zhongshujie
22 小时以前 e33672cf85da88d515d5fe6ccc0a139c3cfaa5db
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<template>
    <div class="chapter" num="2">
        <div class="page-box" page="11">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(11) > -1">
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h1 class="firstTitle">第一章 绪论</h1>
                    <div class="learnGoal">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/bgImage/xxmb.png" class="learnImg img-h" alt="" active="true" />
                        <!-- <img src="../../assets/images/0021-03.jpg" class="learnImg img-h" alt="" active="true" /> -->
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                        <p class="content">热爱口腔事业,具有端正的学习态度,树立全心全意为人民服务的意识。</p>
                        <p class="center">........................</p>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                        <p class="content">(1)掌握:口腔修复学的概念及临床内容。</p>
                        <p class="content">(2)熟悉:口腔修复学的任务和特点。</p>
                        <p class="content">(3)了解:口腔修复学的发展和展望。</p>
                        <p class="center">........................</p>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                        <p class="content">能够充分认识掌握口腔修复学的基础知识和基本技能。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="caseStudy mb-30">
                        <div class="caseStudy-title">
                            案例导入
                        </div>
                        <div class="caseStudy-content">
                            <p class="titleQuot">【案例】</p>
                            <p class="content">
                                学生,女,19岁。某医学院口腔医学专业学生,大二,新学期开始学习“口腔修复学”这门专业核心课程。她对这门课程并不了解,怀着对口腔医学的热爱,她对这门课程十分憧憬,希望更多地了解“口腔修复学”。
                            </p>
                            <p class="titleQuot">【问题】</p>
                            <p class="content">口腔修复学的概念及临床内容包括哪些?</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="knowledgeExpansion">
                        <div class="questionBank">
                            <img src="../../assets/images/bgImage/sanjiao.svg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <span>教学课件</span>
                        </div>
                        <div class="knowledgeExpansion-box">
                            <img src="../../assets/images/bgImage/jxkj.svg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <span class="knowledgeTitle">教学课件</span>
                            <!-- <img src="../../assets/images/0021-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" /> -->
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="knowledgeExpansion">
                        <div class="questionBank">
                            <img src="../../assets/images/bgImage/sanjiao.svg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <span>微课</span>
                        </div>
                        <div class="knowledgeExpansion-box">
                            <!-- <img src="../../assets/images/0021-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" /> -->
                            <img src="../../assets/images/bgImage/jxkj.svg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <span class="knowledgeTitle">微课:绪论</span>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="12">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(12) > -1">
                <div class="page-header-left">
                    <div class="header-txt">
                        口腔修复学
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="center"><img class="g-pic" src="../../assets/images/0022_01.jpg" alt="" /></p>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">第一节 口腔修复学概述</h2>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、口腔修复学中常用的概念</h3>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="fourTitle bold">1.口腔修复学的概念</span> 口腔修复学(prosthodontics)是研究用符合口腔生理和生物力学的方法修复牙体缺损、牙列缺损、牙列缺失及颌面部缺损的一门学科。它是口腔医学的重要分支和主要组成部分。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="fourTitle bold">2.牙体缺损的概念</span> 牙体缺损是指由于各种原因引起的,牙体硬组织不同程度的外形和结构的破坏和异常,表现为牙体失去了正常的生理解剖外形,造成牙体形态、咬合及邻接关系破坏。主要修复方式:贴面修复、嵌体修复、冠修复、桩核修复。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="fourTitle bold">3.牙列缺损的概念</span> 牙列缺损是指上颌或下颌的牙列内,有数目不等的牙缺失,同时仍有不同数目的天然牙存在。主要修复方式:固定义齿修复、可摘局部义齿修复、固定-可摘义齿修复、覆盖义齿修复、种植支持式义齿修复。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="fourTitle bold">4.牙列缺失的概念</span> 牙列缺失是指各种原因导致的上颌或下颌牙列全部缺失,牙列缺失后的颌骨又称为无牙颌。主要修复方式:全口义齿修复、种植支持式全口义齿修复、固定活动义齿修复、覆盖义齿修复。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="fourTitle bold">5.颌面部缺损修复的概念</span> 颌面部缺损是指利用口腔修复学的基本原理和操作技术,使用人工材料修复难以用自体组织和外科手术方法重建的颌面部软硬组织缺损的修复方法。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、口腔修复学的临床内容</h3>
