zhongshujie
19 小时以前 e33672cf85da88d515d5fe6ccc0a139c3cfaa5db
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<template>
    <div class="chapter" num="3">
        <div class="page-box" page="55">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(55) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <span class="header-right"></span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <h2 class="secondTitle1"><span class="underline">&nbsp;模块二&nbsp;</span></h2>
                    <h1 class="firstTitle-l1">口腔疾病防治技术</h1>
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container"></div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="56">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(56) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <span class="header-right"></span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container"></div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="57">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(57) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <span class="header-right"></span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔内科疾病治疗技术</h2>
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;橡皮障隔离术</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)具有严谨规范的工作态度,在操作过程中体现对患者的人文关怀,通过提前沟通解释操作目的与感受、轻柔安放器械以减少患者不适感,同时关注患者术中反应,及时调整操作节奏或给予安慰,提升患者治疗依从性与舒适度。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)具备良好的应急处理意识,面对橡皮障破裂、夹子脱落等突发情况时,能沉着应对并快速采取补救措施(如更换障布、调整夹子位置等),避免影响治疗进程,同时保持术区相对隔离状态,体现职业应变能力。
                    </p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">(1)掌握:橡皮障隔离术的操作步骤。</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:橡皮障隔离术的优点。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:橡皮障隔离术的所用物品。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">能对口腔科相关疾病的治疗进行橡皮障隔离。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,男,35岁。左下后牙肿胀疼痛1周。临床检查及辅助检查后诊断为“36慢性牙髓炎”,拟行根管治疗及树脂粘结修复。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">在治疗过程中应采取哪种措施保证接受治疗的牙齿与口腔有效隔离?</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0071-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0071-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">047</div>
            </div>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、定义</h4>
                    <p class="content">橡皮障隔离术是利用橡皮布的弹性,打孔后套在牙颈部作为屏障,使接受治疗的患牙(有时包含邻牙)牙冠与口腔隔离的一种方法。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、优点</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.隔湿并隔绝感染</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;使操作空间不受唾液、血液和其他组织液的干扰,保持术野清楚。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.安全保护</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;避免手术操作过程中意外损伤牙龈、舌及口腔黏膜软组织;防止误吞或误吸操作器械、牙碎片、药物、冲洗液等;防止医源性交叉感染。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.提高工作效率</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;减少术区干扰与清理时间;降低患者配合相关耗时;减少意外处理时间;提升操作精准度与速度;简化术后处理。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、物品准备</h4>
                    <p class="content">需要准备的物品包括仿头模、全口牙列模型、橡皮布、打孔器、橡皮障夹、橡皮障夹钳、橡皮障支架、橡皮障固定楔线、牙线、封闭剂、剪刀、润滑剂、开口器等。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、操作步骤</h4>
                    <p class="content">橡皮障隔离术的主要操作步骤为术区准备、选择橡皮布、打孔、选择橡皮障夹、试戴橡皮障夹、放置橡皮障和拆除橡皮障等。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.术区准备</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;为达到视野清楚、固位可靠的目的,需根据治疗需要和患者口腔条件选择固位牙的牙位和数目。隔离前,需清洁隔离的牙齿,除去牙石。用牙线检查接触点,并使邻面光滑。牙间隙过紧,牙线不能通过时,应先分离牙齿获得间隙。锐利的牙齿边缘应适当调磨,以免导致橡皮布撕裂。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.选择橡皮布</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;根据牙位和治疗内容选择橡皮布。牙髓病治疗多选用不易撕裂的中、厚型橡皮布;前牙或刚萌出的牙则宜用薄型橡皮布。橡皮布暗面朝向术者,以免产生炫光。橡皮布的大小要以能完全盖住口腔为宜。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.打孔</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;根据所需隔离的牙位,利用打孔模板,在橡皮布上标记打孔的位置进行打孔;也可将橡皮布分为4个象限,依照上下颌牙齿排列,确定患牙所在位置并做记号。橡皮布边缘要留出足够的距离,牙越靠向远中,打孔越靠近橡皮布的水平中线。打孔要求边缘整齐,大小合适。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(1)打孔的范围:上颌切牙在橡皮布上缘以下约2.5cm,下颌切牙在橡皮布下缘以上约5cm。其余牙齿由正中向外略呈弧形。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)打孔的大小:按牙齿大小选择合适的打孔直径,多孔打孔器工作端转盘上的孔直径为0.5~2.5mm。通常5孔打孔器由大至小依次对应的牙位为较大磨牙或橡皮障夹优先法时的磨牙、磨牙、尖牙和前磨牙、上颌切牙、下颌切牙。
                    </p>
                </div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="59">
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔内科疾病治疗技术</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">(3)孔间距离:取决于牙间隙的宽度,一般间距2~3mm为宜。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (4)打孔的数目:按牙位、治疗的牙数和缺损的部位决定打孔的数目。如治疗咬合面洞时打一个孔;治疗Ⅱ类洞或两个患牙时打2~3个孔;治疗2个以上患牙时,则要比治疗牙数多打1~2个孔;前牙易滑脱,有时治疗一个牙需打多个孔。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(5)涂抹润滑剂:为方便橡皮布进入牙间隙,可将橡皮布对着牙齿的一面在打孔区周围涂上一层润滑剂,同时在患者的口角处也应涂上润滑剂,以减小橡皮布对口角处的摩擦。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.选择橡皮障夹</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;先根据牙位选择前牙夹、前磨牙夹或磨牙夹,然后根据安装方式选择有翼或无翼的橡皮障夹,再根据剩余牙体组织的多少选择喙的形态。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.试戴橡皮障夹</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用橡皮障夹钳将选择好的橡皮障夹撑开,放置在需要固定的牙上,先放置好舌侧,再将颊侧滑下去,注意不要突然松开夹钳,以免橡皮障夹滑脱损伤软硬组织,橡皮障夹弓部放置在远中,试戴合适后取下。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">6.放置橡皮障</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;根据不同的橡皮障夹或橡皮布打孔方法,分别可采取翼法、橡皮布优先法、弓法、橡皮障夹优先法等橡皮障放置方法。翼法最适合只暴露一颗患牙的治疗,在口内操作时间最短,因此是必须熟练掌握的橡皮障放置方法。以下重点介绍翼法和橡皮布优先法。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(1)翼法(wing
                        technique):常用于单颗牙的隔离。①将有翼橡皮障夹的翼部套入已打好孔的橡皮布孔中,露出橡皮障夹其他部分。②用橡皮障夹钳将橡皮障夹撑开,连同橡皮布一起夹在隔离牙的牙颈部,橡皮障夹的弓部位于牙的远中。③用水门汀充填器的扁铲端或手指将翼上方的橡皮布推至翼下牙颈部,暴露翼部。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)橡皮布优先法(mubber
                        firs):常用于多颗牙的隔离。①双手撑开已打好孔的橡皮布,按打孔部位从远中向近中逐一套入牙齿并推向牙预部,邻面不易滑入时,可用牙线帮助橡皮布通过接触点。②选择合适的橡皮障夹固定到多颗隔离牙两侧最远端牙位的牙颈部。隔离单颗牙时,橡皮障夹的弓部必须放置在远中。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        无论是翼法还是橡皮布优先法,橡皮障夹的喙与牙颈部都必须保持4点接触,以保证橡皮布固位稳定。如果橡皮布不能顺利进入患牙邻面接触点下方,可将牙线双折在舌侧形成环状,将橡皮布压入接触区,再从颊侧抽出牙线,防止橡皮布移位。橡皮障夹就位后,可采用不同材质的橡皮障支架将橡皮布游离部分在口外撑开;U形支架的开口端朝鼻孔方向,支架的凹部朝向面部、其弧度与颏部一致;橡皮布固定于支架的小打突(或三角突起)上。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">橡皮障放置后,橡皮布需完全覆盖口腔,上缘不能阻挡鼻孔,下缘达颏下部,并且需调整橡皮布在口外支架上的位置,使其张力适当,不发生移位。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">7.拆卸橡皮障</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;治疗结束后,单颗牙可先用橡皮障夹钳取下橡皮障夹,再将橡皮障支架和橡皮布一并取出。如果是多颗牙,可用剪刀剪除牙间的橡皮布,再除去橡皮障夹,将支架和橡皮布一并取出。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">橡皮障隔离术的操作评价标准见表5-1。</p>
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">049</div>
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                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="imgtitle">表5-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;橡皮障隔离术的操作评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0074-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0029-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">橡皮障隔离术的舒适化诊疗实践:从技术操作到人性化服务</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        1.心理关怀&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;使用化解诊疗焦虑的沟通艺术,拟人化语言设计,赋予橡皮障保护性角色,例如,告知患者“这是牙齿的专属防护衣,能帮您隔绝治疗中的不适感,现在为您戴上‘安全隔离罩’让治疗更精准、更安全”;缓解患者焦虑情绪,术前向患者展示橡皮障实物,允许患者触摸材质,消除其对未知的恐惧;在橡皮障隔离后,主动提供小镜子让患者观察操作过程,增强控制感。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        2.疼痛管理&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;体现细节中的微创理念。使用黏膜保护技术,在橡皮障夹安装前涂抹凡士林,避免牵拉导致口角损伤;针对儿童/老年患者,优先选择无翼橡皮障夹减少压迫感;冬季预温橡皮障片至体温(37℃),避免冷刺激引发肌肉紧张。
                    </p>
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                <footer class="footerstyle">050</footer>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔内科疾病治疗技术</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;G.V.BlackⅡ类洞制备术</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)具有微创治疗意识,具备严谨的工作态度和标准化治疗流程理念。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)坚持理论指导实践,结合力学、材料学等理论知识,准确设计符合治疗要求的洞型形态。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:G.V.BlackⅡ类洞制备术的原则及方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:G.V.BlackⅡ类洞制备术所用物品。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:窝洞结构。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">能正确制备G.V.BlackⅡ类洞。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,男,25岁。右下后牙食物嵌塞半年余。临床检查及辅助检查后诊断为“46近中邻面龋”,拟行树脂粘结修复术。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">治疗过程中应如何设计窝洞形状?</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0075-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、理论知识回顾</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.G.V.BlackⅡ类洞</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;是指发生于后牙邻面的龋损所备的窝洞,包括磨牙和前磨牙的邻面洞、邻<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />面洞、邻颊面洞、邻舌面洞和邻<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />邻洞,以磨牙邻<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />面洞为典型代表。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.窝洞命名</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)以牙面命名:依窝洞所在的牙面命名,如位于颊面的单面洞称为颊面洞,位于邻面和<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />面的双面洞称为邻<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />面洞,这是临床最常用的命名方式。</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="content">(2)临床上以牙面的英文名称的第一个字母的大写形式记录,也是国际通用的记录方法,例如,颊面(buccal)写为B、舌面(lingual)写为L、<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                            alt="" />面(occlusal)写为O、远中面(distal)写为D、近中面(mesial)写为M、唇面(labial)写为La、切端(incisal)写为I、腭面(palatal)写为P。唇面和颊面又统一以F(facial)表示。