zhongshujie
22 小时以前 e33672cf85da88d515d5fe6ccc0a139c3cfaa5db
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<template>
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                    <h1 class="firstTitle-l">第五章 脊柱区</h1>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0259-01.jpg" style="width:30%" alt="" active="true" />
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                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0017-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)具有脊柱规范影像技术操作的意识和安全意识。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)具有良好的影像技师职业素养,增强职业适应能力。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)具备良好的职业道德、医患沟通能力和团队协作能力。</p>
                    <p class="center">……………………</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:脊柱应用解剖,包括形态、曲度、基本结构、肋骨框架、椎骨及连结、脊柱肌肉等内容;脊柱的横断面和矢状面影像解剖。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)了解:其在临床诊断中的意义。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)熟悉:脊柱区的境界、分区和标志性结构。</p>
                    <p class="center">……………………</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)具有绘制脊柱横断面、正中矢状面结构图的能力。(2)具有识别脊柱重要断面正常影像图像的能力。</p>
                    <p class="center"><img class="g-pic" src="../../assets/images/0018_01.jpg" alt="" /></p>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">第一节 概述</h2>
                    <p class="content">
                        脊柱区是人体结构的重要组成部分,承载着保护脊髓、支持身体重量和参与运动等关键功能。脊柱区的影像学解剖知识是诊断和治疗脊柱相关疾病的基石。从了解脊柱区的基本范围和标志,到深入剖析脊柱自身的复杂结构,再到掌握不同影像学检查下脊柱的表现,这些内容相互交织。通过学习这些知识,放射技师和临床医生能够准确识别脊柱病变,为患者提供精准的医疗服务,改善患者的生活质量,保障患者的健康。
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                    243
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                            康复医学导论
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                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、境界与分区</h3>
                    <p class="content">脊柱区也称背区,是指脊柱及其后方和两侧软组织所共同组成的区域,包括项区、胸背区、腰区、骶尾区四部分。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.境界</span> 脊柱区由脊柱及其周围的软组织构成,上起于枕外隆凸和上项线,下至尾骨尖。其两侧界分别为斜方肌前缘、三角肌后缘上份、腋后线、髂嵴后份及髂后上棘与尾骨尖的连线。明确的境界划分有助于在影像学检查和临床诊断中准确界定脊柱区的范围,为判断病变区域及与周边结构的关系提供依据。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.分区</span> 脊柱区自上而下可分为以下区域。①项区:上界为脊柱区的上界,下界为第7颈椎棘突至两侧肩峰的连线。②胸背区:上界为项区的下界,下界为第12胸椎棘突、第12肋下缘至第11肋前份的连线。③腰区:上界为胸背区的下界,下界为两髂嵴后份和两髂后上棘的连线。④骶尾区:是两髂后上棘与尾骨尖三点间所围成的三角区。脊柱每个分区都有其独特的解剖结构和临床意义。项区与头颈部的活动密切相关,胸背区与胸廓相互影响,腰区承受较大的身体重量和应力,骶尾区则与骨盆及盆腔器官存在紧密联系。不同分区发生的病变在影像学表现和诊断方法上可能存在差异。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、标志性结构</h3>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.棘突</span> 是椎骨向后突出的部分,在体表可触及。其中第7颈椎棘突较长,末端不分叉,在皮下形成一个隆起,是计数椎骨序数的重要标志。胸椎棘突斜向后下,呈叠瓦状。腰椎棘突呈水平位,第4腰椎棘突平两侧髂嵴的最高点。骶椎棘突融合成骶正中嵴。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.骶角</span> 位于骶管裂孔两侧向下的凸起,是骶管麻醉的关键体表标志。通过触摸骶角可以确定骶管裂孔的位置,保障麻醉操作的准确性和安全性。在影像学检查中,骶角的形态和结构也是判断骶尾部正常与否的参考依据之一。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.肩胛下角</span> 即肩胛骨最下端,位于第7后肋水平,可作为计数肋骨的标志。两侧肩胛下角的连线约平第7胸椎的棘突。
                    </p>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">第二节 脊柱</h2>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0017-03.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【案例】</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        患者,男,35岁,因“高处坠落致腰背部疼痛、活动受限2小时”入院。患者2小时前在建筑工地干活时,不慎从约3米高处坠落,臀部着地,当即感腰背部剧烈疼痛,无法站立及行走,伤后无昏迷、呕吐,无大小便失禁。工友紧急拨打120送至我院急诊。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">既往体健,否认高血压、糖尿病等慢性病史,无药物过敏史。</p>
 
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                        <span class="header-title">第一章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;章节内容</span>
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                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【问题】</p>
                    <p class="content">为进一步评估病情,还需要进行哪些影像学检查?</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、应用解剖</h3>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.脊柱形态及曲度</span> 脊柱整体呈“S”形,人体矢状位显示脊柱自上而下有4个生理性弯曲,即以第4颈椎椎体及以第4腰椎椎体为中心向前凸弯,形成颈前曲和腰前曲,以第7、第8胸椎椎体及以第4、第5骶椎椎体为中心向后凸弯,形成胸后曲和骶后曲。脊柱具有支撑、平衡和传导头、躯干及上肢重量及附加重力的作用。正常的脊柱曲度在不同体位下保持相对稳定,当出现病变或损伤时,曲度可能发生改变,如脊柱侧凸、脊柱后凸(驼背)等,这些变化在影像学检查中可作为诊断的重要线索(图5-2-1)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0261-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图5-2-1 脊柱形态及曲度</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.脊柱的基本结构及肋骨框架</span> 成人脊柱由32~34块脊椎骨及椎间盘、韧带、关节和肌肉等组成。颈、胸、腰椎各椎骨间都可相对活动,而骶椎与尾椎至成年则分别连成骶骨和尾骨,故成人椎骨共26块。其周围的肋骨框架与胸椎相连,共同构成胸廓,对胸腔内的器官起到保护作用。肋骨与胸椎的关节关系及脊柱整体结构的完整性,在影像学检查中需要重点关注,任何异常都可能影响呼吸功能或导致脊柱稳定性问题。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.椎骨及连结</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)椎骨:椎骨包括颈椎7块、胸椎12块、腰椎5块、骶椎5块和尾椎3~4块,各部椎骨各有其特征(图5-2-2)。第1颈椎椎体呈环状称寰椎(atlas);第2颈椎有齿状突,又称枢椎(axis)。除第1、第2颈椎外,每个椎骨均由前方椎体及后方椎弓两部分组成,两者围成椎孔,各个椎孔连接构
