zhongshujie
22 小时以前 e33672cf85da88d515d5fe6ccc0a139c3cfaa5db
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<template>
    <div class="chapter" num="8">
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                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <h1 class="firstTitle-l">第六章 四肢</h1>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0292-01.jpg" style="width:30%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0017-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)具有四肢规范影像技术操作的意识和安全意识。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)具有良好的影像技师职业素养,增强职业适应能力。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)具备良好的职业道德、医患沟通能力和团队协作能力。</p>
                    <p class="center">……………………</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:四肢长骨、关节的应用解剖;四肢关节的横断层面、冠状层面影像解剖。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:四肢长管状骨的X线解剖。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:关节腔的构造。</p>
                    <p class="center">……………………</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)具有绘制四肢长管状骨及关节的横断层面结构图的能力。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)具有识别四肢骨关节重要断面正常影像图像的能力。</p>
                    <p class="center"><img class="g-pic" src="../../assets/images/0018_01.jpg" alt="" /></p>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">第一节 概述</h2>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、境界与分区</h3>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.上肢</span> 上肢通过肩部与颈部、胸部相连。上肢与颈部的分界线是锁骨上缘外1/3及肩峰至第7颈椎棘突的连线。与胸、背部的分界则是通过三角肌前、后缘上端与腋前、后襞下缘中点的连线。上肢可细分为多个部分,包括肩部、臂部、肘部、前臂部和手部。肩部的分区可分为腋区、三角肌区和肩胛区,手部的分区可分为手掌、手背和手指三区,其余各部均分为前、后两区。
                    </p>
 
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                    <!-- 右上页眉 -->
                    <div class="page-header-right">
                        <span class="header-title">第六章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四肢</span>
                        <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
 
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.下肢</span> 下肢通过髋关节与躯干相连。前方以腹股沟韧带与腹部分界;后方以髂嵴与腰、骶部分界。上端内侧为会阴部。下肢可细分为臀、大腿、膝、小腿、踝和足部等区域。其中,臀部富含肌肉组织;大腿部主要是股骨所处区域;膝部由股骨、胫骨及髌骨共同构成关节;小腿部涵盖胫骨和腓骨;足部由跗骨、跖骨和趾骨构成。除臀部外,其余部分可再行分区。
                    </p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0293-01.jpg" style="width:30%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、标志性结构及常用基准线</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)上肢标志性结构</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.肩峰</span> 为肩胛冈的外侧端,向前外伸展的突起,也是肩部的最高点。在确定肩关节位置和判断上肢上举程度等方面,该结构有重要意义。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.喙突</span> 锁骨中外1/3交界处的下方,可触及的骨性突起,是肩胛骨最前方骨性结构。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.肱骨内、外上髁</span> 分别位于肱骨下端内侧、外侧的骨性隆起,是肘部重要的体表标志。在诊断肘关节疾病和骨折时,该结构可作为定位参考。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.尺骨鹰嘴</span> 位于肘后部偏尺侧的骨性突起。与肱骨内、外上髁在伸肘时成一条直线,屈肘时呈等腰三角形,可用于判断肘关节脱位等情况。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.桡骨茎突和尺骨茎突</span> 桡骨茎突位于桡骨下端外侧面,为朝向下方的锥形突起。尺骨茎突位于尺骨下端后内侧的一个向下的锥形突起,可在体表触及。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)上肢常用基准线</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.肩三角</span> 正常情况下,肩部的肩峰、肱骨大结节与喙突作为体表标志,它们之间连线形成一个等腰三角形,称为肩三角(shoulder
                        triangle)。当肩关节脱位时,正常比例关系发生改变(图6-1-1)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0293-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-1-1 肩关节前面观</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.肘后三角</span> 正常情况下,肘关节屈曲呈直角时,肱骨的内上髁、外上髁与尺骨鹰嘴作为体表标志,它们之间连线形成一个等腰三角形,称为肘后三角(posterior
                        cubital triangle)(图6-1-2)。当肘关节脱位或肱骨内、外上髁骨折时,正常比例关系发生改变。</p>
 
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                    <!-- 左上页眉 -->
                    <div class="page-header-left">
                        <div class="header-txt">
                            医学影像解剖学
                        </div>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0294-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-1-2 肘关节(左侧)外侧面观</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)下肢标志性结构</p>
                    <p class="content">股骨大粗隆位于股骨颈与股骨体连接处外上方的骨性隆起。髂结节下方约10cm处,可触及股骨粗隆,下肢伸曲运动时容易触摸。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(四)下肢常用基准线</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.髂耻线</span> 髂前上棘与耻骨联合上缘的连线,称为髂耻线(ilium-pubis
                        line),为髋关节前后位摄影的重要参考线。髂耻线中点垂线外下方2.5cm处为股骨头中心体表投影,是髋关节前后位中心线投射点(图6-1-3)。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.Shenton线</span> 正常骨盆X线中,耻骨下缘弧形线与股骨颈内侧弧形线连成的弧度。Shenton线连续,说明髋关节位置良好。当不连续时,提示关节脱位或者半脱位(图6-1-3)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0294-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-1-3 右侧髋部X线正位</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.内、外踝线</span> 踝部内踝和外踝的连线,称为内外踝线(medial-lateral malleolus
                        line),为踝关节前后位摄影重要参考线。内外踝线中点上方1cm处为踝关节间隙体表投影,是踝关节前后位中心线投射点(图6-1-4)。</p>
 
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                <div class="page-header">
                    <!-- 右上页眉 -->
                    <div class="page-header-right">
                        <span class="header-title">第六章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四肢</span>
                        <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0295-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-1-4 左侧踝关节X线正位</p>
                    </div>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">第二节 上肢</h2>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0017-03.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【案例】</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        患者,男,25岁,因“右上肢外伤后疼痛、肿胀、活动受限3小时”急诊入院。患者3小时前在打篮球时不慎摔倒,右手掌着地,当即感右上肢剧烈疼痛,腕关节以上肿胀明显。不能正常屈伸及旋转手臂,无昏迷、呕吐,伤后未做任何处理。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">既往体健,无骨折、脱位等外伤史,无慢性疾病史,无药物过敏史。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【问题】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.该患者目前的诊断是什么?诊断依据有哪些?</p>
                    <p class="content">2.X线与CT在诊断上肢骨折方面,各自的优势与局限性是什么?结合本病例说明。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、应用解剖</h3>
                    <p class="content">上肢骨分为上肢带骨和自由上肢骨,共64块。上肢带骨包括锁骨、肩胛骨;自由上肢骨包括肱骨、尺骨、桡骨、腕骨、掌骨及指骨。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.锁骨</span> 呈“S”形,架于胸廓前上方,内侧端与胸骨柄相连,外侧端与肩胛骨的肩峰相关连。锁骨是上肢与胸廓之间的连接结构,对上肢的运动和稳定起着重要作用。在影像学检查中,要注意观察锁骨的形态、骨质结构,其常见病变包括骨折等。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.肩胛骨</span> 为三角形扁骨,位于胸廓后面,介于第2~7肋之间(图6-2-1)。其外侧角有一关节盂,与肱骨头构成肩关节。肩胛骨周围有众多肌肉附着,参与上肢的运动。在影像学检查上,需关注肩胛骨的整体形态、关节盂的情况及与周围肌肉的关系。
                    </p>
 
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                    <!-- 左上页眉 -->
                    <div class="page-header-left">
                        <div class="header-txt">
                            医学影像解剖学
                        </div>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0296-01.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-2-1 肩胛骨(右侧)前面观</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.肱骨</span> 肱骨是上肢长骨中最粗壮者,具有一体两端的结构特征。上端肱骨头呈半球形,其周围存在环状浅沟,即解剖颈。颈下向外突起的部分为大结节,大结节向下延伸形成大结节嵴;而颈下向前突出的是小结节,小结节向下延伸构成小结节嵴,大、小结节之间的纵沟为结节间沟。在肱骨上端与体部的交界区域稍变细,此为外科颈,该部位是易发生骨折的区域。体部肱骨体中部外侧有骨粗隆,名为三角肌粗隆,是三角肌的附着位点。下端肱骨下端呈前后稍扁的三棱柱形,其外侧的半球状结构是肱骨小头,它与桡骨构成肱桡关节;内侧为肱骨滑车,此结构和尺骨的滑车切迹构成肱尺关节。在肱骨滑车后方有一深窝,称为鹰嘴窝。此外,肱骨滑车和小头各有一突起,即肱骨内、外上髁,为重要的体表标志。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.尺骨</span> 尺骨位于前臂内侧,呈现上端粗大、下端细小的特点。上端前部有半月形的滑车切迹,在其切迹后上方的突起为尺骨鹰嘴,可在体表触摸到;切迹前下方的突起是冠突。下端有尺骨头,尺骨头后内侧向下伸出尺骨茎突。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.桡骨</span> 位于前臂的外侧,上端细小,下端粗大。上端桡骨头上有关节凹,与肱骨小头构成肱桡关节,其周围环状关节面与尺骨桡切迹构成近侧桡尺关节。桡骨下端内侧面有尺切迹,与尺骨头的环状关节面构成远侧桡尺关节。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">6.腕骨和掌骨(图6-2-2)</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)腕骨:共8块,排成近、远两列。近侧列包括手舟骨、月骨、三角骨和豌豆骨,远侧列包括大多角骨、小多角骨、头状骨和钩骨。腕骨之间的关节复杂,活动度大,易发生损伤。在影像学检查中,需关注腕骨的排列、形态和关节间隙。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)掌骨:共5块,由桡侧向尺侧依次为第1~5掌骨。掌骨与腕骨和指骨相连,其影像学表现对于诊断手部骨折、脱位等有重要意义。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">7.肩关节</span> 由肱骨头与肩胛骨关节盂构成,是典型的球窝关节,活动度极大。肩关节关节盂浅,周围有盂唇加深关节窝,但稳定性相对较差,依赖周围的肌肉、韧带维持稳定。在影像学检查中,要观察关节间隙、盂唇的形态及肱骨头与关节盂的位置关系,常见的病变有肩关节脱位、肩袖损伤等。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">8.肘关节</span> 为复合关节,由肱骨、尺骨和桡骨构成,包括肱尺关节、肱桡关节和桡尺近侧关节。肱尺关节由肱骨滑车和尺骨滑车切迹构成;肱桡关节由肱骨小头和桡骨关节凹构成;桡尺近侧关节由桡骨环状关节面和尺骨桡切迹构成。