近中邻<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />面洞可记录为MO。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.窝洞结构</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)洞壁:经过制备具有特定形状的窝洞,由洞壁所构成。洞壁分侧壁和髓壁。侧壁是与牙面垂直的洞壁,以所在牙面命名,如位于颊面者称颊壁,靠近龈缘者称龈壁,其余还有舌壁、近中壁、远中壁、切壁、<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                            alt="" />壁等。位于洞底覆盖牙髓的洞壁称髓壁,与洞侧壁垂直。与长轴平行的髓壁又叫轴壁,以与<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />面髓壁相区别。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)洞角:洞壁相交形成洞角,可分为线角和点角。两壁相交构成线角,三壁相交构成点角。洞角以构成它的各壁联合命名,例如,颊壁与髓壁相交构成的线角叫颊髓线角,颊、轴、龈三壁相交构成的点角叫颊轴龈点角。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(3)洞缘:侧壁与牙面相交构成洞的边缘,称为洞缘。它实际上是由侧壁与牙面相交形成的线角,即洞缘角或洞面角。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.抗力形</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;是使充填体和余留的牙体组织获得足够的抗力,在承受<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />力时不折裂的形状。窝洞的主要抗力形结构及要求如下。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)洞深:窝洞的深度要求是使充填体能够承受正常咀嚼压力的最小厚度。洞底必须建立在健康牙本质上,不仅保证了洞的深度,并且牙本质具有弹性,可以更好地传递应力。一般洞深要求在釉牙本质界下0.2~0.5mm,不同部位的窝洞所要求的深度不一样。例如,左下颌第一磨牙近中邻<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />面洞深应为1.5~2.0mm,邻面洞深应为1.0~1.5mm。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)盒状洞形:是窝洞最基本的抗力形,要求窝洞底平,侧壁平面与洞底垂直,点、线角圆钝。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)阶梯结构:双面洞的面洞底与邻面洞的轴壁应形成阶梯。阶梯可以分散<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                            alt="" />力,也是保护牙髓的必要措施。髓壁与轴壁相交形成的轴髓线角应圆钝。因尖锐的轴线角会使充填体在承受<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                            alt="" />力时受到应力作用而折裂。邻面的龈壁应与牙长轴垂直,要有一定深度,不得少于1mm,邻面部分才不会在力的作用下向根方移动和脱位。例如,下颌第一磨牙近中邻面洞邻面龈壁宽度应为1.0~1.5mm。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(4)窝洞外形:窝洞外形线呈圆缓曲线,避开承受<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                            alt="" />力的牙尖、嵴;圆缓的外形有分散应力的作用,尖锐的转角可使传向牙体组织的应力集中而致折裂。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)去除无基釉和避免形成无基釉:无基釉因为缺乏牙本质的支持,在承受<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                            alt="" />力时易折裂。侧壁应与釉柱方向一致,防止形成无基釉。例如,下颌第一磨牙近中邻面洞的颊壁和舌壁外展,就是为了适应邻面釉柱的排列方向,去除无基釉。</p>
                    <p class="content">(6)处理薄壁弱尖:薄壁弱尖是牙齿的脆弱部分,应酌情降低高度,减轻负担。如外形扩展超过颊舌尖间距的1/2则需降低牙尖高度,并做牙尖覆盖。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.固位形</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;是防止充填体在侧向或垂直方向力量作用下移位脱落的形状。窝洞的基本固位形包括以下几种。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(1)侧壁固位:是最基本的固位结构,要求窝洞有足够深度,呈底平壁直的盒状洞形使充填体通过和洞壁的摩擦而达到防止移位的目的。</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔内科疾病治疗技术</span>
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                    <p class="content">
                        (2)倒凹固位:是一种机械固位结构,是在洞底的侧髓线角或点角处平洞底向侧壁牙本质做出的潜入小凹,有时也可沿线角做固位沟。制备倒凹时要防止伤及髓角,因此洞底深度超过釉质牙本质界0.5mm,应先垫底再制备倒凹,较深的洞可以不制备倒凹,使用粘接性强的修复材料时也可不制备倒凹。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(3)鸠尾固位:也是一种机械固位结构,多用于双面洞。后牙邻面洞在<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                            alt="" />面做鸠尾,前牙邻面洞在舌面做鸠尾。鸠尾由鸠尾峡和膨大的尾部组成,借助鸠尾峡部的锁扣作用防止充填体水平方向脱位。鸠尾的制备要求与邻面缺损大小相匹配,并顺应<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                            alt="" />面窝沟扩展。鸠尾峡必须有一定的深度和宽度,宽度在磨牙一般为颊舌尖间距的1/4~1/3。鸠尾峡的位置应在轴髓线角的偏中线侧。鸠尾的宽度必须大于鸠尾峡。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)梯形固位:也是双面洞常采用的固位形,邻面洞的邻面设计为龈方大于<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />方的梯形,防止充填体呈垂直方向脱位。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、物品准备</h4>
                    <p class="content">需要准备的物品包括高速手机、低速手机、裂钻、倒锥钻和小号圆钻等。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、操作步骤</h4>
                    <p class="content">以右下颌第一磨牙近中邻<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                            alt="" />面洞制备为例。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.邻面洞形制备</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;使用安装有高速裂钻的高速涡轮手机,采用点磨喷水的方式,从右下颌第一磨牙近中邻面边缘嵴的内侧钻入。邻面洞形逐渐向龈向加深,并向颊舌向扩展至自洁区。注意裂钻始终垂直于<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                            alt="" />面,并始终位于右下颌第一磨牙牙体组织内,防止损伤邻牙。邻面洞制备达到接触点以下与相邻牙至少有0.5mm宽的间隙后,略改变车针方向,渐向颊舌向扩展,形成颊舌向<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />方聚合,龈方大于<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />方的梯形。</p>
                    <p class="content">制备标准洞形时将龈壁制备至釉质牙骨质界冠方约1mm处。临床可根据龋坏范围来确定龈壁位置。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.</span><img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" /><span
                            class="bold">面洞形制备</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;从邻面轴壁的釉质牙本质界下0.2~0.5mm处开始制备<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />面洞,车针逐渐向<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />面中央窝扩展,沿<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />面窝沟扩展形成鸠尾膨大部分,<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                            alt="" />面洞深应为1.5~2.0mm,约为釉质牙本质界下0.5~1.0mm,鸠尾峡部位于颊舌尖之间,宽度为磨牙颊舌尖间距的1/4~1/3,鸠尾峡应比轴髓线角更接近中线。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.洞形修整</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用慢速裂钻将轴髓线角修圆钝,用慢速倒锥钻在洞底的侧髓线角或点角处平洞底向侧壁牙本质做潜入的倒凹,并使洞底底平。最终形成底平壁直,洞缘线圆缓,点线角清晰圆钝,剩余牙体组织具有足够的抗力,无薄壁弱尖,有良好固位力的盒状洞形。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">G.V.BlackⅡ类洞制备术的操作评价标准见表5-2。</p>
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                    <p class="imgtitle">表5-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;G.V.BlackⅡ类洞制备术的操作评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0078-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0029-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">保护牙髓,遵循微创原则</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">1.制备窝洞时,医师应采用正确体位、术式和支点。备洞过程中,应注意操作规范。例如,使用涡轮手机时,注意采用点磨喷水的方式,避免产热过多而刺激牙髓组织。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">2.注意窝洞形态,在保证治疗效果的前提下,尽可能减少牙体组织的磨除。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">3.形成足够的抗力形和固位形,保证充填治疗的效果。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">4.操作者应熟悉牙齿解剖,减少因操作不当引起的并发症,如露髓等。</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔内科疾病治疗技术</span>
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                    </div>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙开髓术</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)坚持理实结合,运用所掌握的知识,设计符合治疗要求的开髓形态。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)具备严谨细致的工作态度和标准化治疗流程理念,结合解剖学知识,指导患者配合完成治疗。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">掌握:磨牙开髓术的所用物品、步骤和操作要点。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">能正确设计磨牙开髓形态并进行磨牙开髓术。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,女,25岁。右下后牙咬合疼痛2周,加重2天。临床检查及辅助检查后诊断为“46根尖周炎”,拟行根管治疗术。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">治疗过程中如何设计开髓?</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0079-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、理论知识回顾</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.根管治疗术</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)定义:根管治疗术(root canal
                        therapy,RCT)指采用专用的器械和方法对根管进行清理、成形(根管预备),然后用有效的药物对根管进行消毒灭菌(根管消毒),最后严密填塞根管并行冠方修复(根管充填),从而控制感染、修复缺损,促进根尖周病变愈合或防止根尖周病变发生的治疗方法。
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                        (2)根管治疗术的三大步骤:根管预备、根管消毒、根管充填。根管预备就是采用机械和化学方法尽可能地清除根管内病变牙髓组织及其分解产物,清除细菌及各种毒素,除去根管壁表层感染的牙本质,制备成根管口直径最大、牙本质牙骨质界处直径最小的、平滑的、锥形的根管,冲洗洁净,除去根管内残余的物质和碎屑。根管预备包括根管清理和根管成形,可以为后续的根管消毒和根管充填创造良好的条件。而根管预备又建立在正确的髓腔通路预备(使器械尽可能循直线方向进入根管)基础之上。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)髓腔通路预备:又称为开髓,是根管治疗的第一步,不仅是暴露髓腔,去除髓室内感染和坏死的组织,更重要的是为后续治疗步骤建立一个适宜的通道,是关系到根管治疗效果的重要环节。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)髓腔通路预备的目的:具体如下。①去净龋坏组织、保留健康的牙齿结构。②彻底揭净髓室顶,去除髓室内的牙髓组织。③探查并明确根管口的数量和位置。④建立各类根管治疗器械可直线进入根管的通路。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        2)髓腔通路预备的步骤:①根据解剖特点设计开髓洞形。②去除龋坏组织,穿通髓腔。③揭净髓室顶。④修整髓室侧壁,使其与根管壁连成一线,无凹凸不平。⑤定位根管口。⑥建立直线通路。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        3)合格髓腔通路预备的基本要求:①开髓洞形正确。②全部髓顶揭净。③全部根管口暴露于直视洞口中。④疏通锉可直线进入根管根尖部,全程无阻碍。⑤最大限度保存牙体组织,无操作缺陷。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.髓腔应用解剖</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;髓腔是位于牙齿中央由牙体硬组织包绕的一个腔隙,其间充满牙髓组织,主要由两部分构成,即髓室和根管,二者也可统称为根管系统(root
                        canal system)。根管系统结构非常复杂,不同牙位的牙齿有其各自不同的解剖形态,还存在弯曲根管和大量的侧副根管。熟悉掌握各类牙齿髓腔的解剖形态是构建合理、有效髓腔通路的先决条件。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)上颌前牙:一般为单根管,开髓洞形为圆三角形,位于舌面窝的中央,近远中边缘嵴之间。三角形的顶在舌隆突处,两腰分别与近远中边缘嵴平行,底边与切缘平行。上颌尖牙的开髓洞形则更近似于椭圆形。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">开髓方法:车针从舌面窝的中央下钻,车针方向与舌面垂直。磨至釉质牙本质界时,改变车针方向,使其尽可能与牙长轴平行,向深层钻入。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)上颌前磨牙:上颌第一前磨牙超过80%为双根管,有时为一扁根管。上颌第二前磨牙多为单根管,约85%为一个扁根管,约15%为双根管。开髓洞形的外形与颈部横断面处的髓室外形相似,为一长椭圆形,其颊舌径为颊舌三角嵴中点之间的距离,宽度约为<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />面近远中径的1/3。</p>
                    <p class="content">开髓方法:从舌面窝中央与牙长轴方向一致下钻,直至穿通髓腔,揭净髓室顶,充分暴露髓角。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)上颌磨牙:上颌第一磨牙有三个牙根,腭根、近中颊根和远中颊根。颊侧有近、远中两根,近中颊根较扁,多有两个根管,远中颊根内有一个根管。腭侧牙根内为一个粗大的腭侧根管。上颌第二磨牙偶有两颊根融合为一个粗大的根,只有一个颊根管。开髓洞形的外形与颈部横断面处的根管口排列相似,为一钝圆的三角形。三角形的顶在腭侧,底边在颊侧,其中一腰在斜嵴的近中侧,与斜嵴平行,另一腰与近中边缘嵴平行。
                    </p>
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                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔内科疾病治疗技术</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">
