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<template>
    <div class="chapter" num="5">
        <!-- 175页 -->
        <div class="page-box" page="175">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(175) > -1">
                
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <h1 class="firstTitle-l">第三章 腹部</h1>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0181-01.jpg" style="width:30%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0017-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)具有对技术操作规范重要性的认识,提高安全意识和规范意识。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)具有良好的影像技师职业素养,增强职业适应能力。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)具备良好的职业道德、医患沟通能力和团队协作精神。</p>
                    <p class="center">……………………</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:食管、胃肠道等结构的X线解剖及断层解剖;肾、输尿管、膀胱X线解剖、CT解剖及US解剖。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:消化系统的X线解剖;肾上腺断层解剖;泌尿系统的影像解剖及CT、MRI正常腹膜腔及腹膜后间隙的图像识别。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:消化管腔的构造和横断面影像解剖。</p>
                    <p class="center">……………………</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)具有肝、胆、胰、脾、肾、输尿管、膀胱等结构的CT横断面解剖结构阅读能力。(2)具有识别肝、胆、胰、脾、肾等正常US影像图像的能力。</p>
                    <p class="center"><img class="g-pic" src="../../assets/images/0018_01.jpg" alt="" /></p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0181-04.jpg" style="width:30%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">第一节 概述</h2>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、境界与分区</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        腹部(abdomen)的上界是胸廓下口,由剑突、肋弓、第11肋前端、第12肋下缘和第12胸椎围成;下界是耻骨联合上缘、耻骨嵴、耻骨结节、腹股沟韧带、髂嵴至第5腰椎下缘的连线。腹部上方</p>
 
 
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                    <p class="content">
                        借膈与胸部相隔,下方经骨盆上口与盆腔相通。由于腹部上、下端结构与胸部和盆部有部分重叠,所以断层解剖学中,通常以经膈穹隆平面为腹部上界,下界为经第5腰椎间盘平面。腹壁两侧以腋中线为界,分腹前壁和腹后壁。为便于描述腹腔脏器所在位置,可将腹部划分为9个区或4个区。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        在腹部前面,用两条横线和两条纵线将腹部分为9区。上横线一般采用肋下平面,即左、右侧第10肋最低点的连线。下横线多采用结节间平面,即左、右侧骼结节的连线。两条纵线为通过腹股沟中点与上述两条横线垂直相交的线。上述4条线将腹部分成9区:左、右两侧自上而下为左、右季肋区,左、右腹外侧区,左、右腹股沟区;中间自上而下为腹上区、脐区、腹下区(图3-1-1)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0182-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-1-1 腹部分区(九分法)</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">在临床上,有时可通过脐作横线与垂直线,将腹部分为左、右上腹和左、右下腹4个区。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、标志性结构及常用基准线</h3>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.标志性结构</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)剑突(xiphoid process):位于胸骨下端,薄而扁,末端游离。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)肋弓(costal arch):由第8~10肋前端肋软骨依次与上位肋软骨连结而成。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)髂嵴(iliac crest):髋骨上缘肥厚,称为髂嵴。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)骼结节(tubercle of iliac crest):由髂嵴外唇向外凸出形成。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)第5腰椎间盘(intervertebral disc):位于第5腰椎与骶骨之间。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.常用基准线</span> 腹部正位片中,以剑突为扫描定位点。腹部的重要平面如下。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)第二肝门平面:位于第10胸椎椎体上份水平,以肝左、中间、右静脉出肝并汇入下腔静脉为其特征。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)第一肝门平面:位于第11~12胸椎水平,内有左、右肝管,肝动脉,肝门静脉,神经和淋巴管出入,以肝门静脉在横沟内分左、右支为特征。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)幽门平面:为经过脐至剑突末端结合连线中点的平面,后方平对第1腰椎下缘。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)肋下平面:为通过左、右第10肋最低点的水平面,其后方平对第3腰椎椎体近上缘处。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)嵴间平面:经过左、右髂嵴最高点,后方平对第4腰椎棘突。</p>
