zhongshujie
22 小时以前 e33672cf85da88d515d5fe6ccc0a139c3cfaa5db
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<template>
    <div class="chapter" num="7">
        <!-- 第124页 - 偶数页 -->
        <div class="page-box" page="124">
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                <div class="page-header-right">
                    <span class="header-title">第六章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;关节活动度评定</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../asse../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h1 class="firstTitle-l">第六章 关节活动度评定</h1>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0135-01.jpg" style="width:30%" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0023-02.jpg" style="width:80%" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)具备认真观察、深入分析、严谨细致、实事求是的工作态度。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)具备规范操作意识。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)具备安全操作意识。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:关节活动度的定义、评估的目的、适应证和禁忌证;各关节活动度的评估方法及关节活动度的正常值范围;关节活动度测量结果的临床意义。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:关节活动度范围异常的原因;关节活动度评定时的注意事项。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:关节活动度范围测量仪器。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)能与被检查者进行有效沟通。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)能选择合适的仪器对相关被检查者进行关节活动度评定。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)能够规范、准确记录检查结果并进行障碍学诊断。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)具备分析问题、解决问题的能力、团队协作能力。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0047-02.jpg" style="width:80%" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【案例】</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        患者,女性,35岁。4月前因步行不慎摔倒导致左肩疼痛,当时无不适,X线检查示左肱骨骨折,予药物及保守治疗等支持、对症治疗。现患者仍感左肩疼痛,梳头、如厕、洗脸等活动较难完成,为改善上述症状前来康复科就诊。患者既往体健,左利手。查体发现左侧肩关节活动受限,主动前屈0°~100°,外展0°~80°,后伸0°~5°,其余活动度正常,左肩活动时疼痛,视觉模拟评分法评分为3/10。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【问题】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.肩关节有哪些运动,各方向的正常活动度范围是多少?</p>
                    <p class="content">2.该患者关节活动范围如何测得?还需测量什么情况下的关节活动度?</p>
                </div>
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                    113
                </div>
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                    <div class="header-txt">
                        康复评定技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="center"><img class="g-pic" src="../../assets/images/0024_02.jpg" /></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        关节活动度评定是指关节运动时所通过的运动弧,临床利用关节活动度来评估关节活动情况,为关节活动功能评估的核心指标。定性资料常常只能解决“有”或“无”的问题,而关节活动度评定属于定量评定,可以详细评估关节的活动情况和严重程度。
                    </p>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">第一节 概述</h2>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、相关定义</h3>
                    <p class="content">关节活动度(range of motion,ROM),又称关节活动范围,是指关节运动时所通过的运动弧。</p>
                    <p class="content">关节活动度的测量是指关节远端骨所移动的度数,而不是关节远端骨与近端骨之间的夹角。ROM的测量包括主动关节活动度和被动关节活动度。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.主动关节活动度(active range of
                            motion,AROM)</span> 指作用于关节的肌肉随意收缩产生运动使关节所通过的运动弧。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.被动关节活动度(Passive Range of
                            Motion,PROM)</span> 指由外力使关节运动时所通过的运动弧。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、正常关节活动度</h3>
                    <p class="content">ROM测量仅允许3°~5°误差,正常关节活动度参考值见表6-1。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表6-1 正常关节活动度参考值</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox" alt="表6-1 正常关节活动度参考值"
                            src="../../assets/images/0136-01.jpg" style="width:80%" active="true" />
                    </div>
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                <div class="page-header-right">
                    <span class="header-title">第六章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;关节活动度评定</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../asse../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox" alt="表6-1 正常关节活动度参考值"
                            src="../../assets/images/0137-01.jpg" style="width:80%" active="true" />
                    </div>
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                    <div class="header-txt">
                        康复评定技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox" alt="表6-1 正常关节活动度参考值"
