杨磊
4 天以前 97eb39caf61e8ea8f70776af267f6deed51720fe
src/books/aurturingAndEducationAged0to3/view/components/chapter004.vue
@@ -187,15 +187,67 @@
                    <p>随着年龄的增大,注意维持的时间持续增长,有研究表明:对有兴趣的事物1.5岁的婴儿只能注意5~8分钟,1岁9个月的婴儿能集中注意8~10分钟,2岁的幼儿能集中注意10~12分钟,2岁半的幼儿能集中注意10~20分钟。<sup
                            title="方富熹,方格:《儿童发展心理学》,249页,北京,人民教育出版社,2005。">①</sup></p>
                    <div class="bk2">
                        <p class="center"><b>幼儿教师资格考试·真题再现</b></p>
                        <p>2012年上半年全国教师资格考试《保教知识与能力》(幼儿园)真题:</p>
                        <p>儿童一进商场就被漂亮的玩具吸引,儿童在这一刻出现的心理现象是(  )。</p>
                        <p>A.注意</p>
                        <p>B.想象</p>
                        <p>C.需要</p>
                        <p>D.思维</p>
                        <p>答案:A</p>
                        <p>解析:儿童在这一刻出现的心理活动是对漂亮玩具的指向和集中,因此,心理现象为注意。</p>
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                                ({{ index + 1 }}){{ item.txtTitle }}
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                {{ item.txt }}
                            </li>
                            <li class="inputChoice" v-for="(citem, cindex) in item.option" :key="cindex">
                                <label>
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                                        :value="citem.value" v-model="item.userAnswer" @change="saveExampleOne" />
                                    <span>{{ citem.value }}.{{ citem.txt }}</span>
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                            <li v-if="exampleOne.isShowAnswer" class="event-header-text-bc pd-5 fl jc-sa">
                                <span class="c-g"> 答案:{{ item.answer }}</span>
                                <span :class="{ 'c-g': item.isRight, 'c-r': item.isRight == false }">您的答案:{{
                                    item.userAnswer
                                    }}</span>
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                                    <svg v-if="item.isRight" t="1716986419862" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 1820 1024"
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                            </li>
                            <li v-if="exampleOne.isShowAnswer" class="event-header-text-bc pd-5">
                                {{ item.answerTitle }}
                            </li>
                        </ul>
                        <!-- 提交按钮 -->
                        <div class="w100 fl ju-cn">
                            <ul class="fl ju-ev w80 choice">
                                <li>
                                    <button class="btn-border btn-w" @click="goExampleOne">
                                        提交
                                    </button>
                                </li>
                                <li>
                                    <button @click="changeExampleOne" class="btn-border btn-w">
                                        重做
                                    </button>
                                </li>
                                <li>
                                    <button @click="exampleOne.isShowAnswer = !exampleOne.isShowAnswer"
                                        class="parimary-btn">
                                        查看答案
                                    </button>
                                </li>
                            </ul>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <hr class="img-g" />
                    <p class="p-even note td-0">
@@ -250,14 +302,67 @@
                            title=" 方富熹,方格:《儿童发展心理学》,249页,北京,人民教育出版社,2005。">①</sup></p>
                    <div class="bk2">
                        <p class="center"><b>幼儿教师资格考试·真题再现</b></p>
                        <p>2016年上半年全国教师资格考试《保教知识与能力》(幼儿园)真题:</p>
                        <p>1岁半的儿童想给妈妈吃饼干时,会说:“妈妈”“饼”“吃”,并把饼干递过去,这表明该阶段儿童语言发展的一个主要特点是(  )。</p>
                        <p>A.电报句</p>
                        <p>B.完整句</p>
                        <p>C.单词句</p>
                        <p>D.简单句</p>
                        <p>答案:C</p>
                        <p>解析:1~1.5岁幼儿的语言发展处于单词句时期,语言表达从单字到单词,出现单词句。</p>
                        <ul class='mr-0' v-for="(item, index) in exampleTwo.unitOne" :key="'exampleTwo' + index">
                            <li>
                                ({{ index + 1 }}){{ item.txtTitle }}
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                {{ item.txt }}
                            </li>
                            <li class="inputChoice" v-for="(citem, cindex) in item.option" :key="cindex">
                                <label>
                                    <input type="radio" :disabled="exampleTwo.isComplete" :name="item.txt"
                                        :value="citem.value" v-model="item.userAnswer" @change="saveExampleTwo" />
                                    <span>{{ citem.value }}.{{ citem.txt }}</span>
                                </label>
                            </li>
                            <li v-if="exampleTwo.isShowAnswer" class="event-header-text-bc pd-5 fl jc-sa">
                                <span class="c-g"> 答案:{{ item.answer }}</span>
                                <span :class="{ 'c-g': item.isRight, 'c-r': item.isRight == false }">您的答案:{{
                                    item.userAnswer
                                }}</span>
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                                    <svg v-if="item.isRight" t="1716986419862" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 1820 1024"
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                            </li>
                            <li v-if="exampleTwo.isShowAnswer" class="event-header-text-bc pd-5">
                                {{ item.answerTitle }}
                            </li>
                        </ul>
                        <!-- 提交按钮 -->
                        <div class="w100 fl ju-cn">
                            <ul class="fl ju-ev w80 choice">
                                <li>
                                    <button class="btn-border btn-w" @click="goExampleTwo">
                                        提交
                                    </button>
                                </li>
                                <li>
                                    <button @click="changeExampleTwo" class="btn-border btn-w">
                                        重做
                                    </button>
                                </li>
                                <li>
                                    <button @click="exampleTwo.isShowAnswer = !exampleTwo.isShowAnswer"
                                        class="parimary-btn">
                                        查看答案
                                    </button>
                                </li>
                            </ul>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <h3 id="c110"><span class="h3-zt">七、</span>社会性发展</h3>
                    <p>幼儿社会性发展的基础是情绪情感的发展,因此促进良好的情绪情感发展对幼儿的社会性发展至关重要。</p>
@@ -395,9 +500,33 @@
                        <p>3.用指套牙刷轻柔地反复擦拭幼儿的乳牙和牙龈,擦拭的重点是牙齿和牙床交界处及两颗牙齿之间的区域。</p>
                    </div>
                    <h5 id="e235">2.指导幼儿尝试刷牙</h5>
                    <p>2~3岁幼儿20颗乳牙已全部出齐,这时可以指导幼儿自己刷牙了。首先,给幼儿选择婴幼儿专用牙膏和牙刷,然后,教其正确的刷牙方法:顺刷法。可以给其示范,鼓励其自己刷牙,也可以利用儿歌等方法,引起幼儿刷牙的兴趣,逐渐掌握刷牙的方法。学习刷牙既是让幼儿养成良好的卫生习惯,又是培养其生活自理能力的一项重要内容。
                    </p>
                    <div class="img-rights-video w330">
                        <div class="video-box">
                            <p class="center text td-0">
                                <video :src="chapter001.videoMd5[0].handleMd5" webkit-playsinline="true"
                                    x-webkit-airplay="true" playsinline="true" x5-video-orientation="h5"
                                    x5-video-player-fullscreen="true" x5-playsinline="" controls
                                    controlslist="nodownload" class="w100 video"></video>
                            </p>
                            <p class="center videoname">
                                <span>视频:{{ chapter001.videoMd5[0].name }}</span>
                                <el-tooltip class="item" effect="dark"
                                    :content="chapter001.videoMd5[0].isCollectVideo ? '点击取消' : '点击收藏'"
                                    placement="top-start">
                                    <img :src="collectResourceList.findIndex(
                                        (item) => item.id == chapter001.videoMd5[0].md5
                                    ) > -1
                                        ? collectCheck
                                        : collectImg
                                        " alt="" class="collect-btn" @click="handleCollect(chapter001.videoMd5[0])" />
                                </el-tooltip>
                            </p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <span>
                        <p>2~3岁幼儿20颗乳牙已全部出齐,这时可以指导幼儿自己刷牙了。首先,给幼儿选择婴幼儿专用牙膏和牙刷,然后,教其正确的刷牙方法:顺刷法。可以给其示范,鼓励其自己刷牙,也可以利用儿歌等方法,引起幼儿刷牙的兴趣,逐渐掌握刷牙的方法。学习刷牙既是让幼儿养成良好的卫生习惯,又是培养其生活自理能力的一项重要内容。
                        </p>
                    </span>
                </div>
                <ul class="fl al-fe jc-fe footer-right">
                    <li class="footerText">第四单元</li>
@@ -428,6 +557,29 @@
                    <p>正常情况下,给幼儿洗脸、洗手要用温水。当然,若是夏天,凉水也是可以的。面部和手部清洁,一般清水洗即可,没有必要使用洁面乳或者是洗手液。洗脸、洗手后一定要抹护肤霜,防止水分流失,皮肤皲裂,尤其是寒冷的冬天。
                    </p>
                    <h5 id="e237">2.指导幼儿学习洗脸、洗手</h5>
                    <div class="img-rights-video w330">
                        <div class="video-box">
                            <p class="center text td-0">
                                <video :src="chapter001.videoMd5[1].handleMd5" webkit-playsinline="true"
                                    x-webkit-airplay="true" playsinline="true" x5-video-orientation="h5"
                                    x5-video-player-fullscreen="true" x5-playsinline="" controls
                                    controlslist="nodownload" class="w100 video"></video>
                            </p>
                            <p class="center videoname">
                                <span>视频:{{ chapter001.videoMd5[1].name }}</span>
                                <el-tooltip class="item" effect="dark"
                                    :content="chapter001.videoMd5[1].isCollectVideo ? '点击取消' : '点击收藏'"
                                    placement="top-start">
                                    <img :src="collectResourceList.findIndex(
                                        (item) => item.id == chapter001.videoMd5[1].md5
                                    ) > -1
                                        ? collectCheck
                                        : collectImg
                                        " alt="" class="collect-btn" @click="handleCollect(chapter001.videoMd5[1])" />
                                </el-tooltip>
                            </p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p>根本问题是要幼儿自己养成洗手、洗脸的习惯和意识。对于1~2岁的幼儿,抚养人要让幼儿对洗手、洗脸产生兴趣,认识到洗漱干净的好处;2~3岁时,要告诉幼儿怎样洗、何时洗。教会幼儿洗脸、洗手的步骤,教会其使用肥皂、毛巾等。放手让幼儿练习自我服务,增强自理能力。
                    </p>
                    <div class="bk-1">
@@ -582,7 +734,7 @@
                    </p>
                    <p class="center openImgBox"><img class="img-0" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0173-1.jpg" /></p>
                    <h4 id="d254">(二)幼儿对蛋白质的需要量</h4>
                    <p>蛋白质在人体的构成中,其含量仅次于水。幼儿要生长发育,处在正氮平衡状态,需要足量的必需氨基酸来合成自身的蛋白质。同时,幼儿还要更新和修复机体组织,合成自身的抗体来增强免疫力,所以,膳食中要
                    <p>蛋白质在人体的构成中,其含量仅次于水。幼儿要生长发育,处在正氮平衡状态,需要足量的必需氨基酸来合成自身的蛋白质。同时,幼儿还要更新和修复机体组织,合成自身的抗体来增强免疫力,所以,膳食中要供应充足的优质蛋白以满足其需要。若长期蛋白质供应不足,幼儿往往表现为生长发育迟缓、体重减轻、身材矮小、偏食、厌食、对疾病抵抗力下降、容易感冒等。1~3岁幼儿每日需要的蛋白质参考摄入量如表4-2所示。
                    </p>
                    <hr class="img-g" />