                    <p class="content">(6)结节间平面:经过左、右骼结节,后方平对第5腰椎棘突。</p>
 
 
 
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                        <span class="header-title">第三章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;腹部</span>
                        <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
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                    <h2 class="secondTitle">第二节 食管与胃肠道</h2>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0017-03.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【案例】</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        患者,男,60岁,因“进行性吞咽困难3个月,加重伴呕血1次”入院。患者3个月前,无明显诱因出现吞咽固体食物时有梗阻感,此后梗阻感逐渐加重。近1个月,半流质食物也难以下咽,只能进少量流食。1天前在进食后突然出现呕血,量约200ml,为暗红色血液,夹杂少量食物残渣,呕血后自觉头晕、心悸,无黑便。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">既往有胃溃疡史15年,其间间断服药治疗;喜好热饮、热食,且有长期吸烟史30年,平均每天20支,饮酒史20年,每日白酒摄入量约50ml。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【问题】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.该患者目前的诊断考虑是什么?诊断依据有哪些?</p>
                    <p class="content">2.胃镜检查与上消化道钡餐造影在胃、食管疾病诊断中,各具有哪些优势与局限性?结合本病例谈谈二者联合应用的意义。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、应用解剖</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)食管</p>
                    <p class="content">食管(esophagus)为细长肌性管道,上端在第6颈椎体下缘平面与咽相接,下端约平第11胸椎体高度与胃的贲门连接,长约25cm(图3-2-1)。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1.食管分为颈部、胸部和腹部三部分。颈部自食管起端至胸骨颈静脉切迹平面之间,附于气管后壁,长约5cm;胸部位于胸骨颈静脉切迹平面至膈的食管裂孔之间,长18~20cm;腹部自食管裂孔至贲门,仅1~2cm。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        2.食管全长有三处生理性狭窄,第一处位于食管起始处,距离中切牙约15cm;第二处位于食管与左主支气管交叉处,距离中切牙约25cm;第三处位于食管穿膈裂孔处,距离中切牙约40cm。食管的狭窄处易滞留异物,也是肿瘤的好发部位。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">3.食管壁内面黏膜皱襞呈纵行并凸向管腔内,食管上段纵行黏膜皱襞的数量与形状变化较大;中、下段皱襞的数量多为3~4条。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)胃</p>
                    <p class="content">胃(stomach)是消化道中最膨大的部分,上接食管、下续十二指肠。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.胃的形态和分部</span> 胃有两壁、两口和两缘(图3-2-2)。两壁,即前、后壁;两口,即与食管相连的贲门,与十二指肠相续的幽门;两缘,上缘凹向右上方称胃小弯,凸向左下方的称胃大弯,小弯最低处形成一切迹,称角切迹。
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-2-1 食管</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0184-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-2-2 胃</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        胃可分为贲门部、胃底、胃体、幽门部4部分。贲门部位于贲门周围;胃底是贲门平面上方凸出的部分;幽门部是自角切迹向右至幽门之间的部分;胃体位于胃底与幽门之间,是胃最大的部分。幽门部的大弯侧有一条浅沟,可把幽门部分为左侧的幽门窦和右侧的幽门管。临床上常将幽门部称为胃窦,幽门部近小弯侧是胃溃疡和胃癌的好发部位。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.胃的位置和毗邻</span> 胃中等充盈时,大部分位于左季肋区,小部分位于腹上区。人体内胃的位置常因体位、呼吸及胃内容物的多少而发生变化,但贲门和幽门位置相对固定,贲门位于第11胸椎左侧,幽门位于第1腰椎下缘右侧。胃前壁的左侧与膈相邻,被左肋弓遮盖,前壁右侧与肝左叶相邻,下部临近腹前壁,此处移动性大。胃后壁隔网膜囊与胰、左肾、左肾上腺、横结肠和脾等器官相邻,这些器官也称“胃床”。
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                        <span class="header-title">第三章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;腹部</span>
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                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.胃壁的结构</span> 胃壁分4层,其最内层胃壁黏膜空虚时形成许多高矮不一的皱襞。胃小弯处皱襞纵行,有4~5条,较恒定;在幽门处,黏膜皱襞呈环形凸向胃腔,称幽门瓣,此处增厚的环形平滑肌称幽门括约肌,有延缓胃排空和防止肠内容物逆流的作用。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)小肠</p>
                    <p class="content">小肠(small