                        开髓方法:用裂钻在中央窝下钻,钻至牙本质深层时,向颊舌向扩展,形成一偏近中的颊舌径较长的钝圆三角形的洞形。穿通髓角后用球钻提拉揭净髓室顶,形成窝洞壁向髓腔壁的平滑移行部。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)下颌前牙:多为单根管,唇舌向双根管的发生率在下颌中切牙约为30%,下颌侧切牙约为44%,下颌尖牙仅6%。开髓窝洞外形为椭圆形,位于舌面窝正中。</p>
                    <p class="content">开髓方法:从舌面窝中央与牙长轴方向一致下钻,直至穿通髓腔,揭净髓室顶,充分暴露髓角。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)下颌前磨牙:常为单根管,有时可为双根管,根管在牙颈部的横断面为卵圆形。开髓洞形为椭圆形或卵圆形,位于<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />面颊尖三角嵴中下部。</p>
                    <p class="content">开髓方法:在<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                            alt="" />面中央近颊尖处下钻,钻针方向与牙长轴方向一致,一直穿通髓腔。揭净髓室顶,形成洞形。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (6)下颌磨牙:一般有两个根,近中为一扁根,多数内有颊、舌两个根管;远中根中多为粗大的远中根管,共有3个根管。有时远中根中也分为颊、舌两个根管,此时共有4个根管。下颌第二磨牙根管有时在颊侧融合,根管的横断面呈C形。开髓洞形为钝圆的长方形,位于<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                            alt="" />面近远中径的中1/3偏颊侧。近中边稍长,远中边稍短;颊侧洞缘在颊尖的舌斜面上,舌侧洞缘在中央沟处。</p>
                    <p class="content">开髓方法:在<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                            alt="" />面中央窝下钻,钻至牙本质深层时,向近远中及颊侧方向扩展,形成比髓室顶略小的长方形窝洞。穿通髓角后沿洞口外形扩展,揭净室顶,形成窝洞壁向髓壁的平滑移行部。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、物品准备</h4>
                    <p class="content">需要准备的物品如下。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.一般器械</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口镜、探针、镊子等。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.开髓器械</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)涡轮手机:包括高速涡轮手机和慢速涡轮手机。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)车针:传统的开髓车针包括高速裂钻和各类球钻。高速裂钻用于穿通釉质和牙本质进入髓室。球钻用于揭净髓室顶。还可以选用一些新型的开髓车针,如Endo Access
                        Bur、Endo-Z钻和Diamendo钻等。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)根管探查器械:包括探査根管口的DG16探针和各类治疗疏通锉。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、操作步骤</h4>
                    <p class="content">以右下颌第一磨牙开髓为例。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)根据解剖特点设计开髓洞形。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)用高速涡轮手机和裂钻在<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                            alt="" />面中央窝下钻,车针达牙本质深层后向近远中及颊侧扩展,形成比髓室顶略小的长方形窝洞,车针穿通远中或近中髓角,进入髓腔。通过口镜观察穿髓孔。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)揭净髓室顶:用探针的三弯端探查髓室顶。探针被勾住的部位即为未揭净的髓室顶,用慢速球钻揭净髓室顶,充分暴露髓室底和根管口。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)修整髓室侧壁,使髓室壁与根管壁连成一线,无凹凸不平。</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
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                    <p class="content">(5)探查根管口:用DG16探针可探查到3~4个根管。</p>
                    <p class="content">(6)建立直线通道:髓腔通路预备完成后,根管治疗器械应能循直线通路进入根管,如有阻碍应进一步修整,形成畅通的直线通路。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">磨牙开髓术的操作评价标准见表5-3。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表5-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙开髓术的操作评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0082-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0029-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">开髓术的注意事项</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">1.临床操作中,应注意操作的规范性,如在进行开髓操作时,应注意使用冷却措施,以减少因产热导致的患者不适感。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">2.操作过程中,注重微创观念,尽可能保留健康牙体组织,但也应充分暴露根管口。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">3.操作者应加强自身的专业知识及操作技能水平,熟悉牙齿解剖,能准确开髓,减少并发症,如侧穿、底穿等。</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔内科疾病治疗技术</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;龈上洁治术</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)具有严谨细致的工作态度,保障治疗效果与安全性。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)在操作过程中体现对患者的人文关怀,通过术前沟通解释治疗目的与可能的不适感、术中轻柔操作以减少刺激,同时关注患者反应,及时调整节奏并给予安慰,术后指导口腔卫生维护方法,提升患者治疗体验与配合度。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(3)具备感染防控意识,严格执行无菌操作规范,避免交叉感染风险,同时在操作后妥善处理医疗废弃物,体现职业安全与公共卫生防护素养。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">掌握:龈上洁治器械的正确选择和正确使用;龈上洁治术的操作方法及注意事项。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">能运用所学基本知识和技能对常见牙周病患者进行诊治。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        患者,女,53岁。刷牙出血2年,未曾行牙周检查和治疗,现病情加重,来院就诊。检查发现患者口腔卫生差,大量菌斑、软垢及龈上和龈下牙石,全口牙龈红肿,探诊出血,根据患者主观症状、临床检查,诊断为“慢性牙周炎”。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">对于该患者,在检查和口腔卫生指导的基础上,初诊时应先进行哪一项治疗?</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0083-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、物品准备</h4>
                    <p class="content">
                        需要准备的物品包括镰形洁治器、锄形洁治器、仿头模、探针、镊子、口镜、慢速机头、磨光器、抛光剂、手套、棉签、0.1%氯己定溶液成3%过氧化氢溶液、生理盐水、聚维酮碘及1%碘甘油。</p>
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                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、操作步骤</h4>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)器械选择</p>
                    <p class="content">根据所治疗的部位正确选择洁治器。镰形洁治器的大小和形状多样,颈部的设计也有不同,分别应用于口腔内不同部位。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.用于前牙</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;有直角形洁治器、大镰刀形洁治器,其工作端、颈、柄在同一平面上。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.用于后牙</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;为弯镰刀形洁治器,成对,其颈部形成一定角度,使工作端适应后牙外形,因其形似牛角形,也称牛角形洁治器。颊、舌侧分别使用成对器械中的一支,选择的关键是使用时器械的工作面能与牙面成80°。大镰刀形洁治器也可用于后牙洁治。后牙颊舌面色素的去除也可用左右成对的锄形洁治器。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)术前准备</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.术前谈话</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;与患者沟通,告知治疗方案和预期效果,以及术后不良反应和注意事项,签署患者知情同意书。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.体位调节</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)患者体位:上身向后仰靠,头部与医师的肘部平齐。洁治下颌牙时下牙<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />面基本与地面平行,洁治上颌牙时上牙<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />面与地面成45°~90°。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)医师体位:在洁治时,医师的肘部应与患者的头部位置平齐。此外,在洁治过程中,常将患者的全口牙分为上、下颌的前牙及后牙左右侧六个区段,逐区进行洁治。根据所洁治牙的不同,医师可移动至适宜的位置,主要位于患者的右前方、右后方、正后方,有时也在左后方,即医师可在患者的7点位至2点位之间的位置。例如,在洁治下前牙舌侧时,医师可在患者正后方和右前方。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(三)操作程序</p>
                    <p class="content">1.下面以洁治右上颌前牙为例,介绍正确的操作程序。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)洁治前,术者首先要简单了解患者的病史,询问有无出血性疾病、心脏病及过敏性疾病等病史,特别要注意相应的血液学检查或身体检查报告。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)嘱患者采取正确的体位,调节好灯光。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)先嘱患者用0.1%氯己定溶液或生理盐水漱口,然后用聚维酮碘给需要洁治的牙消毒。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (4)取后牙洁治器四把,术者用口镜拉开唇部软组织,显露手术区。一般常用改良执笔式握住洁治器,中指指端置于要洁治牙的邻牙上作为支点并引导操作方向,同时无名指紧贴中指共作支点,尽量靠近治疗区,注意保持支点的稳固。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (5)将洁治器的前缘尖端置于尖牙远中龈上牙石的根方,依次从3的远中洁治1的近中。操作中有三个注意点:第一点注意器械柄要与牙长轴方向一致,器械的工作面尽量与牙面的夹角保持在45°~90°,此时切削力最大;第二点注意将器械紧贴牙面,可根据操作需要使器械处于垂直、水平、斜向等不同位置,操作中要灵活使用肘、腕力,个别精细部位可用指力;第三点注意控制好动作的力度、大小和方向。一般操作中以支点为中心向冠方用力,洁治邻面时可以向颊舌水平方向用力,但不得向牙龈方向用力。
                    </p>
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                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔内科疾病治疗技术</span>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">(6)上述工作完成后,用锄形洁治器刮除右上321唇面牙石。</p>
                    <p class="content">(7)用同样的方法进行舌侧的操作。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (8)检查洁治效果:如要检查洁治是否彻底,可使用菌斑显示剂帮助检查牙石是否去除干净。一般用尖头探针探查邻面和龈下1~2mm处是否有牙石存在,确认没有后,用3%过氧化氢溶液冲洗,上碘甘油。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        2.全口洁治时,先用镰形洁治器从下颌一侧最后一颗牙的远中面开始,顺序逐个刮除邻面的牙石,直到对侧最后一颗牙,待镰形洁治器将下颌牙的邻面大块牙石及光滑面牙石刮净后,再换锄形洁治器细刮。待下颌牙刮净后,调整手术椅位置和头靠,进行上颌牙洁治。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、操作要点及易出错点</h4>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)操作要点</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.支点和正确握持器械</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;手工洁治时,持洁治器的方式为改良执笔式,将洁治器的颈部紧贴中指腹,示指弯曲位于中指上方,握持器械柄部,拇指腹紧贴柄的另一侧,并位于中指和示指指端之间约1/2处,使拇指、示指、中指构成一个三角形力点,从而稳固地握持器械,并能灵活转动器械。以中指、环指贴紧在一起共同作支点,或以中指代作支点,将指腹支放在邻近牙齿上。调整洁治器工作面的角度使之与牙面成80°。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.正确向牙面施加压力和选择用力方向</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;去除牙石时,术者应先向牙面施加侧向压力,然后转动前臂以腕部发力,将牙石整体向冠方刮除,同时应避免层层刮削牙石,必要时可辅以推力。用力的方向一般是向冠方,也可是斜向或水平方向。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.合理使用器械并配合用力</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;洁治时,需用手指的推拉力和手腕的旋转力。一般是两种力量配合使用,这样手腕力度较大,可以刮除较大的牙石。先将洁治器械的刀刃放在牙石的下方,再使用手指的推拉力量,使器械刃口紧贴在牙面上,使刀刃与牙面成80°左右,再使用手指拉力及手腕的旋转力,使牙石在协调的<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                            alt="" />力作用下与牙面分离,最好能整块剥脱。使用锄形洁治器时,器械刃口一定要贴紧牙面,多采用手指的拉力,刮除牙石。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.注意保护牙龈和软组织</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;完成一次洁治动作后,将器械移动至下一个部位,部位之间要有连续性,即每一次动作应与上一次动作的部位有所重叠。当洁治动作从颊(或舌)面移向邻面时,要用拇指推或拉的动作来转动洁治器柄,使工作端的尖端始终接触牙面,器械的移动范围最大只能在1~2mm,一般不可超过<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                            alt="" />面及切缘。如操作支点不准,刃口未贴紧牙面,使洁治器在牙表面上下滑动,逐层地剥离牙石,不仅效率低,还常剩余残留牙石或损伤牙龈和软组织。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)易出错点</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.医患体位不佳</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;患者体位常过高,高于医师的肘部,导致医师体位不佳,无法保持正确姿势。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.器械选择不当</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;洁治后牙颊侧或舌侧时的器械选择不当,导致洁治操作时器械的角度不正确。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.无支点或支点不稳固</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;洁治时,无支点或仅用环指作支点,是非常常见的问题,从而使得牙石不能被有效除去,也会造成器械滑动形成损伤。
                    </p>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