                            src="../../assets/images/0138-01.jpg" style="width:80%" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、影响关节活动度的因素</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)生理因素</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.关节的解剖结构</span> 构成关节的两关节面的面积差越大,关节越灵活。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.肌力</span> 主动肌的收缩能力和拮抗肌的伸展能力影响关节活动度。临床上较为典型的是多关节肌肉的“主动不足”和“被动不足”现象。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.关节周围组织的性质</span> 薄且松弛的关节囊、韧带少而弱、软组织伸展性好都有利于活动。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.其他</span> 正常关节活动度因人而异,还受到年龄、性别、身体状况、肥胖等影响。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)病理因素</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.关节活动度减小</span> ①关节内疾病:骨性病变、滑膜或软骨损伤、积血或积液、关节炎或畸形等。②关节外疾病:关节周围软组织损伤或粘连、瘢痕挛缩、肌痉挛、肌肉瘫痪等。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.关节活动度过大</span> 可见于韧带断裂、韧带松弛、肌肉弛缓性麻痹(肌张力低下)等。</p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第六章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;关节活动度评定</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../asse../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、关节活动度评定目的</h3>
                    <p class="content">1.确定关节活动度受限的程度。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.根据主动与被动关节活动度的测量情况,明确关节活动受限的特点,区别关节僵硬与关节强直。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.指导制订或修改治疗方案。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.决定是否需要使用代偿工具。</p>
                    <p class="content">5.治疗疗效的对比。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">五、关节活动度评定的临床应用</h3>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.适应证</span> ①骨关节病、肌肉伤病、神经系统疾病及术后关节活动度受限的患者。②其他原因导致关节活动障碍的患者。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.禁忌证</span> ①关节急性炎症期患者。②关节内骨折未做处理的患者。③肌腱、韧带和肌肉术后患者早期。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">六、关节活动度评定方法与原则</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)评定工具</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        关节活动度的测量工具有量角器、电子角度计、卷尺等,也可通过X线检查进行测量,临床上常用量角器进行评估。量角器的构造相对简单,由两臂和一轴心组成,一般把带有弧形刻度的臂称之为固定臂,另外一个随关节运动的臂称为移动臂,固定臂与移动臂的交点称为轴心。量角器常用的有通用量角器和小型半圆形量角器。评定者应根据所测关节的大小,选择合适的量角器。如测量肩关节、髋关节等大关节时应选择长臂量角器,而测量手或趾关节时,应选短臂量角器。指关节测量选用小型半圆形量角器。有时也会使用卷尺对脊柱关节活动度进行评定。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox" alt="图6-1 量角器" src="../../assets/images/0139-01.jpg" style="width:50%"
                            active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-1 量角器</p>
                    </div>
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                        康复评定技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)体位</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        关节活动度中“起始点”和“终末点”的确定是至关重要的。临床上大部分关节活动度以“解剖位”作为“起始点”,也就是我们关节活动度的0°位。根据解剖结构、关节末端感觉来确定“终末点”。不同体位下测量的关节活动也会有差异,如髋关节伸膝下屈髋和屈膝下屈髋活动度有较大差异,一般按操作规范中规定的体位进行,如有特殊的需进行标注。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)关节固定</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        由于关节疼痛、僵硬往往伴随着临近关节的代偿。所以在关节活动度检查中,为了提高测量的准确性,一般需要对关节的近端进行固定。固定可以利用体位、体重、检查者外力等进行固定。在被动检查中,检查者既要进行被动活动又要摆放量角器,操作困难时可以申请助手进行固定。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(四)评定流程</p>
                    <p class="content">一般在测量之前,检查者应掌握各关节的正常活动范围,避免在评定中过度活动导致关节损伤。评定流程见图6-2。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.准备工作</span> 治疗师按照相关要求准备着装、评定物品和仪器,以及个人防护处置。患者体位放置合适,衣着便于暴露评定部位。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox" alt="图6-2 关节活动度评定流程" src="../../assets/images/0140-01.jpg"
                            style="width:80%" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-2 关节活动度评定流程</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.沟通</span> 通过与被检查者简单的交流,判断被检查者的现有情况是否可以进行评估;同时让患者了解测量的部位、过程及注意事项,以取得患者的配合。也可以对被检查者的其他需要和不适进行了解,以便后续开展评估。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.实施</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)体位选择:确定检查部位,充分暴露检查部位。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)量角器放置:首先确定关节活动的平面,再确定关节运动的轴心,最后确定固定臂和移动臂。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)关节活动:通过主动或被动活动关节到最大范围,移动臂所运动的弧度即为关节活动度。对测量值进行读数,并观察被检查者是否有其他不适。在被动测量时,还需要检查被检查者的关节活动末端感觉。</p>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">(4)结果记录:记录测量的时间、体位、主动或被动活动的角度、被动检查时的运动终末感。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)结果分析:对被检查者的评定结果进行分析。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.结束工作</span> 治疗师可以简单介绍评定结果,引导患者结束评估或进行下一项评估。收整物品及处置个人防护。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(五)一般原则</p>