                    <p class="p-even note td-0">
@@ -599,9 +751,6 @@
        <div class="page-box" page="170">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(170) > -1">
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="td-0">
                        供应充足的优质蛋白以满足其需要。若长期蛋白质供应不足,幼儿往往表现为生长发育迟缓、体重减轻、身材矮小、偏食、厌食、对疾病抵抗力下降、容易感冒等。1~3岁幼儿每日需要的蛋白质参考摄入量如表4-2所示。
                    </p>
                    <p class="img">表4-2 1~3岁幼儿蛋白质的每日参考摄入量(克)<sup
                            title="中国营养学会:《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量》,北京,中国轻工业出版社,2013。">①</sup></p>
                    <p class="center openImgBox"><img class="img-0" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0174-1.jpg" /></p>
@@ -735,7 +884,7 @@
                    <h5 id="e257">1. 奶类</h5>
                    <p>1岁以后的幼儿,能继续母乳喂养的可继续母乳喂养,每日的母乳量约600毫升(如表4-6所示),可持续至2岁自然离乳。不能母乳喂养的,要选择幼儿配方奶粉,每日的参考摄入量为50~80克。</p>
                    <h5 id="e258">2. 谷类</h5>
                    <p>2岁以后,谷类逐渐成为幼儿的主食,每日的参考摄入总量为100~150克(如表4-6所示)。烹调方法多种多样,如软米饭、米粥、面条、面包、花卷、饺子、包子、馄饨等。应注意膳食种类花样翻新,经常轮流交替,
                    <p>2岁以后,谷类逐渐成为幼儿的主食,每日的参考摄入总量为100~150克(如表4-6所示)。烹调方法多种多样,如软米饭、米粥、面条、面包、花卷、饺子、包子、馄饨等。应注意膳食种类花样翻新,经常轮流交替,激发幼儿食欲。根茎类的食物,如土豆、红薯等,可以少量尝试食用。
                    </p>
                </div>
                <ul class="fl al-fe jc-fe footer-right">
@@ -749,9 +898,6 @@
        <div class="page-box" page="175">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(175) > -1">
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="td-0">
                        激发幼儿食欲。根茎类的食物,如土豆、红薯等,可以少量尝试食用。
                    </p>
                    <h5 id="e259">3. 蔬菜、水果类</h5>
                    <p>幼儿膳食中,每日蔬菜和水果的参考摄入量是150~200克(如表4-6所示),由少量到多量,由一种到多种。在食物的选择上,不要选用韭菜、芹菜等含纤维素较多、不容易消化的蔬菜,多选用菠菜叶、青菜叶、胡萝卜、西红柿等绿色和黄红色蔬菜,制作上要注意切碎、切细、煮软。由于多数水果有甜味,是幼儿喜欢的味道,选择很容易多样化,如苹果、香蕉、桃子、橘子等。
                    </p>
@@ -844,6 +990,8 @@
                            </div>
                        </div>
                        <p>请结合第四课和第五课的内容,设计一份幼儿午餐并制作出来。</p>
                        <textarea v-model="questionDataOne.one" placeholder="请输入内容" rows="5" class="table-textarea"
                            @change="setQuestionDataOne"></textarea>
                    </div>
                    <h3 id="c121"><span class="h3-zt">四、</span>关注幼儿的饮食问题</h3>
                    <h4 id="d268">(一)食欲不佳</h4>
@@ -1149,7 +1297,32 @@
                    <h5 id="e306">3.应适当控制饮食</h5>
                    <p>继续原饮食,以清淡、易消化为主,适当减少辅食。如果存在乳糖不耐受或过敏性腹泻,则需改用无乳糖乳粉及深度水解或游离氨基酸乳粉喂养。</p>
                    <h3 id="c128"><span class="h3-zt">五、</span>维生素D缺乏性佝偻病</h3>
                    <p>维生素D缺乏性佝偻病是3岁以下婴幼儿期常见的营养缺乏症,是由于体内维生素D不足引起的全身性钙、磷代谢失常和骨骼改变的一种疾病。</p>
                    <div class="img-rights-video w330 ">
                        <div class="video-box mr-0">
                            <p class="center text td-0">
                                <video :src="chapter001.videoMd5[2].handleMd5" webkit-playsinline="true"
                                    x-webkit-airplay="true" playsinline="true" x5-video-orientation="h5"
                                    x5-video-player-fullscreen="true" x5-playsinline="" controls
                                    controlslist="nodownload" class="w100 video"></video>
                            </p>
                            <p class="center videoname">
                                <span>视频:{{ chapter001.videoMd5[2].name }}</span>
                                <el-tooltip class="item" effect="dark"
                                    :content="chapter001.videoMd5[2].isCollectVideo ? '点击取消' : '点击收藏'"
                                    placement="top-start">
                                    <img :src="collectResourceList.findIndex(
                                        (item) => item.id == chapter001.videoMd5[2].md5
                                    ) > -1
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                                </el-tooltip>
                            </p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <span>
                        <p>维生素D缺乏性佝偻病是3岁以下婴幼儿期常见的营养缺乏症,是由于体内维生素D不足引起的全身性钙、磷代谢失常和骨骼改变的一种疾病。</p>
                    </span>
                    <h4 id="d285">(一)特点</h4>
                    <p>早期以精神症状为主,如烦躁不安、易惊醒、多汗、枕秃等,严重者可引起骨骼畸形。</p>
                    <h4 id="d286">(二)辨识</h4>
@@ -1292,14 +1465,67 @@
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="bk2">
                        <p class="center"><b>幼儿教师资格考试·真题再现</b></p>
                        <p>2014年下半年全国教师资格考试《保教知识与能力》(幼儿园)真题:</p>
                        <p>幼儿鼻中隔是易出血区,该处出血后,正确的处理方法是(  )。</p>
                        <p>A.鼻根部涂抹紫药水,然后安静休息</p>
                        <p>B.让幼儿头略低,冷敷前额、鼻部</p>
                        <p>C.止血后,半小时不做剧烈运动</p>
                        <p>D.让幼儿仰卧休息</p>
                        <p>答案:B</p>
                        <p>解析:幼儿鼻出血后不要让他仰头,也不能往鼻部抹紫药水,要头略低,避免出血流向幼儿口腔,同时冷敷前额、鼻部,减少出血,止血后2~3小时之内安排安静活动。</p>
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                            <li class="inputChoice" v-for="(citem, cindex) in item.option" :key="cindex">
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                                    <span>{{ citem.value }}.{{ citem.txt }}</span>
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                                <span class="c-g"> 答案:{{ item.answer }}</span>
                                <span :class="{ 'c-g': item.isRight, 'c-r': item.isRight == false }">您的答案:{{
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                            </li>
                            <li v-if="exampleThree.isShowAnswer" class="event-header-text-bc pd-5">
                                {{ item.answerTitle }}
                            </li>
                        </ul>
                        <!-- 提交按钮 -->
                        <div class="w100 fl ju-cn">
                            <ul class="fl ju-ev w80 choice">
                                <li>
                                    <button class="btn-border btn-w" @click="goExampleThree">
                                        提交
                                    </button>
                                </li>
                                <li>
                                    <button @click="changeExampleThree" class="btn-border btn-w">
                                        重做
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                                </li>
                                <li>
                                    <button @click="exampleThree.isShowAnswer = !exampleThree.isShowAnswer"
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                                        查看答案
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                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <h4 id="d295">(五)咽部异物</h4>
                    <h5 id="e322">1.常见原因</h5>
@@ -1535,6 +1761,8 @@
                        </div>
                        <p>亮亮1岁2个月,学会走路后就变成一个“小小活动家”。在家时一会儿到厨房看看,一会儿钻到床底下玩耍,一会儿走到卧室去翻柜子,不停地到处活动,不断给成人制造麻烦。针对这样的情况管还是不管?是该控制还是该支持?
                        </p>
                        <textarea v-model="questionDataOne.two" placeholder="请输入内容" rows="5" class="table-textarea"
                            @change="setQuestionDataOne"></textarea>
                    </div>
                    <p>情感环境的创设往往是家长和早教指导师、保育院教师容易忽视的部分。情感环境创设要轻松、和谐、平等、尊重。但往往在实践活动中很难把握,“想一想”中的案例恐怕是许多家长遇到过的情况,遇到这种情况怎么办?我们是该控制还是该支持?其实,解决这个问题,幼儿活动情感环境的创设是关键。下面介绍一下情感环境的创设特点。
                    </p>
@@ -1567,7 +1795,11 @@
                            </div>
                        </div>
                        <p>1.早教指导中心要为1~3岁幼儿创设活动室,你能画出详细的规划图吗?</p>
                        <textarea v-model="questionDataOne.three" placeholder="请输入内容" rows="5" class="table-textarea"
                            @change="setQuestionDataOne"></textarea>
                        <p>2.作为早教指导师,你能尝试为1~3岁幼儿的家长提供实用的环境创设建议吗?</p>
                        <textarea v-model="questionDataOne.four" placeholder="请输入内容" rows="5" class="table-textarea"
                            @change="setQuestionDataOne"></textarea>
                    </div>
                    <p>该部分内容是很多早教指导师和家长关注的部分,实用性很强。作为0~3岁婴幼儿教育工作者,无论是自身的工作需要,还是指导家长都需要有该部分的专业知识。1岁以后幼儿的活动能力大大增强,为其创造良好的实体环境尤为重要。
                    </p>
@@ -1626,8 +1858,33 @@
                    </div>
                    <p class="img">图4-4 宝宝安全防护装置</p>
                    <h4 id="d316">(二)玩具材料投放适龄</h4>
                    <p>所谓玩具材料投放适龄,即玩具的选择符合幼儿的年龄特点,因此我们需要充分了解不同年龄幼儿的发展水平及心理特点,结合其特点选择适宜的玩具材料,只有这样,幼儿才能充分有效地与玩具互动,提升能力。不同月龄建议投放不同的玩具(如表4-10所示)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="img-rights-video w330 ">
                        <div class="video-box mr-0">
                            <p class="center text td-0">
                                <video :src="chapter001.videoMd5[3].handleMd5" webkit-playsinline="true"
                                    x-webkit-airplay="true" playsinline="true" x5-video-orientation="h5"
                                    x5-video-player-fullscreen="true" x5-playsinline="" controls
                                    controlslist="nodownload" class="w100 video"></video>
                            </p>
                            <p class="center videoname">
                                <span>视频:{{ chapter001.videoMd5[3].name }}</span>
                                <el-tooltip class="item" effect="dark"
                                    :content="chapter001.videoMd5[3].isCollectVideo ? '点击取消' : '点击收藏'"
                                    placement="top-start">
                                    <img :src="collectResourceList.findIndex(
                                        (item) => item.id == chapter001.videoMd5[3].md5
                                    ) > -1
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                                        : collectImg
                                        " alt="" class="collect-btn" @click="handleCollect(chapter001.videoMd5[3])" />
                                </el-tooltip>
                            </p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <span>
                        <p>所谓玩具材料投放适龄,即玩具的选择符合幼儿的年龄特点,因此我们需要充分了解不同年龄幼儿的发展水平及心理特点,结合其特点选择适宜的玩具材料,只有这样,幼儿才能充分有效地与玩具互动,提升能力。不同月龄建议投放不同的玩具(如表4-10所示)。
                        </p>
                    </span>
                    <p class="img">表4-10 不同月龄玩具的投放建议</p>
                    <p class="center openImgBox"><img class="img-0" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0208-3.jpg" /></p>
                    <h4 id="d317">(三)玩具材料分区投放</h4>
@@ -1646,7 +1903,51 @@
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="img">表4-11 教育机构幼儿活动区玩具投放建议</p>
                    <p class="center openImgBox"><img class="img-0" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0209-1.jpg" /></p>
                    <p class="fl al-c"><img class="rwmb-1" alt="" src="../../assets/images/tb-10.png" /><span
                    <div class="dl fl jc-sa video-box">
                        <div class="mr-20 img-e">
                            <p class="center text td-0">
                                <video :src="chapter001.videoMd5[4].handleMd5" webkit-playsinline="true"
                                    x-webkit-airplay="true" playsinline="true" x5-video-orientation="h5"
                                    x5-video-player-fullscreen="true" x5-playsinline="" controls
                                    controlslist="nodownload" class="w100 video"></video>
                            </p>
                            <p class="center videoname">
                                <span>视频:{{ chapter001.videoMd5[4].name }}</span>
                                <el-tooltip class="item" effect="dark"
                                    :content="chapter001.videoMd5[4].isCollectVideo ? '点击取消' : '点击收藏'"
                                    placement="top-start">
                                    <img :src="collectResourceList.findIndex(
