飞行任务；把较小的近程客机称为支线客机，用于执行支线飞行任务。
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                        <p><b>考证指南：空港服务管理师考题</b></p>
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                        按发动机类型不同，客机可以分为活塞式飞机和喷气式飞机。活塞式飞机采用四冲程汽油活塞式发动机，喷气式飞机采用以航空煤油为燃料的喷气式发动机，我国民航从事客货运输飞行的都是喷气式飞机。
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                    <p class="p-odd">
                        飞机的升力主要靠机翼产生，要产生升力，机翼和空气就必须有相对运动。我们假设空气是静止的，飞机在空气里运动，在研究时通常根据运动的相对性原理，以飞机为参照物，就是空气以和飞行速度大小相等、方向相反的速度流过飞机，空气相对于飞机的流动称为相对气流（图2-21），简称气流。升力的大小和气流状况、物理参数、机翼形状等有很大关系。下面，我们就从气流的特性入手，来探讨飞机为什么能飞、怎么控制飞机飞行等问题。
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                        <img class="img-0" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0061-1.jpg" />
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                    <p class="img">图2-21 相对气流</p>
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                                        <p class="img">图2-21 相对气流</p>
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                                        <p class="img">图2-21 相对气流</p>
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                    <h4 id="d018" class="p-odd unit2-c">一、气体流动的基本规律</h4>
                    <p class="p-odd">
                        气体在流动过程中，随着流动空间的变化，气流的状态参数（速度、
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                        随着流管截面积变化，不仅气流的速度会发生变化，气流的压力也会相应地发生变化。气体流动速度与压力之间的关系，可通过如图2-23所示的实验结果来说明。当实验管道中的气体静止时，管道中各截面的气体压力都相同，都等于当地大气压，测压管中的液面高度都一样[图2-23（a）]。当气流稳定、连续地流过实验管道时，通过连续方程可知，截面积大的地方流速小，截面积小的地方流速大。实验中，对实验管道吹风，
                        有气流流过实验管道时，测压管中的液面也发生了变化，液面普遍升高了，但截面积小的地方液面升高较多，截面积大的地方液面升高较少[图2-23（b）]。这个实验表明：截面积大的地方气体流速小，压力大；截面积小的地方气体流速大，压力小。
                    </p>
                    <div class="img-float openImgBox">
                        <img class="img-0" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0062-1.jpg" />
                        <p class="img">图2-23 流速与压力的关系</p>
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                                        <p class="img">图2-21 相对气流</p>
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                                        <p class="img">图2-21 相对气流</p>
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                            有气流流过实验管道时，测压管中的液面也发生了变化，液面普遍升高了，但截面积小的地方液面升高较多，截面积大的地方液面升高较少[图2-23（b）]。这个实验表明：截面积大的地方气体流速小，压力大；截面积小的地方气体流速大，压力小。
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                    <p class="p-even">
                        丹尼尔·伯努利研究了上述实验，并于1738年总结出著名的伯努利定理（也称伯努利方程）：
                    </p>
@@ -694,7 +864,7 @@
                    <span>
                        <p class="p-even td-0">升力的大小可用升力公式表示如下：</p>
                        <p class="center">
                            <img class="img-e" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0064-3.jpg" />
                            <img class="img-g" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0064-3.jpg" />
                        </p>
                        <p>
                            其中，<i>v</i>是飞行速度（相对气流速度），<i>S</i>是机翼面积。<i>c<sub>y</sub></i>是升力系数，它是实验测得的无因次值，迎角不同、翼型不同，升力系数就不同。
@@ -779,7 +949,7 @@
                            </p>
                        </span>
                        <p class="block">
                            低速是指<i>M&thinsp;</i>数小于0.4（也有的说0.3）的速度，低速时可以认为空气不可压缩：空气流速减小、压力增大时，空气不会被压缩，使体积减小、密度增大；空气流速增大、压力减小时，空气也不会膨胀，使体积增大、密度减小。也就是空气的密度不随速度变化而变化。这仅仅是一种假设，实际上速度变化引起压力变化，会导致空气密度发生改变，但在小M数下，密度变化量很小，可以忽略不计，才有了这样的假设。
                            低速是指<i>M&thinsp;</i>数小于0.4（也有的说0.3）<sup>①</sup>的速度，低速时可以认为空气不可压缩：空气流速减小、压力增大时，空气不会被压缩，使体积减小、密度增大；空气流速增大、压力减小时，空气也不会膨胀，使体积增大、密度减小。也就是空气的密度不随速度变化而变化。这仅仅是一种假设，实际上速度变化引起压力变化，会导致空气密度发生改变，但在小M数下，密度变化量很小，可以忽略不计，才有了这样的假设。
                        </p>
                        <p class="block">
                            亚声速是指M数大于0.4（0.3）、小于0.8（0.7或0.9）的速度范围。此时空气压缩性对飞机性能已经有明显影响，在考虑飞机性能时不能忽略，但飞机表面速度最快处未达到声速，飞机表面全是亚声速气流。
@@ -791,6 +961,10 @@
                            当M数较大时，飞机表面流速最慢处的气流速度也达到了声速，飞机表面全是超声速气流时，飞机才进入超声速范围，通常对应的M数大于1.3（1.2或1.4）。
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <hr class="ma-l">
                    <p class="p-even note td-0"><a
                            id="m1">①</a>&nbsp;几个分界点<i>M&thinsp;</i>数为不确定值，其中0.3或0.4是因为忽略的“较小值”不同，几个比较大的数值是因为不同的飞机或同一架飞机在不同姿态时，表面气流速度增加或减少量不同。
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@@ -813,7 +987,7 @@
                    <p class="p-odd">
                        诱导阻力是伴随着升力的产生而产生的阻力，或者说是由升力“诱导”出来的阻力。飞机在飞行过程中要产生升力，机翼下表面气流的压力大于上表面气流压力，空气由于流体的特性会从压力高的地方往压力低的地方流动，机翼下表面的气流会绕过翼尖往机翼上表面流动。流过机翼下表面的气流，除了有往后的速度之外，还有一个往翼尖方向流动的速度，气流沿着二者的合速度方向流动。相对于飞行速度来说，机翼下表面气流是往翼尖方向偏斜的（图2-30）。同理，机翼上表面的气流是往翼根方向偏斜的。流经机翼上下表面的气流在机翼后缘汇合时，具有不同的流动方向，会在机翼后方形成一排旋涡面。由于旋涡的相互作用，这排旋涡面会在机翼后方不远处汇合成两束大的旋涡，叫翼尖涡流，简称翼尖涡（图2-31）。
                    </p>
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@@ -986,6 +1160,14 @@
                    <p class="p-odd">