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                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.操作中用力方式不正确</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在牙石表面层层刮削,导致牙面残留薄层牙石。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.洁治中对牙龈造成损伤</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;操作中洁治器的尖端离开牙面(尤其是转向邻面时器械尖端更容易翘起),或操作中洁治器工作面与牙面的角度>90°,支点不稳导致器械滑脱,都会造成牙龈损伤。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">6.洁治后忘记处理</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;洁治完成后忘记用3%过氧化氢溶液冲洗或擦洗治疗区。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">龈上洁治术的操作评价标准见表5-4。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表5-4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;龈上洁治术的操作评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0086-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0029-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">特殊人群龈上洁治术</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        龈上洁治术是牙龈炎的主要治疗方法,也是牙周炎治疗的第一步。术前应与患者进行良好的医患沟通,确定适应证和禁忌证。例如,使用人工心脏起搏器的患者禁止进行超声龈上洁治术,以避免因干扰起搏器的工作而造成患者心律紊乱等症状,可行手工龈上洁治术。患有各种出血性疾病者应在能控制凝血的情况下进行操作;对于孕妇患者,应尽量选择在妊娠期4~6个月内进行操作,避免流产和早产,还应操作动作温柔细致,减少疼痛和出血。医师只有掌握严谨的操作要领,具备良好的职业素养,才能真正为患者解除病痛,避免不良反应的发生。
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                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔内科疾病治疗技术</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                    <p class="right-info">(刘洪利&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颜成东)</p>
 
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                    <h2 class="secondTitle">项目六&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔颌面外科疾病治疗技术</h2>
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上下颌牙拔除术的局部麻醉</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)具备职业责任感,具有安全风险评估及防控意识,规范操作。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)增强医患沟通能力,缓解患者对麻醉的恐惧及焦虑情绪。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:上颌前牙、前磨牙、磨牙的局部麻醉方法;下颌前牙、前磨牙、磨牙的局部麻醉方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:上下颌牙齿的神经支配。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:常用局部麻醉药物的药理特点。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能正确进行上下颌牙拔除术的局部麻醉。</span></p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例1】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,女,20岁。左上颌第一磨牙严重龋坏,需拔除。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">1.拔除上颌磨牙需麻醉什么神经?</p>
                    <p class="content">2.麻醉用什么方法?</p>
                    <p class="content">3.详细说明操作步骤。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例2】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,女,20岁。右下颌第一磨牙严重龋坏,形成残根,需拔除。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0088-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0088-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目六&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔颌面外科疾病治疗技术</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">1.拔除下颌磨牙需麻醉什么神经?</p>
                    <p class="content">2.麻醉用什么方法?</p>
                    <p class="content">3.详细说明操作步骤。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、上颌牙拔除术的局部麻醉</h4>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)支配上颌前牙、前磨牙、磨牙的神经及其麻醉方法</p>
                    <p class="content">支配上颌前牙、前磨牙、磨牙的神经及其麻醉方法见表6-1。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表6-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;支配上颌前牙、前磨牙、磨牙的神经及其麻醉方法</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0089-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)物品准备</p>
                    <p class="content">需要准备的物品包括仿真模型、聚维酮碘、一次性注射器、2%利多卡因、一次性口腔器械盒、上颌前牙牙钳、刮匙、无菌纱布、棉球、无菌棉签。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(三)操作步骤</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.上颌前牙局部麻醉术</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)上牙槽前神经浸润麻醉:①调整患者椅位,使其上颌牙与地平面成45°。②消毒注射区,应用聚维酮碘消毒上颌前牙唇侧前庭沟部黏膜。③一次性注射器中吸入2%利多卡因2ml,于患牙唇侧前庭沟部位刺入,针尖斜面朝向牙槽骨面,与黏膜成45°,深达骨膜表面后,注射0.5~2.0ml利多卡因。2~4分钟显示麻醉效果。
                    </p>
 
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)鼻腭神经阻滞麻醉:①调整牙科椅位,嘱患者头后仰大开口,上颌牙与地平面成45°。②消毒注射区,应用聚维酮碘消毒上颌前牙腭侧黏膜。③一次性注射器中吸入2%利多卡因2ml,在一侧尖牙处,针尖斜面朝向骨面,刺入患牙腭侧两尖牙连线与腭中线交点黏膜处,然后注射器摆向中线,针头方向与中切牙的牙体长轴一致,向后上进针0.3~0.5cm进入切牙管内,回抽无血,注射0.5ml利为卡因。1~3分钟显示麻醉效果。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.上颌前磨牙局部麻醉术</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)上牙槽中神经浸润麻醉:①调整牙科椅位,使患者上颌牙与地平面成45°。②消毒注射区,应用聚维酮碘消毒上颌前磨牙唇侧前庭沟部黏膜。③一次性注射器中吸入2%利多卡因2ml,于患牙唇侧前庭沟部位刺入,针尖斜面朝向牙槽骨面,与黏膜成45°,深达骨膜表面后,注射0.5~2.0ml利多卡因。2~4分钟显示麻醉效果。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)腭前神经阻滞麻醉:①调整牙科椅位,嘱患者头后仰大开口,上颌牙与地平面成60°。②消毒注射区,应用聚维酮碘消毒上颌第三磨牙腭侧黏膜区。③一次性注射器中吸入2%利多卡因2ml,在对侧口角处,向后上刺入第三磨牙腭侧龈缘至腭中线的中点黏膜处稍前方部位,直抵骨壁,进针0.3~0.5cm,回抽无血,注射0.5ml利多卡因。3~5分钟显示麻醉效果。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.上颌磨牙局部麻醉术</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)上牙槽后神经浸润麻醉:①调整牙科椅位,使患者上颌牙与地平面成45°。②消毒注射区,应用聚维酮碘消毒上颌第二磨牙唇侧前庭沟部黏膜。③一次性注射器中吸入2%利多卡因2ml,于上颌第二磨牙远中颊根前庭沟部位刺入,针尖斜面朝向牙槽骨面,与第二磨牙牙体长轴成45°,向后上内,沿上颌结节的弧度滑行2cm,回抽无血,注射2ml利多卡因。5~10分钟显示麻醉效果。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)腭前神经阻滞麻醉:同上颌前磨牙腭前神经阻滞麻醉。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、下颌牙拔除术的局部麻醉</h4>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)支配下颌前牙、前磨牙、磨牙的神经及其麻醉方法</p>
                    <p class="content">支配下颌前牙、前磨牙、磨牙的神经及其麻醉方法见表6-2。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表6-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;支配下颌前牙、前磨牙、磨牙的神经及其麻醉方法</p>
 
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0090-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)物品准备</p>
                    <p class="content">需要准备的物品包括仿真模型、聚维酮碘、一次性注射器、2%利多卡因、一次性口腔器械盒、下颌前牙牙钳、刮匙、无菌纱布、棉球、无菌棉签。</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">项目六&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔颌面外科疾病治疗技术</span>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(三)操作步骤</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.下颌前牙、第一前磨牙(1234)局部麻醉术</span></p>
                    <p class="content">下牙槽神经、舌神经的浸润麻醉:</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)调整牙科椅位:患者大开口,下颌牙与地平面平行。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)消毒注射区:应用聚维酮碘消毒下颌前牙唇侧前庭沟部黏膜。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)注射局部麻醉药:一次性注射器中吸入2%利多卡因2ml,于患牙唇侧、舌侧前庭沟部位分别刺入,针尖斜面朝向牙槽骨面,与黏膜成45°,深达骨膜表面后,注射0.5~2.0ml利多卡因。2~4分钟显示麻醉效果。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.下颌第二前磨牙、磨牙(5678)局部麻醉术</span></p>
                    <p class="content">下牙槽神经、颊神经、舌神经阻滞麻醉:</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)调整牙科椅位:患者大开口,下颌牙与地平面平行。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)消毒注射区:应用聚维酮碘消毒翼下颌皱襞黏膜区域。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)注射局部麻醉药:一次性注射器中吸入2%利多卡因5ml,注射器位于对侧口角稍后方,高于<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                            alt="" />平面1cm,与中线成45°,水平刺入翼下颌皱襞中点外3~4mm的黏膜处,进针2.5cm,直抵骨壁,针尖稍后退,回抽无血,注射1.0~1.5ml利多卡因,退针1cm注射1ml利多卡因,退针2cm注射1ml利多卡因。5~10分钟显示麻醉效果。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、常用局部麻醉药</h4>
                    <p class="content">常用的局部麻醉药见表6-3。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表6-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;常用局部麻醉药</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0091-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:﹡以普鲁卡因等于1作为标准。</p>
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                    <p class="content">
                        在进行局部麻醉的过程中,医师应耐心解释麻醉药物的特性及手术过程,减轻患者的焦虑与恐惧;在操作过程中需细致轻柔,确保患者的舒适度与安全;还应提供详尽的术后护理指导,帮助患者快速恢复。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">上下颌牙拔除术的局部麻醉操作评价标准见表6-4。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表6-4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上下颌牙拔除术的局部麻醉操作评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0092-02.jpg" alt=""
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目六&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔颌面外科疾病治疗技术</span>
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                    </div>
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                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙拔除术</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">具有爱伤意识及团队协作意识,在拔牙过程中具有良好的医患沟通能力及职业责任感,减轻患者对拔牙的恐惧及焦虑情绪。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:牙拔除术的基本步骤。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:拔牙注意事项。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:拔牙的适应证与禁忌证。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">能识别并使用拔牙器械。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,男,15岁。因牙列拥挤畸形,正畸需要拔除上下颌左右第一前磨牙。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">1.拔牙的适应证和禁忌证分别是什么?</p>
                    <p class="content">2.拔除上颌前磨牙的器械有哪些?</p>
                    <p class="content">3.详细说明拔除上颌前磨牙的步骤。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0093-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、概述</h4>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)适应证与禁忌证</p>
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                    <p class="content">
                        拔牙前应通过问诊和检查,确定拔牙的适应证,排除拔牙禁忌证。常见拔牙适应证通常包括严重龋齿、牙周病导致的无法挽救的牙齿、阻生第三磨牙、滞留乳牙、埋伏牙、牙齿拥挤需正畸治疗等情况。禁忌证则可能涉及全身性疾病如血液病、心脏病、高血压在未控制稳定时,以及急性炎症期、妊娠期等特殊情况。医师需详细询问患者病史,包括过敏史、用药史,以及当前健康状况,确保拔牙操作的安全性。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)拔牙器械</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        常用的拔牙器械包括拔牙钳、牙挺、牙龈分离器、刮匙及持针器等。拔牙钳是拔除牙齿的主要工具,其种类多样,设计用于不同牙齿的形态和位置。对于上颌前磨牙,需选择适合其大小和形态的拔牙钳,确保拔牙过程顺利且对周围组织损伤最小。牙挺则用于挺松牙齿或撬动牙根,便于拔牙钳的夹持。牙龈分离器用于分离牙齿与牙龈,减少拔牙时的阻力。刮匙则用于清理拔牙窝内的肉芽组织和碎片,确保拔牙窝的清洁。持针器则用于缝合拔牙后的伤口,促进愈合。在准备拔牙器械时,还需考虑患者的特殊情况,如牙齿的形态变异、牙周组织的健康状况等,以确保拔牙过程的顺利进行。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、物品准备</h4>