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                            康复医学导论
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                        成椎管,其内容纳脊髓。椎弓由椎弓根和椎弓板组成,椎弓根的上、下缘各有一切迹与相邻的椎弓根上、下缘切迹构成椎间孔,为神经根通过的部位。由椎弓上发出7个突起,分别为1个棘突、2个横突和2对上、下关节突,相邻上、下关节突构成关节突关节。各部分椎骨具有不同的形态结构特点,颈椎椎体较小;有横突孔;胸椎有肋凹;腰椎椎体粗壮;骶骨由多块骶椎融合而成。
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0262-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图5-2-2 腰椎椎体</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)连结:椎骨之间通过椎间盘、韧带和关节相连。椎间盘由髓核、纤维环和软骨终板组成,占脊柱全长的1/4,出现在C2~C3到L5~S1,共23个,可以压缩、拉伸和旋转运动,起到缓冲和连接作用。韧带包括前纵韧带、后纵韧带、棘上韧带、棘间韧带和黄韧带等,它们对脊柱的稳定性起着重要作用。关节如椎间关节、寰枢关节等,其结构和功能的正常与否在影像学上有特定的表现,与脊柱相关疾病的诊断密切相关(图5-2-3)。
                    </p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0262-03.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图5-2-3 椎骨及连结</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.脊柱肌肉</span> 脊柱周围有丰富的肌肉,可分为浅、深两层。浅层肌肉包括斜方肌、背阔肌等,深层肌肉如竖脊肌等。这些肌肉参与脊柱的运动,维持脊柱的姿势和稳定性。肌肉的损伤、萎缩或痉挛在影像学检查中可能有相应的表现,如肌肉水肿在MRI上可显示为高信号,对诊断脊柱相关疾病有辅助作用(图5-2-4)。
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                        <span class="header-title">第一章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;章节内容</span>
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                        <p class="imgdescript">图5-2-4 脊柱周围的肌肉</p>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、X线解剖</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        脊柱的骨性结构与周围软组织具有良好的自然对比度,X线平片可以清晰显示椎体及附件。其中骨皮质呈线样致密影,密度均匀,轮廓光整。椎体骨小梁呈细网状致密影,纵行骨小梁较横行骨小梁明显;椎管、椎间隙呈透光影;椎间盘、韧带、脊髓、脑脊液等结构,因缺乏自然对比度而无法清晰显示。自第2颈椎到第2骶椎的椎体宽度,自上而下随负重增加而逐渐加宽,骶骨耳状面以下逐渐缩小。从前面观察脊柱,正常成人的脊柱有轻度侧屈,惯用右手的人,脊柱上部略凸向右侧,下部则代偿性地略凸向左侧。从侧面观察脊柱,有颈曲、胸曲、腰曲、骶曲4个生理性弯曲。颈曲、腰曲凸向前方,分别以第4颈椎、第4腰椎最为显著;胸曲凸向后方,以第7胸椎明显;骶曲凸向后方。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.颈椎</span> 颈椎DR常用正位和侧位显示,如果要观察椎间孔则加拍斜位片。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)颈椎正位:常规正位片主要观察第3~7颈椎,张口位可显示第1、第2颈椎。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)第1、第2颈椎张口位:为经张开口腔寰枢椎前后位影像。寰枢椎投影于上、下齿列之间,齿状突居于中央,位于寰椎两侧下、关节面最外缘连线的中垂线(寰椎轴线)上。枢椎齿状突与寰椎侧块构成寰齿关节,两侧对称。寰椎下关节突与枢椎上关节突构成寰枢关节(侧块关节)。寰椎横突位于侧块外部,下方枢椎的棘突、椎弓及寰枢关节清晰可见(图5-2-5)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        2)第3~7颈椎前后位:寰枢椎因下颌骨遮挡不能显示。枢椎以下椎体形态相似,呈扁长方形。声门隙在椎体中央呈纵行的窄条状透光影,椎体的上、下缘展现为清晰的致密线影,而在下一椎体的上缘,两侧斜向外上方的细小致密突起即为钩突,它与上一椎体下缘的前后唇共同构建起钩椎关节(Luschka
                        joint)。椎弓根在影像中呈环形致密影,处于椎体阴影内的两侧位置,其上部、下部及外侧方的致密性突起,依次对应为上、下关节突及横突。棘突则以倒“人”字形的致密影投射于正中线上(图5-2-6)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)颈椎侧位:可显示第1至第7颈椎侧位影像。生理曲度前凸,第2~7颈椎呈连续而光滑的前凸弧线排列,从前到后有椎体前缘、椎体后缘、椎板线、棘突后线四条连贯的弧线。
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                            康复医学导论
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                        <p class="imgdescript">图5-2-5 第1、第2颈椎张口位</p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0264-03.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图5-2-6 颈椎正位片</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        寰椎无椎体,前端见前弓的前结节,前弓的后方为枢椎齿状突,二者之间为寰齿关节,下有枢椎椎体。其余椎体大致呈方形,第4、第5颈椎前部稍扁。相邻椎体的上、下缘之间存在透光间隙,此即为椎间隙。其宽窄程度相对均匀,从颈椎的上部至下部,呈现出略微增宽的趋势。椎体的后上缘向后延伸,依次形成椎弓根及上、下关节突。相邻颈椎的上、下关节突相互连接,共同构成关节突关节,该关节的关节间隙呈关节突稍下方的短条状透光影。横突投影于椎体阴影内部,由于与椎体阴影相互重叠,在影像中较难清晰辨认。两侧的椎板最终汇合成棘突,棘突的周围部分在影像上显示为致密影,而中央部分则相对透光。第2颈椎的棘突较为粗大,且向下呈钩状形态;第7颈椎的棘突则是颈椎中最长的。在颈前的软组织内,能够观察到舌骨、甲状软骨、环状软骨的钙化影。这些钙化影在颈椎的水平位置上,依次平对第3、第4、第5颈椎(图5-2-7)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)颈椎斜位:主要显示椎间孔的形态和大小。颈椎左后斜位显示放大的右侧椎间孔,右后斜位显示放大的左侧椎间孔;颈椎左前斜位显示放大率较小的左侧椎间孔,右前斜位显示放大率较小的右侧椎间孔。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        椎间孔由相邻椎体的后缘、上位颈椎的椎弓根下缘(下切迹)、下位颈椎的椎弓根上缘(上切迹)及上、下关节突的前缘围成,呈纵向长卵圆形透光区。在第2~5颈椎的椎间孔略小,一般长径约9mm,短径约5mm(图5-2-8)。
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                        <span class="header-title">第一章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;章节内容</span>