                    </p>
 
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                        <span class="header-title">第六章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四肢</span>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0297-01.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-2-2 腕骨和掌骨(右侧)正面观</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">9.腕关节及其腕骨间关节</span> 腕关节又称桡腕关节,它是由手的舟骨、月骨和三角骨的近侧关节面构成关节头,桡骨下端的腕关节面及尺骨下端的关节盘共同构成关节窝而形成的关节。腕骨间关节是相邻腕骨之间形成的微动关节,根据其位置可细分为近侧列腕骨间关节、远侧列腕骨间关节及处于两列腕骨之间的腕中关节。各腕骨之间通过韧带相互连接形成一个整体,并且各关节腔相互连通。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、X线解剖</h3>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.锁骨</span> 锁骨呈横置的一字形,位于胸廓上方且相互重叠。锁骨内侧端呈方形与胸骨柄相对并构成胸锁关节,此关节的两个关节面之间并非完全吻合。锁骨外侧端与肩峰构成肩锁关节,锁骨上缘较为光滑,下缘内侧端附近可见一骨质浅凹,此为肋锁韧带的附着处;在外侧端附近,呈现出高低不平的形态,并存在喙突粗隆,又称锥状结节,是喙锁韧带的附着位置。正常情况下,两锁骨内侧端对称,后前位X线片上可测量胸椎棘突至两侧锁骨内侧端的距离,观察两侧的距离是否对称,以判断摄片体位是否端正。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.肩胛骨</span> 肩胛骨体部呈倒置的三角形,处于胸廓的后上方(图6-2-3)。其内侧大部分相对较薄,会与第2至第7后肋骨重叠,而外侧小部分较厚,显露在胸廓外侧。肩胛骨上角突出于锁骨影上方,平对第2后肋;下角平对第7后肋,是计数肋骨的标志;外侧角粗大致密,并有椭圆形的关节面,称关节盂,该关节盂与肱骨头相对应,共同构成肩关节。肩胛骨的内、外侧两缘比较容易识别,尤以外侧缘致密。而肩胛骨上缘的影像较淡,难以清晰辨认,不过其外侧端有呈屈指状的喙突致密影。上缘与喙突的下方有斜形的肩胛冈影,其附着处显示为一条横行致密线,此线以上为冈上窝;以下为冈下窝。肩胛冈外侧端转折为肩峰,与锁骨远侧端构成肩锁关节。
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-2-3 肩胛骨(左侧)正位</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.肱骨</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)肱骨正位:肱骨头朝向内上,其关节面平滑。肱骨大结节内部骨质稀疏,显示较淡。在大结节内下方,小结节呈轴位投影,通常显示不甚清晰,但其外缘致密,可清晰勾勒出小结节轮廓。大、小结节间存在显示相对透亮的结节间沟。肱骨骨干为管状骨影像,内、外两侧皮质较厚,向上、下骨端延伸时逐渐变薄。骨皮质表面平滑,骨干外缘中部的三角肌粗隆处略有隆起,偶尔可见其下方有浅沟,即桡神经沟。皮质内较透亮区域为骨髓腔,与上、下两端骨松质无明显分界。肱骨下端显著增宽,内、外凸出部分分别为内外上髁,内上髁尤为突出。下端远侧有肱骨小头和肱骨滑车,肱骨滑车上方有半圆形的鹰嘴窝影像,其下界因滑车与尺骨鹰嘴重叠而呈现两条边缘影。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)肱骨侧位:肱骨上端膨大,顶部为新月形的肱骨头。大结节影像较淡薄,前界可见致密线。小结节位于大结节前方,向前凸出,同样较淡薄,无明显界限,与大结节前界致密线之间为结节间沟区。肱骨骨干呈典型管状骨影。肱骨下端膨大,中部有圆形致密圈影,为肱骨滑车轴位像,前下缘有时可见较淡的弧形边缘,为肱骨滑车内侧部分未被重叠的下延部分。肱尺关节间隙清晰。滑车影前方可显淡薄的肱骨小头边缘影,与桡骨小头关节面相对应,可据此识别肱骨小头。滑车影上方,骨干前、后皮质向下汇合成致密线,继续下行后与滑车影相接。汇合致密线前后方形成影像较淡的凹陷,前方为冠突窝,后方为鹰嘴窝,鹰嘴窝内常有内上髁影重叠,有时内上髁影部分凸出于下端影后方。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.尺骨</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)尺骨正位:尺骨鹰嘴呈方形,大部与肱骨滑车重叠,呈致密影。冠突位于鹰嘴下方,表现为向上凸起的弧形致密线,该弧线为冠突上关节面,与肱骨滑车下缘相对应构成肱尺关节,其间可见关节间隙。鹰嘴下部与关节间隙重叠,影像较淡。冠突外侧的桡骨切迹呈矢状位,难以完全显示,但其与桡骨小头对应构成桡尺近侧关节,该关节常因两骨重叠而间隙不明显,或仅可见部分不太透明的间隙影。尺骨骨干呈管状骨影,两侧皮质较厚,内侧皮质锐窄且清晰,外侧皮质边缘较模糊,沿其边缘可见较淡的骨间嵴影,需注意不要误诊为骨膜反应,两侧皮质间为骨髓腔。尺骨下端的尺骨茎突影像清晰。尺骨小头与桡骨的尺骨切迹共同构成桡尺远侧关节,有时可见关节间隙。尺骨小头下方与腕骨间距较大,系因其间关节盘在X线片上不显影所致(图6-2-4)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)尺骨侧位:尺骨上方向后凸出的部分为鹰嘴,下方向前凸出的部分为冠突。鹰嘴前缘向下延至冠突上面,并构成后凹的弧形面即滑车切迹,与肱骨滑车对应构成肱尺关锥。冠突与桡骨小头部分重叠。尺骨骨干位于桡骨骨干后方。尺骨下端与桡骨下端重叠,在重叠的阴影内对见下端略为影大的尺骨小头及其后方向下凸出的尺骨茎突影。
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                        <span class="header-title">第六章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四肢</span>
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.桡骨</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)桡骨正位:桡骨上端有肱桡关节、近侧桡尺关节。桡骨颌下方有一明显向内突起的桡骨粗隆。桡骨下端粗大,其外侧向下突出的尖部为桡骨茎突。远侧的致密边缘为下关节面,参与构成桡膜关节、远侧桡尺关节(图6-2-4)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)桡骨侧位:桡骨上方有肱桡关节,关节间隙显示明显。小头后部与尺骨冠突重叠,但各自的轮廓尚能辨别。在桡骨颈下方的桡骨粗隆可显示为向前的隆起,也可与骨干重叠而不显示。桡骨下端膨大参与构成桡腕关节。桡骨茎突由下关节面向下延伸,呈三角形,并与腕骨影重叠。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0299-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-2-4 尺、桡骨正、侧位</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">6.腕骨</span> 腕骨的辨识主要依靠正位片,近侧列由桡侧至尺侧依次为:舟(舟状骨)、月(月骨)、三(三角骨)、豆(豌豆骨);远侧列由桡侧至尺侧依次为:大(大多角骨)、小(小多角骨)、头状(头状骨)、钩(钩骨)。在侧位片上:月骨托着头状骨,中线连成一条沟(线),小(小多角骨)、豆(豌豆骨)在前,钩(钩骨)、角(三角骨)在后,大(大多角骨)、舟(舟状骨)斜形位于最前面。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">7.掌骨和指骨</span> 通常拍手的正位片(图6-2-5),有时加拍斜位片。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)掌骨:掌骨共5块,骨干皮质较厚,内含骨髓腔,两端皮质薄,内为骨松质。每块掌骨近端方形的掌骨底与腕骨构成腕掌关节,远端球形的掌骨头与指骨底构成掌指关节。除第1掌骨较独立外,其余4块掌骨底依次部分重叠,结构各异。第1掌骨远端掌侧常可见籽骨,其他掌骨远端也可出现籽骨。掌骨侧位片相互重叠,难以分辨,可通过投照掌骨斜位片以清晰显示。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)指骨:共14块,其中拇指2节,其他各指各3节。正位片上,各指骨的近端较宽而且稀疏,为指骨底。近侧指骨底与掌骨头之间构成掌指关节,呈球窝型。所有指骨之间的关节统称指间关节,均为滑车型。各远侧指骨的末端称为甲粗隆。
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-2-5 手正位</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">8.肩关节</span> 由肱骨头和肩胛骨关节盂构成。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        正位片上,关节盂前缘偏内,后缘偏外,呈纵向卵圆环。关节盂后缘与肱骨头内缘重叠,呈纺锤形阴影。肩关节的关节间隙最大距离一般为4~6mm。在肱骨内收位时,肱骨头影的下界一般不低于关节盂影的下界,肱骨头上方至肩峰间的正常距离为6mm×16mm。在上肢外展90°的肩关节正位片上,沿肩胛骨外侧缘、肱骨颈下缘和肱骨干内缘应为光滑面自然的弧形曲线,此曲线称肩肱曲线。如发生肩关节脱位,同侧肩肱曲线被破坏而呈锐角。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        肩胛骨体部呈倒置的三角形,位于胸廓后上方,其较薄的内侧大部分与第2~7后肋骨重叠,较厚的外侧小部分显露于胸廓的外侧。肩胛骨上角突出于锁骨影上方,平对第2后肋;下角平对第7后肋,是计数肋骨的标志。肩胛骨外侧角粗大致密,具有椭圆形关节面即关节盂,与肱骨头相对构成肩关节。肩胛骨内外侧缘较易识别,外侧缘尤为致密。上缘影像较淡,难以辨认,其外侧端有屈指状的喙突致密影。上缘与喙突下方有斜形肩胛冈影,其附着处呈横行致密线,线上为冈上窝;线下为冈下窝。肩胛冈外侧端转折为肩峰,与锁骨远端构成肩锁关节(图6-2-6)。
                    </p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0300-03.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-2-6 肩关节(左侧)正位</p>
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">9.肘关节</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)肘关节正位:肱尺关节与肱桡关节的关节间隙相连,呈水平位,宽约3mm。桡尺近侧关节的关节间隙较窄(图6-2-7)。</p>
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                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-2-7 肘关节正位</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)肘关节侧位:肱尺关节的关节间隙显示明显。桡骨头与尺骨冠突部分重叠,桡尺近侧关节的间隙不能显示。肱桡关节的关节间隙,常因尺骨冠突影的重叠而显示不清(图6-2-8)。</p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0301-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-2-8 肘关节侧位</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">10.腕关节</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)腕关节正位:与掌骨底对应的4块腕骨构成远侧列,自外向内依次为大多角骨、小多角骨、头状骨和钩骨。在正位片上大多角骨结节常呈致密影,但可能因骨质稀疏而不显影。小多角骨较小,呈方形,位于舟骨与第2掌骨底之间,外侧常与大多角骨重叠。头状骨为最大,呈长方形,近端圆形头部嵌入舟骨和月骨围成的窝内,远侧面与第3掌骨底相接,外缘与舟骨、小多角骨对应;内缘邻近钩骨。钩骨呈三角形,尖端楔入头状骨与三角骨之间,底边与第4、第5掌骨底相连(图6-2-9)。
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                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-2-9 腕关节正位</p>
                    </div>
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                        (2)腕关节侧位:各腕骨相互重叠,辨识难度较大。在所有腕骨中,月骨最靠近桡骨下关节面,呈半月形,凹面朝远侧,与舟骨和三角骨均有重叠,但边界易于识别。其远端为体积最大、呈长方形的头状骨。头状骨近端头部与月骨嵌合,远端与掌骨底对应。在腕骨群掌侧缘,可见两个向前的骨突影,近侧为舟骨结节,远侧为大多角骨结节。舟骨结节背侧有圆形豌豆骨与之重叠。舟骨后部与头状骨和月骨重叠。头状骨头部和月骨后半阴影内,有三角骨影重叠,三角骨呈略圆的三角形。小多角骨体积小,常与头状骨远侧半重叠,呈致密长方形影。钩骨体与头状骨、小多角骨重叠,轮廓显示不清晰(图6-2-10)。
                    </p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0302-03.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-2-10 腕关节侧位</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">第六章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四肢</span>
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                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、影像断层解剖</h3>
                    <p class="content">X线平片检查是四肢骨与关节疾病的首选方法,可将CT和MRI作为补充检查手段,以明确复杂区域的解剖和细微的结构变化。但在显示关节结构方面,CT和X线平片不及MRI。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">临床上四肢MRI检查通常使用T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI和脂肪抑制质子密度加权像(PdWI)序列作为疾病诊断的常规扫描序列。将肌组织作为等信号,在常规T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI上比肌组织富含水分的结构呈低信号,T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI上呈高信号。反之,比肌组织缺少水分的结构在常规T<span class="sub">1</span>WI上呈高信号,T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI上呈低信号。</p>
