zhongshujie
19 小时以前 e33672cf85da88d515d5fe6ccc0a139c3cfaa5db
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<template>
    <div class="chapter" num="5">
        <div class="page-box" page="40">
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                <div class="header">
                    <span class="header-right"></span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h1 class="firstTitle-l">项目三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔模型与代型技术</h1>
 
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0019-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">树立知识迁移的学习意识,把《口腔修复学》课程中关于模型的内容作为本项目学习的基础,具备形态与功能相适应的辩证思维,进一步深化对模型修整和标准的理解。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">1.掌握:模型的制取和修整;双钉代型技术和代型的修整。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.熟悉:模型的要求和分类。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.了解:模型的消毒。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">能制作出合格的口腔模型与代型。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0049-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔模型技术</h2>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0026-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,男,43岁。右上后牙根管治疗后1年,要求金属冠修复治疗。既往体健,否认药物过敏史。</p>
                    <p class="content">口腔检查:26缺失,牙槽嵴宽度、高度尚可,牙龈未见明显异常;叩(-),松(-)。</p>
                    <p class="content">影像学检查:26牙槽骨高度充足。</p>
                    <p class="content">计划26行金属固定桥修复。模型组接到印模组人员送来的患者订单、消毒好的印模及相关物品。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">1.印模检查合格后,如何调拌石膏灌注模型?</p>
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">031</div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="41">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(41) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔固定修复工艺技术</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">2.如何消毒模型?</p>
                    <p class="content">3.如何修整模型?</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、口腔模型的定义</h3>
                    <p class="content">口腔模型指将调拌好的模型材料灌到制取的口腔印模中,待模型材料凝固脱出后得到的阳模。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、口腔模型的分类</h3>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)按用途分类</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.工作模型</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;指直接用于制作修复体的模型,精密度、强度要求高,用于模型处理、修复体设计及制作。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.对颌模型</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;指与工作模型相对应并与之恢复咬合关系的模型,用于确定上下颌关系。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.研究模型</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;指为了研究设计口腔修复或正畸治疗方案及检查、评价治疗效果而制取的口腔模型,便于治疗前的设计和治疗中观察疗效。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)按材料分类</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.石膏模型</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;指用石膏制作的模型。工作模型常用超硬石膏制作。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.耐火材料模型</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;指用耐高温材料制作的模型,主要用于带模铸造。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.树脂模型</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;指树脂材料制作的模型,主要用于教学、实验研究及个别代型制作。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、口腔模型的要求</h3>
                    <p class="content">1.模型应精确度高、尺寸稳定、表面清晰、无缺陷。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.模型的基底面修成与<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0021_02.png"
                            alt="" />平面相平行,最薄在10mm以上,边缘宽度为3~5mm(图3-1)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0050-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准口腔模型</p>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <footer class="footerstyle">032</footer>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="42">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(42) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔模型与代型技术</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">3.模型表面应光滑,易脱模;硬度高,能经受制作修复体时的磨损。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、口腔模型的制取</h3>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)器材准备</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.器械</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;真空调拌机、振荡器、调拌碗、调拌刀、量筒、电子秤等。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.材料</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;一次性手套、口罩、普通石膏、硬石膏、超硬石膏、清水等。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)石膏调拌</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.