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                        <p class="imgdescript">图5-2-7 颈椎侧位片</p>
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                        <p class="imgdescript">图5-2-8 颈椎右后斜位</p>
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.胸椎</span> 胸椎DR常用正位和侧位显示。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)胸椎正位:在胸椎正位片上,即便存在胸骨和胸椎的影像重叠现象,仍可观察到第1~12胸椎。胸椎椎体呈方形,其大小呈自上而下逐渐增大的趋势。椎体上、下缘较为平坦,椎间隙的宽度保持均匀。椎弓根在椎体阴影内两侧呈环形致密影。棘突呈叠瓦状排列,于中线上投影为水滴状致密影,且上位胸椎棘突会投影在椎间隙及下位椎体上部。椎弓根与棘突之间的斜方形稍致密影为椎板,两侧椎板上缘共同构成凹面向上的弧形阴影。上关节突在该弧形两侧外上缘、椎弓根上方形成致密影像,下关节突则在椎板下方椎体下角处呈突出的致密影像。椎体两侧水平伸出的横突呈圆钝状阴影,
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                        其中第12胸椎的横突可分节。胸椎两旁伴有12对肋骨,各肋骨的肋头与胸椎椎体的肋凹构成肋椎关节,同时,肋结节和横突肋凹构成肋横突关节,但第11、第12肋不具有此关节。于左侧胸椎旁可见一线样致密影,即胸椎旁线影(图5-2-9)。
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0266-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图5-2-9 胸椎正位</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)胸椎侧位:胸椎生理曲度向后,椎体呈长方形,第12胸椎略呈楔形,椎体后缘略凹。椎弓居椎体后方,椎管于椎体后方为纵行半透明区。由于部分肋骨遮挡,胸椎椎弓板及棘突显示欠完整。除第1~3胸椎椎间孔显示不清外,余椎间孔清晰。椎间隙较窄,由上向下逐渐增宽(图5-2-10)。
                    </p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0266-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图5-2-10 胸椎侧位</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.腰椎</span> 腰椎DR常用正位和侧位显示。如果要观察左侧椎弓狭部和小关节突,则须加拍腰椎左后斜位片。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)腰椎正位:腰椎椎体处于正中位置,其形状为长方形,体积较胸椎大,且从上方至下方呈现出逐渐增大的趋势。椎弓根在椎体阴影内的两侧进行投影,呈纵向卵圆形的环状致密影。椎板上缘在椎弓根上方的致密突起为上关节突,而椎板向外下方的致密突起则为下关节突。相邻腰椎的上、下关节突会形成关节突关节,由于其呈矢状位,在影像上呈垂直透光影。由椎体两侧向外,水平伸出的圆钝状致密影为横突,第3腰椎横突最长,第4腰椎横突略上翘。棘突呈水滴状重叠于椎体中下部。
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                        <span class="header-title">第一章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;章节内容</span>
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                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
 
                    <p class="content">腰大肌起于第12胸椎下缘,两侧对称。两侧腰大肌的外侧缘由内上斜向外下,为位于腰椎两侧的八字形,可显示部分骶髂关节,双侧骶髂关节间隙对称、等宽(图5-2-11)。
                    </p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0267-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图5-2-11 腰椎正位</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)腰椎侧位:腰椎序列稍前凸,椎体呈方形,第5腰椎稍扁。椎间隙前宽后窄,其中第4~5腰椎间隙最宽,第5腰椎至第1骶椎椎间隙稍窄,其余各椎间隙大小相似。椎间孔显示清晰。椎弓根向上方突起的致密阴影为上关节突。横突投影于上、下关节突间的椎板阴影中。椎板后方,向下延伸的斜方形略致密阴影为棘突。沿第1骶椎上缘所作的直线与水平线的夹角为腰骶角,若角度大于34°则提示脊柱不稳(图5-2-12)。
                    </p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0267-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图5-2-12 腰椎侧位</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)腰椎斜位:主要观察椎弓峡部及腰椎小关节突。同一脊椎的上、下关节突之间为椎弓峡部。椎体附件形状如“狗”,靠近片子的结构像“狗头”。近片侧横突像“狗嘴”,椎弓根呈环形致密影像“狗眼”,上关节突像“狗耳”,椎弓向下延伸的狭长致密影为椎弓峡部,像“狗颈”,峡部继续向下延伸为下关节突,像“狗前腿”;远片侧的下关节突像“狗后腿”,横突和棘突重叠像“狗尾”。椎弓板像“狗的身体”。下一椎体的“狗耳”与上一椎体的“狗前腿”之间的狭窄间隙,为近片侧的小关节突关节间隙(图5-2-13)。
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                            康复医学导论
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                        <p class="imgdescript">图5-2-13 腰椎斜位</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.骶椎</span> 因骶、尾椎范围较小,DR通常连在一起检查,用正位和侧位显示即可。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)骶、尾椎正位:骶椎共5块,从18~25岁,自下而上逐渐通过骨性融合形成骶骨。骶骨呈倒置三角形,中间部分可见横行致密线影及4对透光的骶孔。骶骨的耳状面与髂骨翼构成骶髂关节。骶骨后面正中隆起的纵行致密阴影为骶正中嵴,其两侧各有一条断续的纵行致密阴影为骶内侧嵴。在骶内侧嵴外侧,有一与其平行的骶外侧嵴。尾骨与骶骨间由软骨相连,呈线样低密度影(图5-2-14)。
                    </p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0268-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图5-2-14 骶、尾椎正位</p>
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                    <p class="content">
                        (2)骶、尾椎侧位:骶骨盆面(腹侧)凹陷,背侧隆凸不平。骶骨各椎体呈长方形,融合处为横行致密线影。第1骶椎前上缘明显凸起为骶岬。骶骨后缘与椎板间条形透光影为骶管,其下部开口为骶管裂孔,裂孔后方的角状致密影为骶骨角。各尾椎排列呈凹面向前弧形,有时呈直角状或钩状(图5-2-15)。
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                        <span class="header-title">第一章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;章节内容</span>
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                        <p class="imgdescript">图5-2-15 骶、尾椎侧位</p>
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                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、影像断层解剖</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)CT断层解剖</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        脊柱CT扫描常规以横断层面为主,显示的主要解剖结构包括椎体及其附件、椎间盘、脊膜囊、神经根、椎间孔、椎管、韧带及脊柱周围软组织等,可行CT三维重建及矢状、冠状等多平面重组。</p>