                    <p class="content">骨皮质因氢质子稀少,MRI各序列均为无信号。骨髓、皮下脂肪、肌间结缔组织内的脂肪组织在T<span class="sub">1</span>WI和T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI均呈高信号,而在脂肪抑制T<span class="sub">2</span>WI上则呈低信号(图6-2-11)。</p>
                    <p class="content">骨性关节表面的关节软骨在常规T<span class="sub">1</span>WI、T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI及PdWI上,呈中等或略高信号,表面光滑。关节周围的纤维软骨(关节盘、关节唇)、肌腱、韧带、关节囊等中氢质子的含量较低,常规序列中则均呈低信号(图6-2-11)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">关节滑液及流速较慢的静脉血类似于水的信号,在T<span class="sub">1</span>WI呈低信号、T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI上呈高信号;快速流动的动脉血在T<span class="sub">1</span>WI及T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI均呈无信号(图6-2-11)。</p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0303-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图6-2-11 经股骨头层面MRI横断层面</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">(a)T<span class="sub">1</span>WI;(b)T<span class="sub">2</span>WI</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">1.股骨头,2.膀胱,3.臀大肌,4.筋膜扩张肌,5.股骨颈,6.腹直肌</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)横断层面</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.肩关节CT横断层面</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)经关节盂上份横断层面:主要显示喙突、关节盂上缘、肩胛骨和肱骨头上部、肩关节周围肌等。肱骨头与肩胛骨关节盂构成肩关节,关节间隙呈月牙形。三角肌呈“C”形环绕肩关节。肩胛骨呈横置“Y”形,居肩关节后内侧。肩胛冈前外侧为冈上肌,后方为冈下肌。肩胛下肌和前锯肌依次列于肩胛骨前方(图6-2-12)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)经关节盂中份横断层面:主要显示肩胛骨体部、肱骨大结节、肱骨小结节、结节间沟、肩关节周围肌和腋窝。肱骨头与其后内侧的关节盂构成肩关节,关节间隙呈弧形向前外侧张开。三角肌断面呈“C”形环绕肩关节外侧。腋窝断面近似三角形(图6-2-13)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)经关节盂下份横断层面:主要显示关节盂下缘和肱骨上段横断面,位于冈下肌下部的小圆肌出现,肩胛下肌和冈下肌下部仍可显示。肱骨呈圆形,肱骨骨皮质在多层螺旋CT图像上,呈环形高密度影,髓腔呈低密度影(图6-2-14)。
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-2-12 经关节盂上份CT横断层面</p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0304-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-2-13 经关节盂中份CT横断层面</p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0304-03.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-2-14 经关节盂下份CT横断层面</p>
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                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0304-04.jpg" style="width:30%" alt="" active="true" />
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.肩关节MRI横断层面</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)经肩关节盂上份横断层面:主要显示肱骨头、肩胛骨上部及周围的肌肉组织等。肩关节外围包绕三角肌。肩胛骨关节盂与喙突呈“Y”形朝向前外方。喙突突出于关节盂前方。肩胛下肌紧贴肩胛骨,并在喙突下方斜向前方终止于肱骨小结节。冈下肌位于肩胛冈下方,其肌腱终止于肱骨大结节(图6-2-15)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)经肩关节盂中份横断层面:清晰显示肩关节的组成结构及周围软组织结构。肩关节关节间隙呈浅弧形向前外侧张开。肱骨头前内侧可见局部凹陷呈“V”形的结节间沟,其内有肱二头肌长头</p>
 
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                        <span class="header-title">第六章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四肢</span>
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                    <p class="content">
                        腱。冈上肌肌腱、冈下肌腱和小圆肌肌腱依次从上方及后上方附着于肱骨大结节,肩胛下肌肌腱则从前方附着于肱骨小结节。肩胛下肌与冈下肌分别位于肩胛骨前后方,三角肌断面呈“C”形,环绕肩关节前外侧(图6-2-16)。
                    </p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0305-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-2-15 经肩关节盂上份MRI横断层面</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0305-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-2-16 经肩关节盂中份MRI横断层面</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)经肩关节盂下份横断层面:肱骨头及关节盂较经肩关节盂中份横断层面积减小。结节间沟内有肱二头肌长头腱。肩胛骨前方有肩胛下肌,后方则有冈下肌与小圆肌。三角肌仍呈“C”形包绕于肩关节的前、后及外侧。肩关节与内侧的胸壁之间的腋窝呈高信号脂肪组织,其前壁是胸大肌和胸小肌;后壁为肩胛下肌;内侧壁为前锯肌和胸壁;外侧壁为肱骨、喙肱肌和肱二头肌短头。腋窝内有臂丛神经及其分支、腋淋巴结和腋血管等(图6-2-17)。
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0306-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-2-17 经肩关节盂下份MRI横断层面</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.上臂MRI横断层面</span> 上臂MRI在临床中使用相对较少,以横断层面为主,冠状层面和矢状层面的应用为辅。在此仅选取横断层面加以论述。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)经上臂上份横断层面:主要显示肱骨及上臂诸肌群的结构分布情况。肱骨位居图像中央区域,其前方从外向内依次为肱二头肌长、短头肌和喙肱肌。三角肌自肩部向下止于肱骨外侧三角肌粗隆。肱三头肌为上臂后群的伸肌,起端有3个头,长头起自肩胛骨的盂下粗隆;外侧头和内侧头起自肱骨的背面,共同向下汇合后止于尺骨鹰嘴。正中神经、肱动脉、贵要静脉及尺神经走行于喙肱肌内后方深部间隙内。桡神经与肱深动脉则走行于肱三头肌与肱骨之间的间隙内(图6-2-18)。
                    </p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0306-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-2-18 经上臂上份MRI横断层面</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)经上臂下份横断层:肱骨位居图像中央偏后,其前方浅层为肱二头肌长、短头肌汇合后的肱二头肌肌腹。深层为起自肱骨中部前缘的肱肌,其止于尺骨粗隆和冠突。肱桡肌起自肱骨外上髁上方,行走于上臂外侧缘浅层,终止于桡骨茎突。肱三头肌位于上臂后群、3个头汇合后止于尺骨鹰嘴。正中神经、肱动脉、贵要静脉及尺神经等走行于肱二头肌、肱肌与肱三头肌之间内侧间隙内(图6-2-19)。
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                        <span class="header-title">第六章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四肢</span>
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-2-19 经上臂下份MRI横断层面</p>
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.肘关节CT横断层</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)经肱骨内、外上髁横断层:显示肱骨下端呈类似四方形,两侧较宽大部分为内、外上髁。肱骨前缘稍平直,后缘可见浅弧形凹陷的肱骨滑车后关节面,与尺骨鹰嘴构成肱尺关节。肱骨前方主要为肱肌,而桡侧腕长伸肌、肱桡肌与肱二头肌位于肱肌浅面。肱骨后方为肱三头肌(图6-2-20)。
                    </p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0307-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-2-20 经肱骨内、外上髁CT横断层面</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)经近侧桡尺关节横断层面:桡尺近侧关节的前方有肱肌,内侧有旋前圆肌,外侧有肱桡肌和桡侧腕长、短伸肌。肱肌与桡侧腕长、短伸肌之间有旋后肌。桡尺关节的后方主要为肘肌。尺骨的内侧由前向后,依次为指浅屈肌、尺侧腕屈肌和指深屈肌(图6-2-21)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0307-03.jpg" style="width:30%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.肘关节MRI横断层面</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)经肱骨内、外上髁横断层面:肱骨远端呈扁平状,其内、外侧端的隆起分别为内、外上髁。肱骨内上髁的后面有尺神经沟,沟内有尺神经。肱骨后缘骨性凹陷为鹰嘴窝,与后方的尺骨鹰嘴构成肱尺关节。肱三头肌肌腱附着于鹰嘴的后面。肱肌位于肱骨前方,前方则有肱二头肌肌腱走行。肱骨前内侧有旋前圆肌,前外侧有前后排列的肱桡肌和桡侧腕长、短伸肌,肱动脉、肱静脉和正中神经等。桡神经位于肱桡肌与肱肌之间,头静脉和肘正中静脉、贵要静脉分别位于断层前外侧和前内侧的浅筋膜内(图6-2-22)。
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-2-21 经近侧桡尺关节CT横断层面</p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0308-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-2-22 经肱骨内、外上髁MRI横断层面</p>
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                    <p class="content">
                        (2)经近侧桡尺关节横断层面:桡骨头呈圆形,其周围有桡骨环状韧带环绕。关节的前方有肱肌,内前方有旋前圆肌、桡侧腕屈肌、掌长肌、指浅屈肌等前后排列。关节外侧有肱桡肌和桡侧腕长、短伸肌,内侧有尺侧腕屈肌、指伸屈肌,后方有肘肌。肘窝内的结构丰富,有肱二头肌腱、肱动脉、肱静脉和正中神经等(图6-2-23)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">6.前臂MRI横断层面</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)经前臂上份横断层面:层面中心桡骨、尺骨呈上下排列。尺骨位于内后方,桡骨位于中央区域(图6-2-24)。尺骨外前方,桡骨前方、外侧和后方均被旋后肌环绕。前臂的屈肌群位于尺桡骨的内侧部,而伸肌群则位于尺桡骨的外侧部。前臂肌群内侧部由前向后分为浅、中、深层,由尺侧向桡侧的顺序依次为浅层的掌长肌、桡侧腕屈肌和旋前圆肌;中层位于旋前圆肌的后方,有指浅层肌和肱肌;深层有尺侧腕屈肌和指深屈肌。肱桡肌位于前臂外侧部前方最浅层,其后方为前臂伸肌群,自前向后依次为桡侧腕长伸肌、桡侧腕短伸肌、指伸肌、小指伸肌和尺侧腕伸肌等。面肘肌位于层面的最后部,紧邻尺骨后缘。旋后肌的前方、旋前圆肌与肱桡肌之间为肘窝,内有肱二头肌腱、正中神经和肱动、静脉。桡神经深支行于旋后肌与桡侧腕长、短伸肌之间。尺神经则位于指浅屈肌与指深屈肌、尺侧腕屈肌三者之间。
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                        <span class="header-title">第六章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四肢</span>
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-2-23 经近侧桡尺关节MRI横断层面</p>
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-2-24 经前臂上份MRI横断层面</p>
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                    <p class="content">
                        (2)经前臂下份横断层面:经桡、尺骨下份层面显示桡骨逐渐增粗、尺骨则逐渐变细,两者位居前臂偏后部。该层面与前臂上份相比,大多肌群移行为肌腹或肌腱。层面内尺、桡骨前方的肌群由浅入深分为四层:第一层,自桡侧向尺侧依次为肱桡肌肌腱、桡侧腕屈肌腱、掌长肌腱和尺侧腕屈肌;第二层,为指浅屈肌;第三层,桡侧为拇长屈肌腱;第四层,为指深屈肌。而前臂后群肌自桡侧向尺侧依次为拇长展肌腱、拇短伸肌腱、桡侧腕长伸肌腱、桡侧腕短伸肌腱、拇长伸肌腱、指伸肌腱和示指伸肌、小指伸肌腱及尺侧腕伸肌腱等。正中神经位于指浅屈肌与拇长屈肌腱之间;尺动、静脉和尺神经位于尺侧腕屈肌与指浅、深屈肌之间;桡动、静脉位于桡骨的前外侧,桡侧腕屈肌的后外侧(图6-2-25)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">7.腕关节CT横断层面</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)经桡、尺远侧关节横断层面:桡骨宽大呈类似矩形,尺骨较小呈圆形位于内侧。除桡、尺骨前面的旋前方肌相对宽大以外,其余肌肉断面明显变小,且多为肌腱或肌腹与肌腱移行部。在该层面掌侧主要为手部屈肌肌腱,在关节背侧及两侧主要为伸肌肌腱(图6-2-26)。