手工调拌</span></p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0051-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(1)石膏水粉比例和加入顺序:严格按照厂家提供的水粉比例,先水后粉向调拌碗内加入所需要的水和粉。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)调拌方向:石膏粉完全被水浸湿后,用调拌刀快速均匀并按一个方向调拌(图3-2)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)调拌时间:手工调拌1分钟后,将石膏碗放在振荡器上,排除气泡,准备灌模。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.机器调拌</span></p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0051-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(1)石膏水粉比例和加入顺序:严格按照厂家提供的水粉比例,先水后粉向搅拌杯里加入所需要的水和粉。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)调拌时间:用调拌刀初步调拌后,用真空调拌机调拌30~60秒(图3-3)。取下真空搅拌杯,准备灌模。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0051-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;手工调拌石膏</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0051-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;机器调拌石膏</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(三)模型灌注</p>
 
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.一般灌注法</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;从印模的高点处灌注调好的石膏浆,石膏浆缓慢从高处流向四周,充满印模的每个细微部分。同时将托盘置于振荡器上或手持托盘柄轻敲振动,使模型灌注完全。还可以从上颌印模腭侧灌入石膏浆,下颌则从舌缘侧灌入石膏浆。牙列模型灌注后,稍微静置,继续添加石膏浆,一直到牙列颈缘至底座的厚度为1.0~1.5cm为止。灌注时切忌将大量的石膏浆倾注在印模低凹处,使得空气无法排出而形成气泡。注意模型远中部分石膏量一定要加够,直至所需厚度(图3-4)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0051-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">033</div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="43">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(43) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔固定修复工艺技术</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="floatPic-40l">
                        <img class="openImgBox t100" src="../../assets/images/0052-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;一般灌注法</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.围模灌注法</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用直径5mm的粘蜡条,在印模边缘下约2mm处包绕,下颌印模则需在下颌舌侧口底用蜡片封闭空隙,用蜡片沿蜡条外缘围绕一周,并使蜡片高于印模最高点以上10mm。用蜡封闭蜡片与粘蜡条间的间隙,置于振荡器上,将调和好的模型材料灌注于印模内。此方法灌注制成的模型厚度适宜、外观整齐。但此方法操作复杂,耗费时间。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.分段灌注法</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;指在灌注模型时在印模组织面灌注超硬石膏,其他部位用普通石膏的方法。此方法不仅能保证模型工作区的强度和硬度,防止模型在义齿制作当中发生磨损或损坏,还可以节约材料。但是必须在超硬石膏完全凝固前灌注普通石膏,以免分离模型时两者分开。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">五、口腔模型的脱模及消毒</h3>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)脱模(图3-5)</p>
                    <div class="floatPic-40l">
                        <img class="openImgBox t100" src="../../assets/images/0052-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;脱模</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        每一种模型材料都有脱模时间要求,如果过早地从印模中分离模型,可能会导致模型的薄弱部分折断。普通石膏应在灌模1小时后再分离模型;硬石膏和超硬石膏分离模型的时间应更长一些。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        弹性印模材料的脱模方法:模型灌注完成待石膏凝固、发热、冷却后,用小刀去除托盘周围多余的石膏,使托盘和印模的边缘不被石膏包埋。一手握住模型底座,另一手持托盘,小心地顺着牙长轴的方向轻轻将印模松动后取下,分离出模型。如遇有牙齿倾斜、缺牙多或有孤立牙等情况,可以适当延长脱模时间,以增强石膏强度,脱模时先去掉托盘,将弹性印模材料破成碎片,再完整取出模型。若石膏凝固后未能及时脱模,印模可能会与模型材料发生粘接,造成脱模困难。此时应采用的脱模方法是将模型和印模托盘都放入热水中浸泡15~20分钟,再脱模。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)消毒</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0052-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">由于石膏模型和代型须保持精确的形状和强度,选择模型消毒的方法时,不仅要考虑杀菌效果,还要考虑其对模型的精度和表面物理性能的影响。下面介绍几种常用的消毒方法。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.喷雾/浸泡消毒法</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;常用消毒剂喷雾或浸泡石膏模型进行消毒。在有效的杀菌时间内,此方法不会对模型的精度和强度产生影响。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.熏蒸消毒法</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;常用的熏蒸消毒剂有甲醛和戊二醛,因醛类消毒剂属于高效杀菌剂,穿透力强,容易气化,对模型影响极小,操作时应做好个人防护。
                    </p>
                </div>
                <footer class="footerstyle">034</footer>
