zhongshujie
19 小时以前 e33672cf85da88d515d5fe6ccc0a139c3cfaa5db
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<template>
    <div class="chapter" num="5">
 
        <div class="page-box" page="122">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(122) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <span class="header-right"></span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h2 class="secondTitle1"><span class="underline">&nbsp;模块四&nbsp;</span></h2>
                    <h1 class="firstTitle-l1">病史采集病例分析</h1>
 
                    <p class="quotation">
                        病史采集是医疗过程中的重要环节,涉及多方面的信息收集,是医师或其他医疗专业人员与患者进行交流,以获取患者健康状况、症状和过去医疗经历的过程,是诊断和治疗的基础,能够帮助医师了解患者的病情、制订治疗计划,并监测治疗效果。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        病史采集不仅是一个技术过程,也是与患者建立信任关系的机会。医师应耐心倾听、尊重患者隐私,并展示关怀和同情心。口腔科最常出现的主诉症状有牙痛、牙松动、牙龈出血、牙龈肥大、牙龈肿痛、口腔溃疡、口腔黏膜及皮肤窦道和瘘管、颌面部肿痛、修复后疼痛等。这些主诉症状需要通过详细的病史询问和口腔检查来确定具体原因并进行相应的治疗。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        病例分析可以考量临床医师的观察能力、归纳能力,培养医师从临床信息中提取关键信息的能力,并将其应用于疾病诊断和治疗决策。此外,病例分析还可以帮助医师培养批判性思维及判断能力,以及在复杂临床情况下作出准确决策的能力。
                    </p>
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container"></div>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="page-box" page="123">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(123) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <span class="header-right"></span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">项目十一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;常见口腔颌面部主诉症状的病史采集</h2>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙痛的病史采集</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)具有对患者牙痛的共情与有效沟通能力,能够理解和关心患者的痛苦,通过良好的沟通技巧,建立信任关系,缓解患者紧张情绪。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)具有循证医学思维,充分认识到牙痛病因的复杂性,具备高度的责任心,避免因问诊疏漏导致误诊。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:与牙痛相关的疾病的症状和体征。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:牙痛病史采集的方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:如何询问牙痛患者的主诉、现病史、既往史、全身情况、家族史。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)具备系统化、全面地获取和记录牙痛患者病史信息的能力,确保所有重要信息都被记录在案。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)能够分析和判断收集到的牙痛患者病史信息,识别潜在的疾病原因,并提出初步诊断和进一步检查的建议。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,女,35岁。右上后牙剧痛1天。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">请根据患者基本情况及主诉询问患者现病史及相关内容,并口述出考虑的可能疾病。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0139-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">115</div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="124">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(124) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、现病史</h4>
                    <p class="content">关于牙痛患者的现病史,主要询问以下内容。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.疼痛的部位</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;明确疼痛发生的具体位置,是单颗牙齿、多个牙齿,还是广泛的口腔区域。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.疼痛的性质</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描述疼痛的性质,如钝痛、刺痛、跳痛、隐痛等。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.疼痛的强度</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;采用疼痛评分(如0~10分)来量化疼痛的强度。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.疼痛的时间特征</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;疼痛的持续时间、起始时间,是间断性还是持续性,有无规律性。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.诱因和缓解因素</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;疼痛是否有诱因(如咀嚼、冷热刺激、吃甜食等),以及什么情况下疼痛会缓解(如休息、服用镇痛药、冷热敷等)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">6.伴发症状</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;是否伴有牙龈肿胀、出血、口臭、牙齿松动、口腔溃疡等其他症状。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、既往史</h4>
                    <p class="content">关于牙痛患者的既往史,主要询问以下内容。</p>
                    <p class="content">1.是否有过类似的疼痛经历。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.过去是否进行过牙齿治疗,如充填、根管治疗、拔牙、牙周治疗、正畸治疗、修复治疗等。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.过去治疗的效果和目前症状的关系。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、全身情况</h4>
                    <p class="content">牙痛患者的全身情况询问内容包括是否有冠心病、高血压、癔症、神经症等;是否处于更年期、月经期;是否有其他全身症状,如发热、淋巴结肿大等。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、家族史</h4>
                    <p class="content">关于牙痛患者的家族史,主要询问是否有与主诉症状相同的家族性疾病。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">五、临床思辨</h4>
                    <p class="content">牙痛的诊断要点见表11-1。</p>
                </div>
                <footer class="footerstyle">116</footer>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="125">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(125) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目十一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;常见口腔颌面部主诉症状的病史采集</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="imgtitle">表11-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙痛的诊断要点</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0140-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">牙痛病史采集的操作评价标准见表11-2。</p>
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">117</div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="126">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(126) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="imgtitle">表11-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙痛病史采集的操作评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0141-02.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0029-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">在牙痛诊疗中践行“以患者为中心”理念的重要性</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        牙痛作为一种常见的口腔疾病,不仅对患者的日常生活造成影响,也在医疗过程中对医护人员的职业素养提出了较高的要求。作为医学生,应始终坚持“以患者为中心”的职业理念,理解患者的痛苦和需求。牙痛虽然看似是个小问题,但对患者来说却可能是巨大的困扰。在诊疗过程中,医护人员应始终关注患者的感受,及时缓解他们的疼痛和不适,增强患者的信任感和安全感。医学生作为未来的医疗工作者,应不断学习和实践,将爱伤意识和职业素养融入每一次治疗中,为患者提供优质的医疗服务。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙松动的病史采集</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)加强共情与支持性沟通能力,理解牙松动对患者日常生活造成的多重困扰。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)具有循证医学思维和职业责任感,充分认识牙松动病因的复杂性和多样性,避免因问诊疏漏导致误诊或延误全身疾病的发现。</p>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目十一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;常见口腔颌面部主诉症状的病史采集</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:牙松动患者病史采集的要点。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:进行牙松动病史采集时,如何结合患者基本情况(如年龄、性别等)进行个体化询问。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:牙松动的诊断要点。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)能够通过有效的提问和倾听,全面采集牙松动患者的主诉、现病史、既往史、家族史等信息,特别关注与牙松动相关的细节。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)能够综合分析采集到的病史,形成初步诊断,并判断牙松动的原因和严重程度。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,女,67岁。双侧后牙松动、咀嚼无力3年。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">请根据患者基本情况及主诉询问患者现病史及相关内容,并口述出考虑的可能疾病。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、现病史</h4>
                    <p class="content">关于牙松动患者的现病史,主要询问以下内容。</p>
                    <p class="content">1.牙松动的出现时间、部位、数目,是否伴有牙移位。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.牙龈红肿情况。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.牙龈出血情况。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.是否伴有牙痛或根尖部肿痛,牙痛时间,牙齿有无伸长感。</p>
                    <p class="content">5.有无咬合不适或咬合痛。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、既往史</h4>
                    <p class="content">关于牙松动患者的既往史,主要询问以下内容。</p>
                    <p class="content">1.患牙治疗史(牙周手术史、正颌外科手术史、正畸治疗史等)。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.有无口腔颌面部及其邻近器官的疾病史。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.有无牙因松动而脱落。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.有无外伤史。</p>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、全身情况</h4>
                    <p class="content">牙松动患者的全身情况询问内容包括是否有冠心病、高血压、糖尿病、白血病及肿瘤等;是否处于更年期、月经期;是否有其他全身症状,如发热、淋巴结肿大等;有无头颈部放疗史。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、家族史</h4>
                    <p class="content">关于牙松动患者的家族史,主要询问父母有无牙早失现象。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">五、临床思辨</h4>
                    <p class="content">牙松动的诊断要点见表11-3。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表11-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙松动的诊断要点</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0144-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">牙松动病史采集的操作评价标准见表11-4。</p>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目十一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;常见口腔颌面部主诉症状的病史采集</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="imgtitle">表11-4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙松动病史采集的操作评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0145-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙龈出血的病史采集</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)能够深刻理解牙龈出血对患者造成的心理影响,具有对“警示信号”的敏感性及消除患者焦虑的沟通能力。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)具有高度耐心、细心的工作态度和系统性思维,具有见微知著、系统性鉴别的信息采集素养。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:牙龈出血患者病史采集的要点。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:不同牙龈出血疾病之间的鉴别诊断要点。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)了解:进行牙龈出血病史采集时,如何结合患者基本情况(如年龄、性别等)进行个体化询问。</p>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)能够全面收集患者的基本信息,如年龄、性别、职业等;善于从患者的现病史中获取关键信息,如出血的频率、出血量等;准确记录患者的既往史,包括口腔治疗史、全身疾病史等。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)能够根据病史初步判断牙龈出血是局部因素还是全身因素为主;对患者提供的信息进行分析,筛选出对诊断有价值的内容;依据病史初步推测可能需要进一步进行的检查项目。
                    </p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,男,42岁。刷牙时牙龈出血1周。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">请根据患者基本情况及主诉询问患者现病史及相关内容,并口述出考虑的可能疾病。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、现病史</h4>
                    <p class="content">关于牙龈出血患者的现病史,主要询问以下内容。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.出血的部位</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;确定是全口牙龈还是局部牙龈出血,具体是哪颗牙或哪些牙周围的牙龈。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.出血的频率</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;是每次刷牙都出血,还是偶尔出血。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.出血的性质</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;是自发性出血还是在刺激下出血。例如,是刷牙时出血、咬硬物时出血,还是在没有任何刺激时就自行出血。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.出血量</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;是少量渗血还是出血量较多。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.出血的诱因</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;是否仅在刷牙时出血,还是咬硬物、吸吮时也出血,是否与食物嵌塞有关。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">6.伴发症状</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;是否伴有牙龈红肿、疼痛、口臭、牙齿松动等其他症状。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">7.出血与时间的关系</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;是否在晨起时出血更明显,是否与经期(针对女性患者)有关等。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、既往史</h4>
                    <p class="content">关于牙龈出血患者的既往史,主要询问以下内容。</p>
                    <p class="content">1.是否有过类似的牙龈出血经历。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.过去是否进行过口腔治疗,如洗牙、牙周治疗、补牙等,治疗效果与目前症状的关系。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.是否有血液系统疾病史,如血小板减少性紫癜、白血病等。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.是否长期服用过某些药物,如抗凝血药等。</p>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目十一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;常见口腔颌面部主诉症状的病史采集</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、全身情况</h4>
                    <p class="content">牙龈出血患者的全身情况询问内容包括是否有高血压、糖尿病等全身性疾病,是否有发热、乏力等其他全身症状,是否有肝病等影响凝血功能的疾病。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、家族史</h4>
                    <p class="content">关于牙龈出血患者的家族史,主要询问是否有家族性的牙龈出血疾病或血液系统疾病。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">五、临床思辨</h4>
                    <p class="content">牙龈出血的诊断要点见表11-5。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表11-5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙龈出血的诊断要点</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0147-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">牙龈出血病史采集的操作评价标准见表11-6。</p>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="imgtitle">表11-6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙龈出血病史采集的操作评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0147-02.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙龈肥大的病史采集</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)能够与患者建立良好的医患关系,通过友好、耐心和专业的态度,让患者感到舒适和信任,从而更好地获取牙龈肥大患者的病史信息。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)理解患者可能因牙龈肥大带来的心理压力和不适,给予适当的心理疏导和安慰;考虑患者的文化背景和个体差异,采用合适的沟通方式和语言进行病史采集。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:牙龈肥大的常见病因,包括局部因素(如牙菌斑、牙结石、不良修复体等)和全身因素(如药物副作用、内分泌失调、遗传性疾病等)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:牙龈肥大可能伴随的其他症状,如牙龈出血、口臭、牙齿松动等,以及这些症状与病因之间的关系。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)能够根据采集到的病史信息,初步分析牙龈肥大的可能病因,对不同病因进行合理的排查和判断。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)能够区分局部因素和全身因素在牙龈肥大发病中的作用,为进一步的诊断和治疗提供方向。</p>
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            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(133) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目十一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;常见口腔颌面部主诉症状的病史采集</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,女,35岁。牙龈逐渐肥大3个月。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">请根据患者基本情况及主诉询问患者现病史及相关内容,并口述出考虑的可能疾病。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、现病史</h4>
                    <p class="content">关于牙龈肥大患者的现病史,主要询问以下内容。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.肥大的部位</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;明确是全口牙龈还是局部牙龈肥大,具体涉及哪些牙齿周围的牙龈。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.肥大的速度</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;是缓慢逐渐增大还是短期内迅速增大。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.牙龈的外观</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颜色是否正常,是否有红肿、溃疡等情况。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.伴发症状</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;是否伴有牙龈出血、疼痛、口臭、牙齿松动等其他症状。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.肥大与刺激的关系</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;是否在刷牙、咬硬物、进食辛辣食物等刺激后加重。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">6.肥大对口腔功能的影响</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;是否影响咀嚼、发音、美观等。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、既往史</h4>
                    <p class="content">关于牙龈肥大患者的既往史,主要询问以下内容。</p>
                    <p class="content">1.是否有过类似的牙龈肥大经历。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.过去是否进行过口腔治疗,如洗牙、牙周治疗等,治疗效果与目前症状的关系。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.是否长期服用过某些药物,如抗癫痫药、钙通道阻滞药等。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.是否有口腔局部感染史或全身性感染史。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、全身情况</h4>
                    <p class="content">牙龈肥大患者的全身情况询问内容包括是否有内分泌紊乱疾病,如甲状腺功能亢进等;是否有其他全身性疾病,如白血病等;是否有发热、乏力等全身症状。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、家族史</h4>
                    <p class="content">关于牙龈肥大患者的家族史,主要询问是否有家族性牙龈肥大或遗传性疾病。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">五、临床思辨</h4>
                    <p class="content">牙龈肥大的诊断要点见表11-7。</p>
                </div>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="imgtitle">表11-7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙龈肥大的诊断要点</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0150-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">牙龈肥大病史采集的操作评价标准见表11-8。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表11-8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙龈肥大病史采集的操作评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0150-02.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目十一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;常见口腔颌面部主诉症状的病史采集</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙龈肿痛的病史采集</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        具有急症共情与精准沟通能力,理解牙龈肿痛给患者带来的急性痛苦(剧烈跳痛、胀痛),显著功能障碍(咀嚼困难、张口受限、言语不清)及强烈的焦虑感(担忧感染扩散、面容改变或严重疾病)。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:牙龈肿痛病史采集的方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:导致牙龈肿痛的常见病因。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:牙龈肿痛的表现及其与其他口腔疾病的区别。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)能够阐述牙龈肿痛的问诊内容,并能围绕牙龈肿痛开展病史采集。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)能够进行准确、详尽的牙龈肿痛病历记录,确保病史信息的完整性与可靠性。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,男,40岁。牙龈肿痛1周。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">请根据患者基本情况及主诉询问患者现病史及相关内容,并口述出考虑的可能疾病。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、现病史</h4>
                    <p class="content">关于牙龈肿痛患者的现病史,主要询问以下内容。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.牙龈肿痛的时间</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;确定牙龈肿痛是长时间存在还是突然出现肿痛。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.牙龈肿痛的部位</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;确定是局部肿痛还是全口都存在肿痛。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.牙龈肿痛的性质</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;确定是急性疼痛还是慢性疼痛。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.牙龈肿痛的程度</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;是剧烈难以忍受的疼痛,还是能够承受的钝痛。
                    </p>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.牙龈肿痛的诱因</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;是否有食物刺激、是否有不良习惯。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">6.伴发症状</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;是否伴有出血(出血性质)、溢脓。</p>
                    <p class="content">7.有无面部肿胀畸形、开口受限和全身发热。</p>
                    <p class="content">8.有无牙齿疼痛。</p>
                    <p class="content">9.是否处于妊娠期。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、既往史</h4>
                    <p class="content">关于牙龈肿痛患者的既往史,主要询问以下内容。</p>
                    <p class="content">1.有无癫痫病史。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.有无器官移植史。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.有无外伤史。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.有无既往牙周治疗史、牙体治疗史。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、全身情况</h4>
                    <p class="content">牙龈肿痛患者的全身情况询问内容包括是否有高血压、糖尿病等全身性疾病,是否有发热、乏力等其他全身症状,是否有肝病等影响凝血功能的疾病。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、家族史</h4>
                    <p class="content">关于牙龈肿痛患者的家族史,主要询问家族成员中是否有类似病变发生。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">五、临床思辨</h4>
                    <p class="content">牙龈肿痛的诊断要点见表11-9。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表11-9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙龈肿痛的诊断要点</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0152-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目十一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;常见口腔颌面部主诉症状的病史采集</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">牙龈肿痛病史采集的操作评价标准见表11-10。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表11-10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙龈肿痛病史采集的操作评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0153-02.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务六&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔溃疡的病史采集</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)具备以患者为中心的医学态度,强化关心患者需求、倾听患者感受的重要性,建立良好的医患关系。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)增强对患者的同理心,理解口腔溃疡对患者生活质量的影响,并表现出对其痛苦的关注和理解。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)提升关注公众健康的意识,具有对口腔健康及相应教育普及的责任感,积极参与健康传播活动。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:口腔溃疡病史采集的关键要素。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:口腔溃疡病史采集的主要组成部分,如主诉、现病史、既往史、家族史等。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:口腔溃疡的常见类型。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)能够通过有效的问题设计,获取与口腔黏膜溃疡相关的详细信息(如发生频率、持续时间、疼痛程度、相关症状等)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)能够根据病史信息,分析并初步判断口腔溃疡的可能病因,识别需要进一步检查的情况。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,女,25岁。下唇黏膜溃疡10天。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">请根据患者基本情况及主诉询问患者现病史及相关内容,并口述出考虑的可能疾病。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、现病史</h4>
                    <p class="content">关于口腔溃疡患者的现病史,主要询问以下内容。</p>
                </div>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目十一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;常见口腔颌面部主诉症状的病史采集</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">1.溃疡的时间、大小、部位、数目和形态。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.有无溃疡反复发作史、自我康复的病史。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.有无局部创伤史。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.有无皮肤病史。</p>
                    <p class="content">5.有无外生殖器溃疡史。</p>
                    <p class="content">6.有无眼部病史。</p>
                    <p class="content">7.有无体重下降和消瘦(对于溃疡时间长者,考虑口腔癌的可能)。</p>
                    <p class="content">8.有无盗汗或诊断过结核病。</p>
                    <p class="content">9.溃疡之前有无起水疱或发热的症状。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、既往史</h4>
                    <p class="content">关于口腔溃疡患者的既往史,主要询问以下内容。</p>
                    <p class="content">1.是否有全身系统性疾病及其他传染病史。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.过去是否发生过口腔溃疡。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.是否有不良习惯。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.是否有口腔局部感染史或全身性感染史。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、全身情况</h4>