                    <p class="content">各段椎骨在解剖形态上有所不同,在CT横断层面上也具有不同的特点。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.颈椎</span> 颈椎CT显示以横断层面为主,但矢状面三维重建像上显示椎管形状效果较好。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)颈椎CT横断层面</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)经寰枕关节横断层面:寰枕关节是由两侧枕骨髁与寰椎侧块上关节凹共同构成的。其关节面呈现凹陷形,其中枕骨髁处于内侧位置,而寰椎侧块的上关节凹位于外侧并包绕枕骨髁。寰椎侧块中间存在一椭圆形的高密度影,此为齿突上端。在不同的断层,显示的结构有所不同。当断层位置偏低时,可以看到位于齿突前方的寰椎前;当断层位置偏高时,主要显示的是颅底后部的枕骨基底部和枕骨大孔。椎管较宽,呈三角形,横径大于矢径,其内容纳有脊髓、蛛网膜下隙和硬膜外隙等结构。颈髓横断面呈扁圆形,矢状径小于横径。椎动脉的位置可变化,可位于椎管内或椎管外。颞骨茎突和颞骨乳突分别位于寰椎侧块外侧前方和后方(图5-2-16)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        2)经寰枢关节横断层面:寰椎呈环状,主要由前弓、后弓及两侧侧块组成,无椎体、棘突和关节突。寰椎前弓较短,前面正中有前结节,后面正中为齿突凹,与枢椎的齿突构成寰齿关节。齿突外侧缘与两寰椎侧块内缘间的距离应等长。寰椎后弓较长,后面正中处有一粗糙隆起,称后结节。寰椎侧块向外延伸的三角形部分为寰椎横突,颈内动、静脉位于横突前外侧(图5-2-17)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        3)经颈椎椎弓根横断层面:椎管为完整骨性环。椎弓根短,向后外侧突,与矢状面约成45°。椎弓板薄,自椎弓根后端伸向后内侧,与椎体、椎弓根构成完整光滑的骨性环为椎孔。椎孔近似一尖端向后的三角形,横径大于矢径。矢径是评价颈椎管大小的重要指标,寰椎层面正常范围是16~
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                            康复医学导论
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                    <p class="content">
                        27mm,寰椎以下为12~21mm,矢状径若小于12mm,则应考虑椎管狭窄。一般第1~3颈椎段的椎管由上而下逐渐减小,呈漏斗状;第4~7颈椎段的椎管大小基本相等。椎管内结构与寰枕关节、寰枢关节断层相似。颈髓横断层面呈扇圆形,矢状径小于横径。一般颈髓的矢状径为6~8mm,中颈段略小,横径一般为7~11mm,第5颈椎最宽,可达12~15mm。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0270-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-16 经寰枕关节CT横断层面</p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0270-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-17 经寰枢关节CT横断层面</p>
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                    <p class="content">
                        颈椎棘突短,末端分叉为两个不等大的结节,其上有项韧带和许多背深肌附着。横突位于椎体两侧,可见横突孔和横突前、后结节。第4~6颈椎横突前结节较长且粗糙(图5-2-18)。</p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0270-03.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-18 经颈椎椎弓根CT横断层面</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">第一章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;章节内容</span>
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                    <p class="content">
                        4)经颈椎椎体下部横断层面:椎孔为不完整的骨性环,其断开处为两侧椎间孔的上部。椎管的前壁为椎体,后壁为椎弓板,断层偏低时后壁可见附于椎弓板上的黄韧带。椎体呈椭圆形,其矢状径为15.7~16.3mm,横径范围为22.9~24.2mm。椎体的前、后部分别附着前纵韧带和后纵韧带。椎间孔上部是一伸向前外侧的骨性管道,其前内侧壁由椎体下部的后外侧部构成,后外侧壁则为关节突关节。该关节突关节的关节间隙为2~4mm,下关节突位于后部,而下位椎骨的上关节突处于关节突关节的前部。黄韧带附着于关节突关节的内侧。椎管内结构和脊柱周围肌肉与经颈椎椎弓根断层构成基本相似(图5-2-19)。
                    </p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0271-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-19 经颈椎椎体下部CT横断层面</p>
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                    <p class="content">
                        5)经颈椎椎间盘横断层面:主要显示椎间盘和椎间孔下部。钩椎关节后外侧部构成椎间孔下部前壁邻近颈神经根,后方有脊髓、脊神经从,外侧有椎动脉、椎静脉和交感神经丛。因椎体钩的存在,在横断层面上,颈段椎间盘的面积较胸、腰段椎间盘小,但厚度介于胸、腰段椎间盘之间。由于生理性颈曲存在,经颈段椎间盘断层可同时显示下位椎体的后上缘、椎体钩和上位椎体的前下缘。椎管为不完整的骨性破坏,但其前、后壁与经椎弓根和椎体下部的断层略有不同,其前壁为椎间盘和后纵韧带,后壁为椎弓板和黄韧带。椎管内结构和脊柱周围肌与经椎体下部断层构成基本相似(图5-2-20)。
                    </p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0271-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-20 经颈椎椎间盘CT横断层面</p>
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                    <p class="content">(2)颈椎CT矢状层面</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)经颈椎正中矢状层面:颈曲凸向前,其顶点在第4~6颈椎平面。寰椎前、后弓分别位于齿突前、后方。枢椎特点为自椎体向上伸出指状的齿突,齿突的前、后缘各有一关节面,前关节面构成寰齿关节,后关节面与寰椎横韧带相接。第3~7颈椎椎体从上向下逐渐变宽增大,其间有椎间盘相连结。颈椎间盘前部较后部厚。枢椎棘突末端粗大,第7颈椎(隆椎)棘突较长且厚,斜向后下方,其余颈椎棘突较短,向后下倾斜。椎管随脊柱颈段形成凸向前的生理性弯曲,其前壁为椎体、椎间盘和后纵韧带,后壁为椎弓板和黄韧带。脊髓位于椎管内,其弯曲情况与椎管一致(图5-2-21)。
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-21 经颈椎正中CT矢状层面</p>
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                    <p class="content">
                        2)经颈椎旁矢状层面:由于颈椎椎体大小存在差异,因此其结构呈现出较为复杂的变化特点。在该断层的上份,可以观察到寰椎侧块的上、下关节面。其中,上关节面与枕骨髁形成寰枕关节,下关节面与枢椎上关节面构成寰枢外侧关节。寰椎的后弓位于侧块的后方,后弓上方是枕下三角。枕下三角内包含枕下脂肪组织,且椎动、静脉和第1颈神经根由此通过。在寰椎后弓下方和寰枢外侧关节的后方为寰枢椎间孔。第3、第4颈椎因椎体较小,故旁矢状断层有时仅通过关节突关节外侧部。椎体和椎间盘后方的椎间孔呈椭圆形或卵圆形,前壁为椎体、椎间盘和下位椎骨的椎体钩,后壁为关节突关节(图5-2-22)。
                    </p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0272-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-22 经颈椎旁CT矢状层面</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)颈椎CT冠状层面:由于脊柱生理弯曲度的存在,常规冠状层面常不能完全显示脊柱的全貌,可采用曲面重组后处理的方式来获取能显示脊柱全貌的冠状层面图像。颈椎冠状层面可显示寰枢椎对应关系。寰枢关节有三个关节构成,分别是居中的寰齿关节和两侧的侧块关节。正常颈椎枢椎齿状突居中,与寰椎构成寰齿关节,其与两侧块间隙等宽;寰椎两侧的下关节突与对应枢椎上关节突则构成侧块关节。第3~7颈椎体排列整齐,双侧钩椎关节清晰显示(图5-2-23)。