                    <p class="content">1.治疗师应掌握正常关节活动度参考值、正常关节运动平面,以及测量方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.量角器测量不是关节活动度测量的唯一方法,如被检查者残疾,可使用观察法进行评估。躯干活动也可以用皮尺来进行测量。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.不同人的关节活动度正常值会有差异,可以结合正常人的关节活动度参考值和患者健侧的测量结果综合评价。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.测量运动终末感时,不能暴力进行。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(六)注意事项</p>
                    <p class="content">1.被评定关节须充分暴露,可以使用屏风或隐私帘保护被检查者隐私。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.为保证检查结果的可靠性和可重复性。如检查者与被检查者须保持正确体位、注意评定关节活动度的仪器操作规范、度数,注意视线与量角器平行等。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.关节被动运动时手法要柔和,速度缓慢均匀,尤其对伴有疼痛和痉挛的被检查者不要进行快速运动。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.为防止其他关节出现代偿运动,或构成关节的远端骨运动,而导致近端骨出现固定不充分的现象,检查者应辅助被检查者保持固定体位,并熟练掌握各关节运动时相应的固定方法。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">5.避免在按摩、运动及其他康复治疗后立即评定关节活动度。</p>
                    <p class="content">6.测量时要注意观察和记录关节的异常情况,如肿胀、疼痛、挛缩等。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        7.被检查者存在急性关节炎症和感染、关节半脱位、关节血肿、骨性关节僵硬,以及未处理的软组织损伤如韧带损伤、肌腱损伤等时测量要特别谨慎。一般严重的骨质疏松患者不进行被动关节活动度检查。</p>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">第二节 关节活动度评定方法</h2>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0141-01.jpg" style="width:30%" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、上肢关节活动度</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)肩关节活动度</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.肩关节前屈、后伸</span> 见图6-3。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)体位:坐位或立位,上臂置于体侧,肘伸展。</p>
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                        <img class="openImgBox" alt="图6-3 肩关节前屈和后伸" src="../../assets/images/0142-01.jpg"
                            style="width:50%" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图6-3 肩关节前屈和后伸</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">a.肩关节前屈;b.肩关节后伸。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)量角器摆放:轴心位于肩峰,固定臂与腋中线平行,移动臂与肱骨纵轴平行。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)运动终末感:结缔组织抵抗。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)参考范围:前屈0°~180°,后伸0°~60°。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)代偿情况:前屈时容易出现躯干伸展、肩关节外展;后伸时容易出现肩胛骨的前倾、上抬、外展。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.肩关节外展</span> 见图6-4。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox" alt="图6-4 肩关节外展" src="../../assets/images/0142-02.jpg" style="width:50%"
                            active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-4 肩关节外展</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(1)体位:坐位或立位,上臂置于体侧,肘伸展。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)量角器摆放:轴心位于肩峰,固定臂与身体中线平行,移动臂与肱骨纵轴平行。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)运动终末感:结缔组织抵抗。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)参考范围:0°~180°。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)代偿情况:耸肩、肩外旋。</p>
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.肩关节内旋、外旋</span> 见图6-5。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)体位:仰卧位,肩关节外展90°,肘关节屈曲90°。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)量角器摆放:轴心位于尺骨鹰嘴,固定臂与冠状面垂直,移动臂与前臂纵轴平行。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)运动终末感:结缔组织抵抗。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)参考范围:肩关节内旋0°~70°,肩关节外旋0°~90°。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)代偿情况:内旋时肩胛骨上抬、外展,躯干屈曲,肘关节伸展;外旋时肩胛骨下沉、内收,躯干屈曲,肘关节伸展。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.肩关节水平内收、外展</span> 见图6-6。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox" alt="图6-5 肩关节内旋和外旋" src="../../assets/images/0143-01.jpg"
                            style="width:80%" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图6-5 肩关节内旋和外旋</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">a.肩关节内旋;b.肩关节外旋。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox" alt="图6-6 肩关节水平内收和水平外展" src="../../assets/images/0143-02.jpg"
                            style="width:80%" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图6-6 肩关节水平内收和水平外展</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">a.肩关节水平内收;b.肩关节水平外展。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(1)体位:坐位,肩关节外展90°,肘伸展,掌心向下。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)量角器摆放:轴心位于肩峰突,固定臂与肩峰至头顶连线平行,移动臂与肱骨纵轴平行。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)运动终末感:结缔组织抵抗。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)参考范围:肩关节水平内收0°~130°,肩关节水平外展0°~40°。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)代偿情况:躯干旋转、侧屈。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)肘关节活动度</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">肘关节屈曲、伸展</span> 见图6-7。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)体位:仰卧、坐位或立位,上肢取解剖位。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)量角器摆放:轴心位于肱骨外上髁,固定臂与肱骨纵轴平行,移动臂与桡骨纵轴平行。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)运动终末感:屈曲时结缔组织抵抗,伸展时骨抵抗。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)参考范围:屈曲0°~135°/150°,伸展一般为0°,部分会存在过伸5°(-5°)。</p>