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-2-25 经前臂下份MRI横断层面</p>
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-2-26 经桡、尺远侧关节CT横断层面</p>
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                    <p class="content">
                        (2)经近侧列腕骨横断层面:该层面可见手舟骨、月骨和三角骨,相邻腕骨之间形成腕骨间关节。桡动脉与桡静脉走行于拇长展肌腱与桡舟头韧带之间。屈肌支持带与腕骨沟之间为腕管,内有正中神经和9条屈指肌腱通过。在腕管与尺侧腕屈肌腱之间可显示尺动脉、尺静脉与尺神经断面(图6-2-27)。
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-2-27 经近侧列腕骨CT横断层面</p>
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                    <p class="content">
                        (3)经远侧列腕骨横断层面:该层面显示大多角骨、小多角骨、头状骨及钩骨,它们的背面见前臂伸肌腱及拇长展肌腱。腕骨的掌侧,尺桡侧分别出现小鱼际肌、大鱼际肌。中部见腕管,腕管的外侧份有拇长屈肌腱,内侧份有指浅、深屈肌的8条肌腱及正中神经(图6-2-28)。
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                        <span class="header-title">第六章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四肢</span>
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-2-28 经远侧列腕骨CT横断层面</p>
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                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)冠状层面</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        冠状层面影像可以更好地显示上肢骨骼的纵向排列和关节的冠状层面结构。例如,在冠状层面MRI上可以清晰观察肩关节的盂唇、肱骨头与关节盂的关系,以及上肢长骨的形态和骨髓情况。这对于评估上肢骨骼的畸形、关节的对位对线及软组织损伤的范围等有帮助。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.肩关节CT冠状层面</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)经肩关节前份冠状层面:肱骨头居上份,锁骨位于内上部。肱骨头外侧有隆起的肱骨大结节,其内下方为结节间沟,内有肱二头肌长头腱。肱骨外侧有纵行的三角肌。肱骨头内侧有肩胛下肌及其肌腱。在肱骨头下方,由外侧向内侧依次可见三角肌、肱二头肌和喙肱肌。锁骨下与肩胛冈之间有冈上肌走行;肩胛冈下方走行肩胛下肌。喙突、肩胛下肌、喙肱肌和肱二头肌内下方见腋窝(图6-2-29)。
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-2-29 经肩关节前份CT冠状层面</p>
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                    <p class="content">
                        (2)经肩关节中份冠状层面:肱骨头位于上份中央,与内侧的关节盂相对。肩关节呈新月形。肱骨头向下逐渐移行为肱骨解剖颈与外科颈。肱骨头外侧有肱骨大结节,三角肌仍位于肱骨大结节外侧。肱骨头上方出现了冈上肌,冈上肌的上方可见肩锁关节。肩关节内侧可见肩胛下肌,其下方为背阔肌(图6-2-30)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)经肩关节后份冠状层面:肱骨头外侧为肱骨大结节。小圆肌越过肩关节后方,附着于肱骨大结节的下部。肱骨大结节外侧见三角肌较厚而大。肱骨头上方可见冈上肌,冈上肌的上方可见肩峰。其他解剖与经肩关节中份冠状层面类似(图6-2-31)。
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-2-30 经肩关节中份CT冠状层面</p>
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-2-31 经肩关节后份CT冠状层面</p>
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.肩关节MRI斜冠状层面</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)经肩关节前份斜冠状层面:肱骨头居层面中心,在关节盂上、下缘有关节盂唇附着。三角肌于外、上方包绕肱骨头。肩胛骨上方有冈上肌,其肌腱附着干肱骨大结节。在冈上肌及其肌腱与肩锁关节之间有一条状脂肪组织,其外侧端将冈上肌及其肌腱与三角肌分隔开。肩胛骨前方下可见起自肩胛骨前缘斜向前外侧、终止于肱骨小结节的肩胛下肌,肱二头肌、喙肱肌自内上向外下方上臂内侧斜向分布。腋窝位于喙突、肩胛下肌、喙肱肌和肱二头肌内侧,与前锯肌之间的区域内充填有大量脂肪组织。臂丛神经、腋动脉、腋静脉自颈部方向斜向下方走行至腋窝方向(图6-2-32)。
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0312-03.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-2-32 经肩关节前份MRI斜冠状层面</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">第六章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四肢</span>
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                        (2)经肩关节中份冠状层面:经肩胛骨的关节盂、肱骨头中份、锁骨肩峰端、肩峰及肩锁关节等结构。肩关节间隙较经肩关节前份面积增大。斜方肌位于锁骨外侧段及肩峰的上方,其深面(下方)可见高信号的脂肪组织间隙。肩关节周围其他主要肌肉、神经及血管结构与经肩关节前份斜冠状层面相类似(图6-2-33)。
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-2-33 经肩关节中份MRI冠状层面</p>
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                        (3)经肩关节后份冠状层面:肱骨头及对应关节盂变小。肱骨头上方的冈上肌肌腱向外侧附着于肱骨大结节,肱骨头外侧的肱骨大结节内下方的结节间沟内有肱二头肌长头腱。该层面肩胛下肌消失,其他结构类似于经肩关节中份冠状层面(图6-2-34)。
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0313-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-2-34 经肩关节后份MRI冠状层面</p>
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                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.肘关节CT冠状层面</span> 中央为肘关节,同时显示肱桡关节、肱尺关节和近侧桡尺关节。肱骨滑车上方可见尺骨鹰嘴,其尺侧有肱骨内上髁。尺骨鹰嘴的桡侧、肱骨小头上方的突起为肱骨外上髁。肘关节上方,由桡侧向尺侧依次可见肱肌、肱骨体和肱三头肌等;肘关节下方,由桡侧向尺侧依次可见桡侧腕长伸肌、旋后肌、桡骨、尺骨、指深屈肌和尺侧腕屈肌等(图6-2-35)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.经肱骨内、外上髁MRI冠状层面</span> 肱骨滑车上方可见冠突窝,其尺侧有肱骨内上髁。尺侧副韧带自内上髁向下至尺骨滑车切迹内侧缘,可加固关节稳定性。鹰嘴窝桡侧为肱骨外上髁,桡侧副韧带附着于其外缘,并向下止于桡骨头外周的桡骨环状韧带。肘关节上方由桡侧向尺侧依次可见桡侧腕短伸肌、肱桡肌、肱骨体和肱三头肌等;肘关节下方由桡侧向尺侧依次可见桡侧腕短伸肌、旋后肌、桡骨、尺骨、指深屈肌、尺侧腕屈肌和指浅屈肌等(图6-2-36)。
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-2-35 肘关节CT冠状层面</p>
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-2-36 经肱骨内、外上髁MRI冠状层面</p>
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                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.腕关节CT冠状层面</span> 在经尺、桡骨茎突的冠状层面中,腕骨、掌骨和指骨由近及远依次排列。从桡侧至尺侧,近侧列腕骨依次为舟骨、月骨、三角骨;远侧列依次为大多角骨、小多角骨、头状骨和钩骨,相邻腕骨间形成腕骨间关节。近侧列的3块腕骨与桡骨下端及尺骨头远侧构成桡腕关节,该关节近侧可见桡尺远侧关节;远侧列腕骨与掌骨底构成腕掌关节。掌骨底之间形成掌骨间关节(图6-2-37)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">6.经腕骨MRI冠状层面</span> 显示近侧列腕骨由桡侧向尺侧依次为手舟骨、月骨和三角骨;远侧列依次为大多角骨、小多角骨、头状骨和钩骨,相邻腕骨之间形成腕骨间关节,且有腕骨间韧带相连。远侧列腕骨与掌骨底构成腕掌关节。近侧列的舟骨、月骨与桡骨下端构成桡腕关节。桡、尺骨近端形成桡尺远侧关节。月骨、三角骨与尺骨远端构成尺腕关节,其间存在有三角纤维软骨,当腕部长期反复背身、旋转或暴力外伤时,常可导致其损伤(图6-2-38)。
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                        <span class="header-title">第六章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四肢</span>
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                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-2-37 腕关节CT冠状层面</p>
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                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-2-38 经腕骨MRI冠状层面</p>
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                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)矢状层面</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        矢状层面图像有助于观察上肢各关节在屈伸状态下的结构,如肘关节的屈伸过程中,肱骨、尺骨和桡骨之间的关系。在MRI矢状面上,还可以观察到肌肉、肌腱的走行和连续性,这对于诊断关节活动受限、肌肉和肌腱损伤等有重要意义。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.肩关节MRI斜矢状层面</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)经肱骨头内份斜矢状层面:肱骨头位于中心区域。肩峰位于肱骨头后上方斜向走行,肩峰与肱骨头之间有冈上肌及其肌腱。喙突位于肱骨头前上方。在肱骨头后方,冈下肌与小圆肌相邻,上、下排列。肱骨头前、下方有肩胛下肌及其肌腱。在肩胛下肌前方,有肱二头肌短头、喙肱肌、背阔肌、大圆肌等排列。三角肌是位于最浅层的肩关节周围肌肉,前后包绕肱骨头及关节周围深部肌肉等组织(图6-2-39)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)经肱骨头中份矢状层面:肱骨头及肱骨近端位于中心区域。肩峰大多呈扁平状,前高后低居于肱骨头上方,两者之间有冈上肌及其肌腱。肱骨头前下方有肩胛下肌肌腱斜向上方附着于肱骨小结节,冈上肌肌腱与肩胛下肌肌腱之间有肱二头肌长头腱。肱骨头后下方冈下肌、小圆肌及其肌腱上下排列,并附着于肱骨大结节。肩关节周围其他肌肉等组织同经肱骨头内份矢状层面相似(图6-2-40)。
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-2-39 经肱骨头内份MRI斜矢状层面</p>
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                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-2-40 经肱骨头中份MRI矢状层面</p>
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.肘关节CT矢状层面</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)经肱桡关节矢状层面:肘关节的前方,浅层为肱桡肌,深层为肱肌和旋前圆肌。在关节后上方,有肱三头肌向下附着于尺骨鹰嘴,在关节前上方,有肱二头肌和肱肌。桡骨后方有旋后肌(图6-2-41)。
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-2-41 经肱桡关节CT矢状层面</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">第六章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四肢</span>
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                        (2)经肱尺关节矢状层面:呈圆形的肱骨滑车与其后方呈鸟嘴张开状的尺骨滑车切迹,构成肱尺关节,关节腔清晰可见。肘关节前方有肱二头肌和肱肌;肘关节后上方有肱三头肌,肱三头肌向下附着于尺骨鹰嘴(图6-2-42)。
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-2-42 经肱尺关节CT矢状层面</p>
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.肘关节MRI矢状层面</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)经肱桡关节矢状层面:关节前下方前臂浅层为肱桡肌,旋后肌包绕桡骨近端前、外、后方。关节前上方上臂浅层为肱二头肌,深层为肱肌。肘关节后上方有肱三头肌,后下方则有尺侧腕伸肌、肘肌等(图6-2-43)。
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-2-43 经肱桡关节MRI矢状层面</p>
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                    <p class="content">
                        (2)经肱尺关节矢状层面:肱尺关节位于层面的中央,呈圆形的肱骨滑车被尺骨鹰嘴和冠突环绕构成肱尺关节。肱尺关节前上方由前向后为肱二头肌、肱肌;关节后上方为肱三头肌,其肌腱附着于鹰嘴;关节下方由前向后有桡侧腕屈肌、旋前圆肌及指浅、深屈肌等(图6-2-44)。
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-2-44 经肱尺关节MRI矢状层面</p>
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                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(四)上肢CTA和MRA</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.上肢CTA</span> CT血管成像(CT