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                        <span class="header-title">第一章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;章节内容</span>
                        <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0273-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图5-2-23 颈椎CT冠状层面</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.胸椎</span> 胸椎CT显示仍以横断层面为主,也可以进行矢状层面三维重建观察椎管形状等。冠状层面重建较少使用。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(1)胸椎CT横断层面</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)经胸椎椎弓根横断层面:椎管由椎体、椎弓根和椎弓板构成,近似圆形。胸椎椎体自上而下逐渐增大,中部椎体的横断层面呈心形,矢径略大于横径,第5~8胸椎椎体可有胸主动脉的压迹。胸髓近似圆形。椎弓根短而窄,两侧椎弓根向内扩展形成椎弓板,在中线汇合,椎弓两侧各发出一横突。椎体后外侧和横突末端分别与肋骨的肋头和肋结节构成肋头关节和肋横突关节。除第1肋、第11肋和第12肋以外,其余肋头均与相邻两个椎体连接,组成肋胸关节。椎弓峡部位于椎弓板、横突和椎弓根连接处(图5-2-24)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0273-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-24 经胸椎椎弓根CT横断层面</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        2)经胸椎椎体下部横断层面:椎管是一个不完整的骨性环,其前界为椎体,后界为椎弓板、关节突关节及附于椎弓板和关节突关节内侧的黄韧带。椎管断开处为椎间孔上部,其前界为椎体后外缘和肋椎关节,前外侧界为肋颈,后界为关节突关节。关节突关节面呈冠状位,上关节突位于前,下关节突位于后(图5-2-25)。
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                            康复医学导论
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-25 经胸椎椎体下部CT横断层面</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        3)经胸椎椎间盘横断层面:由于胸段脊柱的生理性曲度的存在,有时可见上、下位椎骨的椎体、椎间盘及上、下两个棘突。椎管也为不完整的骨性环,前界为椎间盘和后纵韧带,后界为椎弓板、关节突关节和黄韧带,其断开处为椎间孔下部。椎间孔下部的前界为椎间盘和肋椎关节,后界为关节突关节,外侧为肋颈,内有椎间静脉通过。其余结构基本同经胸椎椎弓根和胸椎椎体下部的层面(图5-2-26)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0274-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-26 经胸椎椎间盘横断层面</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)胸椎CT矢状层面</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)经胸椎正中矢状层面:椎体近似长方形,自上而下逐渐增大,后缘有椎体静脉通过。胸段椎间盘薄,自上而下厚度逐渐增加。胸椎的椎体和椎间盘的后部均较前部厚,形成向前凹的生理性胸曲,最凹处位于第6~9胸椎。椎管胸段伴随脊柱胸曲形成凹向前的生理性弯曲,脊髓位于椎管内,其弯曲与椎管一致,在第12胸椎处形成腰骶膨大,然后迅速缩小为脊髓圆锥。黄韧带垂直于相邻的椎弓板上、下缘之间。棘突较长几乎垂直向下,呈叠瓦状排列,下部棘突略呈三角形(图5-2-27)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        2)经胸椎旁矢状层面:胸段的椎间孔呈卵圆形,其纵径大于前后径,上部宽于下部,前壁为椎体和椎间盘外侧部后缘,后壁为关节突关节。椎弓根连接于椎体近上缘处,椎弓峡位于椎弓根与上、下关节突之间(图5-2-28)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)胸椎CT冠状层面:经胸椎椎体冠状层面,椎体呈纵行线状排列,脊柱侧弯在冠状位上能直观显示。椎体呈矩形,左、右径大于上、下径。椎体由上而下逐渐增大,上、下缘及左、右缘稍凹陷。在椎体左、右缘的凹陷内,胸椎体两侧有肋间动脉的断面,两相邻椎体之间为椎间盘。胸椎横突层面的外侧可见圆形的肋骨断面(图5-2-29)。
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                        <span class="header-title">第一章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;章节内容</span>
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-27 经胸椎正中CT矢状层面</p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0275-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-28 经胸椎旁CT矢状层面</p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0275-03.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-29 经胸椎椎体CT冠状层面</p>
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                            康复医学导论
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                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.腰椎</span> 腰椎CT显示也是以横断层面为主,可根据需要进行矢状层面三维重建,用以观察椎管形状等,很少进行冠状层面重建。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)腰椎CT横断层面</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)经腰椎椎弓根横断层面:椎孔为完整性骨环,在第1、第2腰椎平面呈椭圆形,横径大于或等于矢径;在第3、第4腰椎平面多呈三角形,横径大于矢径;在第5腰椎平面呈三叶草形。腰段椎管的矢状径正常范围为15~25mm。硬膜囊位于椎管中央,马尾位于硬膜囊内。腰椎的侧隐窝内有腰神经根通过,前后径为3~5mm。腰椎椎体横断层面呈肾形,椎弓根较短,位于椎体与椎弓峡部之间。横突自椎弓峡部凸向后外侧,其前方的内侧和外侧分别有腰大肌和腰方肌。棘突从椎弓板中线水平后伸(图5-2-30)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0276-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-30 经腰椎椎弓根CT横断层面</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        2)经腰椎椎体下部横断层面:显示椎间孔上部。椎间孔朝向外侧,其前方为椎体后面,后方为下关节突,有腰神经根、腰动脉脊支和椎间静脉上支通过。椎孔为不完整性骨环,椎管内、外结构与经椎弓根的断层基本相似(图5-2-31)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0276-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-31 经腰椎椎体下部CT横断层面</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        3)经腰椎椎间盘横断层面:显示椎间孔的下部,其前、后界分别为椎间盘和关节突关节。椎间盘的大小、形态与相邻椎体相似,呈肾形。第5腰椎至第1骶椎椎间盘向背侧轻度膨隆。关节突关节呈近似矢状位,外侧为上关节突,内侧为下关节突;黄韧带较厚,位于椎板内侧,呈“Ⅴ”形。该断层的椎孔也为不完整骨性环,椎管内结构和椎旁软组织与经腰椎椎弓根断层和经腰椎椎体下部断层基本相似(图5-2-32)。