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                        <img class="openImgBox" alt="图6-7 肘关节屈曲和伸展" src="../../assets/images/0144-01.jpg"
                            style="width:50%" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-7 肘关节屈曲和伸展</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(5)代偿情况:肩关节屈曲。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)前臂活动度</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">前臂旋前、旋后</span> 见图6-8。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)方法一</p>
                    <p class="content">1)体位:坐位,上臂置于体侧,肘屈曲90°,前臂中立位。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)量角器摆放:轴心位于尺骨茎突,固定臂与地面垂直,移动臂与腕关节背面(测旋前)或掌面(测旋后)平行。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox" alt="图6-8 前臂旋前和旋后" src="../../assets/images/0144-02.jpg"
                            style="width:80%" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图6-8 前臂旋前和旋后</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">a.前臂旋前;b.前臂旋后。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)方法二</p>
                    <p class="content">1)体位:坐位,上臂置于体侧,肘屈曲90°,前臂中立位并与身体冠状面垂直,手紧握一支笔。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)量角器摆放:轴心位于第三掌骨头,固定臂与地面垂直,移动臂与笔平行。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)运动终末感:旋前骨抵抗,旋后结缔组织抵抗。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)参考范围:旋前0°~90°,旋后0°~90°。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)代偿情况:旋前时肩关节外展、内旋;旋后时肩关节内收、外旋。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(四)腕关节活动度</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.腕关节掌屈、背伸</span> 见图6-9。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)体位:坐位或站位,前臂完全旋前。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)量角器摆放:轴心位于尺骨茎突,固定臂与前臂纵轴平行,移动臂与第二掌骨纵轴平行。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)运动终末感:结缔组织抵抗。</p>
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                    <p class="content">(4)参考范围:掌屈0°~90°,背伸0°~70°。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)代偿情况:腕关节桡偏或尺偏。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox" alt="图6-9 腕关节掌屈和背伸" src="../../assets/images/0145-01.jpg"
                            style="width:80%" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图6-9 腕关节掌屈和背伸</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">a.腕关节掌屈;b.腕关节背伸。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.腕关节桡偏、尺偏</span> 见图6-10。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)体位:坐位,前臂旋前,腕关节中立位。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)量角器摆放:轴心位于腕关节背侧中点,固定臂与前臂背侧中线平行,移动臂与第三掌骨纵轴平行。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)运动终末感:尺偏结缔组织抵抗,桡偏骨抵抗。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)参考范围:桡偏0°~25°,尺偏0°~30°。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)代偿情况:腕关节屈伸。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox" alt="图6-10 腕关节桡偏和尺偏" src="../../assets/images/0145-02.jpg"
                            style="width:80%" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图6-10 腕关节桡偏和尺偏</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">a.腕关节桡偏;b.腕关节尺偏。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(五)手指活动度</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.掌指关节屈曲、伸展</span> 见图6-11。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)体位:坐位,腕关节中立位。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)量角器摆放:轴心位于近侧指骨近端,固定臂与掌骨平行,移动臂与近侧指骨平行。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)运动终末感:屈曲骨抵抗或结缔组织抵抗,伸展结缔组织抵抗。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)参考范围:屈曲0°~90°,伸展0°~20°。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)代偿情况:掌骨固定不充分导致的同向运动。</p>