                        通过驾驶杆的前推和后拉，飞行员控制平尾后方的升降舵偏转。拉杆时，升降舵上偏，飞机的平尾上方气流受阻，速度减小，压力增大，在平尾上产生向下的空气动力，由于平尾在重心之后并且离重心较远，这个空气动力将对飞机重心构成上仰力矩，使机头上仰，飞机迎角增大（图2-39）。同理，如果飞行员推杆，升降舵下偏，平尾产生向上的空气动力，对重心构成下俯力矩，机头下俯，飞机迎角减小。在正常的迎角范围内、飞行速度不变的情况下，拉杆使迎角增大，升力增大，飞机将上升高度，推杆使迎角减小，升力减小，飞机将下降高度。如果要操纵飞机上升，除了拉杆以适当增大迎角、升力之外，还需相应加大油门，保持足够的飞行速度；操纵飞机下滑，则收小油门，随着速度减小，飞机升力减小，飞机自然转入下滑。为防止下滑角太大，飞行员还需相应拉点杆，适当增加迎角，才能保持预定的下滑角。
                    </p>
                    <p class="ma-0"><br></p>
                    <p class="center openImgBox">
                        <img class="img-b" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0071-1.jpg" />
                    </p>
                    <p class="img">图2-38 飞机的操纵面</p>
                    <div style="min-height:400px; margin-top: 30px"><iframe :src="iframSrcOne" frameborder="0"
                            style="width: 100%; height: 400px"></iframe></div>
                    <p class="ma-0"><br></p>
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                        <img class="img-b" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0071-2.jpg" />
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@@ -1150,17 +1332,57 @@
                    <p class="p-odd">
                        早期的飞机由于速度慢，要获得足够的升力，在设计制造时只能加大机翼面积。在当时的工艺条件下，没有能力制造大面积机翼，只能给飞机设计两副乃至三副机翼（图2-48）。现代飞机速度快，不需要很大的机翼面积就能获取足够的升力，制造技术的进步又使设计制造大机翼变成了现实，因此现代飞机已经完全摒弃了双翼结构，都只安装一副机翼，称为单翼机。
                    </p>
                    <p class="center openImgBox">
                        <img class="img-a" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0075-3.jpg" />
                    </p>
                    <p class="img">图2-48 三翼机和双翼机</p>
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                                        <p class="img">图2-48-1 三翼机</p>
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                                        <p class="img">图2-48-2 双翼机</p>
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                    <p class="p-odd">
                        根据机翼安装在机身上的位置不同，单翼机可分为上单翼、中单翼和下单翼（图2-49）。
                    </p>
                    <p class="center openImgBox">
                        <img class="img-a" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0075-4.jpg" />
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                    <p class="img">图2-49 上单翼、中单翼和下单翼</p>
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                                        <p class="img">图2-49-1 上单翼</p>
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                                        <p class="img">图2-49-2 中单翼</p>
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                                        <p class="img">图2-49-3 下单翼</p>
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@@ -1218,7 +1440,7 @@
                    <p class="p-odd td-0">
                        构的民用飞机，普遍有一定的上反角，大多数采用后掠翼、上单翼结构的军用飞机有一定的下反角。
                    </p>
                    <p class="center">
                    <p class="center openImgBox">
                        <img class="img-b" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0077-1.jpg" />
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                    <p class="img">图2-52 上反角与下反角</p>
@@ -1263,10 +1485,13 @@
                    <p class="p-even td-0">
                        构成机翼的骨架，蒙皮附着在骨架上就是完整的机翼。翼肋作为机翼的横向骨架，保持着机翼的翼型，直接支持蒙皮承受空气动力；翼梁作为机翼的纵向骨架，承受整个机翼上产生的空气动力，并通过接头将力传给机身；桁条平行于翼梁嵌在翼肋上，以支持蒙皮。
                    </p>
                    <p class="center p-even openImgBox">
                        <img class="img-a" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0078-1.jpg" />
                    <p class="ma-0"><br></p>
                    <p class="center openImgBox">
                        <img class="img-b" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0078-1.jpg" />
                    </p>
                    <p class="img p-even">图2-54 机翼的内部结构</p>
                    <div style="min-height:400px;margin-top: 30px"><iframe :src="iframSrc" frameborder="0"
                            style="width: 100%; height: 400px"></iframe></div>
                    <p class="p-even">
                        机翼内部有较大的空间，民用飞机通常将其密封后作为存储燃油的油箱，大型喷气式客机的机翼油箱储存了全机四分之一左右的燃油。大多航线飞机主起落架安装在机翼上，机翼的内部空间还有一部分用来设置起落架舱。
                    </p>
@@ -1316,11 +1541,28 @@
                    <p class="p-odd">
                        现代航线飞机机身构造大多由纵向的金属桁梁、桁条和横向的隔框组成骨架，外面覆盖金属蒙皮并和骨架铆接成一个整体。客机内部由地板将机身分为上、下两部分，双层客机则分成上、中、下三部分，上（中）部安装座椅，布置为客舱，下部为货舱、设备舱和机身油箱等（图2-56）。货机布置较为简单，无须将机舱分成上、下两部分，主要考虑装卸货物的方便，大部分地板上设有滑轨、绞盘或起重装置。
                    </p>
                    <p class="center p-odd openImgBox">
                        <img class="img-a" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0079-1.jpg" />
                    </p>
                    <p class="img">图2-56 客机机身内部分层</p>
                    <h4 id="d025" class="p-odd">三、尾翼</h4>
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                                        <img src="../../assets/images/0075-01.jpg" />
                                        <p class="img">图2-56 客机机身内部分层</p>
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                                        <p class="img">图2-56 客机机身内部分层</p>
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                    <h4 id="d025" class="p-odd unit2-c">三、尾翼</h4>