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                        <span class="header-title">第一章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;章节内容</span>
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                    </div>
                </div>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0277-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-32 经腰椎椎间盘CT横断层面</p>
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                    <p class="content">(2)腰椎CT矢状层面</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)经腰椎正中矢状层面:腰椎椎体呈长方形,其前后径大于纵径,前、后缘分别有前纵韧带和后纵韧带附着。椎体前、后缘各有一凹陷,前面凹陷处有腰动、静脉通过;后面凹陷处有椎体静脉进出椎体。椎间盘位于椎体之间,第1~4腰椎之间的椎间盘后缘略凹陷,第5腰椎、第1骶椎椎体之间的椎间盘后缘正常时平直或轻度后凸。向前凸的生理性腰曲,最凸处位于第4腰椎平面。腰段椎管与脊柱弯曲一致,成人约平第1腰椎椎体的硬膜囊内有脊髓圆锥,自此以下至第2~3骶椎,内有马尾。脊柱后部为椎弓板和棘突。棘突略呈长方形,近水平位后伸。黄韧带较厚,其正常厚度为2~3mm,位于椎弓板之间(图5-2-33)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0277-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-33 经腰椎正中CT矢状层面</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        2)经腰椎旁矢状层面:脊柱前部为椎体和椎间盘,中部为椎间孔和椎弓根,后部为椎弓峡、关节突和椎旁肌。椎体形状多样,可呈楔形、方形等。椎间孔位于相邻椎弓根的椎上、下切迹之间,前界为椎间盘和椎体;后界为关节突关节和黄韧带,呈卵圆形,分为上、下两部,上部宽,下部窄。腰神经根通过同序数腰椎下方的椎间孔,呈圆形或椭圆形,直径为2~3mm。位于关节突关节后方的椎旁肌主要为横突棘肌和竖脊肌(图5-2-34)。
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                            康复医学导论
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-34 经腰椎旁CT矢状层面</p>
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                    <p class="content">
                        (3)腰椎CT冠状层面:经腰椎横突冠状断层显像,椎体呈纵行线状排列。横突对称性地位于两侧,其内上方为上关节突,内下方为下关节突,两者构成关节突关节。在关节突关节内侧缘,可见黄韧带附着。腰大肌对称纵向走行于椎体两侧(图5-2-35)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0278-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图5-2-35 腰椎CT冠状层面</p>
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.骶尾椎</span> 骶尾椎CT检查较少,以下列几个层面为代表。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)经第1骶椎椎体横断层面:骶岬为骶骨底前缘突出部分。骶骨翼与外侧的髂骨翼之间为骶髂关节。骶管入口在横断层上呈三叶草形。硬膜囊明显缩小,紧靠骶管后壁。骶管两侧为侧隐窝,内有第1骶神经根。髂骨翼和骶翼前方有髂肌和腰大肌。骶骨背面有5条纵向的骨嵴,在中线上为骶正中嵴,是融合的棘突;骶正中嵴两侧为骶内侧嵴,是融合的关节突;骶内侧嵴外侧是骶后孔,最外侧为骶外侧嵴,是融合的横突。骶正中嵴外侧为骶棘肌。髂骨翼后外侧有臀中肌和臀大肌(图5-2-36)。
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                        <span class="header-title">第一章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;章节内容</span>
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-36 经第1骶椎椎体CT横断层面</p>
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                    <p class="content">
                        (2)经第2骶椎椎体横断层面:椎体明显减小,后方可见角形的骶管。骶管后方由内侧向外侧分别可见骶正中嵴和骶内侧嵴。骶骨翼与髂骨翼组成骶髂关节。骶骨周围软组织与经第1骶椎的横断层面相似(图5-2-37)。
                    </p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0279-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-37 经第2骶椎椎体CT横断层面</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)经骶尾椎正中矢状层面:骶骨由5块骶椎融合而成。尾骨为三角形的小骨块,通常由3~4块尾椎融合而成,幼年时彼此分离,成年后才互相融合。退化的骶椎间盘位于相邻骶椎椎体之间,自上而下逐渐变薄、变窄。骶骨和尾骨共同形成向后凸的骶曲(图5-2-38)。
                    </p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0279-03.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-38 经骶尾椎正中CT矢状层面</p>
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                            康复医学导论
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                        CT技术的发展为脊柱区影像诊断带来了前所未有的精度。每一幅CT图像都是科研人员不懈努力和医学科技进步的成果。这就像一座灯塔,照亮了我们探索脊柱疾病的道路。它启示我们在医学学习和实践中,要保持对知识的渴望和探索精神,勇于突破技术难题。同时,作为影像工作者,我们肩负着患者的信任,要以高度的责任感和敬业精神,准确解读CT图像,为患者的健康保驾护航,体现医学的人文关怀和职业道德。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)MRI断层解剖</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        脊柱的解剖结构适合做MRI检查,主要结构的MRI信号特点如下(图5-2-39)。椎骨骨皮质在各序列上均呈低信号。骨松质内骨髓可分为红骨髓和黄骨髓两类,在T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI上,黄骨髓呈与皮下脂肪相似的高信号,红骨髓信号则介于皮下脂肪与肌肉之间。在T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI上,椎间盘与红、黄骨髓信号相似,呈高于肌肉而稍低于水的信号;在T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI上,呈较低信号,分不清髓核与纤维环;在T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI上,周边纤维环呈低信号,中心区髓核则呈高信号。随着年龄增长,椎间盘髓核含水量降低,其在T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI上信号降低;椎管硬膜囊内充满脑脊液,其信号与水的信号一致。脊髓及神经根在各个序列中信号类似于肌肉信号;韧带和硬膜囊在各个序列中,均呈低信号。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0280-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-2-39 腰椎MRI</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">(a)T<span class="sub">2</span>WI;(b)T<span class="sub">1</span>WI</p>