                        intestine)是消化道中最长的部分,成人长5~7m。其上端起自幽门,下端接续盲肠,分为十二指肠、空肠和回肠三部分,是食物消化吸收的主要场所(图3-2-3)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0185-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-2-3 小肠和大肠</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.十二指肠</span> 长约25cm,是小肠的起始部,也是管径最粗的部分。十二指肠(duodenum)呈“C”形,从右侧包绕胰头,大部分紧贴于腹后壁,位置深而固定。根据走行特点,可分为上部、降部、水平部和升部4部分(图3-2-4)。
                    </p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0185-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-2-4 十二指肠和输胆管道</p>
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                    <p class="content">
                        (1)上部:长约5cm。在第1腰椎体右侧接幽门,斜向右上方至肝门的附近,转向下移行为十二指肠降部。上部前半段的肠管壁较薄,黏膜面光滑无皱襞,称十二指肠球,是十二指肠溃疡的好发部位。上部的前上方与肝方叶和胆囊相邻,下方邻胰头和胰颈;后方有胆总管、胃十二指肠动脉、肝门静脉和下腔静脉走行。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)降部:长7~8cm。在第1腰椎右侧下降至第3腰椎体下缘平面,转向左与水平部相续。降部内壁有发达的环形皱襞,后内侧壁上有一纵行黏膜皱襞,称十二指肠纵襞,其下端有隆起的十二指肠大乳头,是胆总管和胰管共同开口处,此处距中切牙约75cm。约半数人在大乳头上方可见十二指肠小乳头,是副胰管的开口处。降部前方为横结肠及系膜,后方与右肾门、右肾血管及右输尿管相邻;内侧邻胰头、胰管及胆总管;外侧则为结肠右曲。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)水平部:长约10cm。在第3腰椎水平横向左,行经下腔静脉至腹主动脉和腰椎前方后接续升部。水平部前方有肠系膜上动脉、静脉通过;上方邻胰头及钩突;后方有右输尿管、下腔静脉和腹主动脉;前方右侧与小肠袢相邻。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(4)升部:长2~3cm。斜向左上,至第2腰椎体左侧急转向前下方,形成十二指肠空肠曲,移行为空肠。此曲被十二指肠悬韧带(Treitz韧带)固定于腹后壁。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.空肠和回肠</span> 为小肠的主体,上接十二指肠,下连盲肠,盘曲迂回于腹腔的中下部,延续呈袢状称肠袢。空、回肠为腹膜内位,并以小肠系膜连于腹后壁,有较大的活动度。约2%的人在距离回肠末端30~100cm的肠壁对系膜缘处有囊状凸起,一般长2~5cm,称梅克尔(Meckel)憩室,为胚胎时期卵黄管残留所致。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        空、回肠无明显界线,近侧2/5称空肠(jejunum),主要位于左上腹,管径较大、管壁较厚、腔内的环状黏膜皱襞高而密;远侧3/5称回肠(ileum),主要位于右下腹、管径较小、管壁薄,黏膜皱襞低而稀疏。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(四)大肠</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0186-01.jpg" style="width:30%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">大肠(large intestine)是消化道的末段,全长约1.5m,分为盲肠(caecum)、阑尾(vermiform
                        appendix)、结肠(colon)、直肠(rectum)和肛管(图3-2-5)。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.盲肠</span> 为大肠的起始部,下端盲闭,长6~8cm,多数人位于右髂窝内。盲肠约在第3骶椎平面上续升结肠,左接回肠,后面内侧壁有阑尾。回肠末端开口于盲肠处,有上、下两片唇状皱襞,称回盲瓣。在回盲
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                        <span class="header-title">第三章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;腹部</span>
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                    <p class="content">瓣下方约2cm处,有阑尾的开口。</p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0186-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-2-5 大肠</p>
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                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.阑尾</span> 为一蚓状盲管,一般长6~8cm,多位于右髂窝内。阑尾根部连于盲肠后内侧壁,位置较固定,是三条结肠带汇集处;阑尾体和末端游离位置变化较大,可在回肠下、盲肠后、盲肠下、回肠前及回肠后位等。国内体质调查资料显示,阑尾以回肠下位和盲肠后位较多见。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.结肠</span> 围绕在空、回肠周围,整体呈“M”形,结肠腔面有半环形皱襞。结肠分为升结肠、横结肠、降结肠和乙状结肠4部分。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)升结肠:是盲肠的直接延续,在右腹外侧区上升至肝右叶下方,弯向左前方移行为横结肠,弯曲部称结肠右曲(肝区)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)横结肠:向左行至脾的下方,与降结肠相连,弯曲部称结肠左曲(脾区)。横结肠活动度较大,常下垂呈弓形,最低点可达脐平面或脐下方。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)降结肠:在左腹外侧区下降,至左髂嵴处移行为乙状结肠。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)乙状结肠:呈“乙”字形弯曲,活动度较大,自左髂区内横过左侧髂腰肌、髂外血管、睾丸(卵巢)血管及输尿管前方,向下至骶骨前方第3骶椎平面,下接直肠。</p>