                        angiography,CTA)主要用于显示上肢的血管情况,如锁骨下动脉、腋动脉、肱动脉、桡动脉和尺动脉等。该方法是向血管内注入对比剂后进行CT扫描,利用计算机重建技术生成血管的三维图像,可以清晰地观察血管的形态、走行、有无狭窄或闭塞等病变,在诊断上肢血管损伤、血管畸形或评估肿瘤的血供等方面有重要应用。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)锁骨下动脉:是上肢动脉的主要起始血管。在CTA图像中,它表现为从主动脉弓发出后,向外上方走行于锁骨下方。其管径较粗,正常情况下管壁光滑、连续。例如,右侧锁骨下动脉直接起自头臂干,左侧则直接起自主动脉弓。它沿途发出多个分支,如椎动脉、胸廓内动脉等,在CTA图像上可以清晰地看到这些分支从锁骨下动脉分出的起始部位和走行方向。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)腋动脉:是锁骨下动脉的延续,在腋窝内走行。在CTA上,腋动脉位于腋窝脂肪组织之间,周围有臂丛神经等结构与之伴行。它呈轻度弯曲的形态,分支主要供应腋窝周围的肌肉、皮肤等组织,如胸肩峰动脉、旋肱后动脉等,这些分支的起始点和走行路径在CTA图像上能被很好地显示。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)肱动脉:沿肱二头肌内侧沟下行,在CTA图像中可以看到它是腋动脉的延续,位置相对表浅。其管壁在正常情况下厚度均匀,管腔内对比剂充盈良好,呈均匀的高密度影。肱动脉是上肢主要的供血动脉之一,它在肘部附近分为桡动脉和尺动脉。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (4)桡动脉和尺动脉:这两条动脉是肱动脉的终末分支。桡动脉在肱桡肌与旋前圆肌之间下行,位置较为表浅,在手腕部可以触及搏动;尺动脉在尺侧腕屈肌与指浅屈肌之间下行。在CTA图像上,它们的管径相对较细,但仍能清楚地看到其走行路径,尤其是在手部形成掌浅弓和掌深弓的部分,能够看到血管的分支和吻合情况。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.上肢MRA</span> 磁共振血管造影(magnetic resonance
                        angiography,MRA)同样用于显示上肢血管,但利用磁共振原理。MRA可以清晰显示上肢血管的走行和血流情况,对血管的显示具有无创、无需对比剂(部分情况下)的优点。对于诊断血管病变,尤其是对对比剂过敏或肾功能不全的患者,是一种很好的检查方法。
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                        <span class="header-title">第六章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四肢</span>
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                        CTA和MRA技术的发展为上肢血管病变的诊断带来了新的机遇。这些先进技术是医学科技不断进步的体现,凝聚了无数科研人员的智慧和心血。它们让我们能够更清晰地看到身体内部的血管结构,为患者的诊断和治疗提供了更准确的依据。这启示我们在医学领域要保持对新知识、新技术的学习热情,不断探索和创新。同时,作为影像工作者,我们要以高度的责任感和严谨的态度使用这些技术,因为每一个诊断结果都关乎患者的健康和生命。我们要珍惜科技进步带来的成果,为患者提供更好的医疗服务,体现医学的人文关怀和救死扶伤的精神。
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                    <h2 class="secondTitle">第三节 下肢</h2>
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                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【案例】</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        患者,女,40岁,因“左下肢车祸伤后疼痛、畸形,不能站立行走2小时”入院。患者2小时前过马路时被一辆摩托车撞倒,左下肢受到直接撞击,伤后即刻出现剧烈疼痛,左小腿明显畸形,肿胀迅速,无法自主站立及行走。现场急救人员给予简单包扎固定后送来医院,伤后无昏迷、呕吐,无大小便失禁。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">既往健康状况良好,无重大外伤及手术史,无长期服药史,无药物过敏史。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【问题】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.该患者目前的诊断是什么?诊断依据有哪些?</p>
                    <p class="content">2.X线与CT检查在诊断下肢骨折方面,各自的优势与局限性是什么?</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、应用解剖</h3>
                    <p class="content">下肢骨分为下肢带骨和下肢自由骨,共有62块。下肢带骨为髋骨,下肢自由骨包括股骨、髌骨、胫骨、腓骨、跗骨、跖骨和趾骨。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.髋骨</span> 由髂骨、耻骨和坐骨融合而成,是不规则骨。髋骨外侧有髋臼,与股骨构成髋关节。髋臼周围有髋臼唇加深关节窝,增加关节稳定性。髋臼前下方有闭孔。髋骨后上部为髂骨,上缘肥厚,呈弓形,称髂嵴,最高点平第4腰椎棘突。髂嵴前有髂前上棘、髂前下棘,后有髂后上棘和髂后下棘。髋骨在人体站立和行走时承受巨大压力,其结构完整性对下肢功能至关重要。在影像学检查中,需关注髋骨的骨质结构、髋臼形态及与股骨的关节关系,常见病变包括髋臼骨折、髋关节发育不良等。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.股骨</span> 是人体最长且最粗壮的长骨。股骨近端有股骨头、股骨颈、大转子和小转子等结构,股骨头与髋臼构成髋关节,其血供情况对股骨头健康至关重要。股骨体呈圆柱形,有粗线等结构。股
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                        骨远端有内侧髁和外侧髁,与胫骨和髌骨构成膝关节。在影像学检查上,重点观察股骨的骨质结构,如股骨头的密度、股骨颈的角度及有无骨折线等,这些特征对于诊断髋关节疾病(如股骨头缺血性坏死)、股骨骨折等具有重要意义(图6-3-1)。
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                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-3-1 股骨前、后面观</p>
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                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.髌骨</span> 位于膝关节前方,略呈三角形,是人体最大的籽骨。位于股四头肌肌腱内,其背侧关节面与股骨髌关节面构成髌股关节,它在膝关节屈伸运动中可增加杠杆力臂、保护膝关节。在影像学检查中,髌骨的位置和形态对于诊断髌骨骨折、脱位等十分关键。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.胫骨</span> 位于小腿内侧,是小腿主要负重骨。胫骨上端膨大,有内侧髁和外侧髁,两髁之间向上形成髁间隆起,与股骨髁间窝相关节;外侧髁后部的下面有腓关节面。上端前部与体移行处的粗糙隆起为胫骨结节,又称胫骨粗隆。胫骨体呈三棱柱形;远端有内踝。在影像学检查中,重点观察胫骨的骨质结构,如有无骨折、骨质增生等情况,同时注意与周围骨骼的关节关系。胫骨骨折是常见的下肢损伤,在影像学上有明显的表现。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.腓骨</span> 位于小腿外侧,较细,不直接参与负重,但对维持小腿稳定性和肌肉附着有重要作用。上端稍膨大为腓骨头,下端膨大呈三角形并向外突出,称外踝。在影像学检查上,要注意观察腓骨的形态和位置,特别是小腿损伤,如腓骨骨折可能伴随踝关节扭伤等(图6-3-2)。
                    </p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0320-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-3-2 胫腓骨前面观</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">第六章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四肢</span>
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">6.跗骨与跖骨</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)跗骨:属于短骨,共7块,包括距骨、跟骨、足舟骨、骰骨和3块楔骨。距骨与下肢胫、腓骨下端构成踝关节,跗骨之间的关节对于足部运动和稳定起着关键作用。在影像学检查中,需关注跗骨的形态、排列及关节情况,如距骨骨折、跟骨骨刺等病变在影像学上有特定表现。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)跖骨:属于短管状骨,共5块,由内侧向外侧依次为第1~5跖骨。每一跖骨近端为底,与跗骨相接;中间为体;远端称头,与近节趾骨相接。其影像学表现对于诊断足部骨折、脱位等有重要意义,如跖骨骨折在X线片上可见骨折线(图6-3-3)。
                    </p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0321-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-3-3 足(右侧)上面观</p>
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                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">7.髋关节</span> 由髋臼与股骨头构成,是典型的杵臼关节,具有良好的稳定性。关节周围有髋臼唇、韧带(髂股韧带、股骨头韧带、耻股韧带、坐股韧带等)和肌肉等结构加强。在影像学检查中,要观察关节间隙、股骨头的形态、髋臼的情况及周围软组织的情况。常见病变有髋关节脱位、股骨头缺血性坏死等,这些病变在影像学上有不同的表现,如髋关节脱位时股骨头与髋臼的位置关系改变,股骨头缺血性坏死时股骨头密度改变。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">8.膝关节</span> 由股骨下端、胫骨上端、髌骨和周围的韧带(如前交叉韧带、后交叉韧带、内外侧副韧带)、半月板等结构组成。膝关节是人体最大、最复杂的关节,其稳定性依赖于这些结构的协同作用。在影像学检查中,要注意观察关节间隙、关节面的平整度、韧带的完整性和半月板的形态。例如,前交叉韧带损伤在MRI上有特定的信号改变,半月板撕裂在MRI上也有相应的表现,这些对于诊断膝关节疾病至关重要。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">9.踝关节</span> 又称距小腿关节,由胫、腓骨下端与距骨构成,是下肢重要的负重关节。踝关节周围有韧带加强,如外侧的距腓前韧带、距腓后韧带和跟腓韧带,内侧的三角韧带。在影像学检查中,要观察关节间隙、关节面情况及韧带是否损伤。踝关节扭伤是常见损伤,影像学检查有助于判断损伤程度和部位。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、X线解剖</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)股骨</p>
 
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.股骨正位</span> 在股骨正位片中,股骨头呈半球形,关节面皮质较薄,中部偶尔可见股骨头凹。股骨头内嵌于髋臼,构成髋关节,外侧变细为股骨颈。股骨颈上缘外侧端有大转子隆起与之重叠,大转子尖常突出于股骨颈上方。股骨颈下缘内侧端有小转子向内隆起。股骨颈下缘内侧端有小转子向内隆起。在股骨颈下方区域,常可见一条由大转子区域斜向内下延伸至小转子区域的致密线,此为转子间线(位于前侧)。在标准正位片上,位于后侧的转子间嵴通常显示不清或与结构重叠。股骨上端骨小梁明显,沿张力曲线和压力曲线排列。股骨干为典型管状骨,中段皮质最厚,向上、下干骺端逐渐变薄,上延的内缘皮质经小转子基部,至颈下缘变薄。股骨下端膨大为内外侧髁,两侧髁侧面隆起为内外上髁。内外侧髁由致密边缘线围成方形轮廓,两髁间较淡区域为髁间窝。股骨下端松质内骨小梁清晰,内有髌骨影重叠。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.股骨侧位</span> 股骨头向上伸展,略向前偏,通常呈球形,部分与髋臼重叠。其下方延续为较细的股骨颈,颈部前后缘皮质清晰可见,前缘皮质向下与骨干皮质相连,后缘皮质向下逐渐消失于干骺端松质内。头颈交界处常可见一环状致密影,上半部分为股骨颈上缘轴位影,下半部分为股骨头下部皮质影,且头颈影内常有大转子影重叠。小转子尖向上伸,通常位于股骨头与颈部影的后侧。大转子下方,股骨干骺端向后突出形成小转子,小转子一般影像较淡。大转子后缘向下至小转子的弧形骨线为转子间嵴,大转子前缘向后下至小转子的致密斜线为转子间线。股骨骨干略向前弯曲,前、后缘皮质非常明显但不对称,后缘皮质较厚。股骨下端内外侧髁重叠,若错位则呈双影。两髁形状、大小基本一致,难以区分,内侧髁位置通常较低,因摄影时肢体位置不同而有差异。区分方法是追踪由骨干前缘向下延伸至两髁前缘的皮质线,延续至内侧髁的皮质线较平直,而延续至外侧髁前缘的皮质线有明显转折。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)髌骨</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.髌骨正位</span> 髌骨重叠于股骨下端的松质内,呈尖端向下的三角形致密影,结构显示欠佳(图6-3-4)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0322-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-3-4 髌骨正位</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.髌骨侧位</span> 髌骨位于股骨髁的前方,呈不规整的四边形。其后上角和前下角比较尖锐。髌骨前缘骨皮质比较致密清晰,后缘骨皮质较淡,对应股骨髁的关节面可显示。髌骨内部骨质淡薄,有时可见骨小梁(图6-3-5)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.髌骨轴位</span> 髌骨位于股骨两髁之上,呈三角形,边缘清晰,可清楚显示髌股关节的内、外侧关节间隙。</p>
 
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                        <span class="header-title">第六章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四肢</span>
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                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-3-5 髌骨侧位</p>