                    <p class="content">口腔修复学的临床内容主要包括以下几个方面。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="fourTitle bold">1.牙体缺损、畸形的修复治疗</span> 冠修复(图1-1)、贴面修复(图1-2)、嵌体修复(图1-3)、桩核修复等。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox" src="../../assets/images/0022-02.jpg" style="width:80%"
                            alt="图1-1 牙体缺损全瓷冠修复" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图1-1 牙体缺损全瓷冠修复</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.牙体缺损修复前;B.牙体缺损全瓷冠修复后。</p>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="page-bottom-left">
                    002
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="13">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(13) > -1">
                <div class="page-header-right">
                    <span class="header-title">第一章 绪论</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="fourTitle bold">2.牙列缺损的修复治疗</span> 固定义齿修复(图1-4)、可摘局部义齿修复(图1-5、图1-6)、种植支持式义齿修复(图1-7)、固定-活动义齿修复、覆盖义齿修复等。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic" style="width: 50%;float: left;">
                        <img class="openImgBox" src="../../assets/images/0023-01.jpg" style="width:60%"
                            alt="图1-2 牙体缺损瓷贴面修复" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图1-2 牙体缺损瓷贴面修复</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic" style="width: 50%;float: left;">
                        <img class="openImgBox" src="../../assets/images/0023-02.jpg" style="width:60%"
                            alt="图1-3 牙体缺损高嵌体牙体预备后模型" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图1-3 牙体缺损高嵌体牙体预备后模型</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox" src="../../assets/images/0023-03.jpg" style="width:80%"
                            alt="图1-4 牙列缺损固定义齿修复" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图1-4 牙列缺损固定义齿修复</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.牙列缺损固定修复前;B.牙列缺损固定修复体;C.牙列缺损固定修复后。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic" style="width: 50%;float: left;">
                        <img class="openImgBox" src="../../assets/images/0023-04.jpg" style="width:60%"
                            alt="图1-5 牙列缺损可摘局部义齿修复体" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图1-5 牙列缺损可摘局部义齿修复体</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic" style="width: 50%;float: left;">
                        <img class="openImgBox" src="../../assets/images/0023-05.jpg" style="width:60%"
                            alt="图1-6 可摘局部义齿数字化设计" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图1-6 可摘局部义齿数字化设计</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox" src="../../assets/images/0023-06.jpg" style="width:80%"
                            alt="图1-7 牙列缺损种植义齿修复" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图1-7 牙列缺损种植义齿修复</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.牙列缺损种植修复植入种植体;B.牙列缺损安装种植个性化基台;C.牙列缺损种植修复体粘固后。</p>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="page-bottom-right">
                    003
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="14">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(14) > -1">
                <div class="page-header-left">
                    <div class="header-txt">
                        口腔修复学
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="fourTitle bold">3.牙列缺失的修复治疗</span> 全口义齿修复(图1-8)、种植全口义齿修复(图1-9)、固定活动义齿修复、覆盖义齿修复等。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox" src="../../assets/images/0024-01.jpg" style="width:80%"