                    <p class="content">口腔溃疡患者的全身情况询问内容包括是否有其他全身性疾病;身体其他部位是否有溃疡发生。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、家族史</h4>
                    <p class="content">关于口腔溃疡患者的家族史,主要询问家族其他成员中是否有口腔黏膜溃疡疾病的出现。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">五、临床思辨</h4>
                    <p class="content">口腔溃疡的诊断要点见表11-11。</p>
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                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="imgtitle">表11-11&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔溃疡的诊断要点</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0155-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">口腔溃疡病史采集的操作评价标准见表11-12。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表11-12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔溃疡病史采集的操作评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0156-02.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目十一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;常见口腔颌面部主诉症状的病史采集</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务七&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔黏膜及皮肤窦道和瘘管的病史采集</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)加强医患沟通能力,以共情语言缓解患者紧张焦虑情绪。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)强化医疗伦理与隐私保护意识,采集涉及隐私部位(如口腔黏膜深部、会阴部皮肤窦道)的病史时,需提前说明病史采集的必要性,征得患者同意;记录时隐去可识别个人信息的细节,避免在非医疗场景讨论患者病情。
                    </p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:引起口腔黏膜及皮肤窦道、瘘管的常见原因,包括牙周炎、根尖周炎、外伤等;与口腔黏膜及皮肤窦道、瘘管相关的疾病的症状和体征。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:病史采集的方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:如何有效询问主诉、现病史、既往史、个人史、家族史和系统回顾;口腔解剖和生理知识。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)具备系统化、全面地获取和记录病史信息的能力,确保所有重要信息都被记录在案。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)能够分析和判断病史信息,识别潜在疾病原因,提出初步诊断和进一步检查的建议。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)能够清晰、有效地与患者沟通,解释病史采集过程中的问题,确保患者理解并配合。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)面对复杂或不明确的病史时,能够灵活应变,调整询问策略,获取完整病史信息。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,男,53岁。右上后牙咬合痛2个月,颊侧流脓1天。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">请根据患者基本情况及主诉询问患者现病史及相关内容,并口述出考虑的可能疾病。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、现病史</h4>
                    <p class="content">关于口腔黏膜及皮肤窦道和瘘管患者的现病史,主要询问以下内容。</p>
                </div>
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            </div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="142">
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.牙痛、流脓部位</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;明确牙痛、流脓发生的具体位置。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.疼痛的性质</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;如钝痛、刺痛、跳痛、隐痛、咬合痛等。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.疼痛的强度</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;采用疼痛评分(如0~10分)来量化疼痛的强度。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.疼痛的时间特征</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;疼痛的持续时间、起始时间,是间断性还是持续性,有无规律性。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.诱因和缓解因素</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;疼痛是否有诱因(如咀嚼、冷热刺激、吃甜食等),以及什么情况下疼痛会缓解(如休息、服用镇痛药、冷热敷等)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">6.其他</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;是否伴有牙龈肿胀、出血、口臭、牙齿松动、口腔溃疡等其他症状。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、既往史</h4>
                    <p class="content">关于口腔黏膜及皮肤窦道和瘘管患者的既往史,主要询问以下内容。</p>
                    <p class="content">1.是否有过类似的疼痛经历。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.过去是否进行过牙齿治疗,如充填、根管治疗、拔牙、牙周治疗、正畸治疗、修复治疗等。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.过去治疗的效果和目前症状的关系。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、全身情况</h4>
                    <p class="content">关于口腔黏膜及皮肤窦道和瘘管患者的全身情况询问内容包括是否有冠心病、高血压、癔症、神经症等;是否处于更年期、月经期;是否有其他全身症状,如发热、淋巴结肿大等。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、家族史</h4>
                    <p class="content">关于口腔黏膜及皮肤窦道和瘘管患者的家族史,主要询问是否有与主诉症状相同的家族性疾病。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">五、临床思辨</h4>
                    <p class="content">
                        多种口腔疾病会出现口腔黏膜及皮肤窦道和瘘管,如牙体牙髓病、牙周病及颌面外科疾病等。由于疾病不同,处理方法也会不同。因此有必要对引起口腔黏膜及皮肤出现窦道和瘘管的疾病进行鉴别。口腔医师病史采集时可根据患者的主诉提出相关的问题,了解病史要点,以利于疾病的诊断。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">口腔黏膜及皮肤窦道和瘘管的问诊内容及可能疾病见表11-13。</p>
                </div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="143">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(143) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目十一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;常见口腔颌面部主诉症状的病史采集</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="imgtitle">表11-13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔黏膜及皮肤窦道和瘘管的问诊内容及可能疾病</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0158-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">口腔黏膜及皮肤窦道和瘘管的病史采集操作评价标准见表11-14。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表11-14&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔黏膜及皮肤窦道、瘘管的病史采集操作评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0159-02.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                </div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="144">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(144) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务八&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颌面部肿痛的病史采集</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)加强医患沟通能力,以共情语言缓解患者紧张焦虑情绪。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)坚守隐私保护原则,采集涉及面部、口腔深部的肿痛病史时,如需暴露患处检查,需提前说明必要性并遮挡无关人员;对未成年人或敏感人群,需在监护人陪同下采集,避免单独询问隐私信息。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:引起颌面部肿痛的常见原因,包括牙周炎、根尖周炎、外伤等;与颌面部肿痛相关的疾病的症状和体征。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:病史采集的方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:如何有效询问主诉、现病史、既往史、个人史、家族史等;口腔解剖和生理知识。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)具备系统化、全面地获取和记录病史信息的能力,确保所有重要信息都被记录在案。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)能够分析和判断病史信息,识别潜在疾病原因,提出初步诊断和进一步检查的建议。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)能够清晰、有效地与患者沟通,解释病史采集过程中的问题,确保患者理解并配合。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)面对复杂或不明确的病史时,能够灵活应变,调整询问策略,获取完整病史信息。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,男,28岁。右下后牙肿痛2周,颊侧下颌角肿痛5天。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">请根据患者基本情况及主诉询问患者现病史及相关内容,并口述出考虑的可能疾病。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、现病史</h4>
                    <p class="content">关于颌面部肿痛患者的现病史,主要询问以下内容。</p>
                </div>
                <footer class="footerstyle">136</footer>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="145">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(145) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目十一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;常见口腔颌面部主诉症状的病史采集</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.颌面部肿痛的部位</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;明确颌面部肿痛发生的具体位置。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.疼痛的性质</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;如钝痛、刺痛、跳痛、隐痛、咬合痛等。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.疼痛的强度</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;采用疼痛评分(如0~10分)来量化疼痛的强度。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.疼痛的时间特征</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;疼痛的持续时间、起始时间,是间断性还是持续性,有无规律性、是否与进食有关等。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.诱因和缓解因素</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;疼痛是否有诱因(如咀嚼、冷热刺激、吃甜食、智齿萌出等),以及什么情况下疼痛会缓解(如休息、服用镇痛药、冷热敷等)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">6.其他</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;是否伴有牙龈肿胀、出血、口臭、牙齿松动、口腔溃疡等其他症状。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、既往史</h4>
                    <p class="content">关于颌面部肿痛患者的既往史,主要询问以下内容。</p>
                    <p class="content">1.是否有过类似的疼痛经历。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.过去是否进行过牙齿治疗,如充填、根管治疗、拔牙、牙周治疗、正畸治疗、修复治疗等。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.过去治疗的效果和目前症状的关系。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、全身情况</h4>
                    <p class="content">颌面部肿痛患者的全身情况询问内容包括是否有冠心病、高血压、癔症、神经症等;是否处于更年期、月经期;是否有其他全身症状,如发热、淋巴结肿大等。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、家族史</h4>
                    <p class="content">关于颌面部肿痛患者的家族史,主要询问是否有与主诉症状相同的家族性疾病。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">五、临床思辨</h4>
                    <p class="content">
                        多种口腔疾病会出现颌面部肿痛,如牙体牙髓病、牙周病及颌面外科疾病等。由于疾病不同,处理方法也会不同。因此有必要对引起颌面部肿痛的疾病进行鉴别。口腔医师病史采集时可根据患者的主诉提出相关的问题,了解病史要点,以利于疾病的诊断。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">颌面部肿痛病史采集的问诊内容及可能疾病见表11-15。</p>
                </div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="146">
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="imgtitle">表11-15&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颌面部肿痛病史采集的问诊内容及可能疾病</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0161-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">颌面部肿痛病史采集的操作评分标准见表11-16。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表11-16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颌面部肿痛病史采集的操作评分标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0162-02.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                </div>
                <footer class="footerstyle">138</footer>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="147">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(147) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目十一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;常见口腔颌面部主诉症状的病史采集</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务九&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;修复后疼痛的病史采集</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)具有同理心,能够理解和关心修复后疼痛患者的痛苦,通过良好的沟通技巧,建立信任关系,缓解患者紧张情绪。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)具有职业道德意识,确保在采集病史时尊重患者隐私,严格遵循医疗伦理规范。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)具有职业责任感,采集病史时耐心细致,确保不会遗漏重要信息,为患者提供高质量的医疗服务。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:引起修复后疼痛的常见原因,包括过敏性疼痛、咬合痛、软组织痛、基牙痛等。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:与修复后疼痛相关的疾病的症状和体征。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)具备系统化、全面地获取和记录修复后疼痛患者病史信息的能力,确保所有重要信息都被记录在案。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)能够分析和判断修复后疼痛患者的病史信息,识别潜在的疾病原因,并提出初步诊断和进一步检查的建议。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,女,45岁。右上后牙修复后疼痛1周。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">请根据患者基本情况及主诉询问患者现病史及相关内容,并口述出可能的疼痛原因。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、固定义齿修复后疼痛</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.过敏性疼痛</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)戴入或粘接时疼痛:多为基牙预备过多,机械摩擦和游离磷酸刺激引起。</p>
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        <div class="page-box" page="148">
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="content">(2)粘固后近期疼痛:多为基牙预备过多引起。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)戴入一段时间后疼痛:引起的原因如下。①基牙继发龋。②牙周创伤。③固位不良,松动。④粘接剂溶解。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.咬合痛</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)固定桥粘接后短期出现咬合痛:有<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                            alt="" />创伤。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)固定桥使用一段时间后出现咬合痛:引起的原因如下。①创伤性根尖炎。②创伤性牙周炎。③牙髓炎。④根尖周炎。⑤牙周炎。⑥异种金属电流。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.黏膜痛</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;引起的原因如下。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)龈缘下残留粘接剂。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)冠边缘过长:牙龈发白。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)固位体和桥体轴面外形恢复不良。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)邻接不良。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)桥体龈端位置过高或过低。</p>
                    <p class="content">(6)口腔卫生差。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、可摘局部义齿修复后疼痛</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.基牙痛</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)短时间疼痛:引起的原因如下。①咬合早接触。②卡环过紧或人工牙与基牙接触过紧。③基牙负担过重。④基牙预备造成牙本质过敏。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)长时间疼痛:引起的原因如下。①牙髓炎。②牙周炎。③根尖炎。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.软组织痛</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;引起的原因如下。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)基托边缘过长、过锐。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)硬区缓冲不足。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)咬合压力过于集中。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)义齿不稳定。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)卡环臂位置过低刺激牙龈。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、全口义齿修复后疼痛</h4>
                    <p class="content">引起全口义齿修复后疼痛的原因如下。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.组织面问题</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)骨尖、骨隆突,硬区未缓冲。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)组织有倒凹。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.基托边缘过长。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.</span><img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" /><span
                            class="bold">力分布不均匀</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />力集中,导致黏膜压痛。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.义齿不稳定</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口内形成多处压痛点和破溃处。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.垂直距离过高</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;面部肌肉酸痛,牙槽嵴普遍压痛。</p>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目十一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;常见口腔颌面部主诉症状的病史采集</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">修复后疼痛病史采集的操作评价标准见表11-17。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表11-17&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;修复后疼痛病史采集的操作评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0165-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0029-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">义齿损坏的应对措施及义齿维护措施</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">(一)义齿损坏的应对措施</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(1)塑料部分折断:可联系医师复诊修理。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(2)金属部分折断或变形:一般需要重新制作。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(二)义齿维护措施</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(1)平时尽量拿稳,避免磕碰。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(2)每3~5年更换或修改一次。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        在诊疗过程中,医护人员应善于与患者沟通,向患者交代清楚义齿损坏的应对措施及义齿的维护措施,医学生作为未来的医疗工作者,应不断学习和实践,将医患沟通意识和职业素养融入每一次治疗中,为患者提供优质的医疗服务。
                    </p>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0166-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="right-info">
                        (谈利&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;刘俊红&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;刘洪利&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;乔婷)</p>
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                <div class="header">
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                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">项目十二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙体牙髓疾病病例分析</h2>
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;龋病</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)建立知行合一的观念。运用所学知识,分析和解决常见的龋病问题。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)具备不断探索的科学精神,保持继续学习的热情,关注龋病治疗的新技术和新方法,以适应口腔医学的不断发展。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:龋病的诊断标准、鉴别诊断及治疗方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:龋病的定义。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:龋病的特征。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)能够分析临床资料信息,具备龋病的临床思辨能力,给出准确的龋病诊断,并给出诊断依据。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)通过病例分析,结合所学知识,给出正确的治疗方案。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,女,48岁。自述右上后牙进食明显疼痛10天。</p>
                    <p class="content">现病史:近10天右上后牙进食疼痛,无自发痛。</p>
                    <p class="content">既往史:近半年右上后牙饮用冷热水时感到酸痛,其他无异常。</p>
                    <p class="content">检查:右上7牙齿<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                            alt="" />面变色,探诊深龋洞,洞底酸痛明显,刺激去除后疼痛消失。牙髓温度活力测试同对照牙,未探及穿髓孔。X线片显示牙冠<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />面龋洞达牙本质深层,髓腔未穿通。</p>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">根据患者情况,作出诊断,并给出治疗方案。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0167-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、定义</h4>
                    <p class="content">龋病是在以细菌为主的多种因素影响下,发生在牙体硬组织的一种慢性、进行性、破坏性疾病。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、特征</h4>
                    <p class="content">
                        龋病的特征是牙体硬组织色、形、质发生变化。初期时牙龋坏部位的硬组织发生脱矿,微晶结构改变,牙透明度下降,牙釉质出现白垩色改变。继之病变部位有色素沉着,局部可呈黄褐色或棕褐色。随着无机成分脱矿、有机成分破坏不断进行,牙齿脱矿,牙体缺损,形成龋洞。一旦形成龋洞,牙齿不能自身修复。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、诊断标准</h4>
                    <p class="content">临床常按病变侵入深度将龋病分为浅龋、中龋及深龋,其诊断标准见表12-1。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表12-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;龋病的诊断标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0168-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、鉴别诊断</h4>
                    <p class="content">中龋临床特征较为典型,诊断并不困难,临床主要考虑浅龋和深龋的鉴别诊断,见表12-2。</p>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目十二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙体牙髓疾病病例分析</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="imgtitle">表12-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;浅龋和深龋的鉴别诊断</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0169-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">五、治疗方法</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.非手术治疗</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;是采用药物或再矿化等技术终止或消除龋病的治疗方法,包括药物治疗、再矿化治疗和渗透树脂治疗。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(1)药物治疗:是采用化学药物治疗龋损,终止或消除病变的方法。常用药物有氟化物、硝酸银等。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)再矿化治疗:是采用人工方法使脱矿的牙釉质或牙骨质再次矿化,恢复其硬度,终止或消除早期龋损的方法。再矿化液的主要成分为不同比例的钙、磷和氮。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)渗透树脂治疗:是一种阻止早期龋发展的新技术,为龋病光滑面和邻面的非洞病损提供了微创的治疗方法。高渗透性、低黏度、高表面张力的光固化渗透树脂材料通过毛细虹吸作用浸润到脱矿牙釉质的多孔隙结构中,封闭酸性物质入侵和矿物质溶解流失的通道,在病损内部形成屏障,最终起到再矿化和治疗早期龋的作用。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        非手术治疗的适应证:①牙釉质早期龋,未出现牙体组织缺损者。②牙釉质早期龋,形成较浅的龋洞,损害表面不承受咀嚼压力,也不在邻面触点内。③静止龋,致龋环境消失,龋损不再进展。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.牙体修复</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;包括手术和治疗两个部分,首先通过牙体手术过程清除已病变或失去支持的牙体组织及细菌,将牙体制备成一定形状的窝洞,使充填体能够长期保持而不松动脱落。为了使牙体组织和充填体能够承受一定的咀嚼压力,选用适当的材料,或充填治疗,或选择嵌体、冠修复恢复牙齿的形态与功能。牙体直接修复可选用复合树脂修复和玻璃离子体修复。窝洞预备应遵循牙体组织的生物学特点,按照生物力学原理进行。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.深龋的治疗</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)深龋的治疗原则:①停止龋病发展,促进牙髓的防御性反应。②保护牙髓。③正确判断牙髓状况。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)深龋的治疗方法:在排除了不可复性牙髓炎和牙髓穿孔的情况后,根据近髓牙本质厚度、牙髓状态及患牙软龋能否去净,采取不同的治疗方法(表12-3)。</p>
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                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="imgtitle">表12-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;深龋治疗方法的选择</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0170-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:可总结为软龋不能去净→间接盖髓;牙髓充血→安抚。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">龋病病例分析的评价标准见表12-4。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表12-4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;龋病病例分析的评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0170-02.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0029-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">龋病的诊断注意事项</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        龋病,作为口腔中极为常见的一种疾病,已经被世界卫生组织列为当代对人类健康构成重大威胁的三大疾病之一。因此,在进行龋病的病例分析时,同学们必须展现出极其细致的分析能力,以确保不会错过对早期浅龋及隐匿中龋的诊断。此外,在病例分析的过程中,同学们还应该对病历资料中的每一个细节给予足够的重视。这不仅包括了主要的诊断信息,还应该关注那些非主要的、可能被忽视的其他疾病情况,以及它们的治疗过程。
                    </p>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目十二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙体牙髓疾病病例分析</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙髓病</h3>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)具备不断探索的科学精神,认真、细致的工作态度,能从病例资料中的细节发现问题。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)保持继续学习的热情,关注牙髓病治疗的新技术和新方法,以适应口腔医学的不断发展。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">掌握:牙髓的特点,临床各型牙髓病的诊断要点、鉴别诊断及治疗方法。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)能够分析临床资料信息,具备牙髓病的临床思辨能力,给出准确的牙髓病诊断,并给出诊断依据。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)通过病例分析,结合所学知识,给出正确的牙髓病治疗原则。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        患者,男,38岁。上前牙变色1年,自述上前牙5年前受过外伤,唇侧倾斜,检查可见左上1牙冠变色,牙冠缺损近1/2,牙髓测试无反应,X线根尖片显示患牙无明显异常,全口曲面体层片显示双侧下颌第三磨牙近中阻生,之前有发炎化脓病史,目前无咀嚼不适。口腔其余无异常。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">根据患者情况,作出诊断,并给出治疗方案。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、牙髓的特点</h4>
                    <p class="content">牙髓具有以下特点。</p>
                    <p class="content">1.被无让性的牙本质包围。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.基质富含纤维且具有黏性。</p>
 