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                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)胫骨</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.胫骨正位</span> 可见胫骨内、外侧髁外形相似,有腓骨头接触者为外侧髁。胫骨两髁之上关节面平坦,分别与股骨内、外侧髁相对应。两髁关节面之间有两个向上的突起,为髁间隆起。胫骨上端骨小梁明显。胫骨骨干呈典型管状骨影,两缘皮质明显。胫骨下端膨大,其下关节面与距骨构成踝关节。胫骨下端外侧与腓骨下端构成远侧胫腓关节。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.胫骨侧位</span> 胫骨上端内、外侧髁重叠,可以将它们分别与股骨内、外侧髁的对应来区分。在关节面的中部可见上突的髁间隆起,常与股骨髁部分重叠。在胫骨上端前缘骨皮质明显向前隆起为胫骨粗隆,后缘与腓骨头重叠。胫骨下端膨大,与距骨滑车相对应构成踝关节,关节间隙明显,内有内踝影重叠。内踝影呈三角形,尖端向下与距骨滑车影重叠。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(四)腓骨</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.腓骨正位</span> 腓骨头与胫骨外侧髁的下部有部分重叠,构成近侧胫腓关节,但关节间隙不能显示。腓骨骨干细长,呈典型管状骨影,外侧皮质较厚,内侧皮质较薄。腓骨下端向外下突出的部分为外踝,呈尖端朝下的三角形,内侧面与距骨滑车相对应,参与踝关节的构成。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.腓骨侧位</span> 腓骨头前部与胫骨重叠。腓骨骨干呈典型长管状骨影。腓骨下端与胫骨下端的后部影重叠。外踝向下通过踝关节间隙与距骨滑车影重叠。胫骨内踝居前,腓骨外踝居后。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(五)跗骨与跖骨</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.正位</span> 第1跖骨最粗,其他各跖骨形状相似。5块跖骨都分为中间的体部、前端圆形膨大的跖骨小头和后端方形的跖骨底。各跖骨头的松质均较稀疏。5块跖骨底部分重叠,其中第5跖骨底外突称第5跖骨结节。第1跖骨底与第1楔骨成跗跖关节,其小头与第1近侧趾骨构成跖趾关节。第2、第3跖骨底分别与第2、第3楔骨构成跗跖关节,两跖骨小头分别与第2、第3近侧趾骨构成跖趾关节。第4、第5跖骨底与骰骨构成跗跖关节,两跖骨小头与第4、第5近侧趾骨构成跖趾关节(图6-3-6)。
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-3-6 左足正位</p>
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                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.斜位</span> 可以较清晰显示正位片中诸跗骨之间,以及跖骨底部分骨骼重叠的影像。除第1~2跖骨底部重叠较明显外,第2~5跖骨底部显示清晰。同时,对舟骨、骰骨及其周围跗骨及关节的显示亦更清晰(图6-3-7)。
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0324-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-3-7 左足斜位</p>
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                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(六)髋关节</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        髋关节正位片可见髋臼与股骨头对应,髋臼前、后缘与股骨头影重叠。髋关节间隙上半部较窄,显示两相对骨性关节面的距离;下半部较宽,显示股骨头与髋臼窝底间距离。股骨颈下缘与闭孔上缘所形成的曲线呈连续的弧形,称为耻颈线或Shenton线。沿髂前下棘下方的髂骨外缘与至股骨颈外上缘的连线也呈连续的弧形,称为髂颈线或卡尔弗氏线(Calve's
                        line),如有髋关节脱位或错位时,此线的连续性将发生变化(图6-3-8)。</p>
 
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                        <span class="header-title">第六章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四肢</span>
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                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-3-8 髋关节(右侧)正位</p>
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                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(七)膝关节</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.膝关节正位</span> 股骨下端与胫骨上端相对应构成关节,关节间隙明显,髌骨与股骨下端重叠。股骨、胫骨的内、外侧髁之间的关节间隙基本一致,宽4~8mm。沿股骨两髁的关节面作一横线,为股髁关节面切线。再沿胫骨两髁的关节面作一横线,为胫上关节面切线。正常情况下两切线平行(图6-3-9)。
                    </p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0325-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-3-9 膝关节(右侧)正位</p>
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                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.膝关节侧位</span> 股骨两侧髁前面与髌骨对应,关节间隙清晰。股骨两侧髁的下面均呈弧形,一小部分与胫骨两髁关节面对应。股骨两侧髁与胫骨的髁间隆起影部分重叠。其他可参考股骨正侧位表现(图6-3-10)。
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-10 膝关节(右侧)侧位</p>
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                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(八)踝关节</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.踝关节正位</span> 胫骨下关节面与距骨滑车上关节面对应构成滑车关节,相对的两关节面平行,关节间隙宽3~4mm。胫骨内踝关节面与距骨滑车内关节面对应,两关节面平行地斜向内下。腓骨外踝关节面与距骨滑车外关节面对应,两关节面平行斜向外下(图6-3-11)。
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                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-3-11 左踝关节正位</p>
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                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.踝关节侧位</span> 胫骨下关节面与距骨滑车上关节面对应,两关节面彼此平行,向上呈弧形,关节间隙宽3~4mm(图6-3-12)。</p>
 
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                        <span class="header-title">第六章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四肢</span>
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                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-3-12 左踝关节侧位片</p>
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                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、影像断层解剖</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)横断层面</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        在下肢的横断层面CT或MRI图像上,可以清晰看到各骨的横断面形态,如股骨、胫骨、腓骨等的骨髓腔、骨皮质情况。同时,能观察到髋关节、膝关节、踝关节等关节的横断面结构,包括关节面、关节囊、周围的肌肉和肌腱等软组织。对于诊断关节内病变、骨折的细节及软组织肿物等有重要价值。例如,在髋关节横断层面图像上可以看到股骨头在髋臼内的位置,以及周围肌肉的覆盖情况;在膝关节横断层面图像上可观察半月板、交叉韧带等结构的横断层面形态。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.髋关节CT横断层面</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)经股骨头上份横断层面:髋骨位于内侧,其外面为杯口状的髋臼,杯口朝向前外侧。股骨头呈圆形位于髋臼内,其内侧面约2/3被髋臼环抱,外侧面约1/3被关节囊包裹。关节周围被诸多肌肉所包围,关节的前方有腰大肌和髂肌。髂肌前外侧有缝匠肌、股直肌腱和阔筋膜张肌。关节的外、后侧有臀中肌和臀小肌。关节的后方深层紧贴髋骨的是较小的梨状肌腱和上孖肌,浅层为粗大的臀大肌(图6-3-13)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)经股骨头中份横断层面:圆形股骨头与内侧的髋臼构成髋关节,股骨头韧带连于两者之间,髋臼的中央底部为髋臼窝。关节周围见肌群包绕,与经股骨头上份层面相比呈现臀肌缩小,大腿前群肌增大。髂腰肌前内侧见股动、静脉(图6-3-14)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)经股骨头下份横断层面:经股骨头和髋臼下缘,股骨头明显变小,其后外侧为股骨颈。髋骨的前部为耻骨上支;中部为耻骨和坐骨体;后部为坐骨结节上端;外侧面为髋臼。股骨头内前方的缝匠肌、髂腰肌和耻骨肌围绕成股三角,内可见股动、静脉,大隐静脉和股深动、静脉。坐骨结节与耻骨上支之间为闭孔,其被闭孔内、外肌封闭。股骨与坐骨结节之间,由前至后依次可见闭孔外肌腱、股方肌和坐骨神经,它们被后方的臀大肌所覆盖(图6-3-15)。
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-13 经股骨头上份CT横断层面</p>
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-14 经股骨头中份CT横断层面</p>
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-15 经股骨头下份CT横断层面</p>
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.髋关节MRI横断层面</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)经股骨头上份横断层面:髋关节位于断层中心,髋臼居于内侧,呈杯口状,股骨头位于内侧面被髋臼环抱,外侧面被关节囊包裹,关节囊的前外上方有髂股韧带加强。髋臼内缘有闭孔内肌。关节的前方有髂腰肌,其前外侧有缝匠肌、股直肌腱和阔筋膜张肌。关节前内方股三角区内有股动、
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                        <span class="header-title">第六章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四肢</span>
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                    <p class="content">静脉及股神经走行。关节的外侧有臀中肌和臀小肌。关节的后方深层为条状的梨状肌腱,浅层为粗大的臀大肌,臀大肌与深层肌间隙内有坐骨神经通过(图6-3-16)。</p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0329-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-16 经股骨头上份MRI横断层面</p>
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                    <p class="content">
                        (2)经股骨头中份横断层面:股骨头和髋臼均明显增大。股骨头后外侧为大转子。髋臼略向前外侧开口,髋臼周缘有盂唇包绕。髋关节前外侧部有髂股韧带和耻股韧带加强,后部有坐股韧带加强。髋臼内缘出现闭孔内肌,后缘为下孖肌,其他与上份层面相类似(图6-3-17)。
                    </p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0329-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-17 经股骨头中份MRI横断层面</p>
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                    <p class="content">
                        (3)经股骨头下份横断层面:股骨头明显变小,向后外侧借粗大的股骨颈连于大转子,髋骨向后延伸为坐骨。髋关节囊前部有髂股韧带和耻股韧带,后部有坐股韧带。髋关节周围的臀肌进一步缩小,髋骨内侧的闭孔内肌明显增大,坐骨结节与大转子之间出现股方肌。坐骨神经位于臀大肌与闭孔内肌之间,股动静脉及神经位于髂腰肌和耻骨肌前方的股三角区内(图6-3-18)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.股部MRI横断层面</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)经股部上份横断层面:经过股骨小转子和坐骨结节下端,前部主要有髋肌前群和大腿前、内侧群肌及股血管、神经等结构。大腿和髋前群肌占据断层前外侧份,分为浅、深层,浅层有缝匠肌、股直肌和阔筋膜张肌,深层有髂腰肌、股外侧肌。大腿内侧群肌居断层前内侧份,浅层为耻骨肌和长收肌,向后依次是短收肌和大收肌。大收肌的后方有闭孔外肌、股方肌。断层前部中份,缝匠肌
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                        与长收肌之间为股三角,内有股动、静脉和股神经分支、股深动脉、腹股沟深淋巴结等,其浅筋膜内有大隐静脉和腹股沟浅淋巴结。断层的后部,皮下组织的浅层为臀大肌,臀中肌与臀小肌已消失,在其深面为股方肌,二者间隙内有坐骨神经及血管通过(图6-3-19)。
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-18 经股骨头下份MRI横断层面</p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0330-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-19 经股部上份MRI横断层面</p>
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                    <p class="content">
                        (2)经股部下份横断层面:股骨呈类圆形,位于断层前部。在大腿前群肌中股四头肌包绕股骨前及两侧,缝匠肌位于股内侧肌后内侧。后群肌浅层中,半膜肌和半腱肌分别位居内、外侧,深层中股二头肌短头、长头位于股骨外后方,其肌间隙内有坐骨神经。大腿后肌群内侧部有股薄肌和大收肌、长收肌。股内侧肌、缝匠肌、长收肌和大收肌围成收肌管,管内有股动、静脉(图6-3-20)。
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0330-03.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-20 经股部下份MRI横断层面</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">第六章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四肢</span>