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.掌指关节外展</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)体位:坐位,前臂旋前,手掌朝下置于桌面上。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)量角器摆放:轴心位于掌指关节中心,固定臂与掌骨平行,移动臂与近节指骨平行。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)运动终末感:结缔组织抵抗。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)参考范围:0°~25°。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)代偿情况:腕关节运动。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.指间关节屈曲</span> 见图6-11。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)体位:坐位,腕关节中立位。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)量角器摆放:测量近端指间关节时,轴心位于近端指间关节中心,固定臂与近节指骨平行,移动臂与中节指骨平行;测量远端指间关节时,轴心位于远端指间关节中心,固定臂与中节指骨平行,移动臂与远节指骨平行。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(3)运动终末感:结缔组织抵抗。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)参考范围:近端指间关节0°~110°,远端指间关节0°~80°。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)代偿情况:腕关节、掌指关节运动。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox" alt="图6-11 手指关节屈曲" src="../../assets/images/0146-01.jpg"
                            style="width:50%" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-11 手指关节屈曲</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(六)拇指活动度</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.拇指掌指关节屈曲</span> 见图6-12。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)体位:坐位,前臂旋后45°,腕关节中立位,前臂和手置于桌面上。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)量角器摆放:轴心位于掌指关节背侧,固定臂与拇指掌骨平行,移动臂与近节指骨平行。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox" alt="图6-12 拇指掌指关节屈曲" src="../../assets/images/0146-02.jpg"
                            style="width:50%" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-12 拇指掌指关节屈曲</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)运动终末感:结缔组织抵抗。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)参考范围:0°~50°。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.拇指指间关节屈曲</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)体位:坐位,前臂中立位,腕关节中立位,前臂和手尺侧置于桌面上。</p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第六章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;关节活动度评定</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../asse../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">(2)量角器摆放:轴心位于指间关节背侧,固定臂与近节指骨平行,移动臂与远节指骨平行。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)运动终末感:结缔组织抵抗。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)参考范围:0°~80°。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.拇指桡侧外展</span> 见图6-13a。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)体位:坐位,前臂旋前,手掌朝下置于桌面上。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)量角器摆放:轴心位于拇指掌骨根部,固定臂与桡骨平行,移动臂与拇指掌骨平行。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)运动终末感:结缔组织抵抗。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)参考范围:0°~50°。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)代偿情况:腕关节桡偏。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.拇指掌侧外展</span> 见图6-13b。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)体位:坐位,前臂中立位,腕关节中立位,前臂和手尺侧置于桌面上,拇指旋转至手的掌侧面。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)量角器摆放:轴心位于拇指掌骨根部,固定臂与桡骨平行,移动臂与拇指掌骨平行。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)运动终末感:结缔组织抵抗。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)参考范围:0°~50°。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)代偿情况:腕关节掌屈。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox" alt="图6-13 拇指桡侧外展和掌侧外展" src="../../assets/images/0147-01.jpg"
                            style="width:80%" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图6-13 拇指桡侧外展和掌侧外展</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">a.拇指桡侧外展;b.拇指掌侧外展。</p>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、下肢关节活动度</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0147-02.jpg" style="width:30%" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)髋关节活动度</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.髋关节屈曲</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)体位:仰卧或侧卧,对侧下肢伸直。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)量角器摆放:轴心位于股骨大转子,固定臂与身体纵轴平行,移动臂与股骨纵轴平行。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)运动终末感:伸膝位时结缔组织抵抗,屈膝位时软组织抵抗。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)参考范围:伸膝位0°~90°,屈膝位0°~120°。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)代偿情况:腰椎屈曲或骨盆后倾。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.髋关节伸展</span> 见图6-14。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)体位:俯卧位或侧卧,侧卧时被测下肢在上。</p>
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                        康复评定技术