                                        (item) => item.id == chapter001.videoMd5[4].md5
                                    ) > -1
                                        ? collectCheck
                                        : collectImg
                                        " alt="" class="collect-btn" @click="handleCollect(chapter001.videoMd5[4])" />
                                </el-tooltip>
                            </p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="mr-0 img-e">
                            <p class="center text td-0">
                                <video :src="chapter001.videoMd5[5].handleMd5" webkit-playsinline="true"
                                    x-webkit-airplay="true" playsinline="true" x5-video-orientation="h5"
                                    x5-video-player-fullscreen="true" x5-playsinline="" controls
                                    controlslist="nodownload" class="w100 video"></video>
                            </p>
                            <p class="center videoname">
                                <span>视频:{{ chapter001.videoMd5[5].name }}</span>
                                <el-tooltip class="item" effect="dark"
                                    :content="chapter001.videoMd5[5].isCollectVideo ? '点击取消' : '点击收藏'"
                                    placement="top-start">
                                    <img :src="collectResourceList.findIndex(
                                        (item) => item.id == chapter001.videoMd5[5].md5
                                    ) > -1
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                                        : collectImg
                                        " alt="" class="collect-btn" @click="handleCollect(chapter001.videoMd5[5])" />
                                </el-tooltip>
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                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class=" al-c"><img class="rwmb-1" alt="" src="../../assets/images/tb-10.png" /><span
                            class="zt-ht">本课内容回顾</span></p>
                    <p class="center openImgBox"><img class="img-0" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0209-4.jpg" /></p>
                    <h2 id="b041"><span class="h2-zt">第十一课</span><span class="h2-zt1">幼儿语言的发展与促进</span></h2>
@@ -1670,22 +1971,67 @@
                    <p class="center openImgBox"><img class="img-0" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0210-1.jpg" /></p>
                    <div class="bk2">
                        <p class="center"><b>幼儿教师资格考试·真题再现</b></p>
                        <p>1.2014年下半年全国教师资格考试《保教知识与能力》(幼儿园)真题:</p>
                        <p>1.5~2岁的儿童使用的句子主要是(  )。</p>
                        <p>A.单词句</p>
                        <p>B.电报句</p>
                        <p>C.完整句</p>
                        <p>D.复合句</p>
                        <p>答案:B</p>
                        <p>解析:1.5~2岁儿童的语言发展为双词句阶段。就像我们发电报时用的语言一样,因此也被称为电报句。</p>
                        <p>2.2012年上半年全国教师资格考试《保教知识与能力》(幼儿园)真题:</p>
                        <p>儿童学习语言的关键期是(  )。</p>
                        <p>A.0~1岁</p>
                        <p>B.1~3岁</p>
                        <p>C.3~6岁</p>
                        <p>D.5~6岁</p>
                        <p>答案:B</p>
                        <p>解析:儿童学习语言的关键期是1~3岁。</p>
                        <ul class='mr-0' v-for="(item, index) in exampleFour.unitOne" :key="'exampleFour' + index">
                            <li>
                                {{ index + 1 }}.{{ item.txtTitle }}
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                {{ index + 1 }}.{{ item.txt }}
                            </li>
                            <li class="inputChoice" v-for="(citem, cindex) in item.option" :key="cindex">
                                <label>
                                    <input type="radio" :disabled="exampleFour.isComplete" :name="item.txt"
                                        :value="citem.value" v-model="item.userAnswer" @change="saveExampleFour" />
                                    <span>{{ citem.value }}.{{ citem.txt }}</span>
                                </label>
                            </li>
                            <li v-if="exampleFour.isShowAnswer" class="event-header-text-bc pd-5 fl jc-sa">
                                <span class="c-g"> 答案:{{ item.answer }}</span>
                                <span :class="{ 'c-g': item.isRight, 'c-r': item.isRight == false }">您的答案:{{
                                    item.userAnswer
                                }}</span>
                                <span class="icon-box-big fl al-c">
                                    <svg v-if="item.isRight" t="1716986419862" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 1820 1024"
                                        version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" p-id="18767"
                                        xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="40" height="20">
                                        <path
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                                            fill="#1AFA29" p-id="18768"></path>
                                    </svg>
                                    <svg v-if="item.isRight == false" t="1716987085767" class="icon"
                                        viewBox="0 0 1024 1024" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
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                                    </svg>
                                </span>
                            </li>
                            <li v-if="exampleFour.isShowAnswer" class="event-header-text-bc pd-5">
                                {{ item.answerTitle }}
                            </li>
                        </ul>
                        <!-- 提交按钮 -->
                        <div class="w100 fl ju-cn">
                            <ul class="fl ju-ev w80 choice">
                                <li>
                                    <button class="btn-border btn-w" @click="goExampleFour">
                                        提交
                                    </button>
                                </li>
                                <li>
                                    <button @click="changeExampleFour" class="btn-border btn-w">
                                        重做
                                    </button>
                                </li>
                                <li>
                                    <button @click="exampleFour.isShowAnswer = !exampleFour.isShowAnswer"
                                        class="parimary-btn">
                                        查看答案
                                    </button>
                                </li>
                            </ul>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <h3 id="c140"><span class="h3-zt">二、</span>幼儿语言的发展与促进方法</h3>
                    <h4 id="d318">(一)创设语言情境,增进幼儿理解能力</h4>
@@ -1745,7 +2091,32 @@
                    <p>1岁左右幼儿的注意力时间短,看书内容应以日常生活常见事物为主,这样可以唤起幼儿的直观经验,配以色彩鲜艳的大幅图画,通过读图培养幼儿语言能力。1.5岁左右幼儿就可以逐步过渡到字数很少,情节简单的故事了。形式可多样,卡片、布书、声音图书都可吸引幼儿的注意力,使其投入学习中。
                    </p>
                    <p>(2)抚养人朗读要声情并茂</p>
                    <p>抚养人每天固定时间陪伴幼儿读书,如睡前、饭后半小时。读书时抚养人要声情并茂、绘声绘色,把握不同角色和情节,让幼儿感受其中的变化,充分发挥其想象力。</p>
                    <div class="img-rights-video w330 ">
                        <div class="video-box mr-0">
                            <p class="center text td-0">
                                <video :src="chapter001.videoMd5[6].handleMd5" webkit-playsinline="true"
                                    x-webkit-airplay="true" playsinline="true" x5-video-orientation="h5"
                                    x5-video-player-fullscreen="true" x5-playsinline="" controls
                                    controlslist="nodownload" class="w100 video"></video>
                            </p>
                            <p class="center videoname">
                                <span>视频:{{ chapter001.videoMd5[6].name }}</span>
                                <el-tooltip class="item" effect="dark"
                                    :content="chapter001.videoMd5[6].isCollectVideo ? '点击取消' : '点击收藏'"
                                    placement="top-start">
                                    <img :src="collectResourceList.findIndex(
                                        (item) => item.id == chapter001.videoMd5[6].md5
                                    ) > -1
                                        ? collectCheck
                                        : collectImg
                                        " alt="" class="collect-btn" @click="handleCollect(chapter001.videoMd5[6])" />
                                </el-tooltip>
                            </p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <span>
                        <p>抚养人每天固定时间陪伴幼儿读书,如睡前、饭后半小时。读书时抚养人要声情并茂、绘声绘色,把握不同角色和情节,让幼儿感受其中的变化,充分发挥其想象力。</p>
                    </span>
                    <h5 id="e356">2.25~36个月幼儿</h5>
                    <p>(1)兴趣先导</p>
                    <p>2岁后幼儿的理解能力较之前大大提升。随着生活经历的增多,他们有自己喜欢的事物,如玩具、动画片卡通形象等。该阶段可结合幼儿的兴趣为幼儿扩展性地介绍科学知识、身体知识、日常规范等具有启发性和教导性的故事。
@@ -1800,16 +2171,66 @@
                    <p>适合月龄:13~18个月。</p>
                    <p>发展目标:锻炼幼儿爬行、独立行走的能力,尝试下蹲,培养其初步对肢体的控制能力。</p>
                    <p>活动过程:</p>
                    <p>第一,设计游戏情境,如小鸡捉小虫。</p>
                    <p>第二,投放玩教具,如幼儿佩戴鸡妈妈头饰,小虫若干散放于地面上。</p>
                    <p>第三,放音乐,带领“鸡妈妈”们去为小鸡捉小虫,锻炼幼儿爬行、行走和下蹲的动作。</p>
                    <div class="img-rights-video w330 ">
                        <div class="video-box mr-0">
                            <p class="center text td-0">
                                <video :src="chapter001.videoMd5[7].handleMd5" webkit-playsinline="true"
                                    x-webkit-airplay="true" playsinline="true" x5-video-orientation="h5"
                                    x5-video-player-fullscreen="true" x5-playsinline="" controls
                                    controlslist="nodownload" class="w100 video"></video>
                            </p>
                            <p class="center videoname">
                                <span>视频:{{ chapter001.videoMd5[7].name }}</span>
                                <el-tooltip class="item" effect="dark"
                                    :content="chapter001.videoMd5[7].isCollectVideo ? '点击取消' : '点击收藏'"
                                    placement="top-start">
                                    <img :src="collectResourceList.findIndex(
                                        (item) => item.id == chapter001.videoMd5[7].md5
                                    ) > -1
                                        ? collectCheck
                                        : collectImg
                                        " alt="" class="collect-btn" @click="handleCollect(chapter001.videoMd5[7])" />
                                </el-tooltip>
                            </p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <span>
                        <p>第一,设计游戏情境,如小鸡捉小虫。</p>
                        <p>第二,投放玩教具,如幼儿佩戴鸡妈妈头饰,小虫若干散放于地面上。</p>
                        <p>第三,放音乐,带领“鸡妈妈”们去为小鸡捉小虫,锻炼幼儿爬行、行走和下蹲的动作。</p>
                    </span>
                    <h5 id="e361">2.走、跑、跳,绕开障碍物走</h5>
                    <p>适合月龄:19~24个月。</p>
                    <p>发展目标:锻炼走、跑、跳等基本动作,提升肢体的灵活性与控制能力。</p>
                    <p>活动过程:</p>
                    <p>第一,设计游戏情境,如交通红绿灯。</p>
                    <p>第二,投放玩教具,如红绿灯、障碍物等。</p>
                    <p>第三,游戏开始,成人发布交通命令,幼儿根据命令控制自己的动作,有效采用各种方法绕开障碍物。</p>
                    <div class="img-rights-video w330 ">
                        <div class="video-box mr-0">
                            <p class="center text td-0">
                                <video :src="chapter001.videoMd5[8].handleMd5" webkit-playsinline="true"