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                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.直肠</span> 长10~14cm,位于小骨盆腔后部,在第3骶椎前方续乙状结肠,沿骶、尾骨前方下行,穿过盆膈移行于肛管。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.肛管</span> 是消化道最末端,位于盆膈以下,长3~4cm,上续直肠,末端终于肛门。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、X线解剖</h3>
                    <p class="content">胃肠道在X线平片中显示效果不佳,故主要介绍胃肠道造影。胃肠道造影能清晰显示消化道的位置、形态及黏膜,观察其运动,是食管和胃肠道的主要影像学检查方法。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)食管X线解剖</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.食管的形态与位置</span> 食管钡剂造影检查时,食管显示清晰,内腔黏膜轮廓规整,可分颈段、胸段和腹段。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        正位片上,食管上段位于椎体稍偏左,至平气管杈处回至中线,下端向左下穿膈食管裂孔与贲门相连。侧位或斜位片上,可见胸部食管与脊柱接近平行,食管前缘自上而下依次可见主动脉弓压迹、左主支气管压迹和左心房压迹(图3-2-6)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0187-03.jpg" style="width:30%" alt="" active="true" />
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                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0187-04.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-2-6 正常食管钡剂造影</p>
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                    <p class="content">
                        食管钡剂造影时,吸气时膈肌下降、食管裂孔收缩,使膈上5cm左右的一段食管扩大呈壶腹状,称食管膈壶腹,其在呼气时消失。食管膈壶腹下端至贲门之间,长3cm左右的一段称为胃食管前庭段,此段在静止时是收缩状态,吞咽动作时是松弛状态,使钡剂能顺利进入胃内,排空后此段又恢复收缩状态,可防止胃内容物反流。钡剂排空后,食管黏膜皱襞残留的钡剂呈数条纵行、连续、平行的条纹状影,与胃小弯侧黏膜皱襞相延续。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.食管的蠕动波</span> 食管钡剂造影时,可见食管的3种蠕动波。①原发性蠕动波:伴随吞咽动作,每吞咽一次,食管蠕动一次,迅速推动钡剂下行至胃。②继发性蠕动波:由于钡剂充盈刺激而出现,由主动脉弓水平向下,将钡剂推入胃。③第三蠕动波:呈锯齿状或波浪状,突然出现,消失迅速,因食管壁环形肌不规则地收缩形成,常见于老年人或食管贲门弛缓症。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)胃X线解剖</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        胃分为胃底、胃体和胃窦3部分。立位时,贲门位于第11胸椎左侧,幽门位于第1腰椎右侧,位置较固定。食管下端与胃连接的狭窄区为贲门,贲门水平以上为胃底,常含气,呈类圆形透亮区,称胃泡。胃小弯最低处弯曲成角,称角切迹。由角切迹至胃大弯最低点连线作垂线,此线至胃底之间的部分为胃体,常近垂直,此线右侧至幽门之间的部分为胃窦,近水平(图3-2-7)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0188-01.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图3-2-7 正常胃钡剂造影(充盈相)</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        胃的形状、大小和位置,因人的体型和平滑肌张力而异。胃形态一般分为以下4型(图3-2-8)。①中间型(钩型):形似鱼钩,胃体垂直,角切迹明显,胃窦部约与骼嵴同高,多见于中等体型者。②牛角型:形似牛角,上宽下窄,角切迹偏钝,胃大弯下缘在脐以上,多见于矮胖体型者。③无力型(长型):呈上窄下宽状,胃体窄,角切迹锐利,胃下部低垂、宽大,胃大弯下缘远低至进入盆腔,常见于瘦长体型者。④瀑布型:胃底位于胃体的上后方,胃泡膨大如囊,胃体狭窄,胃大弯下缘多在脐水平或上方。立位时,钡剂首先充盈胃底快速溢入胃体,状如瀑布而得名,常见于有器质性病变或功能性病变的患者。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.胃充盈相</span> 正常胃各部轮廓清晰、显示良好。钡剂入胃后2分钟,即可见由胃体上部向胃窦方向的蠕动,为有节律的、逐渐加深的波浪状收缩;胃大弯侧比胃小弯侧收缩明显,可同时见到2~3个收缩波;胃窦部无收缩波,通过整体向心收缩,推动钡剂入十二指肠。胃排空受胃的张力、蠕动强弱和幽门启闭状态影响,服用钡剂数分钟即可开始排出,2~4小时排空,超过6小时为排空延迟(图
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                        <span class="header-title">第三章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;腹部</span>
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                    <p class="content">3-2-9)。</p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0189-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-2-8 胃的分型</p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0189-02.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-2-9 钡剂造影胃充盈相</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.胃黏膜像</span> 胃黏膜为条状透亮影,皱襞间为钡剂充盈呈条状致密影。胃底黏膜皱襞呈网状;胃体小弯侧黏膜皱襞纵行、光滑,大弯侧黏膜皱襞斜行或横行,故大弯侧轮廓呈锯齿状;胃窦黏膜皱襞可随胃蠕动变化,收缩时呈纵行,舒张时横行或斜行(图3-2-10)。