                    <p class="content">需要准备的物品包括仿真模型、聚维酮碘、一次性口腔器械盒、牙龈分离器、牙挺、牙钳、刮匙、无菌纱布、棉球、无菌棉签。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、操作步骤</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.核对、消毒、麻醉患牙</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;核对患牙,避免拔错牙。消毒患牙,去除患牙牙颈部的牙石。麻醉患牙,并用探针检查麻醉效果。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.分离牙龈</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙龈分离器插入龈沟内,连续离断牙颈部附着龈,到牙槽嵴顶的位置。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.挺松患牙</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙挺的支点位于拟拔牙的近中颊侧牙槽嵴处。运用楔力将牙挺插入拟拔牙的近中颊侧牙周间隙内,借助杠杆力将牙挺向根方旋转推进,撬动牙根。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.安放牙钳</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;将牙钳的钳喙张开,从病牙颊舌侧插入已分离的牙龈间隙内,将钳喙沿牙体长轴向根方推压,直到根颈部下方后握紧钳柄夹紧牙体。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.拔除病牙</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙钳夹紧牙体,使用摇动力、旋转力、牵引力使病牙在牙槽窝内做脱位运动。扁根和多根牙拔牙时不能使用旋转力,以防断根。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">6.拔除牙的检查</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;检查牙根是否完整及牙龈有无撕裂。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">7.创口处理</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙拔除后,应用刮匙搔刮牙槽窝,清除创口内的牙碎片、骨屑、牙石及炎性肉芽组织,使新鲜血液充盈,以免引起术后出血、疼痛、感染,促进拔牙创口正常愈合。复位牙槽窝;咬棉球或棉卷,压迫出血;观察半小时,无出血则吐出棉卷,患者可离去。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">8.术后医嘱</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;①压迫止血的敷料于30分钟后吐出,2小时后可进温软食物,此时不能用拔牙侧咀嚼食物。②术后当日不要反复漱口刷牙。次日可刷牙,但不要刺激损伤口,保护拔牙创口内的血凝块,以利愈合,防止术后出血。③手术后当日或次日,唾液内有少量血丝或浓红血,属正常现象,如出血较多应及时就诊。④对于拔牙手术创伤较大,时间较长,或炎症期拔牙者,可酌情给予抗生素、镇痛药及止血药物口服。⑤留置引流条,在术后24~48小时撤除或更换,创口缝线5~7天拆除。⑥术后当日适当休息,不宜剧烈运动。
                    </p>
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                        <span class="header-title">项目六&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔颌面外科疾病治疗技术</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、注意事项</h4>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)分离牙龈时,器械紧贴牙面,与牙体长轴略有一个小的角度,朝向牙根,沿牙槽嵴顶分别分离唇和舌侧附着龈,将牙龈轻轻掀离根面。分离牙龈时,一定要有支点,勿划伤牙龈组织。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)安放牙钳时,钳喙应与所拔牙的长轴方向一致;确定未损伤牙龈、未侵及邻牙。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)使用摇动力:①向弹性大,阻力小的一侧摇动。②逐渐加大摇动幅度,直至牙根完全松动。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)可以使用旋转力拔除的牙齿有上颌中切牙、侧切牙、尖牙;下颌尖牙、第一前磨牙、第二前磨牙。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)牵引力应向阻力最小和牙根弯曲弧度方向,将牙牵引脱位;牵引时切忌过急和使用暴力,以免发生断根。</p>
                    <p class="content">(6)如果根尖有脓肿,拔牙创内有脓液时禁止搔刮牙槽窝,以免炎症扩散。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">牙拔除术的操作评价标准见表6-5。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表6-5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙拔除术的操作评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0095-01.jpg" alt=""
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
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                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颌面部绷带包扎技术</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">具有爱伤意识,在绷带包扎过程中关注患者的舒适度,规范操作,减轻患者痛苦。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:颌面部绷带包扎技术的操作方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:颌面部绷带包扎技术的注意事项。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:颌面部绷带包扎技术的所用物品。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">能运用颌面部绷带包扎技术辅助治疗相关疾病。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,女,60岁。因患右侧腮腺多形性腺瘤10年入院,拟行右腮腺多形性腺瘤切除术。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">医师在手术后需要进行哪种绷带包扎技术?</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0096-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、常用包扎技术</h4>
                    <p class="content">
                        常用的颌面部绷带包扎技术有交叉十字绷带包扎法、单眼交叉绷带包扎法。交叉十字绷带包扎法适用于颌面部及上颈部术后和损伤的创口包扎。单眼交叉绷带包扎法用于上颌骨、面、颊部术后和损伤的创口包扎。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、物品准备</h4>
                    <p class="content">需要准备的物品包括标准绷带(8~10cm宽,5cm长)、胶布。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、操作步骤</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.操作前准备</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)与患者沟通:告知患者包扎方法、目的及包扎过程中可能出现的不适,有不适感或疼痛感时,要举手示意,不要摆头。取得患者的同意与配合。</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">项目六&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔颌面外科疾病治疗技术</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">(2)调整体位:患者取坐位,操作者位于右前方。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)准备好上述物品。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.交叉十字绷带包扎法的操作步骤</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)用绑带先由额至枕部环绕两圈。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)再反折经一侧耳前腮腺区向下,经下颌下、颏部至对侧耳后向上,复经顶部绕至同侧耳后,经下颌下、颏部至对侧耳前,反复环绕,如此在头顶构成十字交叉。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)最后在额部反折做环形包扎,胶布固定。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.单眼交叉绷带包扎法的操作步骤</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)健侧鼻根部放置1块上下斜行的短纱布或纱布条,在患侧耳周垫以棉垫或纱布。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)绷带自额部开始,先绕额部2圈。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)继而斜经头后绕至患侧耳下斜行向上,经同侧颊部、眶下至鼻背、健侧眶上,环绕数圈,每圈覆盖上一层绷带的1/3至1/2,直至包扎妥善。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)最后再绕头部1圈,胶布固定,将留置的短绷带或纱布条收紧打结,暴露健眼。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、注意事项</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.交叉十字绷带包扎法的注意事项</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;①包扎压力适度,避免压迫患者耳根及喉结、气管,造成疼痛及影响呼吸。②腮腺区创口包扎时,要施加一定压力,并富于弹性,防止发生腮腺瘘。③注意美观,包扎均匀,无线头毛边。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.单眼交叉绷带包扎法的注意事项</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;①注意保护眼睛和患侧耳郭前后。②松紧度适中,不影响开口和呼吸。③注意美观,包扎均匀,无线头毛边。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">交叉十字绷带包扎法及单眼交叉绷带包扎法的操作评价标准见表6-6、表6-7。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表6-6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;交叉十字绷带包扎法的操作评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0097-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                </div>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="imgtitle">表6-7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;单眼交叉绷带包扎法的操作评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0098-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0029-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">颌面部绷带包扎术的作用</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        颌面部绷带包扎对保护颌面、颈部手术创口的顺利愈合和损伤救治的质量具有重要意义,正确使用绷带包扎技术可起到保护术区和创口、防止污染或继发感染、避免再度受损的作用。包扎前应进行良好的医患沟通。包扎时动作轻柔勿粗暴操作,包扎绷带应严密、稳定、美观、清洁;压力均匀,富有弹性,松紧适度,防止出血。作为一名医护人员,应具有良好的职业素养,以患者为中心,关爱同情患者的痛苦,操作中充分体现爱伤意识,具有职业责任感。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙槽脓肿切开引流术</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">增强医患沟通能力,术中体现人文关怀,及时向患者反馈引流效果,减轻患者焦虑情绪,取得患者信任。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:牙槽脓肿切开引流术的操作方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:牙槽脓肿切开引流术的注意事项。</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目六&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔颌面外科疾病治疗技术</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:牙槽脓肿切开引流术的所用物品。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">能熟练完成牙槽脓肿切开引流术的全部操作过程。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,女,30岁。左下第一磨牙咬合痛2个月,颊侧黏膜肿痛1周。</p>
                    <p class="content">现病史:2个月前,患者因左下第一磨牙根尖周炎行根管治疗术,术后患牙一直咬合痛,不能咀嚼。1周前,患牙颊侧肿胀疼痛明显。</p>
                    <p class="content">口腔检查:左下第一磨牙牙冠有充填物,颊侧前庭沟处黏膜红肿,触压有波动感,压痛明显。左下第一磨牙叩痛(+++),松动Ⅰ度。</p>
                    <p class="content">影像学检查:X线片示左下第一磨牙根尖周有一低密度阴影,边界不清。</p>
                    <p class="content">诊断:左下第一磨牙急性牙槽脓肿。</p>
                    <p class="content">治疗设计:</p>
                    <p class="content">1.全身应用抗菌药物。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.局部治疗</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)行左下第一磨牙牙槽脓肿切开引流术。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)待炎症缓解后,治疗病灶牙。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">阐述牙槽脓肿切开引流术的步骤。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0098-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、物品准备</h4>
                    <p class="content">需要准备的物品包括一次性口腔治疗盘、手术刀柄及15<span
                            class="super">#</span>刀片、引流条、血管钳、注射器、利多卡因、生理盐水、过氧化氢溶液、聚维酮碘、消毒棉签、消毒棉球。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、操作步骤</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.术前准备</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)让患者做好充足的思想准备,告知患者牙槽脓肿需要做切开引流术治疗,同时鼓励患者积极配合治疗。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)切开前需要进行局部麻醉。</p>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.局部消毒</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;采用1%碘酊或聚维酮碘对切口周围的黏膜进行消毒,确保手术区域无菌。选用适宜的麻醉药和麻醉方法,对患者实施局部麻醉,以缓解手术中的疼痛和不适。待麻醉效果显现后,便可进行牙槽脓肿的切开引流操作。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.切开</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在脓肿最明显处做切口,重力低位,与前庭沟平行切开黏膜至骨面,用血管钳钝性分离脓腔。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.冲洗脓腔</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用1%~2%过氧化氢溶液、生理盐水冲洗脓腔至无明显脓液为止。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.放置引流条</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;将引流条放置到脓腔底部。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">6.换药</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;每天一次。每次换药前,首先对伤口周围进行消毒处理,确保无菌操作。然后应用1%~2%过氧化氢溶液、生理盐水反复冲洗脓腔,观察脓液流出量的多少及性状。再次放入引流条。换药过程中,还需保持引流条的通畅,确保脓液能够顺利排出。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、注意事项</h4>