                    <p class="p-odd">
                        尾翼安装在飞机尾部。尾翼主要分为水平尾翼和垂直尾翼两种，也有少数飞机采用V形尾翼。尾翼的作用是为飞机提供俯仰和方向的稳定性与操纵性。
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@@ -1420,20 +1662,43 @@
                    <li class="header-left-text">民航概论（第 2 版）</li>
                </ul>
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                        <img class="img-a" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0082-1.jpg" />
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                    <p class="img p-even">图2-59 起落架的配置形式</p>
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                                        <p class="img">图2-59 起落架的配置形式</p>
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                                        <p class="img">图2-59 起落架的配置形式</p>
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                                        <p class="img">图2-59 起落架的配置形式</p>
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                                <img class="w80" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0082-2.jpg" />
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                            <p class="img">图2-60 空客A380的机身起落架</p>
                        </span>
                        <span>
                            <p class="center openImgBox">
                                <img class="w80" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0082-3.jpg" />
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                            <p class="img">图2-61 “鹞”式战斗机</p>
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@@ -1500,18 +1765,29 @@
                        大多民用飞机的前起落架不装刹车，但装有转向系统，由脚蹬或手轮（手柄）操纵前轮转向，使飞机在地面转弯。脚蹬操纵前轮用于起飞或着陆时高速滑跑的过程，蹬脚蹬时前轮与方向舵同时被操纵，脚蹬所能控制的前轮偏转角度较小，飞机转弯半径大。前轮转向手轮主要用于飞机低速滑行且转弯半径较小的情况，如飞机着陆后在跑道上掉头等。
                    </p>
                    <p class="p-even">
                        为防止飞机起飞后前轮不在中立位置给收起落架带来不便，也为了避免着陆接地瞬间前轮不在中立位置导致滑跑方向偏斜，前起落架都设有定中机构，保证前轮在离地状态下处于中立位置。传统的内置式前轮定中机
                        为防止飞机起飞后前轮不在中立位置给收起落架带来不便，也为了避免着陆接地瞬间前轮不在中立位置导致滑跑方向偏斜，前起落架都设有定中机构，保证前轮在离地状态下处于中立位置。传统的内置式前轮定中机构由一组内部的定中凸轮组成（图2-64），其中一个凸轮安装在缓冲支柱外筒上，另一个安装在缓冲支柱活塞杆上。前轮离地时，在重力和支柱内气压的作用下，缓冲支柱自然伸长，活塞杆上的定中凸轮与外筒上的定中凸轮接触并沿其表面滑动，使前轮自动定位在中立位置。前轮接地后，缓冲支柱被压缩，活塞杆上的定中凸轮与外筒上的定中凸轮脱离，活塞杆和外筒之间可以相对转动，可操纵前轮进行转向。
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                    <div class="img-float w200 openImgBox">
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                        <p class="img">图2-64 前轮定中机构</p>
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                                        <p class="img">图2-64 前轮定中机构</p>
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                                        <p class="img">图2-64 前轮定中机构</p>
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                            构由一组内部的定中凸轮组成（图2-64），其中一个凸轮安装在缓冲支柱外筒上，另一个安装在缓冲支柱活塞杆上。前轮离地时，在重力和支柱内气压的作用下，缓冲支柱自然伸长，活塞杆上的定中凸轮与外筒上的定中凸轮接触并沿其表面滑动，使前轮自动定位在中立位置。前轮接地后，缓冲支柱被压缩，活塞杆上的定中凸轮与外筒上的定中凸轮脱离，活塞杆和外筒之间可以相对转动，可操纵前轮进行转向。
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                            <div class="bj4-xyx">相关<br />链接</div>
@@ -1981,20 +2257,39 @@
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                        涡轮风扇发动机的总推力由内涵道产生的推力和外涵道产生的推力两部分组成。内涵道推力的产生与涡轮喷气发动机相同，外涵道推力的产生和螺旋桨相似。涡轮风扇发动机外涵道空气质量流量与内涵道空气质量流量之比称发动机涵道比。涡轮风扇发动机的内外涵道的气流排气方式有混合式和非混合式两种：混合式指外涵道气体经风扇后流到混合器内与内涵道气体混合后从同一个喷口排出，非混合式是指外涵道气体与内涵道气体分别从各自的喷管排出。通常高涵道比的涡轮风扇发动机采用非混合式排气，低涵道比（带加力）的涡轮风扇发动机采用混合式排气（图2-82和图2-83）。
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                                <img class="img-0" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0096-2.jpg" />
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                            <p class="img">图2-82 涡轮风扇发动机排气方式</p>
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                                <img class="img-0" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0096-3.jpg" />
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                            <p class="img">图2-83 分开排气的涡轮风扇发动机</p>
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                                        <p class="img">图2-82 涡轮风扇发动机排气方式</p>
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                                        <p class="img">图2-82 涡轮风扇发动机排气方式</p>
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                                        <p class="img">图2-82 涡轮风扇发动机排气方式</p>
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                    <p class="img p-even">图2-83 分开排气的涡轮风扇发动机</p>

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                    <li class="header-left-text">民航概论（第 2 版）</li>
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                    <p class="img">图2-87 滑油系统简图</p>
@@ -2195,20 +2490,31 @@
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                        翼根发动机布局是将发动机安装在机翼根部的短舱内（图2-89）。这种安装形式的优点是：发动机融合在机翼结构中，迎风面积最小，离机身轴线最近，一旦在空中飞行时一台发动机停车，推力不对称造成的偏转力矩小，便于飞行员操纵。在喷气式发动机推力和可靠性都不足的早期，这种布局是合理的。它的缺点是机身和机翼结构的完整性被破坏，以及客舱离发动机太近而导致噪声和振动太大。现代客机上已经不用这种发动机布局了。