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">3.无有效的血液侧支循环。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.神经感觉功能单一等。</p>
                    <p class="content">这些特点使牙髓的损伤一般都难以恢复,且易产生疼痛。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、临床各型牙髓病的临床表现、诊断要点及鉴别诊断</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.可复性牙髓炎</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)临床表现:当患牙受到冷热刺激或甜、酸化学刺激时,立即出现瞬间的疼痛反应,尤其对冷刺激更敏感,刺激一去除,疼痛随即消失。没有自发性疼痛。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)诊断要点</p>
                    <p class="content">1)主诉对温度刺激,尤其对冷刺激一过性敏感,但无自发痛的病史。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)可找到能引起牙髓病变的牙体病损或牙周组织损害等病因。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)鉴别诊断</p>
                    <p class="content">1)深龋:患有深龋的牙对温度刺激也敏感,但往往是当冷热刺激进入深龋洞内才出现疼痛反应,而刺激去除后症状并不持续。可复性牙髓炎在冷测牙面时即可出现一过性敏感。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        2)不可复性牙髓炎:可复性牙髓炎与不可复性牙髓炎的区别关键在于前者无自发痛史,后者一般有自发痛史;对温度测试的反应,可复性牙髓炎患牙有一过性敏感,而不可复性牙髓炎患牙由温度刺激引起的疼痛反应程度重,持续时间较长,有时还可出现轻度叩痛。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">3)牙本质过敏症:患有牙本质敏感症的患牙往往对探、触等机械刺激和酸、甜等化学刺激更敏感,而可复性牙髓炎主要是对冷热刺激一过性敏感。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.不可复性牙髓炎</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)急性牙髓炎</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)临床表现:急性牙髓炎(包括慢性牙髓炎急性发作)的主要症状是剧烈疼痛。疼痛具有以下特点。①自发性、阵发性痛。②夜间痛。③温度刺激加剧疼痛。④疼痛不能定位,且具有放射痛。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)诊断要点:①典型的牙髓炎性疼痛症状。②能明确找到引起牙髓病变的牙体损害或其他病因。③牙髓活力温度测试结果可帮助定位患牙。对患牙的确定是诊断急性牙髓炎的关键。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        3)鉴别诊断:①三叉神经痛,表现为突然发作的电击样或针刺样剧痛,发作一般有疼痛“扳机点”,患者每触及该点即诱发疼痛,但每次发作时间短,最多数秒。三叉神经痛较少在夜间发作,多数不影响患者的睡眠,冷热刺激也不引发疼痛。②龈乳头炎,也可出现剧烈的自发性牙痛,但疼痛性质为持续性胀痛;对冷热刺激也有敏感反应,一般不会出现激发痛。患者对疼痛多可定位。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)慢性牙髓炎:在临床诊断时,一般仅对患牙作出“慢性牙髓炎”的诊断即可。如果出现各型的典型表现,可以分别诊断为闭锁性、溃疡性及增生性。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)临床表现:①可以定位患牙的长期冷热刺激痛病史和/或自发痛史。②可查到引起牙髓炎的牙体硬组织疾病或其他病因。③患牙对温度测试的异常表现。④炎症多已波及全部牙髓及根尖部的牙周膜,致使患牙常表现有咬合不适或轻度的叩痛。患者一般可定位患牙。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">2)诊断要点:见表12-5。</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">项目十二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙体牙髓疾病病例分析</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="imgtitle">表12-5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;慢性牙髓炎的诊断依据</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0173-01.jpg" alt=""
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                    <p class="content">
                        3)鉴别诊断:①深龋,无典型自发痛症状的慢性牙髓炎有时与深龋不易鉴别。可参考温度测试结果进行判断。深龋患牙对温度测试的反应与对照牙是相同的,只有当温度刺激进入洞内才出现敏感症状,刺激去除后症状立即消失;而慢性牙髓炎对温度刺激引起的疼痛反应会持续较长时间。慢性牙髓炎可出现轻叩痛,而深龋患牙对叩诊的反应与正常对照牙相同。②可复性牙髓炎,可复性牙髓炎与不可复性牙髓炎的区别关键在于前者无自发痛史,后者一般有自发痛史;对温度测试的反应,可复性牙髓炎患牙有一过性敏感,而不可复性牙髓炎患牙由温度刺激引起的疼痛反应程度重,持续时间较长,有时还可出现轻度叩痛。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(3)残髓炎</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)临床表现:与慢性牙髓炎的疼痛特点相似,常表现为自发性钝痛、放散性痛、温度刺激痛。因炎症是发生于近根尖孔处的根髓组织,所以患牙多有咬合不适感或轻微咬合痛。患牙均有牙髓治疗的病史。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)诊断要点:①有牙髓治疗史。②有牙髓炎症状表现。③强温度刺激患牙有迟缓性痛,以及叩诊疼痛。④探查根管有疼痛感觉,并在完善处理后症状消失方可确诊。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        3)鉴别诊断:①慢性牙髓炎,残髓炎的症状与慢性牙髓炎高度相似,如自发性钝痛、温度刺激痛和放射性疼痛。但残髓炎患者有明确的牙髓治疗史(如根管治疗或干髓治疗),且疼痛多源于残留的根髓炎症,可通过探查根管深部是否疼痛或影像学发现遗漏根管来确诊。②根尖周炎,根尖周炎通常表现为咬合痛和叩诊明显疼痛,而残髓炎以牙髓炎症状为主(如冷热刺激痛)。X线检查可辅助区分,根尖周炎常见根尖区骨质破坏或透射影,而残髓炎可能仅显示根管充填不完善或残留根髓。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(4)逆行性牙髓炎</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)临床表现:①患牙有深达根尖区的牙周袋或较为严重的根分叉病变。牙龈水肿、充血、牙周袋溢脓。牙有不同程度的松动。②无引发牙髓炎的深龋或其他牙体硬组织疾病。③对多根患牙的牙冠不同部位进行牙髓活力温度测试,其反应可为激发痛、迟钝或无反应。这是由于同一牙不同根管内的牙髓病理状态不同所致。④患牙对叩诊的反应为轻度疼痛(+)~中度疼痛(++),叩诊呈浊音。⑤X线片显示患牙有广泛的牙周组织破坏或根分叉病变。
                    </p>
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                    <p class="content">2)诊断要点:①患者有长期且严重的牙周炎病史。②近期出现牙髓炎症状。③患牙未查及引发牙髓病变的牙体硬组织疾病。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        3)鉴别诊断:①急性牙髓炎,逆行性牙髓炎由牙周袋通过根尖孔或侧支根管逆行感染,而普通急性牙髓炎多由冠部龋坏或外伤导致。②牙周炎,牙周炎多为钝痛或咬合痛,逆行性牙髓炎则表现为典型的牙髓炎症状(自发痛、夜间痛、冷热刺激痛)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.牙髓坏死</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)临床表现</p>
                    <p class="content">1)牙冠可存在深龋洞或其他牙体硬组织疾病,或是有充填体、深牙周袋等;也可见有完整牙冠者。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)牙冠变色,呈暗红色或灰黄色,失去光泽。</p>
                    <p class="content">3)牙髓电活力测试无反应。</p>
                    <p class="content">4)叩诊同正常对照牙(-)或不适感(±)。</p>
                    <p class="content">5)牙龈无根尖来源的窦道或瘘管。</p>
                    <p class="content">6)X线片显示患牙根尖周影像无明显异常。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)诊断要点</p>
                    <p class="content">1)无自觉症状。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)牙冠变色、牙髓活力测验结果和X线片的表现。</p>
                    <p class="content">3)牙冠完整情况及病史可作为参考。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)鉴别诊断:需与慢性根尖周炎进行鉴别。慢性根尖周炎患牙也可无明显的临床自觉症状。有窦型的慢性根尖周炎在进行临床检查时,可发现牙龈上有由患牙根尖来源的窦道口。若X线片显示有根尖周骨质影像密度减低或根周膜影像模糊、增宽,即可作出鉴别诊断。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.牙髓钙化</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)临床表现</p>
                    <p class="content">1)牙髓钙化一般并不引起临床症状。个别情况出现与体位有关的自发痛,可沿三叉神经分开区域放射。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)患牙对牙髓温度测试的反应可异常,表现为迟钝或敏感。</p>
                    <p class="content">3)X线片显示髓腔内有阻射的钙化物(髓石)或呈弥漫性阻射影像而致使原髓腔处的透射区消失。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)诊断要点</p>
                    <p class="content">1)X线检查结果可作为重要的诊断依据。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)需排除由其他原因引起的自发性放射痛的疾病,并经过牙髓治疗后疼痛症状得以消除,方能确诊。</p>
                    <p class="content">3)病史有外伤或氢氧化钙治疗史者可作为参考。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)鉴别诊断:需与三叉神经痛进行鉴别。牙髓钙化引起的疼痛虽然也可沿三叉神经分布区域放射,但无扳机点,主要与体位有关。X线检查的结果可作为鉴别诊断的参考。经诊断性治疗(牙髓治疗)后,可根据疼痛是否消失予以鉴别。
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                        <span class="header-title">项目十二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙体牙髓疾病病例分析</span>
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.牙内吸收</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)临床表现</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)临床上牙内吸收多发生于乳牙,恒牙偶有发生,见于受过外伤的牙、再植牙及做过活髓切断术或盖髓术的牙,一般无自觉症状,多于X线检查时偶然发现。少数病例可出现自发性阵发痛、放射痛和温度刺激痛等牙髓炎症状。临床内吸收发生在髓室时,牙冠呈现为粉红色,有时见有牙冠出现小范围的暗黑色区域。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">2)患牙对牙髓测试的反应可正常,也可表现为敏感或迟钝。</p>
                    <p class="content">3)叩诊检查同正常对照牙(-)或出现不适感(±)。</p>
                    <p class="content">4)X线片显示髓腔内有局限性不规则的膨大透影区域。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)诊断要点</p>
                    <p class="content">1)X线检查结果可作为主要诊断依据。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)病史和临床表现可作为参考。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、治疗方法</h4>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)牙髓炎的应急处理</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.开髓引流</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;急性牙髓炎应急处理的目的是引流炎症渗出物和缓解因之而形成的髓腔高压,以减轻剧痛。可在局部麻醉下开髓,去除全部或大部分牙髓后放置一个无菌小棉球并暂封髓腔,患牙的疼痛随即缓解。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.消炎镇痛</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口服镇痛药对牙髓炎有一定镇痛效果,镇痛药可以局部使用,如将浸有丁香油酚镇痛药的小棉球放在引起牙髓炎的深龋洞中,待急性症状缓解后再进行彻底的根管治疗。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)根管治疗术</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        根管治疗术是目前治疗牙髓病和根尖周病的最有效、最常用的方法。它采用专用的器械和方法对根管进行清理、成形(根管预备),采用有效的药物对根管进行消毒灭菌(根管消毒),最后严密填塞根管(根管充填),并行冠方修复,以控制感染、修复缺损,促进根尖周病变的愈合或防止根尖周病变发生。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">牙髓病病例分析的评价标准见表12-6。</p>
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                    <p class="imgtitle">表12-6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙髓病病例分析的评价标准</p>
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                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">牙髓炎的诊断要点</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        在制订治疗方案时,医师需要特别注意对患者进行急诊处理,确保能够及时缓解患者的急症疼痛症状。整个诊疗计划应以患者为中心,充分考虑患者的实际需求和舒适度,力求在最短的时间内解决患者的痛苦,恢复口腔健康。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;根尖周炎</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
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                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)具备理实结合的意识;具有认真、细致的工作态度,能从病例资料中的细节发现问题。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)保持继续学习的热情,关注根尖治疗的新技术和新方法,以适应口腔医学的不断发展。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">掌握:根尖周炎的临床表现、诊断依据、鉴别诊断及治疗方法。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)能够分析临床资料信息,具备根尖周炎的临床思辨能力,给出准确的根尖周病诊断,并给出诊断依据。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)通过病例分析,结合所学知识,给出正确的根尖周病治疗原则。</p>
 