            </div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="44">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(44) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔模型与代型技术</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.微波消毒法</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;微波是一种独特的加热新技术,受高频电的作用,分子被激发旋转振动,被消毒的物质里外一起加热,其特点是快速而均匀地升温,瞬间可达到高温,从而达到消毒灭菌的目的。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        应用微波对石膏模型进行消毒是一种简便、实用的方法,并且还可加快石膏模型的凝固和干燥,不易出现创伤和缺损,缩短了干燥时间,提高了工作效率(图3-6)。但是微波加热对模型的精度和物理性能的影响还有待于进一步的研究。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0053-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;微波消毒模型</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.臭氧消毒法</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;臭氧是一种广谱杀菌剂,可杀灭细菌繁殖体、芽孢、病毒和真菌等。目前应用的臭氧消毒杀菌机运用电晕放电法,以空气为原料,制备臭氧。采用臭氧消毒杀菌机对石膏模型消毒必须有足够的消毒时间。研究表明,30分钟的臭氧消毒处理可以达到可靠的消毒效果,而且在有效的杀菌时间之内,不会对模型的精度和强度产生影响。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.紫外线消毒法</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;是利用紫外灯产生紫外线来消毒,具有广谱、便捷的灭菌特点,对模型的精度和物理性能没有影响。该方法对操作者无损害、清洁、无污染。但是,由于模型的外形不规则,表面结构较复杂,因此常照射不全,影响消毒效果。传统的紫外线消毒方法耗时较长,不利于提高实际工作效率。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        近几年,义齿加工厂在不影响模型精度的前提下,为了达到更好的消毒效果,经常采用几种方法联合应用的办法。例如,公司定制专用的消毒柜,在臭氧环境下进行紫外线照射,可根据需要选择消毒时间,消毒效果好。这是一种值得推广的方法,但要注意操作安全,必须严格按照标准的操作规程进行操作。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">六、口腔模型的修整</h3>
                    <p class="content">模型刚脱出时,石膏未达到最大强度,有利于修整。模型修整的目的是使其整齐、美观、利于义齿制作,并便于观察保存。模型修整常规是利用模型修整机进行。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.底面</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;先修整模型底面使其与<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0021_02.png" alt="" />平面平行,并且模型底座的厚度应不小于10mm。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.后壁、侧壁及后侧壁</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;修整模型的后壁、侧壁及后侧壁,使模型的后壁与底面及牙弓中线垂直,使两边的侧壁与前磨牙、磨牙颊尖的连线平行,后壁与侧壁所形成的夹角磨去一段形成后侧壁,并使其与原夹角的平分线垂直。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.前壁</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;修整模型的前壁,使上颌模型的前壁呈等腰三角形,其顶角正对中线;下颌模型的前壁修成弧形,约与牙弓前部弓形一致。
                    </p>
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                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔固定修复工艺技术</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.模型前壁及侧壁</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;应距黏膜反折处3~5mm。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.咬合关系</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用工作刀修去工作模型和对颌模型上影响咬合的部分,但必须保持原有的解剖形态,以恢复正常咬合关系,并使下颌舌侧平展,以利于修复体的制作。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">在修整过程中要注意保护模型,特别是不要损伤预备体。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">学生完成模型制作的任务后,参照评分标准进行评价(表3-1),分析任务实施过程中出现的问题,教师给予指导,学生及时改正。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表3-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;模型制作技术的评分标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0054-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0035-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">口腔模型的常见问题及处理</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">1.模型变形&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;由印模变形、印模灌注和脱模方法不当等造成,需重新制取模型。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        2.模型出现气泡&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;由水粉比例不当或调拌不匀,灌模前没有冲洗干净,灌模时操作不当等造成。非工作区的气泡可以通过填补的方法解决,工作区出现大气泡需重新制取模型。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">3.模型强度低&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;由调和水量过多、调拌过程中加水或粉等造成,需重新制取模型。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">4.模型表面不清晰&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;由材料选择不当、灌注方法不当等造成,需重新制取模型。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">5.模型损伤&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;由脱模方法和修整不当、制作代型时损伤患牙和邻牙等造成。关键部位损伤时应重新制取模型。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">以上问题均是由操作不当造成的,因此,我们应具备严谨的工作态度,认真对待每一个模型的制作,同时,出现问题及时汇报并解决,才能获得高质量的精准模型。</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔模型与代型技术</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;代型技术</h2>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0026-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,女,33岁。因氟斑牙,影响美观,要求11、21、22全瓷冠修复治疗。既往体健,否认药物过敏史。</p>
                    <p class="content">口腔检查:11、21、22叩(-),松(-),牙龈未见明显异常。</p>
                    <p class="content">影像学检查:11、21、22牙槽骨高度充足。</p>
                    <p class="content">计划11、21、22行全瓷冠修复。接到模型组人员送来的患者订单、模型及相关物品。</p>
 
                    <div class="floatPic-40">
                        <img class="openImgBox t100" src="../../assets/images/0055-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;代型</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">1.如何制作代型?</p>
                    <p class="content">2.如何修整代型?</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        代型是指将需要制作熔模的牙位从整体的牙列上分离取下并能恢复原来位置的模型(图3-7)。利用代型制作熔模具有视野清楚、操作方便、能较好地恢复邻接关系及龈缘密合度等优势。</p>
 