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                            <p class="img">图2-88 螺旋桨飞机的发动机安装</p>
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                                <img class="img-a" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0103-2.jpg" />
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                            <p class="img">图2-89 翼根发动机布局</p>
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                                        <p class="img">图2-88 螺旋桨飞机的发动机安装</p>
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                                        <p class="img">图2-88 螺旋桨飞机的发动机安装</p>
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                    <p class="img">图2-89 翼根发动机布局</p>
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                        翼吊发动机布局是将发动机安装在机翼下的发动机吊舱中（图2-90），翼下吊挂发动机已成为大型喷气式客机的主要安装形式。
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                        机械式仪表可分成根据气压指示的气压式仪表、依靠陀螺指示的陀螺仪表和依靠磁场指示的航向仪表三大类。
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                    <h4 id="d031" class="p-even unit2-c">—、气压式仪表</h4>
                    <p class="p-even">
                        气压式仪表利用飞机在飞行中测得的气压数据来指示飞行参数，它的核心部分是一个金属膜盒。根据气压的变化，这个金属膜盒会膨胀或收缩，带动指针在仪表上指示出相应的数据。常用的气压式仪表有高度表、空速表和升降速度表。
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                        平时所说的高度，是指飞机所在的水平面与预先选定的基准面（参照物）之间的高度差。如果选择的基准面不同，飞机在同一个水平面上所得到的高度值也不相同。飞行中常用的高度有：相对高度、绝对高度、真实高度、标准气压高度。它们之间的关系如图2-96所示。
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@@ -2677,10 +2998,27 @@
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                        磁罗盘源自我国古人的四大发明之一——指南针。磁针两端能够指向地磁南北两极，磁罗盘就是将一根磁针固定在圆形刻度环上，再将此带有磁针的刻度环放入罗盘表盒内。为了让刻度环能自由转动，表盒内加有液体使刻度环漂浮起来。刻度以正北为起点，顺时针方向将刻度环分为360等份。正北为0°，以N表示；正东为90°，以E表示；正南为180°，以S表示；正西为270°，以W表示。由于刻度环尺寸有限，罗盘一般每隔30°标一个数字，此数字为航向的1/10（因为空间有限，少刻一个位数）。磁罗盘表盘面上刻有一条基准线，飞行中此线正对的数字就是飞机航向（图2-110）。
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                    <p class="img p-odd">图2-110 磁罗盘</p>
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                                        <p class="img">图2-110 磁罗盘</p>
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                        飞机转弯时，罗盘随飞机一起转弯，由于磁针固定指向地磁南北极，将带动刻度环转动，飞行员就会看到罗盘里的刻度环在转动，还能看到跟着流动的液体。飞行员形象地将磁罗盘称为“水罗盘”。
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@@ -2937,15 +3275,30 @@
                            大型飞机上多采用柱塞式液压泵（图2-119）。液压泵通常由发动机带动，在斜盘的作用下，柱塞转到上方时将油液从油箱内抽出，转到下方时将柱塞内的油液加压挤入管道，等待驱动作动器工作。大型航线飞机的液压系统压力可达20.7MPa（约205个标准大气压）。为防止液压泵故障时液压系统不工作，许多飞机除液压泵外，还设有手摇泵和冲压空气涡轮。冲压空气涡轮密封于机翼或机身内，当发动机和辅助动力装置都发生故障时从机翼或机身内伸出，在相对气流的作用下转动，带动液压泵工作。
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                        <p class="img">图2-120 蓄压器</p>
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                                        <p class="img">图2-120 蓄压器</p>
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                                        <p class="img">图2-120 蓄压器</p>
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                            蓄压器的作用有两个：存储压力、稳定压力。常用的蓄压器有筒式和球式两种（图2-120）。由于液体不可压缩，也就不能存储压力，一旦液压泵不工作，管道内的高压油液立即失去压力，液压系统也就不能工作了。蓄压器利用气体的可压缩性来存储压力，蓄压器内部空间由活塞或隔膜分隔成两部分，一部分连接液压管道，另一部分填充高压气体（通常为氮气）。在管道内有高压时，油液压缩气体，使气体的压力达到管道内的压力。一旦液压泵不工作，高压气体就对管道内的油液施压，使之具有高压，保证液压系统仍有一定的工作能力。蓄压器还具有稳定压力的作用，由于柱塞式液压泵给管道提升压力是脉动的、不连续的，在柱塞向管道挤入油液时压力很高，一旦转离管道，就不施压了，蓄压器可以起到缓冲作用，使管道内油液的压力稳定，保证液压系统可靠工作。
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                    <p class="p-even">
                        蓄压器的作用有两个：存储压力、稳定压力。常用的蓄压器有筒式和球式两种（图2-120）。由于液体不可压缩，也就不能存储压力，一旦液压泵不工作，管道内的高压油液立即失去压力，液压系统也就不能工作了。蓄压器利用气体的可压缩性来存储压力，蓄压器内部空间由活塞或隔膜分隔成两部分，一部分连接液压管道，另一部分填充高压气体（通常为氮气）。在管道内有高压时，油液压缩气体，使气体的压力达到管道内的压力。一旦液压泵不工作，高压气体就对管道内的油液施压，使之具有高压，保证液压系统仍有一定的工作能力。蓄压器还具有稳定压力的作用，由于柱塞式液压泵给管道提升压力是脉动的、不连续的，在柱塞向管道挤入油液时压力很高，一旦转离管道，就不施压了，蓄压器可以起到缓冲作用，使管道内油液的压力稳定，保证液压系统可靠工作。
                    </p>
                    <p class="p-even">
                        液压系统管道内还安装有液压油滤（图2-121），将油液中的杂质滤
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@@ -3005,10 +3358,27 @@
                    <li class="header-left-text">民航概论（第 2 版）</li>
                </ul>
                <div class="bodystyle">
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                        <img class="img-a" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0124-1.jpg" />
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                    <p class="img p-even">图2-124 两种形式的作动筒</p>
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                                        <p class="img">图2-124 两种形式的作动筒</p>
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                                        <p class="img">图2-124 两种形式的作动筒</p>
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                    <div class="img-float w395 openImgBox">
                        <img class="img-0" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0124-2.jpg" />
                        <p class="img">图2-125 起落架与襟翼收放系统</p>
@@ -3111,7 +3481,7 @@