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">(2)量角器摆放:轴心位于股骨大转子,固定臂与身体纵轴平行,移动臂与股骨纵轴平行。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)运动终末感:结缔组织抵抗。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)参考范围:0°~30°。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)代偿情况:骨盆前倾、旋转。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.髋关节内收、外展</span> 见图6-15。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)体位:仰卧。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)量角器摆放:轴心位于髂前上棘,固定臂与左、右髂前上棘连线的垂直线平行,移动臂与髂前上棘至髌骨中心的连线平行。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)运动终末感:结缔组织抵抗。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)参考范围:内收0°~35°,外展0°~40°。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)代偿情况:外展时髋关节外旋,骨盆旋转;内收时髋关节内旋,骨盆旋转。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.髋关节内旋、外旋</span> 见图6-16。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)体位:仰卧或坐位,两小腿于床沿外下垂。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)量角器摆放:轴心位于髌骨下端,固定臂与地面垂直,移动臂与胫骨纵轴平行。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)运动终末感:结缔组织抵抗。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)参考范围:内旋0°~45°,外旋0°~45°。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)代偿情况:内旋时髋关节内收;外旋时髋关节外展。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)膝关节活动度</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">膝关节伸展、屈曲</span> 见图6-17。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox" alt="图6-14 髋关节伸展" src="../../assets/images/0148-01.jpg"
                            style="width:50%" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-14 髋关节伸展</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox" alt="图6-15 髋关节外展和内收" src="../../assets/images/0148-02.jpg"
                            style="width:80%" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图6-15 髋关节外展和内收</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">a.起始位;b.髋关节外展;c.髋关节内收。</p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第六章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;关节活动度评定</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../asse../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox" alt="图6-16 髋关节内旋和外旋" src="../../assets/images/0149-01.jpg"
                            style="width:80%" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图6-16 髋关节内旋和外旋</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">a.髋关节内旋;b.髋关节外旋。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(1)体位:俯卧、侧卧或坐在椅子边缘。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)量角器摆放:轴心位于股骨外髁(仰卧)或腓骨小头(俯卧),固定臂与股骨纵轴平行,移动臂与胫骨纵轴平行。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)运动终末感:屈曲软组织抵抗、伸展结缔组织抵抗。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)参考范围:屈曲0°~135°/150°,伸展0°。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)代偿情况:髋关节旋转、屈曲、外展。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox" alt="图6-17 膝关节伸展和屈曲" src="../../assets/images/0149-02.jpg"
                            style="width:50%" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-17 膝关节伸展和屈曲</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)踝关节活动度</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.踝关节跖屈、背屈</span> 见图6-18。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)体位:仰卧或坐在椅子边缘。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)量角器摆放:轴心位于腓骨纵轴线与足外缘交叉处(踝中点下2.5cm位置),固定臂与腓骨纵轴平行,移动臂与第五跖骨纵轴平行。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)运动终末感:跖屈骨抵抗或结缔组织抵抗,背屈结缔组织抵抗。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)参考范围:跖屈0°~50°,背屈0°~20°。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)代偿情况:膝关节、髋关节活动。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.踝关节内翻</span> 见图6-19a。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)体位:坐位,膝关节屈曲90°,髋关节无内收、外展及旋转。</p>
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                        康复评定技术
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox" alt="图6-18 踝关节背屈和跖屈" src="../../assets/images/0150-01.jpg"
                            style="width:80%" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图6-18 踝关节背屈和跖屈</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">a.踝关节背屈;b.踝关节跖屈。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)量角器摆放:轴心位于临近跟骨的外侧面(两臂交点),固定臂与小腿长轴平行,移动臂与足跟跖面平行。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)运动终末感:结缔组织抵抗。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)参考范围:0°~35°。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)代偿情况:膝关节、髋关节运动。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.踝关节外翻</span> 见图6-19b。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)体位:坐位,膝关节屈曲90°,髋关节无内收、外展及旋转。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)量角器摆放:轴心位于跖趾关节内侧面中点(两臂交点),固定臂与小腿长轴平行,移动臂与足跟跖面平行。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)运动终末感:结缔组织抵抗。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)参考范围:0°~25°。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)代偿情况:膝关节的屈曲与外旋。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox" alt="图6-19 踝关节内翻和外翻" src="../../assets/images/0150-02.jpg"