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.膝关节CT横断层面</span> 膝关节CT检查通常在横断层基础上,再做矢状层面和冠状层面重组。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)经股骨内、外髁横断层面:断层前部为髌骨,呈卵圆形。髌骨后方为宽大的股骨下端,与内、外侧髁一起构成马蹄形。髌骨和股骨之间见髌股关节。股骨后部内外髁的凹陷为髁间窝。髁间窝内,外侧髁内侧缘有前交叉韧带的断面,内侧髁外侧缘有后交叉韧带的断面(图6-3-21)。
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0331-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-21 经股骨内、外髁CT横断层面</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)经膝关节半月板横断层面:膝关节前方可见粗大的髌韧带,其深面有丰富的髌下脂肪。膝关节中央部可见内、外侧半月板,胫骨髁间隆起。髁间隆起的前、后方分别有前、后交叉韧带;内、外侧可见股骨内、外侧髁。断层的后中份为腘窝,内有腘动、静脉和胫神经,腘窝的内外侧壁分别为腓肠肌内、外侧头(图6-3-22)。
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0331-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-22 经膝关节半月板CT横断层面</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)经胫骨平台横断层面:胫骨平台呈横置类圆形,从前向后依次可见髌韧带、髌下脂肪垫、胫骨和胫骨后肌群。胫骨内侧可见膝关节内侧副韧带。其他结构与经膝关节半月板横断层面类似(图6-3-23)。
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.膝关节MRI横断层面</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)经股骨内、外髁横断层面:股骨位于中央区域,其前方为髌骨下极。髌骨前缘与股四头肌腱紧密相贴,髌骨内、外侧缘向后分别与髌内、外侧支持带相连,支持带对髌骨内、外方向具有加固作用。股骨前面滑车略凹,与髌骨的后面构成髌股关节。股骨内、外侧最前突出为股骨内、外上髁,
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                        髂胫束位于外上髁前外侧,内侧副韧带、外侧副韧带附着于内、外上髁后方。股骨由向后内、外突隆为股骨内、外侧髁,其间为股骨髁间窝,内有丰富脂肪组织。股骨外侧髁外后方为股二头肌短头,其深面有腓总神经;腘肌腱起自股骨外髁的外侧面并绕向后下方;股骨外侧髁后方有跖肌、腓肠肌外侧头。股骨内侧髁内后方为缝匠肌,后方为腓肠肌内侧头、半膜肌肌腱、股薄肌肌腱,腘动、静脉和胫神经走行于腓肠肌内、外头肌间隙内(图6-3-24)。
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0332-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-23 经胫骨平台CT横断层面</p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0332-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-24 经股骨内、外髁MRI横断层面</p>
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                    <p class="content">
                        (2)经半月板横断层面:中央区域为股骨内、外侧髁下缘,其间为关节腔区域。内侧半月板包绕股骨内侧髁的前方、内侧和后方,后内侧与内侧副韧带的后份紧密相连。外侧半月板包绕股骨外侧髁的前方、外侧和后方,后外侧有圆索状的外侧副韧带,后者与外侧半月板间隔有腘肌肌腱。髌下脂肪垫填充于股骨内、外髁前方;髌韧带为股四头肌肌腱跨越髌骨后止于胫骨粗隆的延续部分,位于髌下脂肪垫前方;髌内、外侧支持带与髌韧带相延续。股骨外侧髁内侧壁的前缘有前交叉韧带附着,关节腔后部有起自股骨内侧髁外侧面的后交叉韧带穿行。断层后部中间区域为腘窝,腘窝的内、外侧壁分别为腓肠肌内、外侧头,内有腘动、静脉和胫神经(图6-3-25)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)经胫骨平台横断层面:前部为粗大的胫骨平台,髌韧带位于其前方,两者之间为髌下脂肪垫填充。腓骨小头与胫骨外侧髁后缘构成胫腓近端关节。胫骨平台外侧缘可见外侧副韧带和股二头肌肌腱。在胫骨平台内后方有缝匠肌肌腱、股薄肌肌腱与半膜肌肌腱。胫骨后群肌肉由浅至深依次为腓肠肌、比目鱼肌、腘肌;胫神经位于诸肌间隙内,而腓总神经位于腓骨小头外后方脂肪层内(图6-3-26)。
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                        <span class="header-title">第六章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四肢</span>
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-25 经半月板MRI横断层面</p>
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-26 经胫骨平台MRI横断层面</p>
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">6.小腿MRI横断层面</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)经胫骨粗隆横断层面:粗大的胫骨位于前内侧,其前端稍隆起性结构为胫骨粗隆,腓骨位于胫骨外后方。在腓骨的前缘与胫骨内侧缘之间存在骨间膜,其与胫、腓骨一起将小腿分为前、后筋膜鞘,其中前骨筋膜鞘位于胫、腓骨间前部,内有胫骨前肌、趾长伸肌;而后骨筋膜鞘位于胫、腓骨间后部,占据小腿大部分。其中腓肠肌位于骨间膜浅层;腘肌和比目鱼肌位于中层,两者间走行胫神经;胫骨后肌的位置最深,紧贴骨间膜。另外,在腓骨外侧部还有外侧筋膜鞘,其内走行有腓骨长肌,而腓神经则走行在其与腓骨间。断层的内侧和后部的浅筋膜内分别可见大、小隐静脉(图6-3-27)。
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-27 经胫骨粗隆MRI横断层面</p>
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                        (2)经小腿下份横断层面:胫、腓骨骨皮质明显较厚。前骨筋膜鞘内自内侧向外侧依次可见胫骨前肌腱、长伸肌和趾长伸肌。后骨筋膜鞘内可见浅层的比目鱼肌与腓肠肌内、外侧头肌腱,在足跟上方约15cm处,这3条肌腱融合为跟腱,深层可见较大的长屈肌、胫骨后肌和趾长屈肌。胫后血管和胫神经位于浅、深层肌之间。外侧骨筋膜鞘内有腓骨短肌与腓骨长肌前后分布。断层的内侧和后部的浅筋膜内分别有大、小隐静脉(图6-3-28)。
                    </p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0334-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-28 经小腿下份MRI横断层面</p>
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">7.踝关节CT横断层面</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)经远侧胫腓关节横断层面:胫骨远端肥大,位于前内侧,腓骨下端位于其后外侧,两骨之间形成远侧胫腓关节。前方为胫骨前肌腱、长伸肌和趾长伸肌,自内侧向外侧依次排列;后方自内侧向外侧依次为胫骨后肌肌腱、趾长屈肌肌腱、长屈肌肌腱、腓骨短肌肌腱与腓骨长肌肌腱,跟腱位居最后方(图6-3-29)。
                    </p>
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-29 经远侧胫腓关节CT横断层面</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)经内、外踝横断层面:中间为距骨体,呈矩形,其内、外侧面分别与内、外踝相关节。踝关节囊周围有强大韧带加强。断层最后方可见粗大的跟腱,其他结构与经远侧胫腓关节横断层面类似(图6-3-30)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">8.踝关节MRI横断层面</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)经远侧胫腓关节横断层面:胫骨远端较大,位于前内侧,腓骨下端细小,位于后外侧。胫骨前方自内向外为胫骨前肌腱、长伸肌及其肌腱和趾长伸肌及其肌腱。胫、腓骨后方自内向外显示胫骨后肌肌腱、趾长屈肌肌腱、长屈肌及其肌腱、腓骨短肌和腓骨长肌腱。在断层最后方,浅层走行跟腱(图6-3-31)。
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                        <span class="header-title">第六章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四肢</span>
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-30 经内、外踝CT横断层面</p>
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-31 经远侧胫腓关节CT横断层面</p>
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                    <p class="content">
                        (2)经外踝下部横断层面:中间为距骨体,其外侧为外踝。在外踝前缘与距骨前缘有距腓前韧带,外踝内后侧缘与距骨后外侧缘之间有距腓后韧带,两者和跟腓韧带共同组成踝关节外侧副韧带。而踝关节内侧有呈扇形分布的三角韧带,即踝关节内侧副韧带。在该断层前方有胫骨前肌腱、长伸肌腱、趾长伸肌腱自内侧向外侧依次排列。在距骨内侧的浅筋膜内可见大隐静脉。在内踝与距骨内缘后方有踝管,为小腿后部与足底的通道,其内可见胫骨后肌腱、趾长屈肌腱、胫神经、长屈肌腱及胫后血管。在外踝后方可见腓骨长、短肌腱前后排列。粗大的跟腱则位于最后方浅表层(图6-3-32)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)冠状层面</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        冠状层面影像可以更好地显示下肢骨骼的纵向排列和关节的冠状面结构。例如,在冠状层面MRI上可以清晰观察髋关节的髋臼唇、股骨头与关节盂的关系及下肢长骨的形态和骨髓情况。对于评估下肢骨骼的畸形、关节的对位对线及软组织损伤的范围等有帮助。在膝关节MRI冠状层面图像上可看到内外侧半月板的形态、内外侧副韧带的情况。
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-32 经外踝下部MRI横断层面</p>
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.髋关节CT冠状层面</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)经髋关节前份冠状层面:断层被斜行的髋骨分为内上和外下两部分。内上部为髂窝和盆腔,外下部为股部上份。髋关节位于断层的中心,由股骨头、髋臼缘前份构成。股骨头小面圆,位于外下,与其相对的髋臼缘前份位于内上方。髋骨的外下方可见髋关节被骨骼肌包绕,其外侧有臀中、小肌;下方有髂腰肌和大腿前、内侧肌群等(图6-3-33)。
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0336-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-33 经髋关节前份CT冠状层面</p>
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                    <p class="content">
                        (2)经髋关节中份冠状层面:断层经髋臼窝底的中央、髋臼切迹和股骨颈前份。股骨头呈半球形,朝向内上方,其向外下的缩窄部分为股骨颈。髋臼朝向外下方,包绕股骨头。髋臼外上连接髂骨翼,内下为闭孔和坐骨支。髂骨、耻骨和闭孔的内上方是腹、盆腔;外下方主要是髋肌、大腿肌和股血管的分支等(图6-3-34)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)经髋关节后份冠状层面:髂骨肥厚而垂直,髋臼位于其外侧面的中下份。股骨头切面变小呈半球形,朝向内上方,镶嵌于髋臼内。股骨头外下方的股骨颈上缘较短,其向外后方延伸为股骨大转子,而股骨颈与股骨干的移行处为转子间嵴,股骨颈下缘较长与股骨小转子相连(图6-3-35)。
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                        <span class="header-title">第六章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四肢</span>
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-34 经髋关节中份CT冠状层面</p>
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-35 经髋关节后份CT冠状层面</p>
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.髋关节MRI冠状层面</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)经髋关节前份冠状层面:髋关节位于断层中心区域,髋臼内上部为髂窝和盆腔区,外下部为股骨上份。髋臼呈杯口状朝向外下方,股骨头位于髋臼外下方。髋臼外上连接髂骨翼,髋骨前下部为耻骨上支,耻骨上、下支汇合部的内侧面为耻骨联合面,与对侧构成耻骨联合。耻骨上支下方可见近水平向内后走行的闭孔外肌;起自耻骨上支的短收肌与耻骨肌自内斜向后下方走行。髂窝内髂肌和腰大肌汇合后走向前下方。髂骨翼外侧有臀中、小肌包绕。髋关节外下方走行有阔筋膜张肌、股四头肌、髂腰肌(图6-3-36)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)经髋关节中份冠状层面:髋关节位于断层中心区域,与前份相比股骨头增大,其向外下的较细部分为股骨颈。髋臼朝向外下方,其前、后及上缘均被髋臼盂唇包绕,下缘有髋臼横韧带加固而缺少盂唇结构。髋臼窝与股骨头之间有脂肪组织和股骨头韧带,后者向下连于髋臼横韧带。髋臼内侧缘及耻骨上支内后方走行闭孔内肌,断层的其他结构与前份相似(图6-3-37)。
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                    <p class="content">
                        (3)经髋关节后份冠状层面:髋臼位于其内上方包绕缩小的股骨头。股骨颈外侧端与股骨上端的隆起为大转子,股骨颈内侧端下缘与股骨上端隆起为小转子。闭孔外肌向后终止于转子间,其下方为股方肌、大收肌。关节周围其他结构与中份断层相似(图6-3-38)。
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-36 经髋关节前份MRI冠状层面</p>
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-37 经髋关节中份MRI冠状层面</p>
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-38 经髋关节后份MRI冠状层面</p>
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.膝关节CT冠状层面</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)经胫骨髁间隆起前缘冠状层面:股骨内、外侧髁与胫骨内、外侧髁相对,其间的关节腔内为呈楔形的内、外侧半月板,关节内侧缘可见内侧副韧带包绕关节。股骨内、外侧缘分别为股内、外侧肌。胫骨外侧为胫骨前肌(图6-3-39)。