                            交流电。无论发动机转速如何改变，恒速传动装置都带动发电机以恒定的速度转动，使发电机提供的交流电频率恒定，满足用电设备的要求。与直流系统相比，交流系统有以下优点：交流发电机没有换向器，再大的电流也不产生电火花，不会对电子仪表、无线电等产生干扰；输送电压高，所需配电线路无须太粗，减少了配电系统的质量；变直流、变压非常容易。交流系统也有一些缺点：首先是发电机不能作为启动电机使用，飞机必须单独配置启动设备，增加了结构质量；其次是交流发电机的启动力矩和调速性远不如直流发电机；最后是恒速传动装置结构复杂、价格昂贵，在使用中故障多、修复困难。目前使用的恒速传动装置多为液压马达驱动。
                        </p>
                    </span>
                    <div class="img-rights w200">
                    <div class="img-rights openImgBox w200">
                        <img class="img-0" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0127-1.jpg" />
                        <p class="img">图2-127 航空蓄电池</p>
                    </div>
@@ -3308,8 +3678,12 @@
                            <p class="img">图2-132 化学氧气发生器</p>
                        </span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="img-float" style="width: 120px">
                        <div class="bj3">
                    <div style="position: relative">
                        <p class="center openImgBox p-even">
                            <img class="img-b" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0132-3.jpg" />
                        </p>
                        <p class="img p-even">图2-133 B737氧气系统</p>
                        <div class="bj3" style="position: absolute; bottom: 10px; width: 120px">
                            <div class="bj3-xyx">
                                <p><span class="bj3-xyx">小贴士▼</span></p>
                            </div>
@@ -3318,12 +3692,6 @@
                            </span>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <span>
                        <p class="center openImgBox p-even">
                            <img class="img-b" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0132-3.jpg" />
                        </p>
                        <p class="img p-even">图2-133 B737氧气系统</p>
                    </span>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
@@ -3417,10 +3785,27 @@
                    <li class="headerNumber">123</li>
                </ul>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="center openImgBox p-odd">
                        <img class="img-a" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0135-1.jpg" />
                    </p>
                    <p class="img p-odd">图2-140 飞行中的餐食</p>
                    <!-- 轮播图 -->
                    <div class="imgBox-003 openImgBox">
                        <div class="swiper-container swiper-img">
                            <div class="swiper-wrapper">
                                <div class="swiper-slide">
                                    <div class="imgBox" style="width: 100%; height: 100%">
                                        <img src="../../assets/images/0123-01.jpg" />
                                        <p class="img">图2-140 飞行中的餐食</p>
                                    </div>
                                </div>
                                <div class="swiper-slide">
                                    <div class="imgBox" style="width: 100%; height: 100%">
                                        <img src="../../assets/images/0123-02.jpg" />
                                        <p class="img">图2-140 飞行中的餐食</p>
                                    </div>
                                </div>
                            </div>
                            <div class="swiper-button-next"></div>
                            <div class="swiper-button-prev"></div>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <h5 id="e045" class="p-odd unit2-c">（二）救生设施</h5>
                    <div class="img-rights w270 openImgBox">
                        <img class="img-0" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0135-2.jpg" />
@@ -3767,31 +4152,95 @@
                        飞机从安全高度下滑直至降落在地面并停止运动所经过的水平距离叫着陆距离。飞机从接地直至停止运动所经过的水平距离叫着陆滑跑距离，着陆距离包括着陆滑跑距离和空中段距离。着陆滑跑距离越短，说明飞机对机场跑道的依赖性越小，着陆性能越好；着陆空中段距离越短，说明飞机对机场净空条件依赖性越小，着陆性能越好。由于采取了切实有效的减速措施，大型民用飞机着陆滑跑距离一般在2000m以内。
                    </p>
                    <h2 id="b008" class="p-even"><img class="inline1" alt="" src="../../assets/images/tzyy.jpg" /></h2>
                    <p class="block p-even">1.民用航空器的使用现状如何？</p>
                    <p class="block p-even">2.民航对航空器的使用要求有哪些？</p>
                    <p class="block p-even">3.什么是迎角？</p>
                    <p class="block p-even">4.升力是怎样产生的？影响飞机升力的因素有哪些？</p>
                    <p class="block p-even">5.飞机可以分为哪几大部分？其中构成机体的是哪些部分？</p>
                    <p class="block p-even">6.机翼的作用是什么？</p>
                    <p class="block p-even">7.起落架有什么作用？现代飞机常见的起落架采用哪种配置形式？</p>
                    <p class="block p-even">8.航空喷气式发动机的种类有哪些？分别用于什么航空器？</p>
                    <p class="block p-even">9.辅助动力装置的作用是什么？辅助动力装置通常安装在飞机什么部位？</p>
                    <p class="block p-even">10.如果空速管结冰，堵塞了全压孔，将导致哪些仪表的指示不准？如果堵塞了静压孔，将导致哪些仪表的指示不准？</p>
                    <p class="block p-even">11.飞机起飞、着陆和航线飞行，分别使用什么高度？</p>
                    <p class="block p-even">12.为什么真速、表速和地速会不同？</p>
                    <p class="block p-even">13.头等舱、公务舱、经济舱的区别是什么？一级客舱布局、二级客舱布局、三级客舱布局的含义是什么？</p>
                    <p class="block p-even">14.客舱内的救生设施有哪些？</p>
                    <p class="block p-even">15.什么是业载？最大业载和最大起飞质量、最大无燃油质量有何关系？</p>