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                        <span class="header-title">项目十二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙体牙髓疾病病例分析</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,男,36岁。主诉:左上后牙肿胀疼痛3天余。</p>
                    <p class="content">现病史:3天来左上后牙自发性持续性跳痛,口服“阿莫西林”无效,跳痛更加剧烈,牙齿浮出、伸长、松动,不敢咬食物;牙床肿胀且有触痛;影响进食和睡眠,发热,全身乏力。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">既往史:喜欢吃有韧性和较硬的食物,曾用牙齿开酒瓶盖后有过冷热疼痛,未做过治疗。否认有其他全身系统性疾病、传染病及药物过敏史。</p>
                    <p class="content">检查:26<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                            alt="" />面磨耗,牙尖陡高,远中发育沟加深,有色素沉着,越过边缘嵴,表面涂2%碘酒,随后乙醇脱碘,可见发育沟内着色。冷测(-),牙髓电活力测试无反应,叩痛(+++),松动Ⅱ度。面部左侧明显肿胀,皮肤不红肿。26根尖黏膜移行皱襞变浅,根尖部牙龈发红,肿胀较局限,触痛明显,扪诊深部有波动感。痛苦面容,精神疲惫,体温38.2℃。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">根据患者情况,作出诊断,并给出治疗方案。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、定义</h4>
                    <p class="content">根尖周炎是指发生于根尖周围组织的炎症性疾病,又称根尖周病,多为牙髓病的继发病,主要由根管内的感染通过根尖孔作用于根尖周组织引发。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、临床分型</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.急性根尖周炎</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)急性浆液性根尖周炎。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)急性化脓性根尖周炎。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.慢性根尖周炎</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)根尖周肉芽肿。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)慢性根尖周脓肿。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)根尖周囊肿。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)根尖周致密性骨炎。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、临床表现、诊断及鉴别诊断</h4>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)急性根尖周炎</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.急性浆液性根尖周炎</span></p>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
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                    <p class="content">
                        (1)症状:主要为患牙咬合痛,早期可有咬紧患牙缓解疼痛的现象,这是因为咬合的压力可暂时缓解局部血管的充血状态,使根尖周膜因组织水肿所形成的压力得到减轻。随着病情发展,疼痛变得剧烈,患者因不愿咀嚼而影响进食。由于疼痛是因牙周膜神经受到炎症刺激引起的,所以患者能够明确指出患牙,疼痛范围局限于患牙根部,不引起放散。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)体征</p>
                    <p class="content">1)患牙可见龋损、充填体或其他牙体硬组织疾病,或可查到深牙周袋。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)牙冠变色。牙髓活力测试无反应,但乳牙或年轻恒牙可有反应,甚至出现疼痛。</p>
                    <p class="content">3)叩痛(+)~(++),扪压患牙根尖部位出现不适或疼痛。牙根尚无明显异常。</p>
                    <p class="content">4)患牙可有Ⅰ度松动。</p>
                    <p class="content">5)X线检查根尖周组织影像无明显异常表现。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)诊断要点</p>
                    <p class="content">1)患牙典型的咬合疼痛症状。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)对叩诊和扪诊的反应。</p>
                    <p class="content">3)对牙髓活力测试的反应并结合患者的年龄,患牙所具有的牙髓病史、外伤史及不完善的牙髓治疗史均可作为参考。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.急性化脓性根尖周炎</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)临床表现:根据脓液相对集聚区域的不同,临床上亦可将急性化脓性根尖周炎的病理变化过程分为各具特征性表现的3个阶段,即根尖周脓肿、骨膜下脓肿及黏膜下脓肿。各阶段的临床表现见表12-7。
                    </p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表12-7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;急性根尖周炎各阶段的临床表现</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0178-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="content">急性化脓性根尖周炎主要依据患牙所表现出的典型的临床症状及体征,由疼痛及红肿的程度来分辨患牙所处的炎症阶段。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)急性根尖周脓肿与急性牙周脓肿的鉴别诊断:见表12-8。</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">项目十二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙体牙髓疾病病例分析</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                    <p class="imgtitle">表12-8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;急性根尖周脓肿与急性牙周脓肿的鉴别诊断</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0179-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)慢性根尖周炎</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.临床表现</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)症状:慢性根尖周炎一般无明显的自觉症状,有的患牙可在咀嚼时有不适感;也有因主诉牙起脓包而就诊者。追问可有牙髓病史,反复肿痛史或牙髓治疗史。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)体征</p>
                    <p class="content">1)患牙可查及深龋洞或充填体,以及其他牙体硬组织疾病。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)牙冠变色,失去光泽。深洞内探诊无反应,牙髓活力测试无反应。</p>
                    <p class="content">3)患牙对叩诊的反应无明显异常或仅有不适感,一般不松动。</p>
                    <p class="content">4)有窦型慢性根尖周炎者可查及窦道开口。必要时可自窦道口插入诊断丝拍摄X线示踪片以确定窦道的来源,避免将窦道口附近的健康牙误诊为患牙。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        5)根尖周囊肿的大小不定,可由豌豆大到鸡蛋大。小囊肿在牙根表面多无异常表现,囊肿发展较大时,可见患牙根尖部的牙龈处呈半球状隆起,不红,双指交替按压扪诊时有乒乓球的弹性手感。囊肿过分增大时,因周围骨质吸收并压迫邻牙,造成邻牙移位或使邻牙牙根吸收。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">6)X线检查可见患牙根尖区骨质变化的影像。</p>
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                    <p class="content">2.不同类型慢性根尖周炎的诊断要点:见表12-9。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表12-9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;不同类型慢性根尖周炎的诊断要点</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0180-01.jpg" alt=""
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                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、治疗方法</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.应急处理</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)开髓引流:局部麻醉下开髓,疏通根尖孔,建立引流通道,使根尖渗出物及脓液通过根管得到引流,以缓解根尖部的压力,解除疼痛。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)切开排脓:急性根尖周炎发展至骨膜下或黏膜下脓肿期应在局部浸润麻醉或表面麻醉下切开排脓。黏膜下脓肿切排的时机是在急性炎症的第4~5天,局部有较为明确的波动感。不易判断时,可行穿刺检查,如果回抽有脓,即刻切开。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)去除刺激:对于物理和化学药物刺激引起的根尖周炎,应去除刺激物,反复冲洗根管,重新封药,避免再感染。若由根管充填引起,应检查根管充填情况。如根管超充可去除根充物,封药安抚,待症状缓解后再行充填。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(4)调整咬合:由牙外伤引起的急性根尖周炎,应调<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                            alt="" />使患牙咬合降低、功能减轻,必要时局部封闭或理疗。通过磨改,牙髓及根尖周症状有可能消除。死髓牙和隐裂牙治疗也应常规调整咬合,以缓解症状及减少牙纵折的风险。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)消炎镇痛:一般可采用口服或注射途径给予抗生素类药物或镇痛药物,也可以局部封闭、理疗及针炎镇痛。局部可使用清热、解毒、消肿、镇痛类的中草药,以促进症状的消退。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.根管治疗术</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;是目前治疗牙髓病和根尖周病的最有效、最常用的方法。它采用专用的器械和方法对根管进行清理、成形(根管预备),采用有效的药物对根管进行消毒灭菌(根管消毒),最后严密填塞根管(根管充填),并行冠方修复,以控制感染、修复缺损,促进根尖周病变的愈合或防止根尖周病变发生。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">根尖周炎病例分析的评价标准见表12-10。</p>
 
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                        <span class="header-title">项目十二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙体牙髓疾病病例分析</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                    <p class="imgtitle">表12-10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;根尖周炎病例分析的评价标准</p>
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                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">根尖周炎的诊断要点</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        根尖周炎是指发生在根尖周组织的炎症。急性根尖周炎的诊断要点:①有牙髓病史或外伤史。②牙髓温度测试或电活力测试患牙无反应或极为迟钝。③咬合痛、叩痛。④根尖部牙龈红肿或形成脓肿。⑤全身症状畏寒发热等。慢性根尖周炎的诊断要点:①牙体龋损、有充填史、牙痛史。②牙冠变色。③牙髓活力测试无反应。④咬合不适、叩诊不适。⑤X线片显示根尖部阴影。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        根尖周炎临床诊断不难,但诊断过程中,应根据患者的病例资料,准确判断根尖周炎所处的发病阶段,根据不同的病变阶段,给出准确的治疗计划。尤其是急性根尖周炎,要从患者角度出发,采用适当的急症处理手段,解决患者的疼痛。
                    </p>
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                    <p class="right-info">(颜成东)</p>
 
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                    <h2 class="secondTitle">项目十三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙周疾病病例分析</h2>
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;慢性龈炎</h3>
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                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)强化以患者为中心的医德观念,在分析病例时,能够始终将患者的健康需求置于核心位置,理解牙龈健康对患者整体生活质量和全身健康的重要性。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)建立循证医学的严谨态度,在诊断和制订治疗计划时,严格基于临床检查结果和科学证据,避免仅凭经验或主观臆断作出决策。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)提升健康宣教意识和沟通能力,能够以患者易于理解的语言,清晰阐述慢性龈炎的病因、危害、治疗方案及家庭护理的重要性,并能评估患者的理解程度,掌握沟通技巧。
                    </p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:慢性龈炎的临床表现、诊断及鉴别诊断。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:慢性龈炎的治疗原则。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">能够准确识别慢性龈炎的临床表现,区分慢性龈炎和其他牙周疾病,具备慢性龈炎的临床思辨能力。</p>
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        患者,男,35岁。因牙龈出血、红肿前来就诊。患者自述近几个月来刷牙时牙龈经常出血,早晨起床时口腔内有血腥异味,牙龈轻度肿胀,触碰时易出血,但无自发性出血。平时身体状况良好,无系统性疾病史,有吸烟习惯,每天10~15支。口腔卫生一般,刷牙方法为横刷法,使用普通牙刷,未使用牙线等辅助清洁工具。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">根据患者情况,作出诊断。</p>
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                    </div>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <p class="content">慢性龈炎又称边缘线龈炎和单纯性龈炎,是口腔中最常见的菌斑性牙龈病,临床上主要表现为炎性肿胀,同时会有细胞和胶原纤维增生,以前也称为“增生性龈炎”。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、临床表现</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.牙龈色泽改变</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;正常牙龈呈粉红色,而慢性龈炎患者的牙龈颜色可变为鲜红或暗红色,这是由于牙龈组织内血管充血、增生所致。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.牙龈外形改变</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;龈缘变厚,不再紧贴牙面,龈乳头变得圆钝肥大,可呈球状增生,甚至可覆盖部分牙面。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.牙龈质地改变</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙龈质地松软脆弱,缺乏弹性。这是因为炎症导致牙龈组织中的胶原纤维破坏和减少,使得牙龈变得容易出血。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.探诊出血</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;探诊时,牙龈容易出血,一般无自发性出血,偶有牙龈局部痒、胀不适及口臭等症状。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.龈沟深度增加</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;龈沟加深,一般不超过3mm,无附着丧失。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、诊断要点</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.症状</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;刷牙或咬硬物时牙龈出血,一般无自发性出血,部分患者可伴有牙龈局部痒、胀、不适及口臭等症状。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.病史</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;有刷牙方法不当、牙菌斑堆积、食物嵌塞、不良修复体等局部刺激因素存在,且病程较长,可长达数月或数年。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.检查</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙龈呈现上述的色泽、外形、质地等改变,探诊出血,龈沟深度正常或加深,但无附着丧失,无牙槽骨吸收,牙齿无松动。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、鉴别诊断</h4>
                    <p class="content">慢性龈炎需与以下疾病进行鉴别。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.早期牙周炎</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;早期牙周炎有附着丧失和牙槽骨吸收,而慢性龈炎无。两者可通过牙周探诊检查是否有附着丧失来鉴别。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.血液病引起的牙龈出血</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;此类牙龈出血一般为自发性出血,出血量较多且不易止住,常伴有全身症状,如贫血、发热、皮肤瘀斑等,血常规等检查可发现异常。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.坏死性溃疡性龈炎</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙龈有自发性出血,龈乳头和边缘龈坏死,表面有灰白色假膜,伴有疼痛和特殊的腐败性口臭,与慢性龈炎表现不同。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.妊娠性龈炎</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;患者处于妊娠期,全口牙龈、牙间乳头红肿,自发性出血。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.HIV相关性龈炎</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;出现线性牙龈红斑,可通过血清检查辨别。
                    </p>
 
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、治疗原则</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.去除病因</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;通过洁治术彻底清除菌斑、牙石,消除造成菌斑滞留和局部刺激牙龈的因素,如纠正不良修复体、调整咬合等。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.药物治疗</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;对于炎症较重的患者,可配合局部药物治疗,如使用1%~3%过氧化氢溶液冲洗龈沟,碘制剂进行龈沟内上药等,以减轻炎症。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.手术治疗</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前述治疗后牙龈仍未恢复者,可行牙龈成形术。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.防止复发</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;指导患者掌握正确的刷牙方法,使用牙线、牙缝刷等口腔清洁工具,保持良好的口腔卫生习惯,定期进行复查和洁治,防止复发。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">慢性龈炎病例分析的评价标准见表13-1。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表13-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;慢性龈炎病例分析的评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0184-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0029-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">对慢性龈炎患者的人文关怀</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        慢性龈炎的病因都是不健康的生活方式引起的,如牙菌斑、牙结石与不良口腔卫生习惯(吸烟、酗酒、不按时刷牙等)。作为医学生,应向患者强调健康生活方式的重要性,树立预防为主的理念。在今后执业过程中,应积极开展口腔卫生宣教,体现对患者健康的全面关怀和社会责任。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        医学生应尊重患者的知情权与隐私权。在问诊、检查过程中,注重与患者的眼神交流、语言安抚,应注重医患沟通技巧和关爱患者的人文素养。严格遵守操作规程和无菌原则。具有责任心和严谨的工作态度,明白任何一个操作环节的疏忽都可能给患者带来感染风险和不必要的痛苦。
                    </p>
 