                            alt="图1-8 牙列缺失全口义齿修复" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图1-8 牙列缺失全口义齿修复</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.无牙颌;B.全口义齿修复后。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox" src="../../assets/images/0024-02.jpg" style="width:50%"
                            alt="图1-9 牙列缺失种植全口义齿修复" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图1-9 牙列缺失种植全口义齿修复</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="fourTitle bold">4.牙周病、颞下颌关节疾病、𬌗异常的修复治疗</span> 可摘牙周夹板修复(图1-10)、功能性<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0038_01.png" alt="" />垫(图1-11、图1-12)等。</p>
 
 
                    <div class="img-box">
                        <div class="openImgBox">
                            <img class="img-0" src="../../assets/images/0024-05.jpg" alt="图1-10 牙周病修复治疗之可摘牙周夹板修复"
                                active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图1-10 牙周病修复治疗之可摘牙周夹板修复</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="openImgBox">
                            <img class="img-0" src="../../assets/images/0024-06.jpg" alt="图1-11 颞下颌关节疾病修复治疗之软𬌗垫" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图1-11 颞下颌关节疾病修复治疗之软𬌗垫</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
 
 
                    <!-- <div class="qrbodyPic" style="width: 50%;float: left;">
                        <img class="openImgBox" src="../../assets/images/0024-05.jpg" style="width:80%"
                            alt="图1-10 牙周病修复治疗之可摘牙周夹板修复" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图1-10 牙周病修复治疗之可摘牙周夹板修复</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic" style="width: 50%;float: left;">
                        <img class="openImgBox" src="../../assets/images/0024-06.jpg" style="width:80%"
                            alt="图1-11 颞下颌关节疾病修复治疗之软𬌗垫" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图1-11 颞下颌关节疾病修复治疗之软<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0038_01.png" alt="" />垫</p>
                    </div> -->
                </div>
                <div class="page-bottom-left">
                    004
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="15">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(15) > -1">
                <div class="page-header-right">
                    <span class="header-title">第一章 绪论</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox" src="../../assets/images/0025-01.jpg" style="width:50%"
                            alt="图1-12 颞下颌关节疾病修复治疗之𬌗垫" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图1-12 颞下颌关节疾病修复治疗之𬌗垫</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="fourTitle bold">5.颌面部缺损的修复治疗</span> 颌骨缺损修复、颌面部赝复体修复等。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、口腔修复学的任务</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        口腔修复学一般研究口腔及颌面部各种缺损的病因、机制、症状、诊断和防治方法,以更好地用于制作各种修复体或人工装置,修复各类缺损和防治口颌系统疾病,恢复口颌系统的正常形态和功能,促进患者的口颌系统和身心健康。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、口腔修复学的特点</h3>
                    <div class="img-rights w250 openImgBox">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0025-03.jpg" alt="图1-13 口腔修复学与交叉学科" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图1-13 口腔修复学与交叉学科</p>
                    </div>
                    <span>
                        <p class="content">
                            口腔修复学与口腔基础医学、临床医学、工程学、口腔材料学、口腔生物力学、口腔修复工艺学、口腔医学美学、计算机科学与技术等多个学科息息相关(图1-13),是一门以多学科为基础的口腔临床医学学科。
                        </p>
                        <p class="content">
                            口腔修复学是一门口腔临床的核心课程,有很高的实践操作能力要求,随着人们对美的追求的不断提高,患者不仅仅追求修复体的功能美,更追求修复体的形式美,这就要求口腔修复医师要提高自身对美的理解,提高美学素养,指导患者理性追求美。口腔修复医师还要拥有多学科知识的积累,同时口腔修复治疗过程依靠医师、技师、护士、患者四方通力合作完成,知识基础广,实践性强,美学素养要求高也成了此学科的特点。
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                        口腔修复学