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.颈椎MRI</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)颈椎MRI横断层面</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)经寰枕关节横断层面:主要显示寰枕关节。骨与关节结构同CT横断层面。椎管内有脊髓、蛛网膜下隙和硬膜外隙等结构,都可清晰显示。颈髓在该层面呈扁圆形,矢状径小于横径(图5-2-40)。</p>
 
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                        <span class="header-title">第一章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;章节内容</span>
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-40 经寰枕关节横断层面MRI T<span class="sub">2</span> WI</p>
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                    <p class="content">2)经寰齿关节横断层面:骨与关节结构同CT横断层面。颈内动、静脉位于横突前外侧(图5-2-41)。</p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0281-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-41 经寰齿关节横断层面MRI T<span class="sub">2</span> WI</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">3)经颈椎椎弓根横断层面:骨与关节结构同CT横断层面。椎体前有颈长肌、头长肌;椎弓侧后方有多裂肌、颈半棘肌、头半棘肌、夹肌、肩胛提肌等(图5-2-42)。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        4)经颈椎椎体下部横断层面:骨与关节结构同CT横断层面。当出现关节突关节增生、椎间盘突出时,很容易造成椎间孔受压、变窄,对应神经根受压后可产生麻木、疼痛等症状(图5-2-43)。</p>
                    <p class="content">5)经颈椎椎间盘横断层面:骨与关节结构同CT横断层面(图5-2-44)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)颈椎MRI矢状层面</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)经颈椎正中矢状层面:脊柱颈段曲度向前呈弧形凸起。寰椎前弓后缘与齿突间隙,正常成人≤3mm(儿童≤5mm)。颈部硬膜囊前间隙内脂肪组织较少,后纵韧带与硬膜囊前壁相互贴合,椎体后缘呈线状低信号。硬膜囊后壁后外侧间隙内有较多脂肪组织填充,呈明显线状高信号。脊髓位于椎管内,其弯曲情况与椎管相一致,脊髓平第5~6颈椎水平形成颈膨大,脊髓周围为填充于蛛网膜下隙的脑脊液(图5-2-45)。
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                            康复医学导论
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-42 经颈椎椎弓根横断层面MRI T<span class="sub">2</span> WI</p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0282-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-43 经颈椎椎体下部横断层面MRI T<span class="sub">2</span> WI</p>
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-44 经颈椎椎间盘横断层面MRI T<span class="sub">2</span> WI</p>
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-45 经颈椎正中矢状层面MRI T<span class="sub">2</span> WI</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        2)经颈椎旁矢状层面:椎体自上而下,由小变大。椎间孔呈椭圆形或卵圆形,其余空隙由大量脂肪组织所填充,呈高信号。椎体前方有头长肌、颈长肌,关节突后方由前向后有横突棘肌、头半棘肌和夹肌、菱形肌和斜方肌等(图5-2-46)。
                    </p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0283-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-46 经颈椎旁矢状断层面MRI T<span class="sub">2</span> WI</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)颈椎MRI冠状层面:经颈椎齿状突冠状层面,可显示寰枢椎对应关系。枢椎齿状突居中,与两侧块间距应相等,当两侧间隙差值>3mm时,可考虑疾病所致。椎动脉位于椎体两侧的横突孔内,呈纵向走行(图5-2-47)。
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                            康复医学导论
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-47 颈椎冠状层面MRI T<span class="sub">2</span> WI</p>
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.胸椎MRI</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)胸椎MRI横断层面</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)经胸椎椎弓根横断层面:椎孔呈类圆形,矢状径为14~15mm,若小于14mm应考虑椎管狭窄。胸髓横断层面呈扁圆形,胸髓周围蛛网膜下隙呈脑脊液信号。椎旁肌位于棘突和横突后方,浅层有斜方肌和背阔肌,以及位于斜方肌深面的菱形肌和肩胛提肌;中层为上、下后锯肌;深层为竖脊肌和横突棘肌(图5-2-48)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0284-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-48 经胸椎椎弓根横断层面MRI T<span class="sub">2</span> WI</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        2)经胸椎椎体下部横断层面:椎孔前界低信号线为椎体后缘骨皮质和后纵韧带,后界为椎弓板、关节突关节和黄韧带;两侧断开处为椎间孔。关节突关节面呈前后排列,上关节突位于前,下关节突位于后。胸神经根通过椎间孔出入椎管。椎管内结构和脊柱周围肌与椎弓根层面基本相同(图5-2-49)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">3)经胸椎椎间盘横断层面:主要显示椎间盘及椎间孔下部情况,椎管结构与经胸椎椎间孔横断层面类似。T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI上椎间盘呈低信号,T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI上椎间盘中心为高信号髓核,周围低信号环为纤维环。其余结构基本同经胸椎椎弓根和胸椎椎体下部的层面均相似(图5-2-50)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)胸椎MRI矢状层面</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)经胸椎正中矢状层面:胸曲向后凸。胸椎椎体近似长方形,自上而下逐渐增大,椎体后缘可有较粗的高信号椎基静脉丛。胸段椎间盘较颈、腰段椎间盘薄,自上而下厚度逐渐增加。前、后纵韧带位于椎体和椎间盘的前、后方,呈低信号。硬脊膜囊与后纵韧带紧贴(图5-2-51)。
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-49 经胸椎椎体下部横断层面MRI T<span class="sub">2</span> WI</p>
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-50 经胸椎椎间盘横断层面MRI T<span class="sub">2</span> WI</p>
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-51 经胸椎正中矢状层面MRI T<span class="sub">2</span> WI</p>
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                    <p class="content">