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目十三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙周疾病病例分析</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;慢性牙周炎</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)坚守以患者为中心的核心原则,深刻理解牙周炎对患者咀嚼功能、全身健康及生活质量的长远影响。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)强化循证医学与规范化诊疗理念,坚持诊断和治疗决策严格依据详实的临床检查数据和公认的指南。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)建立系统性思维与全局观,认识到牙周炎是多因素疾病,分析需涵盖局部刺激因素、宿主免疫反应、全身危险因素及其相互作用。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:慢性牙周炎的临床表现、诊断及鉴别诊断。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:慢性牙周炎的治疗原则。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">能够准确识别慢性牙周炎的临床表现,区分慢性牙周炎和其他牙周疾病,具备慢性牙周炎的临床思辨能力。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        患者,男,45岁,教师。因刷牙出血、牙齿松动伴口臭数月前往医院就诊。自述平时工作繁忙,口腔卫生习惯较差,每日刷牙1次,且方法简单随意,未使用牙线或牙缝刷等辅助清洁工具。近期感觉牙齿松动情况愈加明显,咀嚼时不适,遂来医院检查。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">根据患者情况,给出可能的诊断。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <p class="content">慢性牙周炎是最常见的一种牙周疾病,其起病和发展都是一个非常缓慢的过程。</p>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、临床表现</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.牙龈炎症</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙龈呈现不同程度的慢性炎症,颜色暗红或鲜红,质地松软,牙龈水肿,探诊易出血,可伴有牙龈退缩。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.牙周袋形成</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙周袋深度超过3mm,袋内壁有炎症,探诊有出血溢脓等症状,这是慢性牙周炎区别于慢性龈炎的重要特征之一。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.附着丧失</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;因牙周组织长期慢性炎症破坏,结合上皮向根方增殖迁移,致使附着丧失,这也是诊断慢性牙周炎的关键指标。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.牙槽骨吸收</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;通过X线检查可发现牙槽骨有不同程度的吸收,表现为牙槽嵴顶高度降低,骨硬板消失等,其吸收程度与牙周袋深度及附着丧失程度相关。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.牙齿松动及移位</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;随着牙槽骨吸收和牙周支持组织的破坏,牙齿逐渐松动,移位,咀嚼无力,严重时可导致牙齿脱落。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、诊断要点</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.症状</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;患者常有刷牙出血、咬物无力、牙龈反复肿痛、口臭等症状,且病程较长,病情进展缓慢。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.病史</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;多有长期的牙菌斑、牙石堆积等局部刺激因素,部分患者可能有糖尿病、骨质疏松等全身因素影响。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.检查</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙龈有炎症表现,牙周袋形成,附着丧失,牙槽骨吸收,牙齿松动、移位等,结合X线检查可明确诊断。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、鉴别诊断</h4>
                    <p class="content">慢性牙周炎需与以下疾病进行鉴别。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.慢性龈炎</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;仅有牙龈炎症,无附着丧失和牙槽骨吸收,牙周袋深度一般不超过3mm。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.侵袭性牙周炎</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;发病年龄较早,病情进展迅速,牙周组织破坏程度与局部刺激物的量不成正比,常伴有家族聚集性。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.根尖周炎</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;根尖周炎的患牙多有牙髓病史,有咬合痛,牙齿松动度与牙周炎不同,牙髓活力测试无反应,X线片显示根尖周有骨质破坏影像,而牙周炎的牙槽骨吸收多为水平型或垂直型。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、治疗原则</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.基础治疗</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;进行口腔卫生指导,教会患者正确刷牙和使用牙线等清洁工具。通过洁治、刮治等方法去除牙菌斑、牙石等局部刺激因素,消除牙龈炎症。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.药物治疗</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;对于病情较重的患者,可辅助使用抗菌药物,如甲硝唑、阿莫西林等,也可局部应用米诺环素凝胶等药物。
                    </p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目十三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙周疾病病例分析</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.手术治疗</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;基础治疗后,若仍有较深的牙周袋,或存在牙龈形态不良等问题,可考虑进行牙周手术,如牙周翻瓣术、引导组织再生术等。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.修复治疗</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;对于松动、移位的牙齿,可进行松牙固定术;对于无法保留的牙齿,应及时拔除,后期再根据患者情况进行义齿修复。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.维护期治疗</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;定期复查,进行专业的洁治和口腔卫生指导,预防复发,维护牙周健康。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">慢性牙周炎病例分析的评价标准见表13-2。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表13-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;慢性牙周炎病例分析的评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0187-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0029-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">慢性牙周炎的影响及预防</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        慢性牙周炎对全身健康的影响(如心血管疾病、糖尿病等),强化对人体整体性的认知。明白作为口腔医师,不仅要治疗口腔疾病,更要关注患者整体健康,培养整体医学观和使命感。医学生应向患者倡导健康生活方式,如戒烟限酒、合理饮食,培养社会责任感,促进全民口腔健康意识提升。牙周基础治疗(龈上洁治、龈下刮治)教学中,规范操作与耐心细致非常重要。要养成严谨的治学态度和精益求精的工匠精神,理解每一个操作细节都关乎患者的治疗效果与舒适度。
                    </p>
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                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;侵袭性牙周炎</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)强化对学生群体的关注,尊重患者及其家属(尤其涉及家族史时)的知情权和参与决策权。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)树立早期识别与积极干预的紧迫感,理解及时、规范、彻底的治疗对保存患牙、改善长期预后的极端重要性。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)提升复杂沟通与长期管理意识,具备向年轻患者及其家属清晰解释疾病特点、治疗复杂性、长期维护必要性和预后不确定性的能力,管理合理期望。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:侵袭性牙周炎的临床表现、诊断及鉴别诊断。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:侵袭性牙周炎的治疗原则。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">能够准确识别侵袭性牙周炎的临床表现,区分侵袭性牙周炎和其他牙周疾病,具备侵袭性牙周炎的临床思辨能力。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        患者,女,25岁。因牙龈反复肿痛、牙齿松动到医院就诊。患者自诉近期工作压力大,经常熬夜,口腔卫生习惯一般,每天刷牙1~2次,但未使用牙线等辅助清洁工具。家族中存在类似严重牙周疾病史。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">根据患者情况,给出可能的诊断。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <p class="content">侵袭性牙周炎与慢性牙周炎有明显区别,具有家族聚集性,进展迅速。具体病因虽然未完全明了,但主要引起因素有两个:一是特定微生物的感染,二是机体防御能力的缺陷。</p>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目十三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙周疾病病例分析</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、临床表现</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.快速进展的牙周组织破坏</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;患者常在青春期左右发病,牙周炎进展迅速,短时间内可出现牙齿松动、移位,甚至脱落,牙周组织破坏程度与局部刺激物的量不成正比。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.牙龈炎症</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙龈炎症较轻,不明显,但探诊时可发现牙龈出血,龈缘可呈轻度的红肿,质地较松软。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.牙周袋和附着丧失</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;早期即可出现深牙周袋,袋壁炎症较明显,有溢脓,探诊深度常大于5mm,附着丧失严重。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.牙齿松动和移位</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;由于牙周支持组织的快速破坏,牙齿松动明显,且常出现牙齿的移位,如上颌前牙呈扇形散开等,影响美观和咀嚼功能。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、诊断要点</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.年龄与病史</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;多发生于青少年,一般年龄在35岁以下,且无明显的全身系统性疾病,但有家族聚集性倾向。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.临床症状</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙周组织破坏程度重,进展快,而牙龈炎症相对较轻,有深牙周袋形成、附着丧失及牙齿松动移位等表现。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.微生物学检查</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;常可检测出伴放线聚集杆菌等特定的牙周致病菌,对诊断有一定的辅助意义。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、鉴别诊断</h4>
                    <p class="content">侵袭性牙周炎需与以下疾病进行鉴别。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.慢性牙周炎</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;一般发病年龄较大,病情进展缓慢,牙周组织破坏程度与局部刺激因素的累积量相关,牙龈炎症较明显。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.反映全身疾病的牙周炎</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;如糖尿病、艾滋病等引起的牙周炎,有相应的全身疾病的症状和病史,牙周炎的表现也各有特点,通过详细的病史询问和全身检查可鉴别。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、治疗原则</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.早期治疗</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;强调早期、彻底的治疗,以防止病情进一步发展,包括口腔卫生指导,使患者掌握正确的刷牙方法和使用牙线、牙缝刷等清洁工具。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.基础治疗</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;进行洁治、刮治等牙周基础治疗,彻底清除牙菌斑、牙石等局部刺激因素,消除牙龈炎症。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.抗菌药物治疗</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;由于侵袭性牙周炎与特定的微生物感染有关,因此常需配合使用抗菌药物,如口服阿莫西林和甲硝唑等,以控制感染。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.调整机体防御功能</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;对于有全身因素影响的患者,如吸烟、内分泌失调等,应劝其戒烟,调整内分泌等,以增强机体的防御功能。
                    </p>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.维护治疗</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;定期复查和进行必要的后续治疗,每3~6个月复查一次,根据病情及时调整治疗方案,以维护牙周健康。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">侵袭性牙周炎病例分析的评价标准见表13-3。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表13-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;侵袭性牙周炎病例分析的评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0190-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0029-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">侵袭性牙周炎治疗过程的要点</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        我们要深刻认识侵袭性牙周炎病情的严重性与复杂性,在诊断、治疗过程中一丝不苟,对患者的口腔健康高度负责。鉴于侵袭性牙周炎的病因尚未完全明确且治疗存在诸多挑战,医学生应积极关注科研进展,勇于尝试新的治疗思路与方法,为攻克该疾病贡献力量。由于侵袭性牙周炎的治疗常涉及多学科合作(如口腔内科、口腔外科、正畸科等),医护人员要会在团队中有效沟通、协同工作,以实现患者的最佳治疗效果。同时,应意识到侵袭性牙周炎可通过改善口腔卫生习惯等进行预防,积极向患者及社会大众宣传口腔健康知识,提升全民口腔保健意识。
                    </p>
 
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目十三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙周疾病病例分析</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙周脓肿</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)树立急诊处理的紧迫感与责任感:深刻认识牙周脓肿是牙周急症,可导致剧烈疼痛、局部肿胀甚至全身反应,需优先、迅速处理以缓解症状、控制感染。将及时解除患者痛苦置于首位。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)强化循证诊断与规范处置意识:遵循牙周脓肿处理的规范化流程(引流、清创、用药),避免过度或不足治疗。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)培养全面考量与关联思维:理解牙周脓肿是牙周炎的并发症,需在急症处理后关注并处理其基础病因。考虑患者的全身健康状况对感染控制和愈合的影响。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)提升紧急沟通与患者安抚能力:具备在患者疼痛焦虑状态下清晰解释病情、治疗必要性及操作过程的能力,取得患者配合。能指导患者术后护理、识别警示症状、安排及时复诊。
                    </p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:牙周脓肿的临床表现、诊断及鉴别诊断。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:牙周脓肿的治疗原则。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">能够准确识别牙周脓肿的临床表现,区分牙周脓肿和其他牙周疾病,具备牙周脓肿的临床思辨能力。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,男,45岁。近期自觉后牙区牙龈肿胀、疼痛,咀嚼时加重,来口腔门诊就诊。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">根据患者情况,给出可能的诊断。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <p class="content">牙周脓肿是位于牙周袋壁或深部牙周结缔组织中的局限性化脓性炎症,一般为急性过程,偶有慢性,是牙周炎发展到晚期,出现牙周深袋的并发症。</p>
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                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
 