                    <p class="content">1.动作要轻柔,勿损伤周围组织。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.冲洗要彻底,引流条放置到脓腔底部,起到充分引流作用。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.换药时,需轻柔操作,避免对伤口造成二次损伤。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">牙槽脓肿切开引流术的操作评价标准见表6-8。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表6-8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙槽脓肿切开引流术的操作评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0100-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
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            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(87) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目六&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔颌面外科疾病治疗技术</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口内缝合术</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)培养严谨的职业责任感,严格遵循无菌原则,重视缝合质量,确保创口对合严密,切实履行口腔外科操作的专业职责。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)强化医患沟通实效,术前向患者解释缝合目的,术中用轻柔语言安抚,术后指导注意事项,取得患者信任。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:口内缝合术的操作流程。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:口内缝合术的注意事项。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:口内缝合术的缝合方式。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)能熟练地完成口内缝合术的全部操作过程。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)能准确评估缝合质量,判断是否需要调整。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        患者,男,19岁。要求拔除下颌第三磨牙,既往无特殊病史。牙龈无明显红肿,右下第三磨牙近中低位萌出,叩痛(-),探诊(-)。局部麻醉下行切开翻瓣,拔除右下第三磨牙后缝合。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">牙拔除术后应如何进行口内缝合操作?</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0101-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、定义</h4>
                    <p class="content">口内缝合术是指在口腔内针对口腔黏膜、牙龈、黏膜下组织、肌组织等进行的外科缝合操作。由于口腔空间范围狭小,口内缝合的技术要求较高,并有一定的特殊性。</p>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、优点</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.减少疤痕形成</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口内缝合术的切口位于口腔内部,避免了在面部皮肤上留下明显的疤痕,这对于保持患者的外貌美观至关重要,尤其是在需要精细修复的前牙区或面部显眼区域的手术中。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.促进快速愈合</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔内组织通常比皮肤更易于愈合,因为口腔黏膜具有较快的细胞更新速度和较强的再生能力。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.美学效果好</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在涉及牙齿、牙龈或口腔软组织的美容修复手术中,口内缝合能够确保修复区域在视觉上更加自然和谐,满足患者对美学的追求。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、物品准备</h4>
                    <p class="content">需要准备的物品包括缝合模型、持针器、缝合线、缝合针、眼科剪、组织镊或血管钳。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、操作步骤</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.体位与准备</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;洗手,戴口罩、手套,黏膜消毒,从切口中心向四周消毒整个橡皮布。术者一般取站立位,左手拿组织镊,右手拿持针器,用拇指及环指握持持针器,示指扶在持针器的前端,以增加稳定性。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.进针</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用持针器夹住圆针尾端1/3处,用镊子夹住一侧皮片的中份拉起,距创缘2~3mm处垂直进针。旋转过针,再从另一侧皮片旋转进针,每针间距3~5mm。缝合不宜过紧,以防缝合缘内翻,要求两缘轻度外翻突起。每一针缝线的距离一般为2~3mm,缝线之间的组织可有极小的间隙,使少量渗出物得以排出。如创口内翻,可用有齿镊夹于创缘两侧,调整创面,使之轻度外翻。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.拉线打结</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用左手持针,缓慢拉线后,用持针器打结。将持针器放在缝线的较长端与结扎物之间,用左手示指推进结头,控制好缝线的松紧度,用长头端缝线环绕持针器一圈后打结;打结的位置不应在创口上。将两根线头引向一侧,再按同样方法用持针器反向打第二个结;口腔内缝合为避免滑脱,一般以三重结为宜。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.追加缝合</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在切口中央缝合后,两侧各追加缝合,进针、拉线、打结同前。缝合时针距与边距对称、均匀。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.剪线</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;打结完成后,术者将双线尾并拢,轻轻提起。助手用左手托住微微张开的线剪,“顺、滑、斜、剪”,将剪刀近尖端顺着缝线向下滑至线结的上缘,再将剪刀向上倾斜适当的角度,然后将缝线剪断。口内线头至少余留5mm。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">五、口内缝合术的注意事项</h4>
                    <p class="content">(1)缝针进入组织的深度两侧应相等。</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目六&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔颌面外科疾病治疗技术</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">(2)缝合时进针点距创缘的距离,应与出针点的距离相等。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)缝合不宜过紧,以防缝合缘内翻,应使两缘轻度外翻突起。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (4)打结收紧时,两手用力点和结扎点三点应在一条直线上;如果三点连线成一定的夹角,在用力拉紧时,易使结扎点撕脱或线头脱落。在收紧线结时,两手用力要均匀,如果一手紧一手松,则易成滑结而滑脱。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">口内缝合术的操作评价标准见表6-9。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表6-9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口内缝合术的操作评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0103-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0103-02.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="right-info">(刘俊红&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;刘洪利&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;乔婷)</p>
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">079</div>
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                    <h2 class="secondTitle">项目七&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔修复科疾病治疗技术</h2>
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上下颌牙列印模制取</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)强化“以患者为中心”的服务理念,操作中主动关注患者舒适度,体现人文关怀。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)提升医患沟通实效,能向患者清晰解释印模目的及可能的异物感,反馈印模质量,增强患者信任与配合度。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:上下颌牙列印模制取的方法和步骤。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:制取印模时医师和患者的体位。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:口腔印模材料的性能特点。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)能熟练地完成上下颌牙列印模制取的操作。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)能准确评估印模质量,判断印模是否合格。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        患者,男,60岁。上颌牙齿缺失影响进食,要求诊治。临床检查见45、46、36、37缺失,缺牙区牙槽嵴丰满度一般,黏膜无红肿、压痛。余留牙无明显龋坏、牙周状况尚可,检查后诊断为“上颌牙列缺损”,拟为患者进行上颌可摘局部义齿修复,恢复咀嚼功能。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">在治疗过程中应如何制取上下颌牙列印模?</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0104-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0104-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目七&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔修复科疾病治疗技术</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
 
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、原理</h4>
                    <p class="content">
                        印模制取是利用印模材料的流动性和可塑性,将印模材料放入合适的托盘后,放入口腔内,让印模材料与牙列及周围口腔组织紧密贴合。印模材料凝固后,能够精确复制牙列的形态、牙齿的位置,以及口腔黏膜、龈沟等周围组织的解剖形态,从而为后续制作口腔修复体提供精准的阴模。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、优点</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.精确复制口腔结构</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;印模能够精准地复制牙列的形态、牙齿的位置及口腔黏膜、龈沟等周围组织的解剖形态。这使得后续制作的口腔修复体可以与患者口腔的实际情况高度匹配,有效恢复口腔功能和美观。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.材料多样,适应不同需求</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;印模材料有多种类型,例如,藻酸盐印模材料价格较为便宜、操作简便,适用于一些对精度要求不是很高的情况;硅橡胶印模材料精度高、稳定性好,用于精密修复。医师可以根据患者的具体情况和治疗要求选择合适的材料。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.操作相对安全</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;与一些口腔手术相比,上下颌牙列印模制取是一种相对非侵入性的操作,对患者口腔组织的损伤极小,过程比较安全,患者也更容易接受。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、物品准备</h4>
                    <p class="content">需要准备的物品包括口腔检查器械(口镜、镊子、探针)、一次性检查手套、漱口杯、托盘、藻酸盐印模材料、橡皮碗、调拌刀。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、操作步骤</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.调节患者体位、光源</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;取印模前,告知患者制取印模的目的,在制取印模过程中,可能会恶心不适,可以大开口深呼吸以缓解恶心。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">取印模时,医师应让患者取合适的体位,躺坐在牙科椅上。取下颌印模时,患者头稍后仰,下颌与医师的上臂中份大致相平,开口时下颌<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                            alt="" />平面与地平面平行,医师位于患者右前方。取上颌印模时,患者头稍前倾,上颌与医师的肘部相平或略高,开口时上颌<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />平面与地平面平行,医师位于患者的右后方。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.选择托盘</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;选择成品托盘旋转放入口内,检查大小是否与患者牙弓长、宽、高度合适,如不合适可进行适当修改或更换型号。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(1)托盘与牙弓内外侧应有3~4mm的间隙,其翼缘应距黏膜皱襞2mm左右,不会妨碍唇、颊、舌的运动。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)成品托盘可以根据需要做适当的修改。一般上颌托盘的长度应盖过两侧翼上颌切迹,超过颤动线3mm。下颌托盘后缘应盖过磨牙后垫区。</p>