                    <p class="content">制作代型的方法有多种,具有代表性的是双钉代型技术。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、双钉代型技术</h3>
 
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)模型检查</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0055-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.工作模型检查</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;灌注的工作模型应清晰完整,有足够厚度,光洁度好。预备牙应符合所设计修复体的牙体预备要求,肩台连续完整、宽度合适、龈缘清晰。预备牙相邻牙的近预备牙侧不应存在较大倒凹。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.对颌模型检查</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;检查牙冠<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0021_02.png" alt="" />面形态,应清晰完整。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.咬合关系检查</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用雕刻刀修去<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0021_02.png" alt="" />面的石膏瘤,检查上下颌模型咬合关系及蜡咬合记录是否准确。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)模型修整</p>
                    <p class="content">用石膏模型修整机将模型底部磨平并与<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0021_02.png"
                            alt="" />平面平行,工作模型底部到预备牙颈缘的高度为7~8mm。再依照牙列形态用舌侧模型修整机修整模型舌侧(图3-8),使其形成一马蹄形(图3-9)。</p>
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                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔固定修复工艺技术</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0056-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;模型修整</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0056-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;修整后的模型</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(三)工作模型打孔</p>
                    <p class="content">使用铅笔或标记笔在工作模型牙齿的<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0021_02.png"
                            alt="" />面标记出代型钉孔的位置。应当注意的是,要保证唇侧和舌侧钉洞之间有足够的间距,从而使代型钉和钉鞘在空间位置上互不干扰。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        如采用激光打孔机打孔,则打开电源开关,将工作模型置于打孔机的平台上,红色指示光点对准打孔标记点,两手握紧工作模型,将工作平台平稳向下按,模型在随工作台面下按时,接触快速转动的打孔钻,形成所需的孔(图3-10)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(四)粘固代型钉及固定装置</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        所有孔打好后,用气枪吹净孔内的粉末,用502胶将代型钉粘固于孔内,孔内胶水不宜过多,防止渗出模型底部表面形成薄膜,影响密合度(图3-11)。为确保代型插卸方便和防止代型钉对底座石膏的磨损影响代型复位的准确性,采用配套的塑料钉鞘套入金属代型钉。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0056-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;模型打孔</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0056-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-11&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;粘固代型钉</p>
                        </div>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔模型与代型技术</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(五)加模型底座</p>
                    <p class="content">在复位钉尾端粘固直径2~3mm的粘蜡球或蜡条,作为钉的标志。在模型底面涂分离剂,以便于分离。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        根据工作模型基底面的大小选择成品橡胶底座。将调拌好的适量硬质石膏,在振荡器振荡下注入橡胶底座中,再取少许石膏,加到需形成代型部分的底部,确保代型部分的底部与后加入的石膏之间无间隙或气泡存在。然后将工作模型压入橡胶底座中,使复位钉接触底部。去除溢出的底座石膏(图3-12)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0057-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;加模型底座</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(六)代型切割</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        代型底座石膏完全凝固后,从底座成型器中脱出,用0.2mm厚的“U”形石膏分离锯分别沿预备牙近远中邻面向龈方以与预备牙牙长轴平行的方向向下锯开,锯至两层石膏的交界线为止。锯时应注意模型不可太湿,以免粘锯,锯缝要窄,切割线应互相平行或轻微向钉末端聚合,若代型的底部大于<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0021_02.png"
                            alt="" />方,将导致代型被锁住。为避免伤及预备牙及邻牙,可事先用铅笔画好切割线,按线切割(图3-13)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0057-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切割代型</p>
                    </div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="49">
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔固定修复工艺技术</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(七)代型分离</p>