                            style="width:80%" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图6-19 踝关节内翻和外翻</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">a.踝关节内翻;b.踝关节外翻。</p>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、脊柱关节活动度</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)颈部活动度</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.颈部前屈、后伸</span> 见图6-16。</p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第六章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;关节活动度评定</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../asse../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">(1)体位:坐或立位,在侧方测量。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)量角器摆放:轴心位于肩峰,固定臂与前额面中心线平行,移动臂与头顶与耳孔连线平行。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)参考范围:前屈0°~45°,后伸0°~45°。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)代偿情况:前屈时胸腰椎屈曲,后伸时胸腰椎伸展。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.颈部左旋、右旋</span> 见图6-21。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)体位:坐或仰卧,于头顶测量。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)量角器摆放:轴心位于头顶后方,固定臂与头顶中心矢状面平行,移动臂与鼻梁与枕骨结节的连线平行。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)参考范围:0°~60°。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)代偿情况:躯干旋转。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.颈部左右侧屈</span> 见图6-22。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)体位:坐或立位,于后方测量。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)量角器摆放:轴心位于第7颈椎棘突,固定臂与第7颈椎与第5腰椎棘突的连线平行,移动臂与头顶中心与第7颈椎棘突的连线平行。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)参考范围:0°~45°。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)代偿情况:躯干侧屈。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)胸腰部活动度</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.胸腰部前屈、后伸</span> 见图6-23。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox" alt="图6-20 颈部前屈和后伸" src="../../assets/images/0151-01.jpg"
                            style="width:50%" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-20 颈部前屈和后伸</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox" alt="图6-21 颈部左旋和右" src="../../assets/images/0151-02.jpg"
                            style="width:50%" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-21 颈部左旋和右旋</p>
                    </div>
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                        <img class="openImgBox" alt="图6-22 颈部左右侧屈" src="../../assets/images/0152-01.jpg"
                            style="width:50%" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-22 颈部左右侧屈</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(1)体位:坐或立位,在侧方测量。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)量角器摆放:轴心位于第5腰椎棘突,固定臂与通过第5腰椎棘突的垂线平行,移动臂与第7颈椎与第5腰椎棘突连线平行。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)参考范围:前屈0°~80°,后伸0°~30°。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)代偿情况:前屈时髋关节屈曲;后伸时骨盆后倾。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.胸腰部左旋、右旋</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)体位:坐位,臀部固定,于头顶测量。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)量角器摆放:轴心位于头顶中点,固定臂与双侧髂棘上缘连线的平行线平行,移动臂与双侧肩峰连线的平行线平行。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)参考范围:0°~45°。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)代偿情况:旋转。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.胸腰部左右侧屈</span> 见图6-24。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)体位:坐位或立位,于后方测量。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)量角器摆放:轴心位于第5腰椎棘突,固定臂与两侧髂嵴连线中点的垂线平行,移动臂与第7颈椎与第5腰椎棘突连线平行。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox" alt="图6-23 胸腰部前屈和后伸" src="../../assets/images/0152-02.jpg"
                            style="width:80%" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图6-23 胸腰部前屈和后伸</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">a.胸腰部前屈;b.胸腰部后伸。</p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第六章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;关节活动度评定</span>
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                    <p class="content">(3)运动终末感:旋前骨抵抗,旋后结缔组织抵抗。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)参考范围:0°~45°。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)代偿情况:骨盆侧倾。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox" alt="图6-24 胸腰部右侧屈" src="../../assets/images/0153-01.jpg"
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                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-24 胸腰部右侧屈</p>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、运用长度作为活动范围参考的方法</h3>