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                    <h2 class="secondTitle">第二节 口腔修复学的起源、发展与展望</h2>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、口腔修复学的起源和发展</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        口腔修复学的起源可以追溯到古代文明时期。在古代,人们已经开始使用天然材料来修复牙齿,如木制牙签、动物骨头和象牙等。这些材料被用来填补牙齿的空洞或修复牙齿的损伤。公元前450~公元前218年罗马人对可摘局部义齿已有记载;18世纪以前,已出现用象甲、龟甲或动物牙齿雕刻成牙的形状,再用丝绒或金属丝拴在邻牙上作成义齿的案例;我国早在宋代已有竹木片作成牙形,以恢复牙间隙的修复方法;随着时间的推移,口腔修复学逐渐发展成为一门独立的口腔医学专业。在19世纪,牙科医师开始使用金属合金来修复牙齿,如银汞合金和金合金,这些材料具有较好的强度和耐用性,但颜色较深,不太美观。20世纪初期,牙科医师开始使用陶瓷材料来修复牙齿,如瓷质牙冠和瓷质贴面,这些材料具有较好的美观性和生物相容性,但强度较低,容易破裂。20世纪中期以后,随着牙科技术和材料的发展,口腔修复学逐渐变得更加精细,牙科医师可以使用多种材料来修复牙齿,如复合树脂、陶瓷、金属合金、陶瓷贴面等。此外,牙科医师还可以使用计算机辅助设计和制造技术来制作个性化的修复体,以更好地满足患者的需求。其发展简史见表1-1。
                    </p>
                    <p><br /></p>
                    <p class="fourTitle imgtitle center">表1-1 口腔修复学发展简史</p>
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                            style="width:100%" alt="" active="true" />
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                    <span class="header-title">第一章 绪论</span>
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                        口腔修复学
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                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、口腔修复学的发展趋势</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)数字化</p>
                    <div class="img-float w285 openImgBox">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0028-01.jpg" alt="图1-14 前牙数字化微笑美学设计" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图1-14 前牙数字化微笑美学设计</p>
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                        <p class="content">
                            随着科技的进步,数字化诊断与治疗正在掀起一场革命。数字化口腔扫描、数字化影像技术和电子病历的使用、3D打印技术、计算机辅助设计及计算机辅助制造(CAD/CAM)系统等在口腔修复的应用将变得更加广泛。数字化口腔扫描技术能够快速、精确地获取患者口腔的三维数据,为诊断和治疗提供可靠依据。数字化影像技术则通过高清图像展示口腔内部结构,帮助医师发现潜在问题,同时清晰地反馈给患者。医师们可以使用电子病历系统轻松管理患者信息,实现了治疗计划的个性化。数字化微笑设计(digital
                            smile
                            design,DSD)是目前口腔美学领域较前沿的美学修复设计方法之一(图1-14),该方法是将口腔美学标准作为准则,利用患者颜面部及口内、口外数码照片,结合专业的图像处理系统,对患者正面微笑、侧面45°及侧面90°微笑等进行美学分析和设计,最终得到以诊断蜡型为核心的一系列美容治疗计划与数据,这一技术给患者提供了更为直观的美学体验。
                        </p>
                    </span>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)种植化</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        19世纪以前,口腔医学的治疗以拔牙为主,口腔修复则以全口义齿、可摘局部义齿居多。20世纪初期由于牙体修复技术不断进步,固定义齿修复得到发展,更多的患牙被保留下来。20世纪末期种植支持式义齿的发展突飞猛进。保留牙髓活力,尽量不磨除活髓牙,不伤害邻牙的种植修复成为不二之选(图1-15)。4颗种植体支持式、6颗种植体支持式全口种植技术很好地解决了复杂无牙颌患者的修复难题。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox" src="../../assets/images/0028-02.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="图1-15 种植修复"
                            active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图1-15 种植修复</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)粘接化</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        随着口腔粘接技术的不断发展,微创粘接美学修复技术应运而生。微创美学修复是指用瓷粘接性修复体(全瓷贴面、全瓷嵌体、全瓷粘接桥等)(图1-16),用微创的牙体预备量,最大限度保存牙髓活力,尽量保留原有牙体组织的一种修复方式。粘接性瓷修复方法可以协调前牙的功能,满足美观的要求。全瓷材料有较合适的硬度、理想的表面特性,其生物力学强度可以产生较高的粘接性能。瓷的乳光效应和荧光效应等特性,使其在生物力学、组织结构、色彩学和光学视觉等方面均接近原有的天然牙,医师和患者都对这种修复方法有极佳的美学满意度,因此粘接性瓷修复方法被誉为一种仿生修复技术。
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                    <span class="header-title">第一章 绪论</span>
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                            <span>知识拓展</span>
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                            <p class="center"><span class="bold">口腔修复学与医学美学</span></p>
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                                口腔修复学与美学、口腔医学美学息息相关。美学是研究美的本质、美感产生的原理和规律及审美实践活动的学科。美学既是哲学的一个分支,也和心理学密切相关。口腔医学美学是以美学和口腔医学的理论为指导,应用医学方法,维护和增进口腔颌面健美的一门学科。口腔医学美学审美包括三个层次:功能美层次、形式美(外形美)层次、理性美层次。三个层次层层递进。例如,一位老年女性,要求全口义齿修复,首先我们要考虑解决她咀嚼食物的功能问题,只有保证了全口义齿的平衡与稳定,接下来才能考虑形式美,最后才是更高层次的理性美。
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                            <span class="knowledgeTitle">考试知识点总结</span>
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                            <span class="knowledgeTitle">本章小节</span>
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                            <span class="knowledgeTitle">拓展练习</span>
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                    <p class="right-info">(张海洋)</p>
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