                                    x-webkit-airplay="true" playsinline="true" x5-video-orientation="h5"
                                    x5-video-player-fullscreen="true" x5-playsinline="" controls
                                    controlslist="nodownload" class="w100 video"></video>
                            </p>
                            <p class="center videoname">
                                <span>视频:{{ chapter001.videoMd5[8].name }}</span>
                                <el-tooltip class="item" effect="dark"
                                    :content="chapter001.videoMd5[8].isCollectVideo ? '点击取消' : '点击收藏'"
                                    placement="top-start">
                                    <img :src="collectResourceList.findIndex(
                                        (item) => item.id == chapter001.videoMd5[8].md5
                                    ) > -1
                                        ? collectCheck
                                        : collectImg
                                        " alt="" class="collect-btn" @click="handleCollect(chapter001.videoMd5[8])" />
                                </el-tooltip>
                            </p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <span>
                        <p>第一,设计游戏情境,如交通红绿灯。</p>
                        <p>第二,投放玩教具,如红绿灯、障碍物等。</p>
                        <p>第三,游戏开始,成人发布交通命令,幼儿根据命令控制自己的动作,有效采用各种方法绕开障碍物。</p>
                    </span>
                    <h5 id="e362">3.上、下楼梯攀爬、跳跃</h5>
                    <p>适合月龄:25~36个月。</p>
                    <p>发展目标:培养幼儿手眼协调能力、投掷能力和平衡能力。</p>
@@ -1829,6 +2250,100 @@
                    <p>第二,投放玩教具,如投掷球、障碍物(平衡木、触觉步道、攀爬梯等)、木偶大灰狼。</p>
                    <p>第三,游戏开始,抚养人示范游戏规则,带领幼儿一起进行相关活动环节。</p>
                    <p>注:以上活动为参考游戏,教师和家长可开放思维选择其他生活游戏情境,带领幼儿运动。</p>
                    <div class="video-box">
                        <div class="dl fl jc-sa">
                            <div class="mr-20 img-e">
                                <p class="center text td-0">
                                    <video :src="chapter001.videoMd5[9].handleMd5" webkit-playsinline="true"
                                        x-webkit-airplay="true" playsinline="true" x5-video-orientation="h5"
                                        x5-video-player-fullscreen="true" x5-playsinline="" controls
                                        controlslist="nodownload" class="w100 video"></video>
                                </p>
                                <p class="center videoname">
                                    <span>视频:{{ chapter001.videoMd5[9].name }}</span>
                                    <el-tooltip class="item" effect="dark"
                                        :content="chapter001.videoMd5[9].isCollectVideo ? '点击取消' : '点击收藏'"
                                        placement="top-start">
                                        <img :src="collectResourceList.findIndex(
                                            (item) => item.id == chapter001.videoMd5[9].md5
                                        ) > -1
                                            ? collectCheck
                                            : collectImg
                                            " alt="" class="collect-btn"
                                            @click="handleCollect(chapter001.videoMd5[9])" />
                                    </el-tooltip>
                                </p>
                            </div>
                            <div class="mr-0 img-e">
                                <p class="center text td-0">
                                    <video :src="chapter001.videoMd5[10].handleMd5" webkit-playsinline="true"
                                        x-webkit-airplay="true" playsinline="true" x5-video-orientation="h5"
                                        x5-video-player-fullscreen="true" x5-playsinline="" controls
                                        controlslist="nodownload" class="w100 video"></video>
                                </p>
                                <p class="center videoname">
                                    <span>视频:{{ chapter001.videoMd5[10].name }}</span>
                                    <el-tooltip class="item" effect="dark"
                                        :content="chapter001.videoMd5[10].isCollectVideo ? '点击取消' : '点击收藏'"
                                        placement="top-start">
                                        <img :src="collectResourceList.findIndex(
                                            (item) => item.id == chapter001.videoMd5[10].md5
                                        ) > -1
                                            ? collectCheck
                                            : collectImg
                                            " alt="" class="collect-btn"
                                            @click="handleCollect(chapter001.videoMd5[10])" />
                                    </el-tooltip>
                                </p>
                            </div>
                        </div>
                        <div class="dl fl jc-sa">
                            <div class="mr-20 img-e">
                                <p class="center text td-0">
                                    <video :src="chapter001.videoMd5[11].handleMd5" webkit-playsinline="true"
                                        x-webkit-airplay="true" playsinline="true" x5-video-orientation="h5"
                                        x5-video-player-fullscreen="true" x5-playsinline="" controls
                                        controlslist="nodownload" class="w100 video"></video>
                                </p>
                                <p class="center videoname">
                                    <span>视频:{{ chapter001.videoMd5[11].name }}</span>
                                    <el-tooltip class="item" effect="dark"
                                        :content="chapter001.videoMd5[11].isCollectVideo ? '点击取消' : '点击收藏'"
                                        placement="top-start">
                                        <img :src="collectResourceList.findIndex(
                                            (item) => item.id == chapter001.videoMd5[11].md5
                                        ) > -1
                                            ? collectCheck
                                            : collectImg
                                            " alt="" class="collect-btn"
                                            @click="handleCollect(chapter001.videoMd5[11])" />
                                    </el-tooltip>
                                </p>
                            </div>
                            <div class="mr-0 img-e">
                                <p class="center text td-0">
                                    <video :src="chapter001.videoMd5[12].handleMd5" webkit-playsinline="true"
                                        x-webkit-airplay="true" playsinline="true" x5-video-orientation="h5"
                                        x5-video-player-fullscreen="true" x5-playsinline="" controls
                                        controlslist="nodownload" class="w100 video"></video>
                                </p>
                                <p class="center videoname">
                                    <span>视频:{{ chapter001.videoMd5[12].name }}</span>
                                    <el-tooltip class="item" effect="dark"
                                        :content="chapter001.videoMd5[12].isCollectVideo ? '点击取消' : '点击收藏'"
                                        placement="top-start">
                                        <img :src="collectResourceList.findIndex(
                                            (item) => item.id == chapter001.videoMd5[12].md5
                                        ) > -1
                                            ? collectCheck
                                            : collectImg
                                            " alt="" class="collect-btn"
                                            @click="handleCollect(chapter001.videoMd5[12])" />
                                    </el-tooltip>
                                </p>
                            </div>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="bk-1">
                        <div class="bk-2">
                            <p><span class="bj2">互动平台</span></p>
@@ -1874,12 +2389,108 @@
                    <p>活动过程:</p>
                    <p>第一,提供相应的玩教具,如豆子、积木、棋子、彩色拼插木桩、图书等。</p>
                    <p>第二,逐步引导幼儿操作,适当融入竞技情境。</p>
                    <div class="video-box">
                        <div class="dl fl jc-sa">
                            <div class="mr-20 img-e">
                                <p class="center text td-0">
                                    <video :src="chapter001.videoMd5[13].handleMd5" webkit-playsinline="true"
                                        x-webkit-airplay="true" playsinline="true" x5-video-orientation="h5"
                                        x5-video-player-fullscreen="true" x5-playsinline="" controls
                                        controlslist="nodownload" class="w100 video"></video>
                                </p>
                                <p class="center videoname">
                                    <span>视频:{{ chapter001.videoMd5[13].name }}</span>
                                    <el-tooltip class="item" effect="dark"
                                        :content="chapter001.videoMd5[13].isCollectVideo ? '点击取消' : '点击收藏'"
                                        placement="top-start">
                                        <img :src="collectResourceList.findIndex(
                                            (item) => item.id == chapter001.videoMd5[13].md5
                                        ) > -1
                                            ? collectCheck
                                            : collectImg
                                            " alt="" class="collect-btn"
                                            @click="handleCollect(chapter001.videoMd5[13])" />
                                    </el-tooltip>
                                </p>
                            </div>
                            <div class="mr-0 img-e">
                                <p class="center text td-0">
                                    <video :src="chapter001.videoMd5[14].handleMd5" webkit-playsinline="true"
                                        x-webkit-airplay="true" playsinline="true" x5-video-orientation="h5"
                                        x5-video-player-fullscreen="true" x5-playsinline="" controls
                                        controlslist="nodownload" class="w100 video"></video>
                                </p>
                                <p class="center videoname">
                                    <span>视频:{{ chapter001.videoMd5[14].name }}</span>
                                    <el-tooltip class="item" effect="dark"
                                        :content="chapter001.videoMd5[14].isCollectVideo ? '点击取消' : '点击收藏'"
                                        placement="top-start">
                                        <img :src="collectResourceList.findIndex(
                                            (item) => item.id == chapter001.videoMd5[14].md5
                                        ) > -1
                                            ? collectCheck
                                            : collectImg
                                            " alt="" class="collect-btn"
                                            @click="handleCollect(chapter001.videoMd5[14])" />
                                    </el-tooltip>
                                </p>
                            </div>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <h5 id="e366">2.剥、穿、夹、切、嵌、舀等动作</h5>
                    <p>适合月龄:19~24个月。</p>