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                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="content">需要特别注意的是,在试托盘的同时,应教会患者主动做肌功能整塑,同时观察患者的解剖结构有无特殊性,如腭穹隆过高、系带过短等。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.印模制取</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)印模材料调拌:按照比例量取藻酸盐粉末和水,用橡皮碗和调拌刀均匀调和,调和时间为30~45秒。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)制取牙列印模:取上颌印模时,医师应位于患者的右后方,用左手持口镜拉开左侧口角,在倒凹区、较高的颊间隙处、上颌结节区及高穹隆者的硬腭上,用右手放置适量的印模材料,然后右手将盛入印模材料的托盘从左侧口角斜行旋转放入口内,对正牙列,并使托盘柄对准面部中线,均匀加压,使托盘就位。需特别注意,在印模材料凝固前必须保持托盘固定不动,同时迅速用左手将上唇、左侧颊部软组织向前、下牵动,做肌功能整塑,然后左手持托盘,用右手做同样的肌功能整塑。肌功能整塑完成后用双手示指和中指在双侧前后磨牙区固定托盘,耐心等待印模材料硬固。制取下颌印模的方法与制取上颌印模方法相同,医师站在患者的右前方,托盘从右侧口角旋转放入口腔,就位后进行肌功能整塑,可让患者轻抬舌做前伸和左右摆动,以防产生气泡,但不可用力抬舌尖。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.印模取出</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;应在印模材料凝固后进行,一般先取脱后部,再沿牙长轴方向取下印模,注意防止材料与托盘分离,不能有脱模或变形。操作过程中,动作应轻柔,不能使用暴力,避免患者不适。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">当印模不易取出时,可以让适当的水汽进入印模边缘,取上颌印模时,也可嘱患者大声发“啊”音,以破坏边缘封闭,使印模易于取出。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.检查印模质量</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;制取的印模必须清晰、完整、无气泡,包括牙列、牙槽骨、系带切迹,边缘伸展适度,印模无脱落,无变形。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">上下颌牙列印模制取的操作评价标准见表7-1。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上下颌牙列印模制取的操作评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0106-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目七&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔修复科疾病治疗技术</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0029-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">肌功能整塑的操作要点</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        肌功能整塑是指在制取口腔印模时,用主动或被动的方式,使口腔周围的肌肉(如唇、颊、舌等肌肉)处于功能运动状态,从而使印模能准确地反映口腔组织在功能活动时的形态和位置关系。操作要点如下。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        (1)主动整塑:让患者自己进行唇、颊、舌的运动。例如,在取上颌印模时,让患者自然地微笑、嘬唇等来整塑唇颊部,舌头轻舔上腭来整塑舌侧。这种方式对患者的配合程度要求较高,医师需指导患者正确地运动肌肉,并且运动幅度要适中,避免印模材料的移位。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        (2)被动整塑:医师用手指牵拉患者的唇颊部进行整塑。例如,取上颌印模时,医师用双手拇指和示指牵拉患者双侧颊部,向前下内方向牵拉;取下颌印模时,向前上方向牵拉,以取得唇颊系带的印模。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">操作时力度要轻柔、均匀,防止印模材料产生过度变形或撕裂,并且动作要快,因为印模材料有凝固时间,要在材料凝固前完成整塑。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        作为一名口腔专业的医学生,应具备良好的沟通技巧和同理心,学会用温暖的语言缓解患者的紧张情绪,让患者感受到尊重和关怀。可以通过相互配合完成印模制取,增强团队合作意识。同时,明白自己的每一个动作都直接关系到患者的治疗效果,从而树立起强烈的责任感和使命感。
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;后牙铸造全冠的牙体预备</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)践行“精雕细琢”的工匠精神,在牙体预备操作中追求每一步的精准性,避免因操作粗糙导致全冠固位不良或边缘不密合。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)强化爱伤意识,操作中全程配合水雾冷却,减少产热对牙髓的刺激。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)提升医患沟通能力,建立患者信任。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:后牙铸造全冠牙体预备的方法和具体步骤。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:后牙铸造全冠牙体预备的原则。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:不同型号预备车针的选择。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">能够规范且精准地完成后牙铸造全冠的牙体预备操作。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,女,48岁。1个月前自觉后牙咀嚼时疼痛,遇冷热刺激症状加重,近1周来,疼痛加剧,影响进食,要求诊治。临床检查见46<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                            alt="" />面大面积龋坏,探诊(+),冷热诊疼痛明显,叩痛(+),牙龈轻度红肿,牙周袋深度约3mm。X线检查见46龋坏到达髓腔,根尖区可见低密度阴影,牙周膜间隙增宽。诊断为“46慢性牙髓炎急性发作”,拟行46根管治疗术,术后行46后牙铸造金属全冠修复。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">后牙铸造金属全冠修复牙体预备的操作步骤是什么?</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0108-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、原理</h4>
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                    <p class="content">
                        后牙铸造全冠牙体预备是使用牙科车针对患牙的牙体组织进行有目的的磨除的过程。其主要目的是为铸造金属全冠提供足够的空间,使全冠能够顺利就位,并且有适当的厚度来保证强度,恢复牙齿的外形、咬合关系和邻接关系。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、优点</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.提供良好的固位力和稳定性</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙体预备可以在牙冠的轴面形成一定的聚合度,这种聚合形态有助于铸造金属全冠的固位。合适的聚合度能够让全冠在就位后紧密贴合牙体,在受到咀嚼力等外力作用时,不会轻易脱位,从而为修复体提供稳定的支持,保证修复效果的持久性。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.恢复正常咬合关系</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;对后牙<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                            alt="" />面进行适当的预备,使修复后的牙齿与对颌牙建立正确的咬合关系。这不仅可以恢复牙齿的咀嚼功能,还能避免因咬合不良导致的颞下颌关节紊乱、邻牙创伤等问题。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、物品准备</h4>
                    <p class="content">需要准备的物品包括仿头模、工作模型、一次性口腔器械盘、高速涡轮手机、车针(马尼系列TR-11、TR-13、TF-S23等)。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、操作步骤</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                                alt="" />面预备</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)预备深度指示沟:用短粗的金刚砂车针(如TF-S23)沿<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                            alt="" />面沟、嵴等外形转折处形成一定深度的指示沟。指示沟的深度为功能尖略小于1.5mm,非功能尖略小于1.0mm。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)磨除<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                            alt="" />面牙体组织:磨除指示沟间的牙体组织。先磨除<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                            alt="" />面的近中或远中一半,保留另一半作为对照,然后再磨除另一半牙体组织。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)制备功能尖斜面:用TR-13金刚砂车针沿功能尖的外斜面磨除一定厚度的牙体组织,形成一个宽约1.5mm的斜面。功能尖斜面与牙体长轴约成45°。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)检查预备间隙:可以用目测法肉眼观察预备间隙,也可用咬蜡片法或硅橡胶指引法检查预备间隙。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.颊舌面预备</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;先用工作端直径约1.0mm的车针(如TR-13车针)预备定深沟,定深沟的深度为金刚砂车针圆头的一半进入牙体组织,再磨除定深沟之间的牙体组织,同时在龈端形成0.5mm宽、位于龈上1mm的无角肩台,并形成颊舌向轴面2°~5°的聚合度。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.邻面预备</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;先选用较细的金刚砂车针(如TR-11车针),用上下拉锯动作沿颊舌方向慢慢通过邻面,车针与邻牙之间尽量保存一层釉质薄片,以确保邻牙牙釉质不受损伤。磨出足够的空间后,再用TR-13车针修整邻面,形成0.5mm宽、位于龈上的邻面无角肩台边缘,并与颊舌面边缘相连续。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.轴面角预备</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用TR-11车针修整各轴面角,保证各轴面角处有足够的修复间隙。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.肩台预备与精修完成</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用TR-13车针修整,再用相应外形的磨光车针对预备体表面进行光滑处理,最终形成位于龈上0.5~1.0mm、宽为0.5mm清晰光滑的无角肩台,并修整各线角使之圆钝。
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
 
 
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">后牙铸造全冠牙体预备的操作评价标准见表7-2。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;后牙铸造全冠牙体预备的操作评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0110-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0029-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">握持方式及支点的位置</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        后牙铸造全冠牙体预备时,应采用执笔式持高速涡轮手机,一定要有支点,支点的位置应在口腔或颌面硬组织上。因为如果支点在口腔软组织上,预备器械容易滑动,导致牙体预备时出现误差,并且有可能损伤口腔软组织。在后牙铸造全冠牙体预备的每一步操作中,都蕴含着对细节极致追求的工匠精神。从预备深度指示沟的精准定位,到功能尖斜面的细致打磨,每一项技术都要求我们具备严谨的科学态度和精益求精的职业操守。这不仅是技术层面的要求,更是对每一位口腔医学生职业素养的锤炼。
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                        <span class="header-title">项目七&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔修复科疾病治疗技术</span>
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                    <h2 class="secondTitle">项目八&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔预防保健科预防保健措施</h2>
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;窝沟封闭术</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)强化“以患者为中心”的职业理念,在操作中主动关注患者感受,通过轻柔手法减少患者不适,体现爱伤意识。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)提升医患沟通能力,能与患者及其家属进行有效交流,提升患者的依从性与满意度。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)培养严谨的职业责任感,严格遵循操作规范,确保窝沟封闭的长期有效性。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:窝沟封闭术的操作流程。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:窝沟封闭术的注意事项。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:窝沟封闭剂的种类。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)能判断患者是否需要进行窝沟封闭,合理选择封闭的时机和封闭的材料。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)能独立完成窝沟封闭术的全部操作流程。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)能向患者清晰讲解注意事项,为长期随访提供依据。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        患儿,男,7岁。乳牙龋坏严重,曾多次来医院补牙,现第一磨牙已萌出,家长担心其恒牙龋坏,故特来咨询有何预防措施可以预防恒牙龋坏。临床检查后诊断为“36、46深窝沟”。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">应选择何种预防措施降低该患儿恒牙患龋的风险?</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0112-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目八&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔预防保健科预防保健措施</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、定义</h4>
                    <p class="content">窝沟封闭术是在<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                            alt="" />面、颊面或舌面的点隙裂沟涂布一层粘接性树脂,保护釉质不受细菌及其代谢产物的侵蚀,解除难以清除的问题,防止致龋菌再次进入窝沟,预防龋病发生的一种措施。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、优点</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.防龋效果显著</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;窝沟封闭剂可以将牙齿的窝沟点隙封闭、隔绝,能有效清除牙齿表面的牙菌斑和食物残渣,尤其是牙颈部和龈沟附近这些容易藏污纳垢的地方,是一种预防龋病和牙周病的最好方法。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.操作简单</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;通常在牙面清洁、酸蚀、冲洗和干燥后,将封闭剂涂在牙齿窝沟上,自凝固化或光固化即可,一般一次就能完成,患者不会感觉明显的疼痛。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.不损伤牙体组织</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;窝沟封闭是无创的,不需要磨除牙体组织,最大限度地保留了牙齿的天然结构。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、物品准备</h4>
                    <p class="content">需要准备的物品包括仿真头模、低速手机、三用枪、吸唾器、光固化灯、口镜、镊子、探针、小毛刷或橡皮杯、棉卷、清洁剂、酸蚀剂、窝沟封闭剂。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、操作步骤</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.清洁牙面</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在低速手机上装好锥形小毛刷或橡皮杯,蘸取适量清洁剂清洁牙面(也可不用清洁剂),清洁剂不能含有油脂或过细磨料,可以用浮石粉或不含氟牙膏彻底冲洗牙面后漱口,再用尖锐探针清除窝沟中残留的清洁剂。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.酸蚀</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;清洁牙面后即用棉球隔湿,将牙面吹干并保持干燥。将适量酸蚀剂涂在要封闭的牙面上,酸蚀剂可为磷酸液或含磷酸的凝胶,目前认为35%~38%的磷酸液可获得最佳的酸蚀效果,酸蚀面积一般为牙尖斜面的2/3,酸蚀时间为恒牙20~30秒,乳牙60秒(以冲洗吹干后牙面呈白垩状外观为准)。酸蚀过程中注意不要擦拭酸蚀牙面,以免破坏被酸蚀的牙釉质表面,降低粘接力。酸蚀剂用量要适当,不要溢出到口腔软组织,同时注意避免气泡产生。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.冲洗和干燥</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用水枪彻底冲洗酸蚀后的牙面。若用磷酸液酸蚀,通常用水枪加压冲洗牙面10~15秒,边冲洗边用吸唾器吸干(不可吐口水或漱口,以免酸蚀牙面被唾液污染,造成封闭剂脱落),去除牙釉质表面的酸蚀剂和反应产物。若用含磷酸的凝胶酸蚀,冲洗时间应加倍,冲洗后应立即更换干棉卷隔湿,随后用无油无水的压缩空气吹干牙面约15秒。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.涂布封闭剂</span></p>
 