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、临床表现</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.局部肿胀</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙龈上形成椭圆形或半球形的肿胀突起,脓肿早期,肿胀部位较硬,疼痛明显,随着病情发展,脓肿变软,有波动感。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.牙龈色泽改变</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙龈发红、光亮,肿胀部位的牙龈颜色更为鲜红。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.牙周袋</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;患牙有较深的牙周袋,袋内可有脓性分泌物,探诊时疼痛加剧,且易出血。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.牙齿松动及咬合痛</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;由于牙周组织的炎症破坏,牙齿可有不同程度的松动,咬合时疼痛明显,患者常不敢对<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.全身症状</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;一般无明显全身症状,若炎症范围扩大,可伴有发热、乏力等不适,颌下淋巴结肿大、压痛。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、诊断要点</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.症状</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙龈肿胀、疼痛,牙齿松动、咬合痛,可有全身症状。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.病史</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;有牙周炎病史,近期可能有局部刺激因素加重或机体抵抗力下降等诱因。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.检查</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙龈局限性肿胀,有波动感,牙周袋深,袋内有脓,患牙松动,叩痛明显,X线片显示牙槽骨有不同程度的吸收。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、鉴别诊断</h4>
                    <p class="content">牙周脓肿需与以下疾病进行鉴别。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.牙龈脓肿</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;仅局限于牙龈乳头及龈缘,无牙周袋,X线片无牙槽骨吸收,一般由局部刺激因素引起,去除刺激后愈合快。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.牙槽脓肿</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;多由牙髓病发展而来,无牙周袋,牙髓活力无,脓肿范围较弥散,中心位于龈颊沟附近,松动度相对较轻,叩痛明显,X线片显示根尖周有骨质破坏。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、治疗原则</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.脓肿切开引流</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在脓肿波动感明显处切开,使脓液充分引流,缓解疼痛,可用生理盐水冲洗脓腔。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.牙周基础治疗</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;脓肿消退后,进行洁治、刮治等,去除牙石、菌斑等刺激因素,消除牙周袋。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.药物治疗</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;根据病情口服或局部应用抗生素,如阿莫西林、甲硝唑等,以控制感染。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.调</span><img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                            alt="" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;适当调磨患牙,减轻咬合负担,促进牙周组织恢复。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.定期复查</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;治疗后定期复查,观察牙周组织恢复情况,及时处理复发等问题。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">牙周脓肿病例分析的评价标准见表13-4。</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目十三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙周疾病病例分析</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="imgtitle">表13-4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙周脓肿病例分析的评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0193-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0029-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">牙周脓肿治疗中的人文关怀</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        牙周脓肿若处理不当会给患者带来极大痛苦且可能引发严重并发症,在诊疗过程中应严格遵循规范操作,不放过任何一个细节。口腔医护人员对患者口腔健康乃至全身健康负有不可推卸的责任,应积极主动地为患者提供全面优质的医疗服务,不推诿、不延误治疗时机。此处,牙周脓肿的治疗可能涉及多科室协作(如与口腔颌面外科在复杂病例处理上的合作、与药剂科在抗菌药物合理选用上的沟通等),我们要学会与不同专业背景的人员协同工作,共同为患者解决问题。在治疗过程中要耐心倾听患者诉求,用通俗易懂的语言向患者解释病情与治疗方案,缓解患者焦虑情绪,给予患者心理上的支持与安慰。
                    </p>
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                    <p class="right-info">(程跃航)</p>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">项目十四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔黏膜疾病病例分析</h2>
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;复发性口腔溃疡</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)培养共情与人文关怀意识,理解复发性口腔溃疡反复发作对患者生活质量及心理状态的影响,在沟通中体现耐心与安抚。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)树立循证诊疗观,坚持诊断基于典型临床表现和鉴别排除,治疗方案遵循指南与个体化原则,避免过度治疗。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:复发性口腔溃疡的临床表现、诊断及鉴别诊断。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:复发性口腔溃疡的治疗原则。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">能够准确识别复发性口腔溃疡的临床表现,区分复发性口腔溃疡和其他口腔黏膜疾病,具备复发性口腔溃疡的临床思辨能力。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        患者,女,22岁。近一年来频繁出现口腔溃疡,每次发作时疼痛明显,影响进食与说话。溃疡通常在1~2周内自愈,但间歇期不定,时常复发。此次因口腔内又出现多个溃疡前来就诊。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">根据患者情况,给出可能的诊断。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0194-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目十四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔黏膜疾病病例分析</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <p class="content">复发性口腔溃疡是最常见的口腔黏膜溃疡类疾病,又称复发性阿弗他口炎或复发性阿弗他溃疡,女性患病率高于男性,好发于10~30岁。周期反复发作,发作间隔不等。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、临床表现</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.轻型口腔溃疡</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;最常见,溃疡直径一般为2~4mm,呈圆形或椭圆形,边界清楚,周围有红晕,溃疡中央凹陷,基底平坦,表面覆盖有淡黄色假膜,有明显疼痛,一般1~2周自愈,不留瘢痕。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.重型口腔溃疡</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;又称腺周口疮,溃疡大而深,直径可达10~30mm,似“弹坑”状,周边红肿隆起,基底较硬,疼痛剧烈,愈合慢,可持续1~2个月甚至更长时间,愈合后可留瘢痕。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.疱疹样口腔溃疡</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;溃疡小而多,直径小于2mm,成簇分布,似疱疹样,可融合成片,黏膜充血发红,疼痛明显,伴有发热、头痛等全身症状,愈合后不留瘢痕,一般7~10天自愈。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、诊断要点</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.症状</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;反复发作的口腔黏膜溃疡,有明显疼痛,影响进食、说话等,发作周期不定,间歇期长短不一。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.病史</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;患者多有类似病史,有自限性,可自愈,但易复发。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.检查</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔黏膜可见不同类型的溃疡,溃疡具有典型的形态特征,周围黏膜有红晕,无明显的全身阳性体征。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、鉴别诊断</h4>
                    <p class="content">复发性口腔溃疡需与以下疾病进行鉴别。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.创伤性溃疡</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;有明显的创伤史,如咬伤、烫伤等,溃疡形态与创伤因素相符,去除刺激因素后,溃疡可逐渐愈合,一般不复发。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.白塞综合征</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;除口腔溃疡外,还伴有生殖器溃疡、眼炎及皮肤损害等,针刺试验阳性,病情较复杂,反复发作,病程较长。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.口腔单纯疱疹</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;由单纯疱疹病毒引起,好发于婴幼儿,口腔黏膜可见成簇小水疱,水疱破溃后形成溃疡,可伴有发热、头痛等全身症状,有传染性。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、治疗原则</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.局部治疗</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;以消炎、镇痛、促进溃疡愈合为目的。可使用口腔溃疡贴、西瓜霜等药物,也可用含漱液漱口,保持口腔清洁。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.全身治疗</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;对于症状较重、发作频繁的患者,可考虑全身治疗,如补充维生素和微量元素,调节机体免疫力等,有继发感染时可使用抗生素。
                    </p>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.心理治疗</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;精神因素与复发性口腔溃疡的发作有关,对患者进行心理疏导,缓解其精神压力,有助于减少复发。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.生活调整</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;规律作息,均衡饮食,避免辛辣刺激性食物,加强体育锻炼,增强体质,提高机体抵抗力。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">复发性口腔溃疡病例分析的评价标准见表14-1。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表14-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;复发性口腔溃疡病例分析的评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0196-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0029-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">复发性口腔溃疡治疗期间的人文关怀</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        复发性口腔溃疡虽非严重致命疾病,但因其反复发作、疼痛明显,会给患者的生活质量带来较大影响,作为医护人员,应设身处地感受患者的痛苦,在诊疗过程中给予充分的关怀与安慰。由于生活方式因素在复发性口腔溃疡的发病中起重要作用,医学生应积极向患者及社会大众宣传健康的生活方式(如合理饮食、规律作息、减压放松等),提高全民健康素养,体现口腔医学专业人员的社会责任。复发性口腔溃疡的治疗往往需要较长时间且易复发,在面对患者的反复咨询和治疗时应保持耐心,认真负责地跟踪患者病情变化,调整治疗方案,确保治疗效果。
                    </p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目十四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔黏膜疾病病例分析</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔念珠菌病</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)强化易感人群关注意识,重视婴幼儿、老年人、戴义齿者、免疫低下者等口腔念珠菌病高风险群体,避免刻板印象。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)树立合理用药伦理观,警惕广谱抗生素/激素滥用导致菌群失衡,明确抗真菌药使用指征与疗程,预防耐药性。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)注重院感防控与宣教,指导患者或家属进行义齿清洁、奶瓶消毒等预防措施,减少交叉感染风险。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:口腔念珠菌病的临床表现、诊断及鉴别诊断。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:口腔念珠菌病的治疗原则。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">能够准确识别口腔念珠菌病的临床表现,区分口腔念珠菌病的不同类型,具备口腔念珠菌病的临床思辨能力。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,男,68岁。因佩戴全口义齿后,口腔黏膜出现灼痛、口干,且义齿基托覆盖区域黏膜发红、有白色斑点,来口腔科就诊。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">根据患者情况,给出可能的诊断。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <p class="content">口腔念珠菌病是由于念珠菌属的病菌引起的原发或继发感染,是人类最常见的口腔真菌感染,会侵犯皮肤、黏膜和内脏,分为急性假膜型、急性红斑型、慢性红斑型和慢性增殖型。
                    </p>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、临床表现</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.急性假膜型</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;又称雪口病,常见于新生儿。口腔黏膜上出现白色凝乳状斑点或斑块,可融合成片,不易擦去,若强行擦去,可见下方黏膜潮红、粗糙,有溢血。患儿可因疼痛而烦躁不安、啼哭拒食。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.急性红斑型</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;多见于长期使用抗生素、激素等药物的患者。黏膜上出现弥散性红斑,以舌黏膜多见,严重时舌背黏膜呈鲜红色并有舌乳头萎缩,双颊、上腭等部位也可受累,患者常自觉口干、味觉异常、疼痛等。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.慢性红斑型</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;又称义齿性口炎,多发生于戴义齿的患者。常表现为义齿承托区黏膜广泛发红,形成边界清楚的红斑,可有颗粒增生或乳头样增生,患者自觉口干、灼痛,取下义齿后,红斑疼痛可减轻或消失。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.慢性增殖型</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;可发生于颊黏膜、舌背及腭部等部位。病损区黏膜出现白色斑块样增生,或呈颗粒状、结节状,黏膜表面粗糙,不易擦去,有时伴有口角炎,患者一般无明显自觉症状。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、诊断要点</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.症状</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;患者可出现口腔黏膜的白色斑块、红斑、口干、疼痛、味觉异常等症状,不同类型表现有所不同。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.病史</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了解患者是否有长期使用抗生素、激素等药物史,是否佩戴义齿,以及全身健康状况等。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.检查</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔黏膜有典型的病损表现,涂片检查可发现菌丝和孢子,必要时进行真菌培养,以明确诊断。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、鉴别诊断</h4>
                    <p class="content">口腔念珠菌病需与以下疾病进行鉴别。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.口腔白斑病</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;表现为口腔黏膜的白色斑块,质地较硬,边界清楚,表面粗糙,一般无自觉症状,去除刺激因素后,白斑不会立即消失,病理检查可鉴别。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.口腔扁平苔藓</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;表现为口腔黏膜的白色条纹或斑块,可伴有充血、糜烂等,患者多有黏膜粗糙感、木涩感、烧灼感等,病理检查有特征性表现。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、治疗原则</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.局部治疗</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;可用2%~4%碳酸氢钠溶液含漱或清洗口腔,以改变口腔酸碱度,抑制念珠菌生长。还可局部涂抹制霉菌素混悬液、咪康唑霜剂等抗真菌药物。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.全身治疗</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;对于症状严重、病变范围广泛或免疫功能低下的患者,可口服抗真菌药物,如氟康唑、伊曲康唑等,但需注意药物的副作用。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.去除诱发因素</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;停用不必要的抗生素、激素等药物,积极治疗全身性疾病,保持口腔清洁,注意义齿的清洁和消毒等。
                    </p>
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                        <span class="header-title">项目十四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔黏膜疾病病例分析</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">口腔念珠菌病病例分析的评价标准见表14-2。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表14-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔念珠菌病病例分析的评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0199-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
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                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">口腔念珠菌病治疗时的人文关怀</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">部分患者因念珠菌感染口腔,症状严重影响生活质量。作为医学生,要体会患者的痛苦,理解患者对健康的渴望。树立关爱患者、尊重生命的职业价值观。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        医护人员应让患者充分了解口腔念珠菌病的预防知识,如保持口腔卫生、合理使用抗生素等;同时应明白口腔医师在疾病预防中的社会责任,认识到通过普及口腔卫生知识,可以减少念珠菌病等口腔疾病的发生,提升全民口腔健康水平。
                    </p>
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                            active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="right-info">(程跃航)</p>
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                    <h2 class="secondTitle">项目十五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔颌面外科疾病病例分析</h2>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙外伤</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)具有同理心,关心牙外伤患者的痛苦,缓解患者紧张情绪。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)提高对牙外伤病例的观察、分析、判断和综合能力,形成系统的临床思维。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)树立积极参与口腔健康科普的意识,能从牙外伤的病因出发,帮助患者养成良好的口腔健康习惯。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:牙外伤的分类、诊断及治疗设计。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:松牙固定术的操作。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:牙折的类型。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)能够对牙外伤进行正确的诊断并作出正确的处理。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)能够分析和判断牙外伤患者的病例信息,给出治疗方案。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)能够清晰、有效地与患者沟通,确保患者理解并配合。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,女,16岁。</p>
                    <p class="content">主诉:前牙摔伤2小时。</p>
                    <p class="content">现病史:2小时前骑车摔倒,出血较多,前牙疼痛较重,前来就诊。</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目十五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔颌面外科疾病病例分析</span>
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                    <p class="content">检查:痛苦面容,左上颌中切牙较右上颌稍短,松动度Ⅰ度,牙龈缘出血明显,撕裂伤口约0.7cm;叩痛(+),余牙未见异常。</p>
                    <p class="content">X线检查:右上中切牙陷入3~4mm,牙根完整,未见根折线。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">分析本案例,阐述诊断及诊断依据、鉴别诊断、治疗设计。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0200-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <p class="content">牙外伤可分为牙挫伤、牙脱位及牙折三类。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)牙挫伤</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        牙挫伤是指牙齿受到直接或间接的外力撞击后,未发生明显移位或折断,但牙周膜和牙髓组织可能受到损伤。患者通常会感到患牙伸长、松动,并伴有咬合痛。检查时,可发现牙齿无明显移位,但可能有轻微松动,牙龈可能出现红肿,叩诊时会有疼痛反应。X线检查通常不会显示明显的牙折线,但根尖片可能会显示牙周膜增宽,这是牙周膜受到损伤的表现。牙挫伤的处理原则主要是保护牙髓,促进牙周膜恢复。如果牙齿松动,则实施松牙固定术:即通过牙周夹板或其他固定装置,将患牙与邻近健康牙齿连接在一起,为牙齿提供必要的支持,固定2~3周。如果有咬合干扰现象,则采取调磨对颌牙,以保护患牙在固定期间不受额外的咬合压力。牙外伤患者需定期随访,观察患牙的牙髓活力情况,如有牙髓坏死,应进行根管治疗。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)牙脱位</p>
                    <p class="content">牙脱位指较大的外力撞击使牙脱出或脱离牙槽窝,根据损伤程度分为部分性牙脱位和完全性牙脱位两类。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.部分性牙脱位</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;临床可见牙在牙槽窝中的位置有明显改变或脱出。但没有完全脱离牙槽窝,造成牙周膜附着破坏,使根尖血管神经束断裂,牙髓组织损伤。部分脱位的牙常有松动、伸长、移位和疼痛,并妨碍咬合;向深部嵌入者,牙冠外露部分变短,其位置低于咬合平面。根据牙脱位的形态,部分性牙脱位又分为脱出性牙脱位、侧方脱位及嵌入性牙脱位三种类型。部分性牙脱位常伴有牙龈淤血或撕裂出血,严重者可伴有牙折或牙槽骨骨折。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.完全性牙脱位</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;患牙已脱离了牙槽窝,牙槽窝空虚,牙周膜牙髓同时损伤,或仅有软组织相连,甚或完全离体。完全性牙脱位时局部牙龈可有撕裂和红肿及并发牙槽突骨折。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        治疗牙脱位的关键在于迅速复位和固定,以促进牙周组织的愈合和牙齿的再附着。对于部分性脱位牙,应在局部麻醉下将牙齿复位,并采用单颌固定术将患牙与邻近的健康牙齿结扎在一起;对于完全性脱位牙,若离体时间较短,牙周膜未完全坏死,应尽快在局部麻醉下将牙齿重新植入牙槽窝并固定,若牙齿已受污染,需先用生理盐水或抗生素液彻底清洗后再植入。在治疗过程中,需注意保持口腔清洁,避免用患牙咀嚼硬物,并定期复查以监测牙齿的稳定性和牙髓状况。若发现牙髓坏死,应及时进行根管治疗。对于年轻恒牙,因其牙根尚未完全发育,脱位后更易受损,治疗时应尽量保留活髓,以利于牙根的继续发育。若牙齿无法复位或复位后预后不佳,则需考虑拔除,待创口愈合后进行义齿修复。
                    </p>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
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                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(三)牙折</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        牙折常因暴力的直接作用或偶然咬到硬物所致,多见于前牙。一般分为冠折、根折、冠根联合折。牙折的临床表现因折断部位和程度而异。冠折时,牙齿的牙冠部分可能断裂,暴露牙髓,引起疼痛和敏感。根折则发生在牙根部位,可能导致牙齿松动或移位。冠根联合折是冠部和根部同时发生折断,情况较为严重。治疗牙折需根据具体情况进行,治疗措施包括修复牙冠、根管治疗或拔牙等。在修复过程中,要保持口腔清洁,避免感染,定期复查监测牙齿的恢复情况。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">结合本案例,对牙外伤病例进行分析。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、诊断及诊断要点</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.诊断</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)左上颌中切牙嵌入型牙脱位。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)左上颌中切牙龈缘撕裂伤。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.诊断要点</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)病史:牙外伤史。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)症状:出血较多,前牙疼痛较重。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)体征:左上颌中切牙较右上颌稍短,松动度Ⅰ度,牙龈缘出血,撕裂,叩痛(+)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)辅助检查:X线片示右上颌中切牙陷入3~4mm,牙根完整,未见根折线。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、鉴别诊断</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.牙挫伤</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙有松动及伸长感,无明显位置移动。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.牙根折</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙松动、移位,叩痛;X线检查可见根折线。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.牙伸长型脱位</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙冠伸长、松动、移位,X线检查有明显牙周膜间隙改变。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、治疗设计</h4>
                    <p class="content">1.左上颌中切牙嵌入型牙脱位,复位左上颌中切牙。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.采用牙弓夹板固定左上颌中切牙,固定时间2~3周。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.左上颌中切牙龈缘撕裂伤,缝合撕裂的牙龈。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.1、3、6、12个月定期复查,观察牙齿是否变色,后期行根管治疗。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">牙外伤病例分析的评价标准见表15-1。</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">项目十五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔颌面外科疾病病例分析</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="imgtitle">表15-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙外伤病例分析的评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0203-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;干槽症</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)强化“疼痛优先”的应急意识,对干槽症疼痛剧烈的患者,能在采集核心信息后,先缓解患者痛苦,再补充采集细节,避免加重患者痛苦。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)具有职业责任感,加强医患沟通能力,如需检查拔牙窝,先征得患者同意后操作,避免强行探查。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:干槽症的临床表现及诊断要点。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:干槽症病例分析的方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:干槽症的病因。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">具备干槽症的临床思辨能力,能够分析和判断干槽症患者的病史信息,提出初步诊断和进一步检查的建议,作出正确处理。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,男,23岁。</p>
                    <p class="content">主诉:左下第三磨牙(智齿)拔除3天,剧烈疼痛1天。</p>
 