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                        <span class="header-title">第六章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四肢</span>
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                        (2)经胫骨髁间隆起冠状层面:胫骨内、外侧髁之间骨性隆起即为髁间隆起。股骨内、外侧髁之间为髁间窝。股骨外侧髁内侧壁附着前交叉韧带,股骨内侧髁外侧壁附着后交叉韧带。其他周围结构与经股骨髁间隆起前缘冠状层面类似(图6-3-40)。
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-39 经胫骨髁间隆起前缘CT冠状层面</p>
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-40 经胫骨髁间隆起CT冠状层面</p>
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                    <p class="content">
                        (3)经胫骨髁间隆起后缘冠状层面:股骨内、外侧髁缩小且分离,两髁之间为髁间窝,前、后交叉韧带位于其内。前交叉韧带紧贴股骨外侧髁内侧壁,后交叉韧带紧贴股骨内侧髁外侧壁。胫骨内、外侧髁与股骨内、外侧髁之间分别有内、外侧半月板,上方的股骨与大腿肌之间为腘窝,呈三角形。胫骨外侧髁的外下方为腓骨小头,两者构成近侧胫腓关节(图6-3-41)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.膝关节MRI冠状层面</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)经胫骨髁间隆起前缘冠状层面:股骨内、外侧髁的下缘和胫骨内侧髁的上缘覆盖有关节软骨,而胫骨外侧髁的上面则无关节软骨覆盖。内侧半月板前角出现在胫、股骨内侧髁关节面之间,而胫、股骨外侧髁关节面之间尚未出现外侧半月板。在胫、股骨关节之间可显示横向分布的膝横韧带。股骨内、外侧分别为股内侧肌、股外侧肌。膝关节内侧缘有髌骨内侧支持带,外侧缘有髂胫束(图6-3-42)。
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-41 经胫骨髁间隆起后缘CT冠状层面</p>
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-42 经胫骨髁间隆起前缘MRI冠状层面</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">第六章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四肢</span>
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                        (2)经胫骨髁间隆起冠状层面:髁间窝内可见前、后交叉韧带。股骨与胫骨关节面之间,靠近内、外侧髁边缘处分别可见三角形的内、外侧半月板。胫股关节内侧有内侧副韧带,股骨外侧髁缘可见腘肌腱。胫骨干外侧有胫骨前肌、趾长伸肌。其他结构类似于经股骨髁间隆起前缘冠状层面(图6-3-43)。
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-43 经胫骨髁间隆起MRI冠状层面</p>
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                    <p class="content">
                        (3)经股骨髁间隆起后缘冠状层面:股骨内、外侧髁明显缩小且分离,之间为髁间窝。髁间窝内侧份有后交叉韧带,外侧份有前交叉韧带。胫骨与股骨之间为呈三角形的内、外侧半月板后角。在腓骨小头与股骨外侧髁上缘之间有外侧副韧带,股骨外侧髁下方可见腘肌肌腱附着。膝关节内侧缘附着于内侧副韧带。髁间窝上方腘窝内有纵行的腘动、静脉。关节外上方有股二头肌,关节下方从内向外依次是腓肠肌内侧头、腘肌、胫骨后肌、胫骨前肌、趾长伸肌、腓骨长肌等(图6-3-44)。
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-44 经股骨髁间隆起后缘MRI冠状层面</p>
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.踝关节CT冠状层面</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)经前距跟关节冠状层面;踝关节下方可见距骨体前下方的前距关节面与跟骨前突上关节面构成前距跟关节。而在前距跟关节下方可见骰骨。距骨与跟骨间的跗骨窦内可见有强厚的距跟骨间韧带相连(图6-3-45)。
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-45 经左侧前距跟关节CT冠状层面</p>
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                    <p class="content">
                        (2)经后距跟关节冠状层面:跟骨呈尖向内的楔形,其与上方的距骨构成后距跟关节。外踝下方有腓骨短肌腱、腓骨长肌腱穿行。内踝下方有胫骨后肌腱、趾长屈肌腱穿行。足底部及内侧部分布各展肌群(图6-3-46)。
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-46 经左侧后距跟关节MRI冠状层面</p>
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">6.踝关节MRI冠状层面</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)经前距跟关节冠状层面:中心区域为前距跟关节。关节内侧缘为大量高信号脂肪组织填充的跗骨窦。在胫骨外侧有长伸肌、趾长伸肌,在跟骨外侧则有趾短伸肌,其下方可见小隐静脉穿行。足底部自内向外依次有展肌、长屈肌肌腱、足底方肌、趾短屈肌、腓骨长肌肌腱、小趾展肌等(图6-3-47)。
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-47 经右侧前距跟关节MRI冠状层面</p>
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                    <p class="content">
                        (2)经后距跟关节冠状层面:距骨位于断层中心。腓骨位于关节外侧,可见到连接于腓骨后缘与距骨外后缘之间的距腓后韧带,内侧有三角韧带。腓骨远端下方穿行有腓骨短、长肌肌腱,在内踝下方紧贴有胫后肌肌腱与趾长屈肌肌腱。跟骨内侧缘有展肌、足底方肌。足底部有趾短屈肌、小趾展肌,在其最浅层有足底腱膜(图6-3-48)。
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                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)矢状层面</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        矢状层面图像有助于观察下肢各关节屈伸状态下的结构,如膝关节在屈伸过程中,股骨、胫骨和髌骨之间的关系。在矢状面MRI上还可以观察到肌肉、肌腱的走行和连续性。对于诊断关节活动受限、肌肉和肌腱损伤等有重要意义。例如,在矢状面MRI上可以看到前交叉韧带在膝关节屈伸时的紧张和松弛状态,有助于诊断前交叉韧带损伤。
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                        <span class="header-title">第六章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四肢</span>
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-48 经右侧后距跟关节CT冠状层面</p>
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.膝关节CT矢状层面</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)经股骨内侧髁矢状层面:股骨内侧髁近似圆锥状,构成膝关节的上部。膝关节的下部为胫骨的内侧髁,呈向下的三角形。股骨和胫骨的前方有髌骨内侧缘。股骨内侧髁后上方为充填有脂肪组织的腘窝。股骨前方为股内侧肌,后方为半膜肌。胫骨内侧髁后下方有腓肠肌内侧头(图6-3-49)。
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-49 经股骨内侧髁CT矢状层面</p>
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                    <p class="content">
                        (2)经股骨髁间窝矢状层面:胫骨上面中份的凸起为髁间隆起。股骨下端呈半圆形,其前面与髌骨构成髌股关节。髌骨上连于股四头肌肌腱,下连髌韧带。髌骨上方的股四头肌肌腱与股骨之间为髌上囊,向下与膝关节腔相通,关节的后方为腘窝。股骨前方为股四头肌,后方为半膜肌、半腱肌。胫骨后方由浅至深为腓肠肌、比目鱼肌、腘肌(图6-3-50)。
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                    <p class="content">
                        (3)经股骨外侧髁矢状层面:股骨外侧髁相对较大,胫骨外侧髁相对较小,两骨之间为膝关节。两骨的前方自上而下为相互连续的股四头肌肌腱、髌骨和髌韧带。膝关节后方浅层有腓肠肌外侧头,深部为跖肌(图6-3-51)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.膝关节MRI矢状层面</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)经股骨内侧髁中份矢状层面:膝关节位于断层中心,股骨与胫骨内侧髁关节表面覆盖一层薄薄的关节软骨,两骨关节面之间夹有类似于“领结”状的内侧半月板,在此断层前部为前角,后部为后角,前、后角均呈三角形,中间薄,边缘较厚。关节前上方有股内侧肌,后上方有缝匠肌。关节后方有半膜肌肌腱。关节后下方有腓肠肌内侧头(图6-3-52)。
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-50 经股骨髁间窝CT矢状层面</p>
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-52 经股骨内侧髁中份MRI矢状层面</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">第六章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四肢</span>
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                        (2)经股骨髁间窝矢状层面:股骨与胫骨间前、后分别有前、后交叉韧带。在前、后交叉韧带之间区域无半月板组织存在,但在前交叉韧带前方有连接两侧半月板前端的膝横韧带。板股韧带起自外侧半月板后缘走行于后交叉韧带前、后缘,终止于股骨内侧髁内侧面,位于后缘者称为板股后韧带,其出现率较高;位于前缘者称为板股前韧带,出现率较低。髌骨上连于股四头肌腱,其向下延续为髌韧带,后者向下附着于胫骨前缘粗隆。髌韧带与股骨、胫骨之间可见三角形的髌下脂肪垫。膝关节后上方为半膜肌,后下方为腓肠肌内侧头、比目鱼肌、腘肌。膝关节的后方为腘窝,其内可见纵行的腘动、静脉(图6-3-53)。
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-53 经股骨髁间窝MRI矢状层面</p>
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                    <p class="content">
                        (3)经股骨外侧髁中份矢状层面:胫、股骨之间的外侧半月板形态类似于领结状,前部为前角,中部为体部,后部为后角。膝关节前上方为股四头肌外侧头;关节后上方为股二头肌及其肌腱;关节后下方为腓肠肌、比目鱼肌、跖肌;关节前下方为胫骨前、后肌(图6-3-54)。
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-54 经股骨外侧髁中份MRI矢状层面</p>
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                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.踝关节CT矢状层面</span> 经胫距关节正中矢状层面,距骨穹隆和胫骨下关节面相对应组成胫距关节。距骨前部为距骨头,与舟骨形成距舟关节。距骨体下方的关节面与跟骨上方关节面可构成距跟关节,又称距下关节,自前向后分别为前、中、后距跟关节。前、中、后距跟关节之间为跗骨窦(图6-3-55)。
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0346-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-3-55 经胫距关节正中CT矢状层面</p>
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                            class="bold">4.经跟腱MRI矢状层面</span> 以距骨体为中心,可清晰显示踝关节、跟距关节、跗骨窦、跟腱。在踝关节后上方深层为比目鱼肌和长屈肌,前方有长伸肌。足底部由浅至深依次为足底筋膜、小趾展肌、足底方肌、腓骨长肌肌腱和跟骰足底韧带等(图6-3-56)。
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                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-3-56 经跟腱MRI矢状层面</p>
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                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(四)下肢CTA与MRA</p>
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                        CTA主要用于显示下肢的血管情况,如下肢动脉(包括股动脉、腘动脉、胫前动脉、胫后动脉、腓动脉等)和下肢静脉(包括股静脉、腘静脉等)。通过向血管内注入对比剂后进行CT扫描,利用计算机重建技术生成血管的三维图像,可以清晰地观察血管的形态、走行、有无狭窄或闭塞等病变,在诊断下肢血管损伤、血管畸形或评估肿瘤的血供等方面有重要应用。例如,在下肢动脉硬化闭塞症时,CTA可显示动脉狭窄或闭塞的部位和程度。
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                        MRA利用磁共振原理,用于显示下肢血管。MRA对血管的显示具有无创、无需对比剂(部分情况下)的优点。其可以清晰显示下肢血管的走行和血流情况,对于诊断血管病变,尤其是对对比剂过敏或肾功能不全的患者,是一种很好的检查方法。例如,在诊断下肢深静脉血栓形成时,MRA可显示静脉内的血栓情况。
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                    330
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                        <span class="header-title">第六章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四肢</span>
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                    <p class="right-info">(崔荣花 黄琳璐)</p>
 
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                    331
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