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                    <p class="content">
                        (1)采用自凝封闭剂时,每次封闭前根据产品使用说明按比例取A、B组分(分别含有引发剂和促进剂),调拌混匀。调拌时要注意掌握速度以免产生气泡,影响固化质量。自凝封闭剂固化时间一般为1~2分钟,通常调拌10~15秒,二者一经混合即刻发生化学反应,完全混匀后在产品规定时间(一般为45秒)内涂布,此后自凝封闭剂进入初凝阶段,黏度增大,流动性降低,故调拌涂布要在初凝阶段前完成,涂布后不要再污染和搅动。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)光固化封闭剂不需要调拌,直接取出涂布在牙面上,然后使用光固化灯固化。如连续封闭多颗牙,注意不宜取量过多,因为光固化封闭剂在自然光下也会逐渐凝固。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)涂布方法:用小毛刷、小海绵或专用器械将适量封闭剂涂布在经过酸蚀处理的窝沟、牙面上,注意使封闭剂渗入窝沟,使窝沟内的空气排除,并且涂布范围不要超过牙面的酸蚀范围。在不影响咬合的前提下,应尽可能涂有一定的厚度,如果涂层太薄,就会缺乏足够的抗压强度,容易被咬碎。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.固化</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;自凝封闭剂涂布后1~2分钟即可自行固化。光固化封闭剂涂布后立即用可见光源照射,照射距离约离牙尖1mm,照射时间通常为20~40秒,照射时间要根据封闭剂使用说明书与可见光源性能决定,照射部位要大于封闭剂涂布部位。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">6.检查</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;封闭剂固化后,用探针进行全面检查,了解固化程度、粘接情况,有无气泡存在,寻找遗漏或未封闭的窝沟并重新封闭,观察有无过多的封闭材料需要去除,如发现问题应及时处理。如果封闭剂没有填料,可不调<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                            alt="" />,如使用含有填料的封闭剂又咬合过高,应调整咬合。封闭完成后,应定期复查(3个月、半年或1年),观察封闭剂保留情况,脱落后应重新封闭。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">窝沟封闭术的操作评价标准见表8-1。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表8-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;窝沟封闭术的操作评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0114-02.jpg" alt=""
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                        <span class="header-title">项目八&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔预防保健科预防保健措施</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;改良Bass刷牙法</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)树立“口腔健康是全身健康基础”的核心理念,深刻理解规范刷牙对预防龋齿、牙周病等口腔疾病的关键作用,增强对口腔健康重要性的认识。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)树立积极参与口腔卫生科普的意识,帮助大众养成良好的刷牙习惯。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:改良Bass刷牙法的步骤。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:改良Bass刷牙法的基本原理。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)能熟练地运用改良Bass刷牙法刷牙。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)能结合临床案例向患者清晰解释改良Bass刷牙法的重要性,提高患者依从性。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,女,38岁。口腔卫生较差,近期刷牙时常出血,并伴有口臭,要求诊治。临床检查及辅助检查后诊断为“慢性牙周炎”,拟行龈上洁治术。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">在治疗过程中应采取哪种预防措施防止病情反复?</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0115-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">091</div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="102">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(102) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、原理</h4>
                    <p class="content">改良Bass刷牙法又称为水平颤动拂刷法,水平颤动主要是去除牙颈部及龈沟内的菌斑,拂刷主要是清除唇(颊)、舌(腭)面的菌斑。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、优点</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.有效清洁牙齿</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;改良Bass刷牙法能有效清除牙齿表面的牙菌斑和食物残渣,尤其是牙颈部和龈沟附近这些容易藏污纳垢的地方,是一种预防龋齿和牙周病最好的刷牙方法。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.按摩牙龈</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在刷牙过程中,刷毛可以对牙龈起到适当的按摩作用,促进牙龈血液循环,有助于保持牙龈的健康。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.适用人群广泛</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;该方法简单易学,容易被不同年龄段的人群掌握,是一种比较理想的日常口腔清洁方式。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、物品准备</h4>
                    <p class="content">需要准备的物品包括仿头模、全口牙列模型、牙刷。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、操作步骤</h4>
                    <p class="content">1.将刷头置于牙颈部,刷毛指向牙根方向,上颌牙向上,下颌牙向下,刷毛与牙长轴约成45°,轻微加压,使刷毛部分进入牙龈沟内,部分置于牙龈上。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        2.从后牙颊侧以2~3颗牙为一组开始,做短距离(1mm)水平颤动的动作,约做10次,然后将牙刷向牙冠方向转动,拂刷颊面。刷完第一组牙齿后,将牙刷移至下一组2~3颗牙的位置重新放置,注意与前一组牙齿保持有重叠的区域,继续刷下一个部位,按顺序刷完上下牙的唇(颊)面。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">3.使用同样的方法刷后牙的舌(腭)面。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.刷上颌前牙舌面时,将刷头竖放在牙面上,使前部刷毛接触龈缘,自上而下拂刷。刷下颌前牙舌面时,自下而上拂刷。</p>
                    <p class="content">5.刷<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                            alt="" />面时,刷牙动作是将刷毛置于<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                            alt="" />面,轻微加压,使刷毛尖端深入点隙,做近、远、中向的颤动动作。</p>
                    <p class="content">6.刷最后一颗牙的远中面时,大开口,使刷头从下颌最后一颗牙的舌侧面沿着牙龈缘经过远中面到达颊侧面。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">改良Bass刷牙法的操作评价标准见表8-2。</p>
                </div>
                <footer class="footerstyle">092</footer>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="103">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(103) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目八&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔预防保健科预防保健措施</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="imgtitle">表8-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;改良Bass刷牙法的操作评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0117-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0029-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">刷牙的注意事项</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        刷牙时力度要适度,力量过大可增加牙齿与牙龈损伤的机会。每个牙面都要刷到,不能遗漏。为保证刷牙时不遗漏某些部位,建议按照一定的顺序刷牙。每天早晚刷牙,建议每次刷牙时间至少为2分钟,晚上睡前刷牙更重要。每天刷牙能够有效清除口内的牙菌斑。作为一名医学生,应该广泛宣传和强调睡前刷牙的重要性。
                    </p>
 
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">093</div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="104">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(104) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙线的使用</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)树立“口腔健康是全身健康基础”的核心理念,深刻理解正确使用牙线对预防龋齿、牙周病等口腔疾病的关键作用,增强对口腔健康重要性的认识。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)树立积极参与口腔卫生科普的意识,帮助大众掌握正确使用牙线的方法。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:牙线的正确使用方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:牙线使用的优点。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)能熟练地运用牙线进行牙齿邻面的清洁。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)能结合临床案例向患者清晰解释正确使用牙线的重要性,提高患者依从性。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,男,32岁。24、25邻面中龋,已进行玻璃离子充填,就诊咨询有何预防措施可以预防牙齿邻面龋坏。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">在治疗过程中应对患者进行怎样的健康宣教,以防止邻面龋的发生?</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0118-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <p class="content">牙线可以用来清除两颗牙齿相邻界面的牙菌斑。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、优点</h4>
                    <p class="content">牙线的使用有助于邻面间隙或牙龈乳头处的清洁,可以有效去除牙间隙内的食物残渣、牙菌斑和软垢,预防龋病及牙周病的发生。</p>
                </div>
                <footer class="footerstyle">094</footer>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="105">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(105) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目八&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔预防保健科预防保健措施</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、物品准备</h4>
                    <p class="content">需要准备的物品包括仿头模、全口牙列模型牙刷、牙线。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、操作步骤</h4>
                    <p class="content">
                        1.取一段长20~30cm的牙线(相当于成人前臂的长度),将牙线的两端合拢打2个结形成一个圆圈,或将这段牙线的两端各绕在左右手中指第一指节处,然后用双手的示指和拇指将线圈绷紧,两指间牙线长度为1.0~1.5cm。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">2.清洁上颌前牙邻间隙时,牙线要前后做拉锯样动作通过邻面接触点,进入牙间隙到达龈缘下,不要过分向下加压,以免损伤牙龈。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.清洁右上颌后牙时,用右手拇指及左手示指指腹绷紧牙线,然后将牙线<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />-龈向轻轻从相邻两牙的邻间隙通至接触点龈方,拇指在牙的颊侧协助将面颊牵开。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.清洁左上颌后牙时,转为左手拇指及右手示指执线,方法同上。</p>
                    <p class="content">5.清洁所有下颌牙时,可由两手示指执线,将牙线轻轻通过接触点。</p>
                    <p class="content">6.将牙线贴近牙颈部牙面并呈“C”形环抱牙面,使牙线与牙面接触面积较大,然后向切<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />方向刮动,反复多次刮除邻面菌斑及软垢。</p>
                    <p class="content">7.再以上述同样方法进行另一牙面的清洁。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">牙线使用的操作评价标准见表8-3。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表8-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙线使用的操作评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0119-03.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
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                <div class="footer-container">095</div>
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            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(106) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
 
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0029-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">牙线使用的注意事项</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">牙线通过两牙接触点时,应注意不要用力过大,以免损伤牙龈组织。完成一邻间隙的清洁后将牙线从切<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                            alt="" />方向取出,再依次进入下一邻间隙,逐个将全口牙邻面菌斑刮除。注意勿遗漏最后一颗牙的远中面。每天使用牙线能够有效清除邻面的牙菌斑。作为一名医学生,应该广泛宣传和强调每天使用牙线的重要性。
                    </p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0120-02.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="right-info">(乔婷)</p>
                </div>
                <footer class="footerstyle">096</footer>
            </div>
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</template>
 
<script>
export default {
    name: "chapterTwo",
    props: {
        showPageList: {
            type: Array,
        },
    },
}
</script>
 
<style lang="less" scoped></style>