                    <p>发展目标:锻炼幼儿手眼协调、手部控制的能力,提升小肌肉的灵活性。</p>
                    <p>活动过程:</p>
                    <p>第一,提供相应玩教具,如仿真糖、串珠、玩具镊子、切切乐、镶嵌板、勺子等。</p>
                    <p>第二,逐步引导幼儿操作,适当融入竞技情境。</p>
                    <div class="video-box">
                        <div class="dl fl jc-sa">
                            <div class="mr-20 img-e">
                                <p class="center text td-0">
                                    <video :src="chapter001.videoMd5[15].handleMd5" webkit-playsinline="true"
                                        x-webkit-airplay="true" playsinline="true" x5-video-orientation="h5"
                                        x5-video-player-fullscreen="true" x5-playsinline="" controls
                                        controlslist="nodownload" class="w100 video"></video>
                                </p>
                                <p class="center videoname">
                                    <span>视频:{{ chapter001.videoMd5[15].name }}</span>
                                    <el-tooltip class="item" effect="dark"
                                        :content="chapter001.videoMd5[15].isCollectVideo ? '点击取消' : '点击收藏'"
                                        placement="top-start">
                                        <img :src="collectResourceList.findIndex(
                                            (item) => item.id == chapter001.videoMd5[15].md5
                                        ) > -1
                                            ? collectCheck
                                            : collectImg
                                            " alt="" class="collect-btn"
                                            @click="handleCollect(chapter001.videoMd5[15])" />
                                    </el-tooltip>
                                </p>
                            </div>
                            <div class="mr-0 img-e">
                                <p class="center text td-0">
                                    <video :src="chapter001.videoMd5[16].handleMd5" webkit-playsinline="true"
                                        x-webkit-airplay="true" playsinline="true" x5-video-orientation="h5"
                                        x5-video-player-fullscreen="true" x5-playsinline="" controls
                                        controlslist="nodownload" class="w100 video"></video>
                                </p>
                                <p class="center videoname">
                                    <span>视频:{{ chapter001.videoMd5[16].name }}</span>
                                    <el-tooltip class="item" effect="dark"
                                        :content="chapter001.videoMd5[16].isCollectVideo ? '点击取消' : '点击收藏'"
                                        placement="top-start">
                                        <img :src="collectResourceList.findIndex(
                                            (item) => item.id == chapter001.videoMd5[16].md5
                                        ) > -1
                                            ? collectCheck
                                            : collectImg
                                            " alt="" class="collect-btn"
                                            @click="handleCollect(chapter001.videoMd5[16])" />
                                    </el-tooltip>
                                </p>
                            </div>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <h5 id="e367">3.拧、剪、扣、折、画等动作</h5>
                    <p>适合月龄:25~36个月。</p>
                    <p>发展目标:锻炼幼儿手眼协调、手部控制的能力,提升小肌肉的灵活性。</p>
@@ -1897,6 +2508,54 @@
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            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(212) > -1">
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="video-box">
                        <div class="dl fl jc-sa">
                            <div class="mr-20 img-e">
                                <p class="center text td-0">
                                    <video :src="chapter001.videoMd5[17].handleMd5" webkit-playsinline="true"
                                        x-webkit-airplay="true" playsinline="true" x5-video-orientation="h5"
                                        x5-video-player-fullscreen="true" x5-playsinline="" controls
                                        controlslist="nodownload" class="w100 video"></video>
                                </p>
                                <p class="center videoname">
                                    <span>视频:{{ chapter001.videoMd5[17].name }}</span>
                                    <el-tooltip class="item" effect="dark"
                                        :content="chapter001.videoMd5[17].isCollectVideo ? '点击取消' : '点击收藏'"
                                        placement="top-start">
                                        <img :src="collectResourceList.findIndex(
                                            (item) => item.id == chapter001.videoMd5[17].md5
                                        ) > -1
                                            ? collectCheck
                                            : collectImg
                                            " alt="" class="collect-btn"
                                            @click="handleCollect(chapter001.videoMd5[17])" />
                                    </el-tooltip>
                                </p>
                            </div>
                            <div class="mr-0 img-e">
                                <p class="center text td-0">
                                    <video :src="chapter001.videoMd5[18].handleMd5" webkit-playsinline="true"
                                        x-webkit-airplay="true" playsinline="true" x5-video-orientation="h5"
                                        x5-video-player-fullscreen="true" x5-playsinline="" controls
                                        controlslist="nodownload" class="w100 video"></video>
                                </p>
                                <p class="center videoname">
                                    <span>视频:{{ chapter001.videoMd5[18].name }}</span>
                                    <el-tooltip class="item" effect="dark"
                                        :content="chapter001.videoMd5[18].isCollectVideo ? '点击取消' : '点击收藏'"
                                        placement="top-start">
                                        <img :src="collectResourceList.findIndex(
                                            (item) => item.id == chapter001.videoMd5[18].md5
                                        ) > -1
                                            ? collectCheck
                                            : collectImg
                                            " alt="" class="collect-btn"
                                            @click="handleCollect(chapter001.videoMd5[18])" />
                                    </el-tooltip>
                                </p>
                            </div>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="bk-1">
                        <div class="bk-2">
                            <p><span class="bj2">互动平台</span></p>
@@ -2018,8 +2677,33 @@
                    <p>适合月龄:25~36个月。</p>
                    <p>发展目标:较为深入地了解事物的因果关系;初步感知先后等时间概念;能通过实验等探究事物的联系。</p>
                    <p>活动过程:</p>
                    <p>第一,提供相应的玩教具,如智慧盒、拼图卡片、简单的实验工具,如颜料、空气袋等。</p>
                    <p>第二,通过与幼儿共同操作玩教具,帮助幼儿通过各种游戏、实验来了解时间、空间关系,锻炼初步的逻辑思维能力。如家长利用自制空气袋捕捉空气,协助幼儿发现空气的性状,进而了解空气的作用。</p>
                    <div class="img-rights-video w330 ">
                        <div class="video-box mr-0">
                            <p class="center text td-0">
                                <video :src="chapter001.videoMd5[19].handleMd5" webkit-playsinline="true"
                                    x-webkit-airplay="true" playsinline="true" x5-video-orientation="h5"
                                    x5-video-player-fullscreen="true" x5-playsinline="" controls
                                    controlslist="nodownload" class="w100 video"></video>
                            </p>
                            <p class="center videoname">
                                <span>视频:{{ chapter001.videoMd5[19].name }}</span>
                                <el-tooltip class="item" effect="dark"
                                    :content="chapter001.videoMd5[19].isCollectVideo ? '点击取消' : '点击收藏'"
                                    placement="top-start">
                                    <img :src="collectResourceList.findIndex(
                                        (item) => item.id == chapter001.videoMd5[19].md5
                                    ) > -1
                                        ? collectCheck
                                        : collectImg
                                        " alt="" class="collect-btn" @click="handleCollect(chapter001.videoMd5[19])" />
                                </el-tooltip>
                            </p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <span>
                        <p>第一,提供相应的玩教具,如智慧盒、拼图卡片、简单的实验工具,如颜料、空气袋等。</p>
                        <p>第二,通过与幼儿共同操作玩教具,帮助幼儿通过各种游戏、实验来了解时间、空间关系,锻炼初步的逻辑思维能力。如家长利用自制空气袋捕捉空气,协助幼儿发现空气的性状,进而了解空气的作用。</p>
                    </span>
                    <div class="bk-1">
                        <div class="bk-2">
                            <p><span class="bj2">互动平台</span></p>
@@ -2082,14 +2766,67 @@
                    </p>
                    <div class="bk2">
                        <p class="center"><b>幼儿教师资格考试·真题再现</b></p>
                        <p>2013年下半年全国教师资格考试《保教知识与能力》(幼儿园)真题:</p>
                        <p>2岁半的豆豆还不会自己吃饭,可偏要自己吃;不会穿衣服,偏要自己穿。这反映了幼儿(  )。</p>
                        <p>A.情绪的发展</p>
                        <p>B.动作的发展</p>
                        <p>C.自我意识的发展</p>
                        <p>D.认知的发展</p>
                        <p>答案:C</p>
                        <p>解析:2岁半的儿童处于自我意识的萌芽时期。这时,儿童的独立愿望很强烈,却又分不清什么该做,什么不该做。他们虽然还要依赖于家长的照顾,却又常常同家长作对,不断提出这样或那样的要求。</p>
                        <ul class='mr-0' v-for="(item, index) in exampleFive.unitOne" :key="'exampleFive' + index">
                            <li>
                                {{ index + 1 }}.{{ item.txtTitle }}
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                {{ index + 1 }}.{{ item.txt }}
                            </li>
                            <li class="inputChoice" v-for="(citem, cindex) in item.option" :key="cindex">
                                <label>
                                    <input type="radio" :disabled="exampleFive.isComplete" :name="item.txt"
                                        :value="citem.value" v-model="item.userAnswer" @change="saveExampleFive" />
                                    <span>{{ citem.value }}.{{ citem.txt }}</span>
                                </label>
                            </li>
                            <li v-if="exampleFive.isShowAnswer" class="event-header-text-bc pd-5 fl jc-sa">
                                <span class="c-g"> 答案:{{ item.answer }}</span>
                                <span :class="{ 'c-g': item.isRight, 'c-r': item.isRight == false }">您的答案:{{
                                    item.userAnswer
                                }}</span>
                                <span class="icon-box-big fl al-c">
                                    <svg v-if="item.isRight" t="1716986419862" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 1820 1024"
                                        version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" p-id="18767"
                                        xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="40" height="20">
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                            </li>
                            <li v-if="exampleFive.isShowAnswer" class="event-header-text-bc pd-5">