                    <p class="block p-even">16.民用飞机的飞行过程由哪些部分构成？</p>
                    <p class="block p-even td-0">1.民用航空器的使用现状如何？</p>
                    <textarea v-model="expandQuestion.reading.one" placeholder="请输入内容" rows="6"
                        class="textarea-box-left" @change="setBookQuestion"
                        :class="{ 'textarea-focused': isFocused == 'one' }" @focus="handleFocus('one')"
                        @blur="handleBlur()"></textarea>
                    <p class="block p-even td-0">2.民航对航空器的使用要求有哪些？</p>
                    <textarea v-model="expandQuestion.reading.two" placeholder="请输入内容" rows="6"
                        class="textarea-box-left" @change="setBookQuestion"
                        :class="{ 'textarea-focused': isFocused == 'two' }" @focus="handleFocus('two')"
                        @blur="handleBlur()"></textarea>
                    <p class="block p-even td-0">3.什么是迎角？</p>
                    <textarea v-model="expandQuestion.reading.three" placeholder="请输入内容" rows="6"
                        class="textarea-box-left" @change="setBookQuestion"
                        :class="{ 'textarea-focused': isFocused == 'three' }" @focus="handleFocus('three')"
                        @blur="handleBlur()"></textarea>
                    <p class="block p-even td-0">4.升力是怎样产生的？影响飞机升力的因素有哪些？</p>
                    <textarea v-model="expandQuestion.reading.four" placeholder="请输入内容" rows="6"
                        class="textarea-box-left" @change="setBookQuestion"
                        :class="{ 'textarea-focused': isFocused == 'four' }" @focus="handleFocus('four')"
                        @blur="handleBlur()"></textarea>
                    <p class="block p-even td-0">5.飞机可以分为哪几大部分？其中构成机体的是哪些部分？</p>
                    <textarea v-model="expandQuestion.reading.five" placeholder="请输入内容" rows="6"
                        class="textarea-box-left" @change="setBookQuestion"
                        :class="{ 'textarea-focused': isFocused == 'five' }" @focus="handleFocus('five')"
                        @blur="handleBlur()"></textarea>
                    <p class="block p-even td-0">6.机翼的作用是什么？</p>
                    <textarea v-model="expandQuestion.reading.six" placeholder="请输入内容" rows="6"
                        class="textarea-box-left" @change="setBookQuestion"
                        :class="{ 'textarea-focused': isFocused == 'six' }" @focus="handleFocus('six')"
                        @blur="handleBlur()"></textarea>
                    <p class="block p-even td-0">7.起落架有什么作用？现代飞机常见的起落架采用哪种配置形式？</p>
                    <textarea v-model="expandQuestion.reading.seven" placeholder="请输入内容" rows="6"
                        class="textarea-box-left" @change="setBookQuestion"
                        :class="{ 'textarea-focused': isFocused == 'seven' }" @focus="handleFocus('seven')"
                        @blur="handleBlur()"></textarea>
                    <p class="block p-even td-0">8.航空喷气式发动机的种类有哪些？分别用于什么航空器？</p>
                    <textarea v-model="expandQuestion.reading.eight" placeholder="请输入内容" rows="6"
                        class="textarea-box-left" @change="setBookQuestion"
                        :class="{ 'textarea-focused': isFocused == 'eight' }" @focus="handleFocus('eight')"
                        @blur="handleBlur()"></textarea>
                    <p class="block p-even td-0">9.辅助动力装置的作用是什么？辅助动力装置通常安装在飞机什么部位？</p>
                    <textarea v-model="expandQuestion.reading.nine" placeholder="请输入内容" rows="6"
                        class="textarea-box-left" @change="setBookQuestion"
                        :class="{ 'textarea-focused': isFocused == 'nine' }" @focus="handleFocus('nine')"
                        @blur="handleBlur()"></textarea>
                    <p class="block p-even td-0">10.如果空速管结冰，堵塞了全压孔，将导致哪些仪表的指示不准？如果堵塞了静压孔，将导致哪些仪表的指示不准？</p>
                    <textarea v-model="expandQuestion.reading.ten" placeholder="请输入内容" rows="6"
                        class="textarea-box-left" @change="setBookQuestion"
                        :class="{ 'textarea-focused': isFocused == 'ten' }" @focus="handleFocus('ten')"
                        @blur="handleBlur()"></textarea>
                    <p class="block p-even td-0">11.飞机起飞、着陆和航线飞行，分别使用什么高度？</p>
                    <textarea v-model="expandQuestion.reading.eleven" placeholder="请输入内容" rows="6"
                        class="textarea-box-left" @change="setBookQuestion"
                        :class="{ 'textarea-focused': isFocused == 'eleven' }" @focus="handleFocus('eleven')"
                        @blur="handleBlur()"></textarea>
                    <p class="block p-even td-0">12.为什么真速、表速和地速会不同？</p>
                    <textarea v-model="expandQuestion.reading.twelve" placeholder="请输入内容" rows="6"
                        class="textarea-box-left" @change="setBookQuestion"
                        :class="{ 'textarea-focused': isFocused == 'twelve' }" @focus="handleFocus('twelve')"
                        @blur="handleBlur()"></textarea>
                    <p class="block p-even td-0">13.头等舱、公务舱、经济舱的区别是什么？一级客舱布局、二级客舱布局、三级客舱布局的含义是什么？</p>