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
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                    <p class="content">
                        现病史:因左下第三磨牙阻生,反复牙龈肿痛。曾就医诊断为“左下第三磨牙水平中位阻生,慢性智齿冠周炎”。口服抗生素后自觉肿痛减轻。3天前来医院拔除左下第三磨牙,拔牙时间约30分钟,过程略困难。术后肿胀明显,口服抗生素。1天前,拔牙创剧烈、持续疼痛,向左侧耳颞部放射,服用“去痛片”无明显效果。开口疼痛,不受限。有全身发热不适症状。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">无既往史,无药物过敏史。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        检查:体温37.8℃,表情痛苦,左侧面部有轻度肿胀,无开口受限。左侧拔牙创牙龈充血红肿,无撕裂和渗血;牙槽窝内可见黑紫色血凝块残留,骨壁有灰白色膜状物,触痛明显,有腐臭味。左侧颌下淋巴结肿大,有压痛。其余未见异常。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">分析本病例,阐述诊断及诊断依据、鉴别诊断、治疗设计。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <p class="content">干槽症是以疼痛和拔牙创愈合障碍为主要特征的拔牙术后并发症。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.病因</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;干槽症的病因有多种学说。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)感染学说:基于干槽症实际上表现为骨创感染,它是较早提出的病因学说。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)创伤学说:许多研究认为创伤为干槽症的主要发病因素之一。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)解剖因素学说:此学说认为下颌磨牙区有较厚的密质骨,致使该部位血液供应不良。下颌第三磨牙拔除后,骨腔大,血凝块不易附着。下颌牙拔除后,食物及唾液易进入拔牙创而引发感染。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (4)纤维蛋白溶解学说:此学说认为拔牙的创伤或感染,引起骨髓的炎症,使组织活化剂释放,将血凝块中的纤溶酶原转化为纤溶酶,使血凝块中的纤维蛋白溶解导致血凝块脱落,出现干槽现象;同时产生激肽,引发疼痛。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">除上述病因以外,还有许多病因被提出,如全身因素、吸烟等。目前认为干槽症的病因是综合性的,起作用的不是单一因素,而是多因素的综合作用结果。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.临床表现</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;干槽症多数发生于下颌阻生第三磨牙或其他复杂牙拔除术后。临床上可分为腐败型与非腐败型两类,前者更严重而多见。主要症状是发生在术后3~4天后的持续性疼痛,可向耳颞部放射,一般镇痛药不能缓解;检查可见创口周围牙龈红肿;牙槽窝内残留腐败变性的血凝块或血凝块脱落,牙槽窝内空虚,内壁有灰白色假膜覆盖;骨壁有明显的探痛;有明显恶臭味;局部淋巴结肿大、压痛;偶有开口受限、低热和全身不适等症状。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">结合本案例,对干槽症进行病例分析。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、诊断及诊断要点</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.诊断</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;左下第三磨牙干槽症。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.诊断要点</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)病史:左下第三磨牙拔除3天,手术创伤大,剧烈疼痛1天。</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">项目十五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔颌面外科疾病病例分析</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                    <p class="content">(2)症状:拔牙创剧烈疼痛,向耳颞部放射,口服“去痛片”无效。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)体征:拔牙窝空虚,有黑紫色残留血凝块,骨壁污秽,触痛明显,有腐臭味。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)辅助检查:体温37.8℃,左颌下淋巴结肿大。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、鉴别诊断</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.拔牙术后反应</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;主要表现为拔牙创术后疼痛,肿胀,口服镇痛片有效。术后3天疼痛肿胀明显减轻。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.拔牙术后急性感染</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;表现为拔牙创渗出肿胀等。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.左侧后牙牙髓、牙周病变</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;无拔牙史,有阵发痛、夜间痛和冷热刺激痛等症状。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、治疗设计</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.治疗原则</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;消炎镇痛,清创,隔离外界刺激,促进肉芽组织生长。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.具体操作方法</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)局部麻醉下清创,刮除左下第三磨牙拔牙窝内腐败坏死性组织。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)用蘸有3%过氧化氢溶液的小棉球擦拭骨壁,生理盐水反复冲洗,直至无污色为止。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)填塞丁香油碘仿纱条。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)10天后换药,如果效果不佳,次日即可换药处理。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">干槽症病例分析的评价标准见表15-2。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表15-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;干槽症病例分析的评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0205-01.jpg" alt=""
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
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                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">拔牙前后如何预防干槽症的发生?</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        在拔牙前,为有效预防干槽症的发生,医护人员应采取一系列预防措施。首先,在拔牙前应详细询问患者的病史,评估患者的全身状况和口腔局部情况,对于可能存在的高风险患者,应给予更为谨慎的处理。在拔牙过程中,应尽量减少创伤,采用微创拔牙技术,避免过度损伤牙周组织和牙槽骨。拔牙后,应仔细处理拔牙创,确保血凝块的形成和稳定,避免血凝块脱落或感染。此外,拔牙后应给予患者详细的术后指导,包括避免用患侧咀嚼食物、保持口腔卫生、定期复诊等,以减少干槽症的发生风险。医护人员还应加强对患者的健康宣教,提高患者对干槽症的认识和预防意识,共同维护患者的口腔健康。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;智齿冠周炎</h3>
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                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)加强医患沟通能力,若涉及智齿拔除,应缓解患者对拔牙的恐惧,取得患者同意及配合,避免强迫接受治疗建议,体现知情同意原则。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)具有职业道德意识,尊重智齿冠周炎患者的隐私,严格遵循医疗伦理规范。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:智齿冠周炎的临床表现及诊断要点。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:智齿冠周炎病例分析的方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:智齿冠周炎的病因。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">具备智齿冠周炎的临床思辨能力,能够分析和判断智齿冠周炎患者的病史信息,提出初步诊断和进一步检查的建议,作出正确处理。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,男,28岁。</p>
                    <p class="content">主诉:右下颌后牙肿痛5天。</p>
                    <p class="content">现病史:5天前,患者因右下颌后牙区肿痛,前往医院,诊断为“右下智齿冠周炎”,给予消炎药物治疗。患者未能及时服药,病情逐渐加重,开口轻度受限。</p>
                    <p class="content">查体:体温37.8℃,一般情况可;右面颊皮肤未见红肿,开口轻度受限、疼痛,右下第三磨牙阻生,牙龈红肿溢脓。</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">项目十五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔颌面外科疾病病例分析</span>
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                    <p class="content">检查:X线片见右下第三磨牙近中阻生;血常规示白细胞11.5×10<span class="super">9</span>/L。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">分析本案例,阐述诊断依据及诊断、治疗设计、局部治疗方法。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <p class="content">智齿冠周炎是指第三磨牙(智齿)萌出不全或阻生时,牙冠周围软组织发生的炎症。临床上以下颌智齿冠周炎多见。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        智齿冠周炎主要发生在18~30岁第三磨牙萌出期的青年人或阻生齿的患者。其常以急性炎症的形式出现。急性智齿冠周炎初期一般无明显全身反应,患者自觉患侧磨牙后区胀痛不适,当进食咀嚼、吞咽、开口活动时疼痛加重。如病情继续发展,局部可呈自发性跳痛或沿耳颞神经分布区产生放射性痛,口内龈瓣红肿加剧,重者可波及舌腭弓和咽旁软组织。炎症侵犯咀嚼肌时,可引起肌肉反射性痉挛而出现不同程度的开口受限,甚至完全不能开口而影响进食。多有口腔不洁、口臭、舌苔变厚、患牙龈袋处有咸味分泌物溢出等症状,随着局部症状加剧,全身症状渐趋明显,可出现不同程度的发热、畏寒、全身不适、食欲缺乏等。实验室检查可见白细胞计数增多,中性粒细胞比例升高。慢性智齿冠周炎在临床上多无明显症状,仅局部有轻度压痛、不适。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">结合本案例,对智齿冠周炎进行病例分析。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、诊断及诊断要点</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.诊断</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下智齿冠周脓肿。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.诊断要点</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)病史:右下颌后牙肿痛5天。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)症状:右下颌后牙区肿痛,开口轻度受限、疼痛。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)体征:体温37.8℃;右面颊皮肤未见红肿;开口轻度受限,右下第三磨牙阻生,牙龈红肿溢脓。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)辅助检查:X线片见右下第三磨牙近中阻生;血常规示白细胞11.5×10<span class="super">9</span>/L。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、治疗设计</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.全身治疗</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;全身应用抗生素、支持疗法。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.局部治疗</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下第三磨牙冠周冲洗上药,消炎治疗。应用1%~3%过氧化氢溶液、0.9%生理盐水反复冲洗盲袋,清洁后,盲袋放置碘甘油棉捻引流。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.清除病灶</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;待病情缓解后,拔除右下第三磨牙。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">智齿冠周炎病例分析的评价标准见表15-3。</p>
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                    <p class="imgtitle">表15-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;智齿冠周炎病例分析的评价标准</p>
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                            active="true" /></div>
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                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">智齿冠周炎的扩散途径</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        智齿冠周炎若未及时治疗,炎症将沿以下途径扩散。首先,通过口腔内部的组织间隙,炎症可能蔓延至邻近软组织,导致肿胀和疼痛加剧;其次,借助淋巴系统,细菌及炎性因子可能进入淋巴管,引发局部淋巴结肿大和压痛;再者,炎症可能突破骨壁,向更深层的颌骨组织扩散,造成更严重的骨质破坏和感染;最后,在极少数情况下,细菌还可能通过血液循环系统影响全身健康,尽管这种情况较为罕见,但仍需警惕。了解并掌握智齿冠周炎的这些扩散途径,对于及早采取措施、控制病情发展具有重要意义。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颌面部间隙感染</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)强化“生命优先”的危机意识,颌面部间隙感染可能因肿胀压迫气道或引发败血症危及患者生命,需对高危信号保持警惕,避免因机械流程延误紧急处理。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)建立“共情式”沟通意识,患者常因面部明显肿胀、疼痛剧烈等产生焦虑,甚至因外观改变自卑,需以温和语言缓解患者焦虑。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:颌面部间隙感染的临床表现及诊断要点。</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">项目十五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔颌面外科疾病病例分析</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:颌面部间隙感染的治疗方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:颌面部间隙感染的病因。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">具备颌面部间隙感染的临床思辨能力,能够分析和判断颌面部间隙感染患者的病史信息,提出初步诊断和进一步检查的建议,作出正确处理。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,女性,42岁。</p>
                    <p class="content">主诉:拔除右下第一磨牙残根3天,右咽侧疼痛,开口受限1天。</p>
                    <p class="content">现病史:3天前,拔除右下第一磨牙残根,行下牙槽神经、舌神经阻滞麻醉。3天后,患者出现全身发热,右咽侧疼痛,随即出现开口受限,吞咽疼痛。</p>
                    <p class="content">检查:口内拔牙创血凝块愈合良好;口外颌下淋巴结肿大,下颌升支后缘丰满,皮肤红肿,压痛明显。颌面部其他部位没有明显阳性体征。</p>
                    <p class="content">辅助检查:实验室检查示白细胞15×10<span class="super">9</span>/L;X线检查示拔牙创无断根存在。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">分析本案例,阐述患者最可能的诊断、诊断依据、治疗方案。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        口腔颌面部间隙感染是指在口腔、颌面及颈上部各潜在性筋膜间隙中发生的细菌性炎症的总称。口腔颌面部间隙是指位于筋膜间、筋膜与肌肉间、肌肉与骨膜间,以及骨膜间潜在的间隙。它们为脂肪、血管神经束、淋巴组织和疏松结缔组织所充实。一旦感染侵入,间隙内的结缔组织遭到破坏,充满炎症物时,则间隙方始存在。在这些间隙中发生的弥散性化脓性炎症,称为蜂窝织炎。化脓性炎症局限后称为脓肿。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)咬肌间隙感染</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        咬肌间隙感染多来自下颌智齿冠周炎、下颌磨牙根尖周炎或下颌骨髓炎的扩散,以及邻近间隙的感染扩散,是临床上最常见的间隙感染之一。腮腺咬肌区有明显的红肿和疼痛,有时波及下颌下部,红肿常以下颌角为中心。由于咬肌受炎症刺激而痉挛,故而有严重的张口困难。此间隙脓肿因被强大的咬肌筋膜所覆盖,所以不易触及波动,常需要做穿刺确定有无脓肿形成。脓肿形成应及时切开引流,避免颌骨骨髓炎的发生。
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
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                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)眶下间隙感染</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        眶下间隙感染多来自上颌前牙和上颌第一前磨牙根尖周化脓性炎症的扩散,上唇底部及鼻侧部脓肿也可扩散至此间隙,婴幼儿上颌骨骨髓炎也常伴有眶下间隙感染。临床表现为眶下区肿胀、上下眼睑水肿。鼻侧、上唇及颊部也出现反应性水肿,鼻唇沟消失。在口内,可见上颌前庭沟肿胀,并有明显压痛。脓肿形成后可触及波动。由于眶下神经受压,眶下间隙感染可引起剧烈疼痛。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(三)颊间隙感染</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        颊间隙感染多来自下颌智齿冠周炎、上下颌前磨牙及磨牙的根尖周脓肿;其次是腺源性感染。此外,颊部皮肤的损伤、疖痈及颊黏膜溃疡也可继发此间隙的感染。其临床特点取决于脓肿所在的部位。如在颊部黏膜下形成的脓肿,面颊部肿胀较轻,口腔内颊侧前庭沟肿胀明显;如脓肿位于皮下,则面部肿胀明显。下颌第三磨牙冠周炎或上、下颌磨牙根尖周炎扩散所致的颊间隙脓肿,可穿破皮肤形成颊瘘。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(四)翼颌间隙感染</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        翼颌间隙感染常为下颌智齿冠周炎、下颌磨牙根尖周炎扩散所致,也有因邻近间隙感染波及者。下牙槽神经阻滞麻醉时消毒不严、下颌第三磨牙拔除时创伤过大等亦可引起该间隙感染。临床表现为面侧深部疼痛,并向耳颞部放射。有渐进性开口受限,严重时可有牙关紧闭,咀嚼或吞咽食物时疼痛加剧。口腔检查可见翼下颌皱襞处黏膜水肿。对比两侧有时可发现患侧下颌支后缘内侧皮肤肿胀及有深压痛。因该间隙位置深在,多需穿刺检查方可确定有无脓肿形成。可从口内或口外进行切开引流。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(五)颞间隙感染</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        颞间隙感染多由邻近间隙的感染扩散而来,也可继发于化脓性中耳炎、乳突炎、外伤感染及颞部皮肤疖、痈等。病变区域表现为凹陷性水肿、压痛、开口困难、咀嚼疼痛。浅部脓肿可扪及波动感,深部脓肿穿刺可抽出脓液。若为多间隙感染,肿胀可波及一侧头面部。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(六)颞下间隙感染</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        颞下间隙感染多来自上下颌磨牙的炎症,尤以上颌智齿冠周炎的直接侵犯为常见。此外,上颌结节、圆孔、卵圆孔阻滞麻醉,如消毒不严,也可能将感染带入间隙。颞下间隙位置深在、隐蔽,早期症状不明显。可出现上颌骨后区的面侧深部疼痛,进而开口受限,进食、咀嚼时疼痛。检查可见上颌结节处的前庭沟红肿、压痛,口外可见颧骨弓上下及颧部肿胀。如伴多间隙感染,则病情严重,肿胀可波及一侧面部。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(七)下颌下间隙感染</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        下颌下间隙感染多见于下颌智齿冠周炎、下颌磨牙化脓性根尖周炎的感染扩散。儿童则多由于下颌淋巴结炎扩散引起。此外,急性下颌下腺炎、下颌骨骨髓炎及邻近间隙的感染也可波及此间隙。临床主要表现为下颌下区皮肤红肿、压痛,并可出现凹陷性水肿。后期皮肤变软呈暗红色,可扪及波动。患侧舌下区亦常有水肿。患者可有轻度开口困难及吞咽疼痛。
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                        <span class="header-title">项目十五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔颌面外科疾病病例分析</span>
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                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(八)舌下间隙感染</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        舌下间隙感染主要来自下颌前牙的炎症扩散。此外,下颌牙的牙周病,口底黏膜的损伤、溃疡、舌下腺及下颌腺导管的炎症等均有可能引起舌下间隙感染。单独舌下间隙感染不多见,临床表现主要为舌下肉阜、颌舌沟黏膜充血水肿。感染限于一侧时,舌被推向健侧;若两侧同时感染,则舌体被抬高。同时出现舌运动受限、吞咽疼痛、进食困难及语言障碍。严重者,因口底肿胀,呈“二重舌”状态,口不能闭,流涎。如舌根处肿胀,呼吸困难。如感染来自舌下腺、下颌下腺导管者,可见有脓液自下颌下腺导管口溢出。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(九)口底多间隙感染</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        口底多间隙感染多来自下颌牙的根尖周炎、智齿冠周炎、口腔及颌骨的感染,也可继发于颌下、颏下化脓性淋巴结炎及扁桃体炎,或是远处感染经血循环扩散。化脓性感染的病原菌以金黄色葡萄球菌和链球菌为主;腐败坏死性感染则常是厌氧性、腐败坏死性细菌的混合感染。化脓性病菌引起的口底多间隙感染,早期常起于一侧舌下或颌下区,继而很快波及口底诸间隙,至颌下、颏下、舌下区及咽喉部出现弥漫性肿胀。肿胀范围可达颈部及上胸部。皮肤表面广泛性红肿,坚硬而有压痛,有时可出现凹陷性水肿。舌下肉阜处黏膜出血,有青紫色瘀斑。口底肿胀使舌体抬高,并前伸于上下前牙之间,呈半张口和“二重舌”状态,且伴流涎。常有吞咽及语言障碍,严重者可因舌根水肿压迫会厌而出现呼吸困难。全身中毒症状也十分明显。多伴有发热、寒战,白细胞计数增多,中性粒细胞比例升高。腐败坏死性病原菌引起的口底蜂窝织炎,病情发展更为迅速、广泛。表现为软组织的广泛水肿,范围可上至面颊部,下及颈部锁骨水平,严重者甚至可达胸上部。病变部位皮肤苍白,炎症区组织僵硬如木板。若肌坏死,皮下组织软化溶解,液体积聚而有波动感。在有气体存在时,可出现捻发音。口底黏膜水肿明显,可呈蓝紫色,上覆灰色假膜。由于全身中毒反应明显,机体防御能力下降,体温反而不高,呼吸短促,脉快而弱,血压下降。如不及时处理,可发生窒息,或因并发败血症、感染性休克、心肌炎、纵隔炎等而危及生命。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(十)颏下间隙感染</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        颏下间隙感染多为腺源性感染扩散所致。颏部皮肤损伤、疖肿,下颌前牙牙周与根尖周病变,先引起颏下淋巴结炎,然后继发颏下间隙感染。由于颏下间隙与舌下间隙、下颌下间隙毗邻,因此感染常互相传播。因一般病情进展缓慢,肿胀较局限。重者者呈双下颏状,压之有凹陷性水肿。形成脓肿后,可有波动感。如伴发下颌下、舌下多间隙感染,则病情严重。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(十一)咽旁间隙感染</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        咽旁间隙感染多继发于下颌智齿冠周炎。邻近间隙的化脓性炎症、扁桃体、颈深淋巴结的化脓性炎症可扩散至此间隙。此外,感染亦可来自化脓性中耳炎及乳突炎。主要症状为咽侧壁及软腭、舌腭弓、咽腭弓红肿,重者悬雍垂可被推向健侧,开口受限。局部疼痛剧烈,吞咽困难。若伴喉水肿,可出现声音嘶哑及呼吸困难。
                    </p>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
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                    <p class="content">结合本案例,对颌面部间隙感染进行病例分析。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、诊断及诊断要点</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.诊断</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右翼颌间隙感染</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.诊断要点</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)病史:局部麻醉下拔牙史。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)症状:拔牙3天后,患者出现全身发热,右咽侧疼痛,随即出现开口受限,吞咽疼痛。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)体征:口内拔牙创血凝块愈合良好;口外颌下淋巴结肿大,下颌升支后缘丰满,皮肤红肿,压痛明显。颌面部其他部位没有明显阳性体征。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)辅助检查:白细胞15×10<span class="super">9</span>/L;X线检查示拔牙创无断根存在。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、治疗设计</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.全身治疗</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;全身应用抗生素+支持疗法。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.手术治疗</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;脓肿切开,引流脓液。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.脓肿切开具体操作</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;局部麻醉下,距下颌角下方2cm皮肤处做切口,长度2~3cm,分离至下颌角内面,进入翼颌间隙。冲洗脓腔,放置引流条。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">颌面部间隙感染病例分析的评价标准见表15-4。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表15-4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颌面部间隙感染病例分析的评价标准</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">项目十五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔颌面外科疾病病例分析</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">颌面部间隙感染的特点</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        颌面部间隙感染均为继发性,病因常见为牙源性、腺源性感染,医源性、损伤性、血源性感染较为少见,感染多为需氧菌和厌氧菌引起的混合性感染,多为急性炎症过程,病情发展迅速,全身和局部症状均较明显。作为医护人员,在诊疗过程中,除了要具有专业知识外,还要坚持“以患者为中心”的职业理念,同情关爱患者的痛苦和需求,善于与患者沟通,采集病史,增强患者的信任感和安全感。医学生作为未来的医疗工作者,应不断学习和实践,将爱伤意识和职业素养融入每一次治疗中,为患者提供优质的医疗服务。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔颌面部创伤</h3>
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                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)加强医患沟通能力,建立“创伤共情”意识,患者常因突发意外出现剧烈疼痛、面部出血或容貌改变,易产生恐惧、烦躁甚至情绪崩溃,需以沉稳语气安抚。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)尊重患者隐私,严格遵循医疗伦理规范,具有良好职业道德。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:口腔颌面部创伤的临床表现及诊断要点。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:口腔颌面部创伤病例分析的方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:口腔颌面部创伤的病因。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">具备颌面部创伤的临床思辨能力,能够分析和判断颌面部创伤患者的病史信息,提出初步诊断和进一步检查的建议,作出正确处理。</p>
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                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,男,40岁。</p>
                    <p class="content">主诉:车祸致牙齿不能咬合3小时。</p>
                    <p class="content">现病史:车祸外伤,面部着地,当时无昏迷呕吐,右下颌及口腔出血,牙齿不能咬合。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        查体:神志清楚,右下颌体部见长约2.0cm开放创口,开口度1.5cm,咬合关系紊乱,右下唇麻木感,43、44间见明显骨折线,异常动度,48松动Ⅱ度,牙龈撕裂,右下颌肿胀,右侧髁状突冲击试验减弱,上颌骨无异常动度,余无异常。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">辅助检查:颅脑CT检查未见异常,右下颌骨颏部及下颌角骨折。</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">分析本案例,阐述诊断及诊断依据、治疗设计。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <p class="content">口腔颌面部损伤形式多样,包括软组织损伤、硬组织损伤(骨折及牙齿损伤)等。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)软组织损伤</p>
                    <p class="content">软组织损伤是口腔颌面部损伤中较为常见的一种。这类损伤可能由于外力直接作用于软组织,导致局部肿胀、疼痛、出血和功能障碍。软组织损伤可分为开放性损伤和闭合性损伤。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.开放性损伤</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;如切割伤、撕裂伤等,伤口与外界相通,易受到污染,需及时清创缝合,并应用抗生素预防感染。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.闭合性损伤</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;如挫伤、血肿等,虽伤口未暴露于外,但仍需密切观察病情变化,及时处理可能出现的并发症,如血肿增大、组织坏死等。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)硬组织损伤</p>
                    <p class="content">硬组织损伤包括牙及牙槽骨损伤、上下颌骨骨折、颧骨骨折、鼻骨骨折等多种类型。本处重点介绍颌骨骨折。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.上颌骨骨折</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌骨骨折发生率较下颌骨少得多。通常由于外力直接作用于上颌骨,导致骨质连续性中断。上颌骨骨折的临床表现主要包括面部肿胀、疼痛、出血、咬合关系紊乱,骨折块移位导致呼吸道阻塞、甚至窒息;Le
                        Fort Ⅱ型和Le Fort
                        Ⅲ型骨折常导致眶内及眶周组织内出血,形成眼镜状眶周瘀斑(又称熊猫眼),睑、球结膜下出血,或眼球移位、复视等。还常并发颅脑损伤或颅底骨折,出现脑脊液漏(鼻漏、耳漏)等。根据骨折线的位置和走向,上颌骨骨折可以分为多种类型,如Le
                        Fort Ⅰ型、Le Fort Ⅱ型和Le Fort Ⅲ型、不规则型及纵形骨折。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.下颌骨骨折</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)正中联合部骨折:单发的正中联合部骨折,由于骨折线两侧肌群牵拉力,常无明显移位;正中联合部两侧双发骨折者,正中骨折段可因降颌肌群的作用而向后下方退缩;粉碎性骨折或有骨质缺损者,两侧骨折段受下颌舌骨肌的牵拉可向中线移位,使下颌牙弓变窄。后两种骨折均可使舌后坠,可引起呼吸困难,甚至窒息。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)颏孔区骨折:一侧颏孔区骨折时,前骨折段因降颌肌群的牵拉作用而向后下方移位,并稍偏向外侧。后骨折段则因升颌肌群的牵拉,向上前方移位,且稍偏向内侧,两骨折段可以有错位。双侧颏孔区骨折时,两侧后骨折段因升颌肌群牵拉而向上前方移位,前骨折段则因降颌肌群的作用而向下后方移位,可致颏后缩及舌后坠。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)下颌角骨折:骨折线正位于下颌角,且骨折线两侧有咬肌与翼内肌附着时,骨折段可不发生移位。如骨折线位于这些肌肉附着处之前,前骨折段因降颌肌群的牵拉而向下内移位,后骨折段则因升颌肌群的牵拉而向上前移位。
                    </p>
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                        <span class="header-title">项目十五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔颌面外科疾病病例分析</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                </div>
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                    <p class="content">
                        (4)髁突骨折:多发生在翼外肌附着下方的髁突颈部。折断的髁突由于受翼外肌的牵拉而向前、内移位,仍可留在关节囊内。如打击力过大,髁突可撕破关节囊从关节窝内脱出,向内、向前、向后或向外移位。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">结合本案例,对颌面部创伤进行病例分析。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、诊断及诊断要点</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.诊断</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)右下颌骨颏部及下颌角骨折。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)右下颊部皮肤裂伤。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.诊断要点</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)病史:外伤史,无昏迷史。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)症状:无昏迷呕吐,右下颌及口腔出血,牙齿不能咬合。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)体征:神志清楚,右下颌体部见长约2.0cm开放创口,开口度1.5cm,咬合关系紊乱,右下唇麻木感,43、44间见明显骨折线,异常动度,48松动Ⅱ度,牙龈撕裂,右下颌肿胀,右侧髁状突冲击试验减弱,上颌骨无异常动度,余无异常。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(4)辅助检查:颅脑CT检查未见异常,右下颌骨颏部及下颌角骨折。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、治疗设计</h4>
                    <p class="content">1.右下颌骨颏部及下颌角部骨折行经口内切开复位内固定术。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.右下颊部皮肤创口行清创缝合术。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.全身应用抗生素预防感染。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">口腔颌面部创伤病例分析的评价标准见表15-5。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表15-5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔颌面部创伤病例分析的评价标准</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
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                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">口腔颌面部创伤的救治注意事项</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        口腔颌面部创伤是指人体因受外力或其他致伤因素的作用而导致的组织结构和生理功能的破坏。在救治口腔颌面部创伤患者时,要注意同时发生的其他部位损伤和危及生命的并发症,对伤员应做全面检查,并迅速作出伤情判断,根据轻重缓急,决定救治的先后步骤,优先处理危及伤员生命的部位伤,如颅脑损伤、颈部损伤、内脏大出血等。
                    </p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0216-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="right-info">(刘俊红&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;刘洪利&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;程跃航)</p>
 