                                {{ item.answerTitle }}
                            </li>
                        </ul>
                        <!-- 提交按钮 -->
                        <div class="w100 fl ju-cn">
                            <ul class="fl ju-ev w80 choice">
                                <li>
                                    <button class="btn-border btn-w" @click="goExampleFive">
                                        提交
                                    </button>
                                </li>
                                <li>
                                    <button @click="changeExampleFive" class="btn-border btn-w">
                                        重做
                                    </button>
                                </li>
                                <li>
                                    <button @click="exampleFive.isShowAnswer = !exampleFive.isShowAnswer"
                                        class="parimary-btn">
                                        查看答案
                                    </button>
                                </li>
                            </ul>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <h3 id="c148"><span class="h3-zt">二、</span>幼儿独立意识发展的意义</h3>
                    <h4 id="d336">(一)取得成就的必备心理品质之一</h4>
@@ -2185,9 +2922,34 @@
                    <p>继续锻炼幼儿的精细动作,练习穿、系、舀等动作;开始培养幼儿的生活自理能力,并培养其尝试自我服务。随着幼儿年龄的增长、能力的增强,独立意识越来越明显。这时家长要正确对待幼儿的变化,适时引导幼儿学会解决问题,切忌盲目包办代替。
                    </p>
                    <h4 id="d343">(三)25~36个月</h4>
                    <p>在这个阶段,幼儿的操作能力进一步增强,可以学习用剪刀剪东西、穿珠子、扣纽扣、穿脱短袜、用勺子吃饭等。同时引导幼儿养成好习惯,
                        如物品的归类整理,在归置过程中引导幼儿独立思考摆放;随着幼儿认知的提升,在游戏中可以给幼儿提供更多的机会进行思考、选择,并学会承担自己选择的后果;能自主想办法解决问题。
                    </p>
                    <div class="img-rights-video w330 ">
                        <div class="video-box mr-0">
                            <p class="center text td-0">
                                <video :src="chapter001.videoMd5[20].handleMd5" webkit-playsinline="true"
                                    x-webkit-airplay="true" playsinline="true" x5-video-orientation="h5"
                                    x5-video-player-fullscreen="true" x5-playsinline="" controls
                                    controlslist="nodownload" class="w100 video"></video>
                            </p>
                            <p class="center videoname">
                                <span>视频:{{ chapter001.videoMd5[20].name }}</span>
                                <el-tooltip class="item" effect="dark"
                                    :content="chapter001.videoMd5[20].isCollectVideo ? '点击取消' : '点击收藏'"
                                    placement="top-start">
                                    <img :src="collectResourceList.findIndex(
                                        (item) => item.id == chapter001.videoMd5[20].md5
                                    ) > -1
                                        ? collectCheck
                                        : collectImg
                                        " alt="" class="collect-btn" @click="handleCollect(chapter001.videoMd5[20])" />
                                </el-tooltip>
                            </p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <span>
                        <p>在这个阶段,幼儿的操作能力进一步增强,可以学习用剪刀剪东西、穿珠子、扣纽扣、穿脱短袜、用勺子吃饭等。同时引导幼儿养成好习惯,
                            如物品的归类整理,在归置过程中引导幼儿独立思考摆放;随着幼儿认知的提升,在游戏中可以给幼儿提供更多的机会进行思考、选择,并学会承担自己选择的后果;能自主想办法解决问题。
                        </p>
                    </span>
                </div>
                <ul class="fl al-fe footer-left">
                    <li class="footerNumber">208</li>
@@ -2224,14 +2986,67 @@
                    </p>
                    <div class="bk2">
                        <p class="center"><b>幼儿教师资格考试·真题再现</b></p>
                        <p>2012年下半年全国教师资格考试《保教知识与能力》(幼儿园)真题:</p>
                        <p>幼儿意识到自己和他人一样都有情感、有动机、有想法,这反映幼儿(  )。</p>
                        <p>A.个性的发展</p>
                        <p>B.情感的发展</p>
                        <p>C.社会认知的发展</p>
                        <p>D.感觉的发展</p>
                        <p>答案:A</p>
                        <p>解析:幼儿广义的个性心理结构是由个性倾向性、个性心理特征、自我意识、心理过程和心理状态构成的,而幼儿意识到自己和他人一样都有情感、有动机、有想法,这反映了幼儿个性的发展。</p>
                        <ul class='mr-0' v-for="(item, index) in exampleSix.unitOne" :key="'exampleSix' + index">
                            <li>
                                {{ index + 1 }}.{{ item.txtTitle }}
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                {{ index + 1 }}.{{ item.txt }}
                            </li>
                            <li class="inputChoice" v-for="(citem, cindex) in item.option" :key="cindex">
                                <label>
                                    <input type="radio" :disabled="exampleSix.isComplete" :name="item.txt"
                                        :value="citem.value" v-model="item.userAnswer" @change="saveExampleSix" />
                                    <span>{{ citem.value }}.{{ citem.txt }}</span>
                                </label>
                            </li>
                            <li v-if="exampleSix.isShowAnswer" class="event-header-text-bc pd-5 fl jc-sa">
                                <span class="c-g"> 答案:{{ item.answer }}</span>
                                <span :class="{ 'c-g': item.isRight, 'c-r': item.isRight == false }">您的答案:{{
                                    item.userAnswer
                                }}</span>
                                <span class="icon-box-big fl al-c">
                                    <svg v-if="item.isRight" t="1716986419862" class="icon" viewBox="0 0 1820 1024"
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                                        xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="40" height="20">
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                    <h3 id="c152"><span class="h3-zt">二、</span>幼儿个性的影响因素</h3>
                    <h4 id="d344">(一)遗传</h4>
@@ -2542,8 +3357,33 @@
                    <h4 id="d363">(二)19~24个月</h4>
                    <p>锻炼幼儿独立用勺进食,练习穿衣、解扣、脱衣等技能,增进幼儿的自我服务热情。尝试根据自身需要独立进水、进食,感受自我服务给生活带来的便利。</p>
                    <h4 id="d364">(三)25~36个月</h4>
                    <p>为该阶段幼儿创造环境自我服务,熟练独立进水、进食、穿衣、戴帽。重点培养该阶段幼儿对物品的归置整理能力,培养幼儿分门别类放物、物品从哪儿拿放回哪儿去的习惯。</p>
                    <p>从以上学习中,我们发现生活习惯的养成包括一日作息的安排、生活技能的训练、物品的合理归置等。但最重要的是对生活的热爱,在活动中陶冶情感、增进能力。下面的案例可供延伸学习参考。</p>
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                            <p class="center videoname">
                                <span>视频:{{ chapter001.videoMd5[21].name }}</span>
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                    <span>
                        <p>为该阶段幼儿创造环境自我服务,熟练独立进水、进食、穿衣、戴帽。重点培养该阶段幼儿对物品的归置整理能力,培养幼儿分门别类放物、物品从哪儿拿放回哪儿去的习惯。</p>
                        <p>从以上学习中,我们发现生活习惯的养成包括一日作息的安排、生活技能的训练、物品的合理归置等。但最重要的是对生活的热爱,在活动中陶冶情感、增进能力。下面的案例可供延伸学习参考。</p>
                    </span>
                </div>
                <ul class="fl al-fe jc-fe footer-right">
                    <li class="footerText">第四单元</li>
@@ -2570,7 +3410,7 @@
                    </div>
                    <p class="fl al-c"><img class="rwmb-1" alt="" src="../../assets/images/tb-10.png" /><span
                            class="zt-ht">本课内容回顾</span></p>
                    <p class="center"><img class="img-0" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0236-1.jpg" /></p>
                    <p class="center openImgBox"><img class="img-0" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0236-1.jpg" /></p>
                    <h2 id="b048"><span class="h2-zt">第十八课</span><span class="h2-zt1">幼儿良好学习习惯的早期培养</span></h2>
                    <p>随着《3-6岁儿童学习与发展指南》的颁行,学习品质普遍进入学前教育领域的视野。幼儿良好学习品质的形成不是一蹴而就的,需要经过长期一贯的培养。因此,从婴幼儿时期的日常生活教养中培养幼儿良好的学习习惯,对其学习品质的养成起到重要作用。
                    </p>
@@ -2784,7 +3624,32 @@
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                    <p>在校学生,可以利用校内实训室进行亲子游戏模拟练习或可以有家长、孩子参与的真实早教课实训,以掌握亲子游戏的组织策略,提高对家长的指导能力。</p>
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                        <div class="video-box mr-0">
                            <p class="center text td-0">
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                                    x5-video-player-fullscreen="true" x5-playsinline="" controls
                                    controlslist="nodownload" class="w100 video"></video>
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                            <p class="center videoname">
                                <span>视频:{{ chapter001.videoMd5[22].name }}</span>
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                        </div>
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                    <span>
                        <p>在校学生,可以利用校内实训室进行亲子游戏模拟练习或可以有家长、孩子参与的真实早教课实训,以掌握亲子游戏的组织策略,提高对家长的指导能力。</p>
                    </span>
                    <h3 id="c166"><span class="h3-zt">四、</span>幼儿期亲子游戏的促进方案</h3>
                    <h4 id="d383">(一)13~18个月</h4>
                    <p>吹泡泡游戏:抚养人吹泡泡,引导幼儿追随泡泡,手抓泡泡。该游戏既可在室内进行,又可在户外进行。</p>
@@ -2792,10 +3657,35 @@
                    <p>随歌起舞:抚养人与幼儿一起跟着音乐摆动身体,其乐融融。</p>
                    <p>手印画:抚养人和幼儿共同制作手印画,并比比大小手。</p>
                    <h4 id="d384">(二)19~24个月</h4>
                    <p>开汽车:抚养人带领幼儿模拟开汽车游戏,红灯停、绿灯行。</p>
                    <p>盖高楼:亲子建构游戏,搭建积木。</p>
                    <p>躲猫猫:抚养人与幼儿互相藏找,先以家长藏,幼儿找为主,逐步到幼儿藏,家长找。</p>
                    <p>搬运工:抚养人与幼儿配合推车搬运物品,搬运过程中可设置障碍,如触觉步道、小山堆等。亦可多个家庭比赛增加乐趣。</p>
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                            <p class="center text td-0">
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                                    controlslist="nodownload" class="w100 video"></video>
                            </p>
                            <p class="center videoname">
                                <span>视频:{{ chapter001.videoMd5[23].name }}</span>
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                                    :content="chapter001.videoMd5[23].isCollectVideo ? '点击取消' : '点击收藏'"
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                                    <img :src="collectResourceList.findIndex(
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                            </p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <span>
                        <p>开汽车:抚养人带领幼儿模拟开汽车游戏,红灯停、绿灯行。</p>
                        <p>盖高楼:亲子建构游戏,搭建积木。</p>
                        <p>躲猫猫:抚养人与幼儿互相藏找,先以家长藏,幼儿找为主,逐步到幼儿藏,家长找。</p>
                        <p>搬运工:抚养人与幼儿配合推车搬运物品,搬运过程中可设置障碍,如触觉步道、小山堆等。亦可多个家庭比赛增加乐趣。</p>
                    </span>
                    <h4 id="d385">(三)25~36个月</h4>
                    <p>木偶游戏:抚养人可利用木偶装扮自己,与幼儿进行木偶情节想象游戏。</p>
                    <p>踢球:抚养人与幼儿一起踢球,增强幼儿视觉的追踪能力、身体协调能力。</p>
@@ -2921,7 +3811,7 @@
                    <p>在幼儿期,可以通过独立性的培养入手来培养幼儿良好的卫生习惯,如饭前饭后及大小便后洗手、独立进餐、刷牙、如厕等。这有利于幼儿入园后更快地适应集体生活,提升自信心。</p>
                    <p class="fl al-c"><img class="rwmb-1" alt="" src="../../assets/images/tb-10.png" /><span
                            class="zt-ht">本课内容回顾</span></p>
                    <p class="center"><img class="img-0" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0248-1.jpg" /></p>
                    <p class="center openImgBox"><img class="img-0" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0248-1.jpg" /></p>
                    <h2 id="b051"><span class="h2-zt">第二十一课</span><span class="h2-zt1">对早期教育基本问题的认识</span></h2>
                    <p>近些年,随着社会对0~3岁早期教育(以下简称“早教”)的重视,专门针对0~3岁儿童教育的早教机构大量兴起,早教课程层出不穷,家长对其较为推崇。但很多人对早教缺乏正确的认识。</p>
                    <h3 id="c169"><span class="h3-zt">一、</span>早教观</h3>
@@ -3007,7 +3897,7 @@
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="fl al-c"><img class="rwmb-1" alt="" src="../../assets/images/tb-10.png" /><span
                            class="zt-ht">本课内容回顾</span></p>