                    <textarea v-model="expandQuestion.reading.thirteen" placeholder="请输入内容" rows="6"
                        class="textarea-box-left" @change="setBookQuestion"
                        :class="{ 'textarea-focused': isFocused == 'thirteen' }" @focus="handleFocus('thirteen')"
                        @blur="handleBlur()"></textarea>
                    <p class="block p-even td-0">14.客舱内的救生设施有哪些？</p>
                    <textarea v-model="expandQuestion.reading.fourteen" placeholder="请输入内容" rows="6"
                        class="textarea-box-left" @change="setBookQuestion"
                        :class="{ 'textarea-focused': isFocused == 'fourteen' }" @focus="handleFocus('fourteen')"
                        @blur="handleBlur()"></textarea>
                    <p class="block p-even td-0">15.什么是业载？最大业载和最大起飞质量、最大无燃油质量有何关系？</p>
                    <textarea v-model="expandQuestion.reading.fifteen" placeholder="请输入内容" rows="6"
                        class="textarea-box-left" @change="setBookQuestion"
                        :class="{ 'textarea-focused': isFocused == 'fifteen' }" @focus="handleFocus('fifteen')"
                        @blur="handleBlur()"></textarea>
                    <p class="block p-even td-0">16.民用飞机的飞行过程由哪些部分构成？</p>
                    <textarea v-model="expandQuestion.reading.sixteen" placeholder="请输入内容" rows="6"
                        class="textarea-box-left" @change="setBookQuestion"
                        :class="{ 'textarea-focused': isFocused == 'sixteen' }" @focus="handleFocus('sixteen')"
                        @blur="handleBlur()"></textarea>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>

       
        <preView :isClear="dialogVisible" :md5="p_md5" :pdfTitle="somePdfTitleValue" ref="pdfDialogRef"></preView>
    </div>
</template>

<script>
import preView from '@/components/pdfview/index.vue'
export default {
    name: "chaptertwo",
    props: {
@@ -3799,6 +4248,248 @@
            type: Array,
        },
    },
    components: {
        preView,
    },
    data() {
        return {
            iframSrc: "",
            iframSrcOne: "",
            dialogVisible: false,
            p_md5: '',
            somePdfTitleValue: '',
            isFocused: null,
            showSingleChoice: false,
            showChoiceAnswer: false,
            singleChoice: [
                {
                    txt: "中程飞机的航程为：（　　）。",
                    isComplete: false,
                    isRight: null,
                    userAnswer: "",
                    answer: "B",
                    option: [
                        {
                            zm: "A",
                            txt: "A.一般小于1000km"
                        },
                        {
                            zm: "B",
                            txt: "B.3000km左右"
                        },
                        {
                            zm: "C",
                            txt: "C.11000km左右"
                        },
                        {
                            zm: "D",
                            txt: "D.可以完成中途不着陆的洲际跨越飞行"
                        },
                    ]
                },
                {
                    txt: "按国际上通常的标准，航程在3000km以下者为（　　）。",
                    isComplete: false,
                    isRight: null,
                    userAnswer: "",
                    answer: "A",
                    option: [
                        {
                            zm: "A",
                            txt: "A.短程客机"
                        },
                        {
                            zm: "B",
                            txt: "B.中短程客机"
                        },
                        {
                            zm: "C",
                            txt: "C.中程客机"
                        },
                        {
                            zm: "D",
                            txt: "D.中远程客机"
                        },
                    ]
                },
            ],
            singleChoiceOne: [
                {
                    txt: "最早出现的重于空气的飞行器是（　　）。",
                    isComplete: false,
                    isRight: null,
                    userAnswer: "",
                    answer: "D",
                    option: [
                        {
                            zm: "A",
                            txt: "A.飞艇"
                        },
                        {
                            zm: "B",
                            txt: "B.飞机"
                        },
                        {
                            zm: "C",
                            txt: "C.滑翔机"
                        },
                        {
                            zm: "D",
                            txt: "D.风筝"
                        },
                    ]
                },
            ],
            expandQuestion: {
                reading: {
                    one: "",
                    two: "",
                    three: "",
                    four: "",
                    five: "",
                    six: "",
                    seven: "",
                    eight: "",
                    nine: "",