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                    <h2 class="secondTitle">项目十六&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔修复科疾病病例分析</h2>
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙体缺损</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)具有同理心,加强医患沟通能力,缓解患者因牙体缺损产生的紧张情绪。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)具有职业责任感,向患者科普预防的重要性,避免因“缺损小、无症状”而忽视,强化早期干预意识。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:牙体缺损的临床表现及诊断要点。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:牙体缺损病例分析的方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:牙体缺损的治疗原则。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">具备牙体缺损的临床思辨能力,能够分析和判断牙体缺损患者的病史信息,提出初步诊断和进一步检查的建议,作出正确处理。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,女,45岁。</p>
                    <p class="content">主诉:要求修复左下后牙。</p>
                    <p class="content">现病史:1个月前因左下颌后牙慢性牙髓炎到牙体牙髓科就诊,10天前已完成根管治疗,无明显不适,今来口腔修复科要求修复。</p>
                    <p class="content">既往史:自诉无全身系统疾病、传染性疾病病史,无过敏史,近期无手术史。</p>
                    <p class="content">家族史:否认家族遗传病史。</p>
 
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                    <p class="content">临床检查如下。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)一般情况:体温36.7℃,血压120/80mmHg,呼吸:25次/分,脉搏75次/分,营养发育良好,神清,自主体位。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)口腔检查:颌面部左右基本对称,面下1/3高度基本正常,开口度开口型基本正常,咬合关系无异常。左下颌第一磨牙颌面缺损,暂时充填物完整,叩痛(-),无松动,牙龈及牙周情况一般,全口卫生情况一般。X线检查示左下颌第一磨牙牙根长度尚可,根充完整,根尖周无明显异常。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">分析本案例,阐述诊断及诊断依据、鉴别诊断、治疗设计。</p>
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                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <p class="content">牙体缺损是口腔科的常见病和多发病,对咀嚼、发音和美观等产生不同程度的影响。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、临床表现</h4>
                    <p class="content">牙体缺损主要表现为牙体硬组织不同程度的质地和生理解剖外形的破坏或异常。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、诊断要点</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.病史</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;患者一般有龋病、外伤、磨损、楔状缺损、酸蚀及发育异常等病史。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.症状</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;由于牙体硬组织不完整,导致牙本质敏感、咬合功能障碍、美观性降低、发音不清等症状。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.检查</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙体硬组织不完整、有不同程度的外形和结构的破坏。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、鉴别诊断</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.牙列缺损</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;单颌或双颌牙列中缺失一颗牙齿到剩余一颗牙齿。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.牙列缺失</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;单颌或双颌牙列中牙齿全部缺失。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.釉质发育不全</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;呈对称性,表面光滑。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、治疗原则</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.充填治疗</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;轻度牙体缺损多采用充填治疗。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.修复治疗</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙体缺损严重或对美观有较高要求时,应采用修复治疗的方法。</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目十六&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔修复科疾病病例分析</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">牙体缺损病例分析的评价标准见表16-1。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表16-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙体缺损病例分析的评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0219-01.jpg" alt=""
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                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">牙体缺损的修复种类</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">(1)嵌体:是一种嵌入牙体内部,用以恢复牙体缺损的形态和功能的修复体,根据材料不同可分为金属嵌体和非金属嵌体,其中非金属嵌体包括树脂嵌体和瓷嵌体。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(2)部分冠:是覆盖于部分牙冠表面的固定修复体,包括3/4冠、开面冠、半冠等。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(3)贴面:以树脂或瓷制作的覆盖牙冠唇颊面的修复体。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(4)全冠:是覆盖全部牙冠表面的固定修复体,按其制作材料不同分为金属全冠、非金属全冠和混合全冠。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(5)桩核冠:利用插入根管内的桩来固位,在残冠或残根上先形成金属核或树脂核,然后再制作全冠修复体。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        在诊疗过程中,医护人员应善于与患者沟通,向患者讲清楚每种修复类型的适应证、优缺点、价格等,由患者决定最终采用的修复类型。作为一名口腔专业的医学生,要学会耐心倾听患者诉求,认真采集病史,积累数据,将医患沟通意识和人文关怀融入每一次治疗中,为患者提供优质的医疗服务。
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙列缺损</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)具有同理心,加强医患沟通能力,对老年患者及年轻患者,针对性告知牙列缺损治疗的预期效果,保障患者知情同意权。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)具有职业道德意识,尊重患者隐私,严格遵循医疗伦理规范。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:牙列缺损的临床表现及诊断要点。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:牙列缺损病例分析的方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:牙列缺损的治疗原则。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">具备牙列缺损的临床思辨能力,能够分析和判断牙列缺损患者的病史信息,提出初步诊断和进一步检查的建议,作出正确处理。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,男,60岁。</p>
                    <p class="content">主诉:右下后牙缺失半年。</p>
                    <p class="content">现病史:半年前发现右下2颗牙齿龋坏,拔除1颗,另1颗进行牙髓治疗。1年前,左上后牙曾有冷热刺激痛,未经治疗,现食物嵌塞严重。</p>
                    <p class="content">既往史:否认药物过敏史。</p>
                    <p class="content">家族史:无特殊记载。</p>
                    <p class="content">检查:右下6缺失,剩余牙槽嵴平整,右下7近中<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                            alt="" />面充填体脱落未见龋坏,髓腔暴露,叩痛(-),不松动,剩余牙本质壁薄弱,临床牙冠高度约5mm,X线检查显示根充正常,根尖周无阴影。左上6远中<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                            alt="" />面深龋近髓,探诊无感觉,牙髓电活力测试无反应,叩痛(-),不松动,X线检查显示根尖周无异常。余无异常。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">分析本案例,阐述主诉疾病的诊断、诊断依据,非主诉疾病的诊断、诊断依据,主诉疾病的诊断治疗,全口其他疾病的治疗设计。</p>
 
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                        <span class="header-title">项目十六&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔修复科疾病病例分析</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <p class="content">牙列缺损是口腔科的常见病和多发病,对咀嚼功能、牙周组织、发音功能、美观和颞下颌关节等产生不同程度的影响。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、临床表现</h4>
                    <p class="content">牙列缺损表现为上颌或下颌的牙列内有数目不等的牙齿缺失,同时仍留有不同数目的天然牙存在。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、诊断要点</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.病史</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;患者有龋病、牙周病、根尖周病、外伤等病史。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.症状</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;由于不同数目牙齿缺失导致咀嚼效率降低、邻牙倾斜移位、咬合关系紊乱、美观性降低、发音不清、颞下颌关节病变等症状。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.检查</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙列内有数目不等的牙齿缺失,同时仍留有不同数目的天然牙存在。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、鉴别诊断</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.牙体缺损</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙体硬组织不同程度的质地和生理解剖外形的破坏或异常。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.牙列缺失</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;单颌或双颌牙列中牙齿全部缺失。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、治疗原则</h4>
                    <p class="content">1.保证良好的口腔卫生,对牙石及牙垢进行清理。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.治疗和控制余留牙的牙体和牙髓疾病,有牙体病者应先做牙体缺损修补或牙髓治疗,有牙周病者应对余留牙进行系统的牙周治疗,对不能保留的松动牙、残根残冠予以拔除。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">3.对影响修复的软组织和骨突等进行处理。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.如有不良修复体存在,应先拆除不良修复体。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        5.根据缺牙的数目、部位,余留牙的健康状况,固位、支持条件,咬合关系,缺牙区牙槽嵴情况,患者的年龄和职业等,设计合适的牙列缺损修复方法,如固定义齿、可摘义齿等。必要时可辅助正畸治疗。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">牙列缺损病例分析的评价标准见表16-2。</p>
 
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                    <p class="imgtitle">表16-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙列缺损病例分析的评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0222-01.jpg" alt=""
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                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0029-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
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                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">清洁义齿的方法</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        许多人习惯用牙膏牙刷清洁义齿,但这种方法并不正确,反而会损伤义齿,原因是牙膏中含有摩擦剂,会损伤义齿。清洁义齿的最佳方法是将义齿清洁片置于冷水或室温水中,然后将义齿放入其中浸泡3~5分钟,最后取出义齿用清水冲洗干净。在诊疗过程中,医护人员应教会患者义齿日常维护和保养的方法,同情关爱患者的痛苦和需求,增强患者的信任感和安全感。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙列缺失</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)具有同理心,牙列缺失患者常因“无法咀嚼、面容塌陷”产生强烈自卑感,需通过言语等取得患者信任,体现职业温度。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)具有职业道德意识,尊重患者隐私,严格遵循医疗伦理规范。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">(1)掌握:牙列缺失的定义及诊断依据。</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:病例分析的方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:牙列缺失的修复种类。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">具备牙列缺失的临床思辨能力,能够分析和判断牙列缺失患者的病史信息,提出初步诊断和进一步检查的建议,作出正确处理。</p>
 
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                        <span class="header-title">项目十六&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔修复科疾病病例分析</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,女,65岁。</p>
                    <p class="content">主诉:全口牙均脱落要求修复。</p>
                    <p class="content">现病史:全口余留牙于3个月前均已拔除,现无法进食,面部变形,未做过义齿修复。</p>
                    <p class="content">既往史:自诉无全身系统疾病、传染性疾病病史,无过敏史。</p>
                    <p class="content">家族史:无特殊记载。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        检查:颌面部左右基本对称,唇部丰满度差,面部下1/3变短,张口下颌前伸,稍偏右侧。全口牙缺失,上颌牙槽嵴较高较宽,下颌后牙牙槽嵴低平,牙弓为卵圆形,上颌结节无明显倒凹。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">分析本案例,阐述诊断、诊断依据、治疗设计。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <p class="content">牙体缺失常见于中老年人,会导致患者咀嚼、发音和美观等功能障碍和相关组织的退行性改变。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、临床表现</h4>
                    <p class="content">牙列缺失表现为整个牙列所有天然牙(包括牙根)全部缺失。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、诊断要点</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.病史</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;患者有龋病、牙周病、外伤、遗传性疾病等病史。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.症状</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙槽嵴吸收、舌体变大、面下1/3距离变短。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.检查</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;整个牙列所有天然牙全部缺失,X线检查显示无牙根存在。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、鉴别诊断</h4>
                    <p class="content">需与牙列缺损相鉴别,牙列缺损是单颌或双颌牙列中缺失一颗牙齿到剩余一颗牙齿。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、治疗原则</h4>
                    <p class="content">
                        1.对尖锐的骨尖、骨突和骨嵴进行牙槽嵴修整术,牙槽嵴过低时可行植骨术,对突出的上颌结节和下颌隆突进行修整,处理增生的黏膜组织,如唇颊沟过浅就行唇颊沟加深术,系带附着过高时需行系带成形术。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">2.进行全口义齿修复,恢复颌位关系。</p>
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                    <p class="content">3.可考虑种植覆盖全口义齿修复。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.可考虑种植固定修复。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">牙列缺失病例分析的评价标准见表16-3。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表16-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙列缺失病例分析的评价标准</p>
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                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">旧义齿存在的问题</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">(1)长期戴用义齿,牙槽嵴吸收,基托不密合、固位差。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(2)旧义齿人工牙过度磨耗。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(3)垂直距离降低。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(4)咀嚼效率低。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        因此,在诊疗过程中,医护人员应善于与患者沟通,了解旧义齿存在的问题,以便在下次修复治疗时得到解决。医学生作为未来的医疗工作者,应不断学习和实践,将人文关怀和职业素养融入每一次治疗中,为患者提供优质的医疗服务。
                    </p>
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                    <h1 class="firstTitle-l">参考文献</h1>
                    <p class="content">[1]杜凤芝.口腔医学专业岗前综合训练[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2019.</p>
                    <p class="content">[2]冯希平.口腔预防医学[M].7版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2020.</p>
                    <p class="content">[3]何顶秀,肖军,黄楷森.孩子,你需要学会急救[M].成都:四川民族出版社,2024.</p>
                    <p class="content">[4]胡砚平,张清彬.口腔颌面外科学[M].4版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2022.</p>
                    <p class="content">[5]蒋雄京.同步四肢血压和脉搏波速度测量的临床应用[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2021.</p>
                    <p class="content">[6]李斌.基层医院院前急救指导[M].云南:云南科术出版社,2023.</p>
                    <p class="content">[7]孙小钧.口腔综合技能训练[M].2版.北京:北京科学技术出版社,2020.</p>
                    <p class="content">[8]张文武,于学忠.“救”在眼前[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2022.</p>
                    <p class="content">[9]赵铱民.口腔修复学[M].8版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2020.</p>
                    <p class="content">[10]周学东.牙体牙髓病学[M].5版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2020.</p>
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