                    <p class="center"><img class="img-0" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0251-1.jpg" /></p>
                    <p class="center openImgBox"><img class="img-0" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0251-1.jpg" /></p>
                    <h2 id="b052"><span class="h2-zt">第二十二课</span><span class="h2-zt1">早期教育的发展现状</span></h2>
                    <p>近些年,随着脑科学、婴幼儿心理学和教育学等相关学科的发展,0~3岁早期教育已成为近些年的热门话题,同时也引起了世界各地对0~3岁早期教育的重视。了解国内外早期教育的发展现状,有利于有效把握早期教育的发展趋势,提升早期教育的质量。
                    </p>
@@ -3137,21 +4027,350 @@
                    <p class="fl al-c"><img class="rwmb-1" alt="" src="../../assets/images/tb-10.png" /><span
                            class="zt-ht">本课内容回顾</span></p>
                    <p class="center openImgBox"><img class="img-0" alt="" src="../../assets/images/0257-1.jpg" /></p>
                    <p class="fl al-c"><img class="rwmb-1" alt="" src="../../assets/images/tb-5.png" /><span
                            class="zt-ht">思考与练习</span></p>
                    <p class="fl al-c" id="first-answer"><img class="rwmb-1" alt=""
                            src="../../assets/images/tb-5.png" /><span class="zt-ht">思考与练习</span></p>
                    <p>1.简述1~3岁幼儿的身心发展特点。</p>
                    <textarea v-model="questionData.one" placeholder="请输入内容" rows="5" class="table-textarea"
                        @change="setBookQuestion"></textarea>
                    <p v-if="unitQuestion.isShowAnswer" class="answertxt">
                        【参考答案】
                        <br />(1)身体发展特点。
                        <br />A.运动系统。
                        <br />①骨骼柔软,生长迅速。幼儿期颅骨发育迅速,囟门已经全部闭合;脊柱的四个生理弯曲(除骶曲外)仍然没有固定;关节附近的韧带松弛,牢固性较差;8块腕骨出现了3个骨化中心;周岁以后幼儿开始独立行走,足弓开始形成。
                        <br />②肌肉易疲劳,肌肉群发育不平衡。幼儿肌纤维较细,蛋白质和无机盐少,水分多,因此收缩力差,易形成疲劳。从肌肉群发育看,大肌肉发展在前,小肌肉发展在后。
                        <br />B.神经系统。
                        <br />①脑量与脑细胞的发育。3岁前,婴幼儿阶段脑神经网络已形成约70%,这是脑发育的黄金时期。
                        <br />②条件反射的建立。幼儿阶段,神经活动的高级方式条件反射逐步建立。所以,婴幼儿的学习是建立在条件反射基础上的,需要不断地重复进行。
                        <br />③高级神经活动过程特点。幼儿神经系统的典型特点是容易兴奋,不易控制。因此,我们会发现幼儿情绪更易激动、兴奋。自我控制能力较差,注意力难以持久。
                        <br />C.呼吸系统。
                        <br />幼儿期呼吸系统各器官发育不完善。如鼻毛仍没有发育,鼻腔黏膜、气管支气管黏膜柔嫩、官腔狭窄屏障作用比较差,肺部含血量多、含气量少等。所以,易患呼吸系统的疾病,尤其易患婴幼儿肺炎。
                        <br />D.循环系统。
                        <br />①血液循环:婴幼儿新陈代谢旺盛,需要氧气和养料较多。但心输出量少,为满足需要,只有加快心跳来补偿。同时,交感神经兴奋性较高对心脏的抑制作用较差,心率快,年龄越小心率越快。婴儿心率约110~130/分钟,幼儿心率约100~120/分钟。
                        <br />②淋巴循环:幼儿的淋巴系统发育快,保护机能强。各部位的淋巴结都与附近的器官或淋巴管相连,当临近的组织或器官遭受细菌袭击时,它能消灭细菌、阻止细菌向外扩散。
                        <br />E.泌尿系统。
                        <br />幼儿的泌尿器官继续发育,1岁时肾小球的滤过能力接近成人,但选择性再吸收能力差,在生病情况下易发生脱水、浮肿、酸中毒。膀胱容量小,肌肉层薄,弹性组织发育不完善,储尿机能差,排尿次数多。2~3岁时,平均每天排尿10次左右,每次的尿量约90毫升。
                        <br />F.消化系统。
                        <br />消化系统是婴幼儿吸收营养物质最重要的通道,其中牙齿、胃肠和消化腺为最重要的器官。幼儿期乳牙在2岁或2.5岁时已经出齐,胃的容量逐渐增大,幼儿的食量也在逐渐增加,但由于肝脏、胰腺发育不完善,对脂肪的消化能力仍然较差。
                        <br />G.感觉器官。
                        <br />①视听器官:幼儿的视觉器官继续发育,视觉功能逐渐增强。到1.5岁时,他的视力可达0.4,能看见细小的东西如爬行的小虫、蚊子,能注视3米远的小玩具;2~3岁时,视力大约达到0.5~0.6,已经快接近成人视力。幼儿的听觉器官功能逐渐增强,接受周围环境的信息也越来越多,辨别能力不断提高,并促进其语言发展。
                        <br />②皮肤:幼儿皮肤的角质层薄,保护机能差,易受损伤。故要经常清洁皮肤,以免皮肤分泌物堵住皮脂腺和汗腺。体温调节功能差,散热和保温功能不及成人,皮肤散热多,容易生冻疮。
                        <br />(2)心理发展特点。
                        <br />A.感知觉。
                        <br />①感知日益分化细致,1~3岁幼儿的感知分化能力随着年龄的增长逐渐增强。
                        <br />②感知日益趋向协调、整合,随着1~3岁幼儿的发展,各个器官的功能协调、整合,共同作用于认识活动,所以幼儿对事物的认识越来越准确。
                        <br />③感知目的性逐渐增强,婴儿的感知从随意活动逐步过渡到有目的的活动,在幼儿时期,幼儿做事情有目标驱动,活动的目的性逐渐增强。
                        <br />B.注意。
                        <br /> ①感知觉、语言发展是影响注意的因素,感知充分的事物必然引起幼儿的注意。随着幼儿语言的发展,注意也随之快速发展,幼儿的注意往往受成人言语影响。
                        <br /> ②三岁前幼儿注意以无意注意为主,有意注意初步发展。
                        <br />③注意的时间随着年龄的增大逐渐增长,随着年龄的增大,注意维持的时间持续增长。
                        <br />C.记忆。
                        <br /> ①机械记忆占主导,幼儿生活经验有限,对事物的理解能力很低,往往只能根据材料的外部联系,采用简单重复的方式进行机械识记。
                        <br /> ②随语言能力的提升逐渐增强,随着语言能力的发展,幼儿结合语言对周围事物的记忆逐渐增强。
                        <br /> D.思维,思维的发展是智力发展的核心。1~3岁的幼儿处于思维发展的初级阶段,以直觉行动思维为主。
                        <br /> E.想象,想象发生时间相对较晚,大约发生在2岁。想象需要幼儿有足够的经验积累和记忆,并对获取信息进行简单的内部加工。对于2~3岁幼儿而言,想象的内容多是生活中常见的情节。
                        <br />F.言语。
                        <br /> ①单词句时期:1~1.5岁幼儿语言发展处于单词句时期,语言表达从单字到单词,语意表达复杂化,需要成人结合语境理解。
                        <br />
                        ②多词句时期:1.5岁~3岁幼儿语言发展从单词句阶段到多词句阶段再到简单句阶段快速发展。其词汇量增长速度很快,1.5~2岁幼儿会说出不完整的双词句,2岁~3岁幼儿开始尝试说出简单的“主谓宾”式句子,但没有修饰词。
                        <br /> G.社会性发展。
                        <br /> ①分离焦虑发展进入关键期:分离焦虑一般8~10个月就出现了,但反应最强烈的时间是13~15个月,所以这个阶段是培养亲子感情,培养幼儿安全感的关键时期。
                        <br /> ②自我意识情绪出现:1.5~2岁时幼儿有了自我意识,如打碎杯子会低头、不出声音,产生了羞愧感。自我意识的出现会引发很多高级情绪的产生。
                        <br /> 2岁半,进入成长阶段的第一个反抗期,他们通过对大人观点和指令的否定,来强调自己的独立意识;也希望通过“自己做”来向大人展示自己已具备的能力。
                        <br /> ③自我调节情绪开始:所谓自我调节是指利用一定的策略来调整自身的情绪状态,使其强度得到缓解,从而达到个体追求的行为目标。而这种复杂的情绪从婴儿两岁左右就已经出现了。
                    </p>
                    <p>2.幼儿的起居照顾包括哪些方面?各方面有什么要求?请对相关内容进行专业的实操练习。</p>
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                        【参考答案】
                        <br />(1)进餐。
                        <br />A.餐次安排:1~3岁幼儿的胃容量为200~300ml,幼儿期餐次安排上一般采用“三餐两点一加餐”,即每天早、中、晚三餐,上午和下午两主餐之间各一次“点心”。
                        <br />B.在良好环境下有规律进餐,重视良好进食习惯的培养。
                        <br />①帮助幼儿顺利渡过离乳期:1岁半左右的幼儿要考虑逐渐断掉母乳,进食普通食物。这就要求幼儿从吸吮奶头获取食物转变为以匙、杯、碗等获取食物。
                        <br />②养成在餐桌上进餐的习惯:首先要创设良好的用餐环境,营造温馨的就餐氛围,大人和孩子一起进餐,让幼儿形成思维定势,只要坐在餐桌前、桌上摆上饭菜就是要吃饭了。引导孩子一只手扶碗、一只手拿勺子,引导孩子进餐时细嚼慢咽、不挑食。
                        <br />③不追逐喂饭:吃饭是人的本能需要,当饥饿时孩子自然会进食,若不饿,自然不想吃。追逐喂饭是“不安分”的饮食方式,不仅不利于孩子好习惯的养成,而且不利于从食物中摄取营养。
                        <br />
                        ④每天足量饮水,不喝或少喝含糖饮料:水是人体必需的营养素,幼儿代谢比成人快,单位体重所需的饮水量比成人高,每天进食的食物中的水分约占一半,其余要饮用白开水补充水分,但不宜饮用含甜饮料。
                        <br /> C.确保饮食卫生,严格餐具消毒:幼儿的食物,要现做现吃,不吃隔夜饭菜、变质不洁的食物;奶瓶用清水洗净,沸水消毒等。
                        <br />(2)睡眠。
                        <br />
                        幼儿从1岁起睡眠已逐渐规律,1~2岁幼儿基本的睡眠时间为13~14个小时/天,其中白天1~2次,每次1~1.5小时,夜晚睡觉至少10小时。2~3岁幼儿睡眠时间约12~13小时,其中白天需1~2个小时。
                        <br />促进幼儿睡眠的策略如下:
                        <br /> A.逐步形成定时睡眠的习惯:该年龄段的幼儿一般白天睡一到两次,如一次可安排在午后,两次分上、下午。
                        <br />B.做好睡前准备,快速入睡:幼儿居室一定要安静,空气新鲜,温度适宜。睡前不要玩兴奋的游戏,也不要讲可怕的故事。
                        <br /> C.逐步培养婴儿独立入睡的习惯:一般婴幼儿从小就应养成独立入睡的习惯,这有利于其免受成人呼出二氧化碳的吸入及挤压,也可让幼儿从小有独立感,睡前睡后不纠缠父母。
                        <br /> (3)盥洗。
                        <br /> A.口腔卫生。
                        <br />
                        1~2岁幼儿:1岁时幼儿乳牙一般已经萌发6~8颗了,这时幼儿吃辅食的种类在不断增加,饭后在口腔中容易残留食物,这时要教会孩子漱口,养成饭后漱口的好习惯,以保护牙齿,预防蛀牙。家长可以戴指套牙刷帮助婴儿刷牙,清洁口腔。
                        <br />
                        2~3岁幼儿,这期间幼儿20颗乳牙已全部出齐,这时可以指导幼儿自己刷牙了。首先,给孩子选择婴幼儿专用牙膏和牙刷,然后,教孩子正确的刷牙方法:顺刷法。可以给孩子示范,鼓励幼儿自己刷牙,也可以利用儿歌等方法,引起幼儿刷牙的兴趣,逐渐掌握刷牙的方法。学习刷牙既是让幼儿养成良好的卫生习惯,又是培养其生活自理能力的一个重要内容。
                        <br /> B.面部、手部卫生。
                        <br />
                        注意面部和手部卫生清洁,以防细菌感染;指导幼儿学习洗脸、洗手的方法技巧。对于1~2岁的幼儿,抚养人要让幼儿对洗手、洗脸发生兴趣,2~3岁时,要告诉幼儿怎样洗、何时洗。教会幼儿洗脸、洗手的步骤,教会使用肥皂、毛巾等。放手让幼儿练习自我服务,增强自理能力。
                        <br /> C.洗澡。
                        <br /> ①用玩具吸引幼儿爱上洗澡。
                        <br /> ②注意洗头的方法:这个阶段的幼儿在洗澡时往往抗拒洗头,抚养人要讲究方法,要像干洗头发那样慢慢揉搓,然后用毛巾沾水清洗泡沫。注意不要让水流到幼儿眼睛和耳朵。
                        <br /> ③不要突然使用花洒直接给婴儿冲浴:给1~3岁的幼儿洗澡时,最好使用浴盆,使用花洒可能会引起幼儿恐惧,害怕洗澡。
                        <br /> (4)排泄。
                        <br /> 引导幼儿逐步学会控制排便是这一阶段的重要任务。
                        <br /> A.培养按时大便的习惯:1岁后幼儿大便开始有规律,一般一天一次,且可训练,应在晚上或早上起床后定时训练。
                        <br /> B.逐步减少纸尿裤(或尿布)的使用率:1岁后可训练幼儿使用婴幼儿专用坐便器排便,减少纸尿裤的使用率,纸尿裤一般可以夜晚使用。
                        <br />
                        C.如厕训练:1岁半以后,抚养人就可以有针对性地对孩子进行如厕锻炼。一般2~3岁幼儿可以逐渐独立大小便。在3岁前幼儿独立大小便可以有效缓解入园焦虑,增强自信,尤其对幼儿独立性发展大有好处。
                        <br /> (5)衣服卫生。
                        <br /> A.选用婴幼儿专用的洗衣液:婴幼儿专用洗衣液,一般Ph为中性、不添加荧光剂、漂白剂等化学物质,洗涤后衣服化学成分残留少,有利于幼儿皮肤健康。
                        <br /> B.洗涤方法:
                        <br /> ①浸泡衣服。
                        <br /> ②漂洗至少3次:洗衣服时一定要用清水漂洗干净至少3遍,以水质见清为准。
                        <br /> ③手洗:婴幼儿衣服最好手洗。既能保证洗干净,又不会使衣服变形走样。
                        <br /> 实操练习要求:
                        <br />
                        ①相关内容包括:幼儿进餐指导及良好进食习惯培养、幼儿良好睡眠习惯培养、幼儿正确漱口刷牙指导、幼儿正确洗手洗脸指导、幼儿二便管理与及良好排便习惯培养、幼儿衣服正确洗涤方法等。此项内容建议结合托育机构实习完成。
                        <br /> ②注意每项活动操作实施规范,体现积极的回应性照料原则。
                        <br /> ③活动中注意与幼儿情感互动,体现爱心、耐心、责任心。
                    </p>
                    <p>3.简述幼儿的营养需要与主要食物来源、膳食要求与配置。</p>
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                        【参考答案】
                        <br />(1)营养需要与食物来源如下。
                        <br />A.蛋白质。
                        <br />动物性食物,如各种肉类、水产品以及乳类的蛋白质含量较高。植物性食物中的豆类和坚果类蛋白质相对较高。
                        <br /> B.脂肪。
                        <br /> 各种植物油、动物脂肪。
                        <br /> C.碳水化合物。
                        <br /> 粮谷类(米、面、粗粮等)、根茎类(薯类、山药等)、蔬菜水果类、食糖等。
                        <br /> D.维生素。
                        <br /> 维生素A:维生素A主要来源于动物性食物,如动物肝脏、肾脏、乳类、禽蛋等。植物性食物中含有胡萝卜素,又称维生素A。
                        <br /> 维生素D:鱼类、蛋类和肝脏等食物含有较多的维生素D,牛奶和其它食物中维生素D的含量较少。
                        <br /> 维生素C:维生素C主要来源于新鲜的蔬菜、水果中。
                        <br /> 维生素B1:食物来源是全麦、糙米、新鲜瘦猪肉、向日葵籽、豆类、花生等都含有丰富的维生素B1。
                        <br /> 维生素B2:在动物性食物中含量较高,尤其脏器肉(肝脏、肾脏、心脏);其次是奶类、蛋类;许多绿叶蔬菜和豆类含量也较多。
                        <br /> E.叶酸。
                        <br />叶酸广泛存在普通食物中,尤其是动物肝脏和肾脏含叶酸丰富,其次是一些蔬菜(蚕豆、甜菜、芹菜、芦笋、花椰菜、圆白菜、莴苣、菠菜);水果(鳄梨、柑橘、橘汁);鱼、蛋、大豆和全麦制品也是重要来源。
                        <br /> F.矿物质。
                        <br /> 钙:乳类及其制品是食物中钙的最好来源,也是婴幼儿吸收钙的最好来源。海产品中的虾米、虾皮、紫菜、海带;豆类及其制品以及绿叶蔬菜;杏仁、花生酱等钙含量也较丰富。
                        <br /> 铁:主要存在于动物性食物,如动物瘦肉、血、肝脏、蛋黄等;植物性食物,如黑木耳、红枣、海带、豆类、绿叶蔬菜、有色水果等。
                        <br /> 锌:动物性食物中的锌不仅含量丰富,而且吸收率高。如海产品(鲜牡蛎、墨鱼卵)、肉、蛋、奶等。植物性食物,谷类、蔬菜含锌较少。谷类食物经过发酵可以提高锌的吸收率。
                        <br /> 碘:碘主要存在于海带、紫菜等海藻类,其次为海贝类、鲜海鱼。加碘盐也是碘的重要来源。
                        <br /> G.水。
                        <br /> 白开水、食物中的水、适量饮用果汁饮料。
                        <br /> (2)膳食要求与配置如下。
                        <br /> A.膳食制作要符合幼儿的生理特点。
                        <br />
                        ①膳食要好消化:1~3岁的幼儿正在长牙,咀嚼能力差,胃肠道蠕动及调节能力较低、各种消化酶的活性远不及成人。所以,食物制作上要剁碎、切细、煮烂、炖软,不要油腻。一些刺激性的食物,如辛辣的食物,辣椒、咖喱等,不能给幼儿食用,以免刺激胃肠,造成腹泻。
                        <br />
                        ②膳食要营养均衡:母乳喂养的孩子在这个阶段处于断乳期,是辅食逐渐代替类乳转变为主食的饮食过渡阶段,一定要注意保证各种营养素及热能的适宜供应,否则将导致幼儿生长缓慢、停滞甚至营养不良。
                        <br /> B.膳食制作要符合幼儿进食心理。
                        <br /> 幼儿膳食要做到“色、香、味、形”具全,即色诱人、香气浓、味道好、形状美等,以引起幼儿进食欲望。
                    </p>
                    <p>4.分析幼儿常见饮食问题的主要原因。</p>
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                        【参考答案】
                        <br /> (1)生理问题:幼儿生病期间,睡眠不足或活动量太少等都会影响幼儿的食欲,此时幼儿不爱吃饭。
                        <br /> (2)膳食问题:制作的食物种类单一,忽视食物的种类及色彩搭配,影响幼儿对食物的喜好,进而影响食欲。或者是食物的特殊味道、颜色、口感等不符合幼儿的进食心理,不能激起食欲。
                        <br />
                        (3)不良饮食习惯问题:幼儿进食零食过多,吃饭时没有饥饿感,对饭菜不感兴趣。还有从一开始大人就过分迁就孩子,让孩子边吃边玩或大人追着喂饭,孩子的注意力都在玩上,食不知味,当然影响食欲。食物品种按照成人的喜好选择和制作,比如抚养人不吃羊肉,不做羊肉的膳食,久之,幼儿过了接受各种食物味道的关键期,也会不接受羊肉的味道;以幼儿口味制作食物,孩子爱吃就多做,不爱吃就不做或少做。加重了孩子挑食的不良习惯;孩子对喜欢吃的食物不加控制,大量食用,暴饮暴食易造成积食和营养不良。尤其是糖类、油脂类食物不宜多吃,容易造成肥胖。
                    </p>
                    <p>5.幼儿期需接种的疫苗有哪些?接种后如何护理?</p>
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                        【参考答案】
                        <br />(1)接种疫苗:1.5岁甲肝疫苗(第一次)、1.5岁~2岁百白破疫苗和麻腮风疫苗(加强)、2岁接种乙脑疫苗(加强)和甲肝疫苗(第二次)、3岁A+C流脑疫苗(加强)。
                        <br />(2)幼儿接种疫苗后的护理。
                        <br />A.一般护理:幼儿接种疫苗后,要注意休息,避免剧烈活动,一般三天内不要洗澡;密切观察幼儿接种部位,保持清洁,以防污染物进入而引起感染;多给幼儿喝开水(除服脊灰糖丸外)。
                        <br />B.饮食安排:幼儿接种疫苗后,饮食易清淡、易消化为主。若出现腹泻、腹胀、食欲不振等症状,更应该调整好饮食,保证充足的营养。若出现皮疹,不要给幼儿吃辛辣等刺激性食物。
                        <br />C.衣服要求:由于接种疫苗后,接种部位易红肿、疼痛或硬结,所以,幼儿的衣服要清洁、柔软,且要勤换衣服。若出现皮疹,注意好皮肤的清洁,给幼儿穿纯棉质地的衣服。