                    <p class="content">先用蜡刀去除复位钉末端的蜡球,使复位钉末端暴露清晰,再施压力于复位钉的末端,将代型连同复位钉从模型上分离下来。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、代型修整</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0058-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">模型分割后,为显示出准确的预备体颈部边缘形态,提高修复体的精度和密合性,必须修整代型。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        代型颈部边缘修整的器械包括各类钨钢磨头、粗不锈钢钻头、粗金刚砂球钻及硬质合金磨头。此外,由于边缘线的重要性和技术要求,所有相关操作都必须在放大镜下完成。代型修整的操作可以分为以下三个阶段。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.边缘线龈方的修整</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在放大镜下用细头有色笔标记出预备体代型颈部边缘线,在修整过程中不破坏该线。同样在放大镜下,用粗粒的球形钨钢磨头,在游离龈缘根方约5mm的位置处,由外向内对代型进行修整,在颈部边缘线龈方形成一圈环状浅凹(图3-14)。在靠近边缘线的区域,需换用更精细的钻头(减小钻头的直径或粒度)进行修整(图3-15),同时提高放大镜的放大倍数,以保证工作区边缘线龈方的牙体组织不被破坏。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t100" src="../../assets/images/0058-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-14&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;放大镜下修整代型</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t100" src="../../assets/images/0058-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-15&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;代型细修整</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.边缘线的分离</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;将球形车针置于代型的近边缘线处,在标记的代型边缘线外围修整,使边缘线暴露清晰。再用11号手术刀对边缘线外的石膏进行清理,使边缘线更加清晰。边缘线的分离是代型修整阶段的重中之重,操作者必须全神贯注,要使用放大镜和更加精细的手机修整,操作时要有稳定的支点;同时还需使用高速吸尘器,以保证操作区视野清晰,使用高压空气喷吹边缘区的杂质和磨屑,不要用手或者其他器械清除,以免损伤边缘区(图3-16)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.边缘区的确认和标记</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;经过上面两个阶段的精细操作,预备体代型的边缘区清晰可见。通过放大镜观察可以发现,修整区表面粗糙度大于未预备的牙根表面,而且有很多细小的磨痕,从而可以确定边缘区的界限。然后使用红色蜡笔,在放大镜下轻轻标记出边缘线的位置(图3-17)。在熔模制作及修复体试戴时,均不能越过该红色标记线。
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                        <span class="header-title">项目三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔模型与代型技术</span>
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                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;边缘线的分离</p>
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                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-17&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标记边缘线</p>
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                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、涂布间隙涂料</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        涂布间隙涂料的目的是补偿铸造合金的凝固收缩,利于修复体完成后顺利就位,同时给粘固剂预留一定间隙。首先在颈缘线区涂布模型强化剂以保护颈缘,然后在代型表面涂一层间隙涂料(图3-18)。</p>
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                        <img class="openImgBox t100" src="../../assets/images/0059-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-18&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;涂布间隙涂料</p>
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                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.涂布方法</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;涂布前先将涂料瓶摇匀,然后用小毛笔蘸取少量涂料,从距代型颈缘线1mm处开始向<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0021_02.png"
                            alt="" />面方向均匀涂布,在整个牙冠表面涂上一层光滑、均匀、完整的间隙涂料。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.涂布要求</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;一般涂布两次即可,如果涂料较黏稠,也可只涂一次,理想厚度为20~30μm。涂布过程中,切忌反复涂擦,以免间隙厚薄不均匀或在沟隙和转角处堆积,影响修复体的质量。为保证固定修复体边缘的密合,在代型颈缘线0.5~1.0mm以内不涂布间隙涂料。待间隙涂料干燥后,将可卸代型准确复位。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">学生完成代型制作任务后,参照评分标准进行评价(表3-2),分析任务实施过程中出现的问题,教师给予指导,学生及时改正。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表3-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;代型制作技术的评分标准</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔固定修复工艺技术</span>
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                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">Di-Lok技术</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">Di-Lok技术具有成本较低、操作步骤较少的优点,具体操作要点介绍如下。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">1.检查模型&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;与双钉代型技术相同。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">2.修整模型&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;要求同双钉代型技术,但需注意模型与牙托内壁间应有一定间隙,并不可影响舌侧插销就位。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        3.固定模型&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;将模型在水中浸泡5分钟,以利于与新石膏结合。调和超硬石膏灌入代型盒内约2/3的高度。将模型压入上述代型盒内,趁石膏尚未凝固将舌侧插销插入,修去多余石膏。注意不要使石膏沾在预备牙上。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        4.分割模型&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;与双钉代型技术所不同的是将固定模型的底座石膏与工作模型一同切开,在切至剩余约1mm时,用手掰开,使代型与邻牙及模型其他部分彻底分开,避免出现复位困难情况。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">Di-Lok技术需要学生的耐心、专注、坚持和团队合作精神,确保制作出合格的修复体产品。</p>
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                    <p class="right-info">(单长丽&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;周凤&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;田孟妮)</p>
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