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                    <p class="content">
                        临床上常常把关节结构较小量角器不便于测量或者使用量角器测量时容易因身体代偿导致误差较大的关节用长度作为活动范围参考。一般用作治疗前后的疗效对比。单位以厘米(cm)表示。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1.测量手指外展时,将直尺横放在相邻手指的远端,测量手指外展的最大距离。测量拇指外展时,先将圆规两脚放在拇指和示指指尖,测量两指之间的最大距离,再在直尺上测出距离。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.测量手指屈曲时,将直尺放在测量手指与手掌之间,测量屈曲手指指尖到手掌的垂直距离。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.测量对掌功能时,测量拇指指间和小指指间的距离,拇指和小指指间关节无屈曲伸展。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        4.测量颈部脊柱活动时,通过测量乳突到肩峰的距离评估颈部侧屈、下颌到肩峰的距离评估颈部旋转、下颌到胸骨角的距离评估颈部前屈,枕骨粗隆到第7颈椎棘突的距离评估颈部后伸。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        5.测量胸腰段脊柱活动时,被测试对象双脚分开与肩同宽,分别进行躯干前屈、躯干后伸及左右侧屈。通过测量中指指尖与地面的距离来评定脊柱的整体活动范围,以厘米(cm)表示。</p>
                    <p class="content">6.测量下颌张口度时,测量上、下门牙之间的距离,一般正常为3~5cm。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" style="width:80%" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">关节活动度评定工作中的职业素养</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        关节活动度评定不仅是一项技术活动,更是一种体现职业素养和人文关怀的过程。在进行关节活动度检查时,康复医师应耐心倾听被检者的主诉,用被检者能理解的语言解释检查过程和目的,确保被检者的配合。评定中,应尊重被检者的隐私,仔细观察被检查者的反应,注意被检者的表情、体态和动作,避免引起被检者的不适或导致危险情况的发生。康复治疗师还应对被检者表现出耐心和关怀,鼓励被检者保持积极的态度。这样,不仅能够提供高质量的康复服务,还能够在被检者心中树立专业、可信赖的形象,有助于建立良好的医患关系,促进被检者的康复进程。
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                        康复评定技术
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                    <h2 class="secondTitle">第三节 评定结果记录和分析</h2>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、评定结果的记录</h3>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.记录内容</span> 包括评定日期、部位(包括关节名称、左右)、AROM和PROM。关节活动范围应记录运动开始的角度与运动结束的角度之间的范围。结束时的角度一般为运动受限的位置。常用确定关节活动度的方法为中立位(解剖0°位)法,即将解剖学中立位的肢体位置定为0°。如测试者左肩前屈0°~100°,指的是被检查者的肩前屈可以从解剖位(0°)活动到100°的位置。如被检查者存在关节活动受限,则应先测量主动关节活动范围,再测量被动关节活动范围。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.特殊情况下的记录</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)若被检查者不能从解剖0°位开始运动,则应准确记录实际开始位的角度。如被检查者膝关节活动屈曲活动度记为“15°~95°”。提示测试的膝关节伸不直(0°),同时也屈曲不到正常的最大范围150°。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)当被检者某关节出现非正常过度伸展等现象时,可采用“-”表示过度伸展情况。肘关节和膝关节过伸情况较为常见,不要将过伸体位当成中立位。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)正常情况下,当可进行双向运动的关节因病变而只能进行单向运动时,受限方向的运动范围可记录为“无”。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、结果分析</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)运动终末感</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        关节被动活动时,如出现运动终末感(又称抵抗),应判断这种抵抗是生理性抵抗(即正常的抵抗,见表6-2)还是病理性抵抗(异常的抵抗,见表6-3),同时应分析病理性抵抗所导致关节活动受限的原因。
                    </p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表6-2 生理性抵抗</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox" alt="表6-2 生理性抵抗" src="../../assets/images/0154-01.jpg"
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                    <span class="header-title">第六章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;关节活动度评定</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../asse../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="imgtitle">表6-3 病理性抵抗</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox" alt="表6-3 病理性抵抗" src="../../assets/images/0155-01.jpg"
                            style="width:80%" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)关节活动度受限原因</p>
                    <p class="content">主动与被动关节活动度不一致时,提示肌肉或肌腱存在瘫痪、挛缩或粘连等问题。一般以被动活动范围为准。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.AROM小于PROM</span> 由于AROM实际上是对被检查者肌力的评估。AROM小于PROM时提示关节活动受限是带动该关节运动的主动肌肌力减弱的结果。除了肌力大小对AROM的影响外,AROM的大小也受被检查者的主观能动性、意识水平等影响。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.PROM小于正常</span> PROM小于正常范围时提示关节活动受限是由于关节及其周围组织的器质性病变所致。运动受限的原因可以是关节疾病(如关节炎)或关节损伤(如骨折)引起的水肿、疼痛、痉挛、瘢痕形成(如术口),也可以因制动引起肌肉和肌腱短缩;肌力下降或脂肪组织过多等。因此,在确定存在关节活动受限后,还应该进一步检查和分析关节活动受限是由疾病本身影响,还是继发于关节制动、废用。
                    </p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" style="width:80%" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center">增强现实技术、动作捕捉技术在关节活动度测量中的应用</p>
                    <p class="quotation">随着科技的发展,增强现实(Augmented Reality,AR)技术、动作捕捉技术不断应用于医疗领域,通过一部手机就能评估关节活动度。Goniometer
                        Pro测量工具(通常指基于智能手机的应用程序)是一种便捷、有效的关节活动度测量工具,适用于临床评估、康复监测及远程医疗等多种场景。其使用方法与传统量角器相似,但借助智能设备提升了效率和可访问性。Azure
                        Kinect是一种将深度传感器、空间麦克风阵列、视频摄像头和方向传感器整合成一体式的小型设备,通过时差测距原理获取深度信息,通过Kinect采集到的骨骼关节点数据可实现人体部分关节活动度得自动测量,这种方法使测量过程更简单、测量数据更精准。
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                        康复评定技术
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