                    ten: "",
                    eleven: "",
                    twelve: "",
                    thirteen: "",
                    fourteen: "",
                    fifteen: "",
                    sixteen: "",
                },
            },
            chapter002: {
                pdfMd5: {
                    1: {
                        md5: '08ca9a3d75b2a0aa939c1206d2c82738',
                        name: '探秘国产大型水陆两栖飞机',
                    },
                    2: {
                        md5: '51bfa4bb4bfa61a48f4b4276e3deb21a',
                        name: '航空仪表：座舱里的“全息窗口”',
                    },
                },
            },
        }
    },
    mounted() {
        const bookQuestion = localStorage.getItem("civilAviatyon-book-chapter02-expandQuestion");
        if (bookQuestion) {
            this.expandQuestion = JSON.parse(bookQuestion);
        }

        const singleChoice = localStorage.getItem("civilAviatyon-book-chapter02-singleChoice");
        if (singleChoice) {
            this.singleChoice = JSON.parse(singleChoice);
        }

        const singleChoiceOne = localStorage.getItem("civilAviatyon-book-chapter02-singleChoiceOne");
        if (singleChoiceOne) {
            this.singleChoiceOne = JSON.parse(singleChoiceOne);
        }
        this.getModel()
        this.getModelOne()
    },
    methods: {
        toUrl(val) {
            if (val) {
                this.p_md5 = this.chapter002.pdfMd5[val].md5
                this.somePdfTitleValue = this.chapter002.pdfMd5[val].name
                this.$refs.pdfDialogRef.openDialog()
            }
        },
        handleFocus(id) {
            this.isFocused = id; // 当textarea聚焦时，设置为true  
        },
        handleBlur() {
            this.isFocused = null; // 当textarea失去焦点时，设置为false  
        },
        setBookQuestion() {
            localStorage.setItem(
                "civilAviatyon-book-chapter02-expandQuestion",
                JSON.stringify(this.expandQuestion)
            );
        },
        goChoiceJudge() {
            this.singleChoice.forEach(item => {
                item.isComplete = true;
                if (item.userAnswer == item.answer) {
                    item.isRight = true;
                } else {
                    item.isRight = false;
                }
            });
            this.showChoiceAnswer = true
        },
        changeChoiceData() {
            localStorage.removeItem("civilAviatyon-book-chapter02-singleChoice")
            this.singleChoice.forEach(item => {
                item.isComplete = false;
                item.isRight = null;
                item.userAnswer = "";
            });
            this.showChoiceAnswer = false
        },
        saveInputChoice() {
            localStorage.setItem(
                "civilAviatyon-book-chapter02-singleChoice",
                JSON.stringify(this.singleChoice)
            );
        },
        goSingleChoice() {
            this.singleChoiceOne.forEach(item => {
                item.isComplete = true;
                if (item.userAnswer == item.answer) {
                    item.isRight = true;
                } else {
                    item.isRight = false;
                }
            });
            this.showSingleChoice = true
        },
        changeSingleChoice() {
            localStorage.removeItem("civilAviatyon-book-chapter02-singleChoiceOne")
            this.singleChoiceOne.forEach(item => {
                item.isComplete = false;
                item.isRight = null;
                item.userAnswer = "";
            });
            this.showSingleChoice = false
        },
        saveChoiceOne() {
            localStorage.setItem(
                "civilAviatyon-book-chapter02-singleChoiceOne",
                JSON.stringify(this.singleChoiceOne)
            );
        },

        // 三维模型
        getModel() {
            const ctx = 'https://jsek.bnuic.com'
            let localStr =
                'https://jsek.bnuic.com/books/book/civilAviation/static/modelView/index.html?md5=62d4eadc420b7403fce2be993baa095d' +
                '&name=je' +
                '&domain=' +
                ctx +
                '&target=iframe'
            this.iframSrc = localStr
        },
        // 三维模型
        getModelOne() {
            const ctx = 'https://jsek.bnuic.com'
            let localStr =
                'https://jsek.bnuic.com/books/book/civilAviation/static/modelView/index.html?md5=e08040d0abb1763694cd674215df9ad5' +
                '&name=je' +
                '&domain=' +
                ctx +
                '&exd=obj' +
                '&target=iframe'
            this.iframSrcOne = localStr
        }

    }
};
</script>

@@ -3816,7 +4507,8 @@
        margin: 0 !important;
        font-size: 16px !important;
        position: absolute !important;
        left: 40% !important;
        left: 50% !important;
        transform: translateX(-50%);
        bottom: -2% !important;
    }

@@ -3824,4 +4516,14 @@
        height: 80%;
    }
}


hr {
    margin-left: 0;
    margin-bottom: 4px;
    width: 15.5%;
    border: none;
    height: 2px;
    background-color: #000;
}
</style>