                        2)经胸椎旁矢状层面:椎间孔呈卵圆形,胸神经及动、静脉于椎间孔进出椎管。位于上、下关节突关节后面的椎旁肌,由浅至深依次为斜方肌或背阔肌、竖脊肌、横突棘肌(图5-2-52)。</p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0286-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-52 经胸椎旁矢状层面MRI T<span class="sub">2</span> WI</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)胸椎MRI冠状层面:经胸椎椎体冠状层面,可显示完整胸段脊柱。上部正中位置可显示颈胸段脊髓;下部正中位置常可显示硬膜囊及下段脊髓或马尾神经。该层面经过椎间孔周围,可显示胸神经斜向外下方走行(图5-2-53)。
                    </p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0286-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-53 胸椎冠状层面MRI T<span class="sub">2</span> WI</p>
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                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0286-03.jpg" style="width:30%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.腰椎MRI</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)腰椎MRI横断层面</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)经腰椎椎弓根横断层面:硬膜外脂肪组织较丰富,分布在硬脊膜囊的前方和前外侧及侧隐窝内。腰椎横突前内方和外后侧分别有腰大肌和腰方肌。棘突之间有低信号的棘间韧带,其尖部有低信号的棘上韧带(图5-2-54)。
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                        2)经腰椎椎体下部横断层面:椎间孔有神经根及动、静脉出入。腰神经根自上而下逐渐增粗,这可能与较低部位椎体或椎间盘病变更易出现神经根卡压有一定关系。椎管内、外结构及周围软组织与经椎弓根的断层基本相似(图5-2-55)。
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                        <span class="header-title">第一章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;章节内容</span>
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-54 经腰椎椎弓根横断层面MRI T<span class="sub">2</span> WI</p>
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-55 经腰椎椎体下部横断层面MRI T<span class="sub">2</span> WI</p>
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                    <p class="content">
                        3)经腰椎椎间盘横断层面:椎间盘髓核位于中央偏后,纤维环环绕四周。黄韧带位于椎板内侧,呈“V”形低信号。椎管内结构和椎旁软组织与经腰椎椎弓根断层相似(图5-2-56)。</p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0287-03.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-55 经腰椎椎体下部横断层面MRI T<span class="sub">2</span> WI</p>
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                    <p class="content">(2)腰椎MRI矢状层面</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)经腰椎正中矢状层面:腰椎椎体呈长方形,前后分别有前、后纵韧带附着。在椎体前、后缘,有高信号椎基静脉丛分布。椎间盘自上而下逐渐增厚,且前部较后部厚。成人脊髓圆锥在约平第1腰椎水平,自此以下至第2~3骶椎,有马尾和终丝靠后分布(图5-2-57)。
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                            康复医学导论
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-57 经腰椎正中矢状层面MRI T<span class="sub">2</span> WI</p>
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                        2)经腰椎旁矢状层面:椎体可呈楔形或方形等。椎间孔呈卵圆形,腰神经根从其上部通过。上、下关节突之间较为狭小的部分称为椎弓峡部。椎弓峡部骨质缺损不连续,称为椎弓峡部裂,缺损处常为低信号的纤维组织连接,多发生在第4、第5腰椎,以第5腰椎最多。关节突关节后方的椎旁肌主要为横突棘肌和竖脊肌(图5-2-58)。
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-58 经腰椎旁矢状层面MRI T<span class="sub">2</span> WI</p>
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                    <p class="content">
                        (3)腰椎MRI冠状层面:经腰椎椎体冠状层面,腰椎前凸,呈长方形上下排列。腰椎间盘最厚,且自上而下逐渐增厚,髓核位于中间。腰大肌起自第12胸椎至第4腰椎椎体,呈梭状走行于腰椎体两侧,向下可与髂肌组成髂腰肌而终止于股骨小转子。膈脚起自第2~3腰椎前面和第1腰椎横突,冠状位并行于上部腰椎两侧(图5-2-59)。
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-59 腰椎冠状层面MRI T<span class="sub">2</span> WI</p>
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.骶尾椎MRI</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)经第1骶椎椎体横断层面:骶管内有终丝、马尾和脑脊液。骶神经前、后支分别自骶前、后孔穿出。髂骨翼和骶翼前方有髂肌和腰大肌,两肌之间有股神经、腰骶干。腰大肌内侧从外到内,依次有髂外动脉和静脉、输尿管、髂内动脉和静脉。骶正中嵴外侧为竖脊肌,髂骨翼后外侧有臀中肌和臀大肌(图5-2-60)。
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-60 经第1骶椎椎体横断层面MRI T<span class="sub">2</span> WI</p>
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                    <p class="content">(2)经第2骶椎椎体横断层面:骶髂关节面增大。骶骨周围软组织与经第1骶椎的横断层面相似(图5-2-61)。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)经骶尾椎正中矢状层面:骶尾椎曲度后凸,骶管位于骶椎椎体后方,亦呈上宽下窄。硬脊膜囊终于第2骶椎水平,并借终丝附着于尾骨。骶管硬膜囊外可见大量脂肪组织填充(图5-2-62)。</p>
 
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-2-61 经第2骶椎椎体横断层面MRI T<span class="sub">2</span> WI</p>
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                        MRI的出现标志着医学影像领域的一次重大革命,其无与伦比的成像能力使我们得以深入探查人体内部的微观结构与功能,揭示生命活动的深层奥秘。这项技术如同开启了一扇通往生命微观世界的大门,极大地拓展了医学认知的边界,并持续激发着科学探索的热情。在MRI的临床应用中,我们不仅需要精准解读图像所承载的丰富诊断信息,更应高度关注患者在整个检查过程中的主观体验与舒适度。患者的感受是医疗服务质量的核心维度之一,这深刻体现了医学实践的双重属性,即在追求技术进步与科学突破的同时,必须恪守并弘扬人文关怀的精神。通过将先进技术应用与人性化服务相结合,确保患者在获得尖端诊疗的同时,也能感受到尊重、理解与支持,这不仅是提升就医体验的关键,更是传承医学人道主义精神的内在要求。
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