                        <br />D.警惕特殊现象:幼儿接种疫苗后,如果出现高温不退、皮疹严重,甚至出现心慌、脸色苍白、出冷汗、手脚发冷、口唇青紫、四肢抽搐、呼吸困难、昏迷等特殊现象,须立刻带幼儿就近就医,并且向接种单位进行报告。
                    </p>
                    <p>6.幼儿期易患哪些疾病?如何辨识与护理?</p>
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                        【参考答案】
                        <br />(1)感冒。
                        <br />A.辨识。
                        <br />①基本症状:婴幼儿患感冒时往往上呼吸道症状如鼻塞、流鼻涕、咽喉肿痛等较轻,而消化道症状如食欲不振、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻等较明显,且常常发生高烧,有的患儿甚至发生惊厥。
                        <br />②注意鉴别:另一种情形是过敏体质的婴幼儿所引起的过敏性鼻炎,症状有打喷嚏、流鼻涕、鼻塞等,注意和感冒的区别,不要乱用药。另外,不少急性传染病如麻疹、流行性脑脊髓膜炎、百日咳等,这些病的早期有类似感冒的一些症状,要注意鉴别,发现病情异常应及时去医院诊治,千万不能掉以轻心和疏忽大意。
                        <br /> ③分清病因:分清是病毒性感冒还是细菌性感冒,切勿乱用药。若是病毒感染引起感冒。抗生素治疗是没有用的,乱吃感冒药往往弊大于利。
                        <br />
                        ④重视下列情况:没有发烧或咳嗽,只流鼻涕时,可以热敷的方式缓解症状。若出现:感冒持续5天以上、体温超过39℃、患儿出现耳朵疼痛、呼吸困难、持续的咳嗽、流黄绿色黏稠的鼻涕时,要接受医生的诊察。
                        <br />
                        ⑤警惕病情漫延:由于婴幼儿呼吸道结构特征,得感冒后炎症容易波及下呼吸道,引起支气管炎,又由于婴幼儿气管和支气管黏膜的纤毛运动能力差,很容易并发肺炎。有时可引起心肌炎、肾炎危及生命。
                        <br /> B.护理。
                        <br /> ①针对流涕:流鼻涕多,可采用用湿热的毛巾,在患儿的鼻子上施行热敷,使鼻黏膜遇热收缩,鼻腔通畅。若发现婴儿鼻孔里有鼻屎,可以先用棉花棒沾水清洁。
                        <br /> ②针对发烧:如果发烧,应当按照医生的嘱托服用退烧药,体温低于38.5℃,不用服用退烧药,可采用物理降温法降温。
                        <br />
                        ③针对鼻塞:如果鼻子堵塞,已经造成了患儿吃奶、吃饭困难,需要用盐水滴鼻液,在进食前15分钟滴鼻,过一会儿,即可用吸鼻器将鼻腔中的盐水和黏液吸出。滴鼻水可以稀释黏稠的鼻涕,使之更容易清洁。如果未经医生允许,千万不要给孩子用收缩血管或其它的药物滴鼻剂。
                        <br /> ④其它:注意让感冒患儿充分休息,患儿房间要保持空气湿润,多喝水。
                        <br /> (2)肺炎。
                        <br /> A.辨识。
                        <br />
                        ①一量体温:肺炎患儿多有发热症状,体温多在38℃以上,持续两三天时间,退热药只能使体温暂时下降一会儿,不久便又上升。感冒虽然也会发热,但体温多数在38℃以下,持续时间较短,退热药的效果也较明显。但也可能不发烧,甚至体温低于正常,所以,要警惕不发烧的肺炎。
                        <br /> ②二听咳嗽和呼吸:肺炎患儿多有咳、喘和呼吸困难。感冒和支气管炎引起的咳、喘多呈阵发性,一般不会出现呼吸困难。
                        <br />
                        ③三听肺部:肺炎患儿在吸气时会听到“咕噜儿”“咕噜儿”的声音,医生称之为细小水泡音,这是肺部发炎的重要体征。听儿童胸部时,要求室温在18℃以上,脱去孩子的上衣,将耳朵轻轻地贴在孩子脊柱两侧的胸壁,仔细倾听。同时仔细观察孩子有无胸凹陷(在吸气时,两侧肋骨边缘处内陷随呼吸起伏)。
                        <br /> ④四观精神:如果孩子在发热、咳嗽、喘的同时精神很好、能玩、爱笑,则提示患肺炎的可能性很小。
                        <br /> ⑤五看食欲:肺炎患儿,食欲会显著下降,不吃东西,或一吃奶就哭闹不安。
                        <br /> B.护理。
                        <br />
                        ①不要给患儿滥用药物:要遵照医生的嘱咐用药,不要滥用抗生素类药物,也不要频繁更换药物。药物治疗并不是立竿见影的,起效要有一定的时间。原则上,如果病情没有恶化,需配合医生坚持用药3天,频繁换药不利于疾病控制。
                        <br /> ②要让患儿充分安静休息:应每隔2~3小时轻轻地为患儿翻一次身,使仰卧、左右侧卧交替,并轻轻拍打病儿背部,减轻呼吸困难,有利于排痰及炎症的吸收。
                        <br />
                        ③根据患儿的年龄特点给予营养丰富、易于消化的食物:吃奶的患儿应以乳类为主,可适当喝水。牛奶可适当加点水兑稀一点,少食多餐。稍大能吃饭的患儿,可吃营养丰富、容易消化、清淡的食物,多吃水果、蔬菜,多饮水。
                        <br />
                        ④患儿居室环境干湿适宜:保持室内空气新鲜。多开窗通风换气,室内禁止吸烟,防止烟尘及特殊气味的刺激。室温控制在20℃~26℃,湿度50%~70&为宜,有利于痰液稀释而咳出,空气太干燥,痰液粘在气管壁上不易排出。
                        <br /> (3)幼儿急疹。
                        <br /> A.辨识。
                        <br />①热退疹出:2岁以下的婴幼儿突然高热,无其它系统症状,热退时出现皮疹,应该考虑此病。皮疹出现前,诊断较难,易误诊为上呼吸道感染或消化不良,当热退疹出时,病即将痊愈,无需特殊治疗。
                        <br /> ②注意和风疹鉴别:两者皮疹相似,但风疹患儿热度不高,发热的同时出现皮疹,耳后和枕部淋巴结肿大更明显,而幼儿急疹是高热3~5天后热退疹出。
                        <br /> B.护理。
                        <br /> ①高热防惊厥:患儿体温超过39℃时,可用温水擦拭降温,预防高热惊厥的发生。但不要着急吃退烧药降温。
                        <br /> ②多喝水,饮食易消化:患儿要多喝水,以利于出汗和排尿,加速毒素排出。已经吃固体食物的婴幼儿,患病期间要流食或半流食。
                        <br /> ③居室环境要求:患儿居室注意空气新鲜,开窗通风时谨防患儿着凉感冒。居室环境要安静,保证患儿充分休息。
                        <br /> (4)腹泻。
                        <br /> A.辨识:
                        <br /> ①轻型腹泻:大便次数增多,每日数次至10余次。大便稀,有时有少量水,呈黄色或黄绿色,混有少量黏液。偶有少量呕吐或溢乳,食欲减退,体温正常或偶有低热。
                        <br />
                        ②重型腹泻:每日大便十数次至40次。便中水分增多,偶有黏液,呈黄或黄绿色,有腥臭味,呈酸性反应。换尿布不及时者,常腐蚀臀部皮肤,表皮剥脱而发红。随病情加重和摄入食物减少,大便臭味减轻,粪块消失而呈水样或蛋花汤样。患儿食欲低下,常伴呕吐。多有不规则低热,重者高热。
                        <br /> B.护理。
                        <br /> ①谨防脱水:患儿若精神稍差,面色略苍白,皮肤稍干但弹性尚好,眼窝稍陷,小便较平时略少,说明已经轻度脱水,要口服补液盐补水和电解质。若脱水达中度、重度,要静脉补液。
                        <br /> ②勿滥用抗生素:不要给腹泻病儿滥用抗生素类药物,以免造成肠道菌群紊乱等。
                        <br /> ③应适当控制饮食:继续原饮食,清淡、易消化为主,适当减少辅食。如果存在乳糖不耐受或过敏性腹泻,则需改用无乳糖奶粉及深度水解或游离氨基酸奶粉喂养。
                        <br /> (5)维生素D缺乏性佝偻病。
                        <br /> A.辨识。
                        <br />
                        ①检查血清骨碱性磷酸酶:除了检查血钙,还应该查血清骨碱性磷酸酶。血清是目前检查和诊断佝偻病的常用指标,具有灵敏特异简便快速的优点。骨碱性磷酸酶正常值范围:小于或等于200U/L(单位/升)。骨碱性磷酸酶越高,说明“缺钙”越严重。
                        <br />
                        ②精神症状:多数患儿从3个月左右开始发病,以精神神经症状为主,患儿有睡眠不安、好哭、易出汗等现象,出汗后头皮痒而在枕头上摇头磨擦,出现枕部秃发。若有多汗、夜惊、烦躁、枕秃等现象,应怀疑此病。
                        <br /> ③骨骼变化。
                        <br /> 颅骨:用手指按在3~6个月患儿的枕骨及顶骨部位,感觉颅骨内陷,随手放松而弹回,称乒乓球征。8~9个月以上的患儿头颅常呈方形,前囟大及闭合延迟,严重者18个月时前囟尚未闭合。
                        <br /> 躯干骨:两侧肋骨与肋软骨交界处膨大如珠子,称串珠肋。胸骨中部向前突出形似“鸡胸”,或下陷成“漏斗胸”,胸廓下缘向外翻起为“肋缘外翻”;脊柱后突、侧突。
                        <br /> 四肢骨:会站、走的婴幼儿两腿会形成向内或向外弯曲畸形,即“O”型或“X”型腿。手腕部、脚踝部形成钝圆形环状隆起,即手镯和脚镯畸形。
                        <br /> B.护理。
                        <br />
                        ①补充维生素D:此病关键是补充维生素D,而不是单纯补钙。每天遵医嘱服用维生素D0.5~1万国际单位,重症者每天2万国际单位。一个月后改为预防量,每天口服400国际单位。切忌:不可多服,否则易致维生素D中毒。
                        <br /> ②正确服用鱼肝油:鱼肝油的服用不可随意做主,一定要遵医嘱,服用到1岁半左右。6个月以后要每天补充适量的钙剂,如葡萄糖酸钙等。
                        <br /> ③多晒太阳和户外活动:这是最重要,也最经济、最有效地获得维生素D的途径。只要天气合适,每天不少于2个小时的户外活动。
                    </p>
                    <p>7.幼儿期易出现哪些心理问题?应对的教养策略是什么?</p>
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                        【参考答案】
                        <br />(1)过度依赖。
                        <br />教养策略:
                        <br /> ①情感呵护:给予幼儿足够的情感呵护,这种情感呵护应适度,并非包办代替一切事物。而是善于观察儿童,解读儿童,随时满足幼儿合理需要。
                        <br />②培养幼儿独立性:给幼儿机会做力所能及的事,相信幼儿能完成。同时,多为幼儿提供做决定的机会,尊重幼儿的合理选择,对幼儿通过努力完成的事情给予及时鼓励,培养幼儿自信心。   
                        <br /> (2)发脾气。
                        <br /> 教养策略:
                        <br /> ①正确理解反抗期的幼儿:了解幼儿的心理需要,避免和幼儿硬碰硬。尽量创造快乐和睦的家庭氛围,在欢乐的家庭氛围中幼儿比较容易开朗,不认死理、不较真。
                        <br />
                        ②把握好原则,适度教养幼儿:既不过分严苛,又不过分宠爱。当幼儿为某事和大人“较劲”时,如果不是原则问题,如想玩水,可适当让步;若是原则问题,如想触摸电源,则坚决不妥协,事后再帮助幼儿树立正确认识。当幼儿情绪激动,难以听进去任何劝告时,不妨转移幼儿注意力,用其喜欢的玩具或事件转移其注意力。等事件过后再与幼儿适度沟通。
                        <br /> (3)分离焦虑。
                        <br /> 教养策略:
                        <br /> ①提升幼儿独立性:幼儿独立性强,可自我满足基本生活要求,对成人的依赖性就差,分离焦虑程度会降低。
                        <br /> ②扩大交往范围:多带幼儿和朋友相处,让幼儿有机会接触除抚养人之外的人,习惯并感受与其交往带来的快乐。
                        <br /> ③养成良好作息和生活习惯:提前让幼儿在家就养成固定的作息时间,养成良好的生活习惯,以提前适应集体生活。
                        <br /> (4)害羞。
                        <br /> 教养策略:
                        <br /> ①多与他人交流:多为幼儿营造与他人交流的机会,父母先以身作则,多与他人和谐交流,为幼儿塑造榜样作用。
                        <br /> ②提升幼儿自信心:结合幼儿能力,为其提供力所能及的活动,对幼儿做好的事情及时给予幼儿鼓励,增强其自信。
                        <br /> ③对幼儿有耐心:充分认识到幼儿的个体差异,学会欣赏幼儿的长处,对幼儿不足的地方耐心引导,切忌逼迫幼儿与人打招呼,也不要盲目批评,甚至打骂。
                        <br /> (5)攻击性行为。
                        <br /> 教养策略:
                        <br /> ①多支持、鼓励幼儿与他人友好相处:为幼儿创造与他人合作的机会,让幼儿体会与他人合作、友好相处的快乐。
                        <br /> ②改善家庭教养方式:父母以身作则,给予幼儿及时的爱与呵护,但避免过度溺爱。爱孩子要有原则,有方法。
                    </p>
                    <p>8.幼儿的安全环境要求有哪些?常见意外事故如何处理?</p>
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                        【参考答案】
                        <br /> (1)环境安全卫生的要求。
                        <br /> A.防护装置。
                        <br />
                        婴幼儿年龄小没有自我保护能力,所以其生活环境的安全是第一要务。杜绝环境中一切安全隐患。防护工具有:宝宝防撞条、安全防撞角、安全电源插座保护盖、开式柜门安全锁、门窗防夹手软垫等。在幼儿学会走路以后,要特别注意阳台、家具的摆放、门窗等。
                        <br />
                        ①阳台:最好给阳台安装安全措施,因为幼儿可能爬上去造成跌落。阳台跌落的事故时有发生,应引起抚养人的重视。也不要单独把幼儿留在房间。事实证明,阳台坠落的意外,多数发生在幼儿单独在家的时候。
                        <br /> ②家具:家具的摆放应尽量避免妨碍幼儿学习走路和玩耍。要将所有具有潜在危险性的物品放到高处或搬走。时刻留意具尖角的家具,避免幼儿碰撞,最好安装宝宝安全保护装置。
                        <br /> ③房门:这个阶段的幼儿常常被开关门时夹伤。居家往往多道房门,出出进进,很有可能把幼儿夹伤。可用门窗防夹软垫来避免危险。
                        <br /> B.清洁与消毒。
                        <br /> 卫生也是环境很重要的一部分,每天室内开窗通风保证空气流通;室内勤擦拭以防止细菌滋生;玩具定期用无毒婴幼儿消毒液进行消毒及蓝光照射。部分亦可阳光杀菌。
                        <br /> (2)意外事故的处理。
                        <br /> A.扭伤。
                        <br /> 脚扭伤切忌揉搓。要用冰袋或冷湿毛巾冷敷伤部,目的是减少皮下出血,减轻肿胀和疼痛。24小时以后用热毛巾、暖水袋等热敷伤部,目的是改善伤部血液循环、促进局部代谢,有益于伤情的恢复。
                        <br /> B.挤压伤。
                        <br />
                        如无破损,应立即用冷水或冰块冷敷其受伤部位,以减少皮下出血和减轻疼痛;后期可用热敷以促进瘀血的吸收;若有出血应及时消毒、包扎、冷敷;如挤伤严重可能会出现指甲脱落、骨折等现象,立即去医院处理。
                        <br /> C.磕碰伤。
                        <br /> 对不同情况紧急处理:
                        <br />
                        ①跌倒摔伤膝盖、肘部:应先观察伤口,若伤口较浅,将伤口的泥沙清理干净即可。如果伤口较深,有出血情况,应该用自来水或生理盐水清理伤口并用酒精消毒伤口,处理后无需包扎。若伤势较严重须立即去医院治疗。
                        <br />
                        ②跌倒摔伤头部或头部碰到坚硬的东西致伤:头部受伤多见两种情况,一种是没有出血,但过一会儿头部鼓包;另一种是磕破皮,渗血或流血。前者处理时切忌不要揉搓,也不要往伤处涂抹任何东西,要立刻冷敷伤处,减少皮下出血和肿胀;后者需要止血,必要时包扎。头部出血,临时止血的方法是:成人用大拇指将患儿颞浅动脉压向骨面,阻断血流,按压约5分钟。这里需要强调的是:幼儿磕碰到头部,不管有无出血,不管鼓包大小,一律密切观察幼儿的精神状态,一旦发现有嗜睡等现象,要及时送医院检查治疗。
                        <br />
                        ③身体碰到桌子等坚硬物体致伤:这种情况,往往过后伤部瘀青。主要是被磕碰部位皮下毛细血管破裂所致,所以,要立刻冷敷,减少皮下出血。若出现瘀青,一般需要两周左右皮肤才能吸收,恢复正常。
                        <br /> D.鼻出血。
                        <br />
                        首先安抚幼儿不要紧张,然后告知幼儿头略低(不要头后仰头),暂时用口呼吸。接下来用冷毛巾冷敷患儿前额和鼻部,以减少出血。成人也可用食指和拇指捏紧幼儿鼻翼止血。按压时间依幼儿出血量大小而定,一般3~5分钟后即可止血。若无法止血,应到医院处理。
                        <br /> E.咽部异物。
                        <br />
                        让患儿将口中食物吐净,再用力咳嗽。若咳不出异物,不要试图用手指伸入患儿咽喉取出异物。若是鱼刺卡喉,不要采用大口吞饭、喝醋等错误方法处理,否则可能造成异物扎得更深,加重损伤。正确的做法是:让患儿张口,若能看到异物,用镊子取出即可。若看不到异物,请到医院救治。
                        <br /> F.脱臼。 
                        <br />
                        幼儿脱臼时,切忌随意移动患儿伤肢,避免移动的过程中造成患儿伤部的二度伤害,先观察患儿手臂,如手臂单边不动但没有疼痛感,则可用三角巾或布,将脱臼部位稍做固定,然后冰敷伤部,尽速到医院治疗即可。若患儿活动手臂时有疼痛感或手臂无力垂下,则需立即送医急救。
                        <br /> G.触电。
                        <br /> 幼儿发生触电切忌惊慌失措,不可直接用手去拉已触电的幼儿。马上切断电路后用不导电的物体如木棍竹竿等去挑开电源。若患儿心跳呼吸停止,则立刻进行心肺复苏急救,同时拨打120急救电话。
                        <br /> H.其他。
                        <br />
                        ①扎刺的处理:幼儿期由于好奇心和探索欲望,经常会被周围带刺的花草、木棍、竹棍等刺伤。如扎刺后有刺痛感,有一部分露出皮肤,可先将伤口用生理盐水清洗,然后用消毒过的针或镊子顺着刺的方向将刺全部挑、拨出来,挤出淤血随后用酒精消毒伤口。如果刺扎在指甲里或难以拔除应及时送医院处理。
                        <br />
                        ②切割伤的处理:幼儿在使用文具或触摸玻璃、陶瓷器具时都可能会发生手被划破的事件。如划伤,应及时使用干净的纱布按压伤口止血,然后在伤口周围用75%的酒精由里向外消毒后敷上消毒纱布并用绷带包扎。如果是玻璃器具扎伤,应先用清水清理伤口再用镊子清除碎玻璃片消毒后进行包扎。
                        <br />
                        ③蚊虫咬伤的处理:一般蚊子叮咬,涂止痒药膏即可,如风油精、绿药膏、速效止痒液等(注意稀释后给幼儿涂抹);蜜蜂或毛虫刺伤,可用橡皮胶布粘贴法,拔除蜂刺和毛虫刺,因毒液是酸性的,可用弱碱性溶液(3%氨水、肥皂水、5%苏打水或食盐水)洗涤伤口,以中和毒液;如果是马蜂(黄蜂)蜇伤,粘出小刺,因毒液是碱性的,可在伤处涂食醋或醋酸,以中和毒液。
                    </p>
                    <p>9.利用实习实践的机会,了解并熟悉早教中心婴幼儿玩教具的种类、区域划分、玩具投放等情况,并写出调查报告。</p>
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                        【参考答案】
                        <br />调查报告主要内容应包括:调查目的、调查方法、调查结果与分析、意见或建议等。
                    </p>
                    <p>10.撰写一份适合1~3岁幼儿的某领域或综合的亲子活动或游戏方案,实施或模拟实施,然后写出活动反思。</p>
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                        【参考答案】
                        <br />参照教材内相关内容的发展促进方案。
                    </p>
                    <p>11.请为1~3岁幼儿制作一份教保环境设计图,要求能体现实体设计特点,同时渗透情感设计思想。</p>
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                            class="zt-ht">学习反思</span></p>
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                    <li class="footerText">第四单元</li>
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                                value: "D"
                            },
                        ]
                    },
                ],
            },
        };
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        const bookQuestion = localStorage.getItem(
            "aurturingAndEducation-book-chapter04-questionData"
        );
@@ -3393,6 +4887,14 @@
                }
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        },
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            localStorage.setItem(
                "aurturingAndEducation-book-chapter04-questionData",
@@ -3480,6 +4982,173 @@
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};
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