                    </p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0189-03.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-2-10 钡剂造影胃黏膜相</p>
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                    <p class="content">另外,胃气钡双重造影对比可显示胃黏膜皱襞的细微结构,在此不详述。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)小肠X线解剖</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        钡剂造影时,将小肠分为6组:①十二指肠。②左上腹部的空肠袢。③左下腹部的空肠袢。④中腹部横越脊柱的回肠袢。⑤右中及右下腹部的回肠袢。⑥盆腔部位的回肠袢(图3-2-11)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0190-01.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-2-11 正常小肠钡剂造影</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.十二指肠</span> 十二指肠全程呈“C”形,上接幽门,下续空肠,分为4部分(图3-2-12)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)上部:上部近幽门处称十二指肠球部(duodenal
                        bulb),是溃疡多发的部位。造影剂充盈相呈圆顶状或等腰三角形,分为顶部、底部及两侧穹隆脚。底部中央为幽门管开口,顶端指向后上,黏膜呈纵行条状影,向尖端集中。球部整体收缩蠕动,将钡剂排至十二指肠降部。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)降部:接上部,急转向下走行于第1~3腰椎右侧。钡剂造影时,黏膜皱襞呈羽毛状并随蠕动改变,降部中段内侧圆形或椭圆形透光区为十二指肠大乳头。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)水平部:上接降部,在第3腰椎右侧急转向左,水平走行于下腔静脉、腹主动脉前方,此部黏膜皱襞呈羽毛状。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)升部:为水平部末端向左上方移行而成,续于空肠,转折处为十二指肠空肠曲。钡剂造影时,黏膜皱襞也呈羽毛状。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0190-02.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图3-2-12 正常十二指肠钡剂造影</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.空肠与回肠</span> 空肠与回肠是小肠主体部分,由肠系膜根部固定于后腹壁,全长约6m。其中,空肠占近侧2/5,回肠占远侧3/5。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        空肠蠕动活跃,有深而密集的环状黏膜皱襞,充盈相时呈羽毛状,钡剂通过后呈雪花状。回肠蠕动较弱,充盈相时呈带状或节段状,皱襞较细小,呈细羽毛状纹理或不明显。回盲瓣是回肠末端凸入盲肠的部分,上、下缘呈唇状凸起,其间有一段细腔;回盲瓣的功能是阻止内容物流入回肠。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">钡剂一般在服用后1小时到达空肠,2~3小时在回肠,3~6小时到达盲肠。</p>
 
 
 
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                        <span class="header-title">第三章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;腹部</span>
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                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(四)大肠X线解剖</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        钡剂灌肠充盈相时,大肠位于腹部四周,呈粗大管状。盲肠和结肠可见大致对称凸出的结肠袋,阑尾位于盲肠内下方,呈细长条状,轮廓光滑(图3-2-13)。直肠位于盆腔,无结肠袋。钡剂排空后,可见盲肠、升结肠、横结肠黏膜皱襞较密集,以横行为主;降结肠以下黏膜皱襞稀疏,以纵行为主。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0191-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-2-13 正常大肠钡剂造影</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">结肠的运动为总体蠕动,钡剂可刺激其蠕动增强。服用钡剂后,最快2~3小时钡剂到达盲肠,3~6小时到达肝曲,6~9小时到达脾曲,24小时内部分排出,2~3天排空。
                    </p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0191-02.jpg" style="width:30%" alt="" active="true" />
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                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、影像断层解剖</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0191-03.jpg" style="width:30%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">CT检查在显示胃肠道解剖结构及周围结构毗邻关系上有独特优势,是消化道检查的重要补充手段。此处主要介绍食管、胃和十二指肠的CT断层解剖。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.食管</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)食管颈段和胸段,可见于颈部和胸部断层。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)腹段食管最短,自膈肌食管裂孔至贲门,前方邻近肝左叶(图3-2-14)。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.胃</span> 胃CT检查时,充盈状态可更好地显示胃壁,必要时可增强扫描(图3-2-15)。充盈良好的胃,胃壁厚度均匀,为2~5mm。横断面上,胃前方贴膈和腹前壁,后方邻胰体,左方为脾,右方为肝;胃窦部变窄,胃窦部在中线右侧向后与十二指肠相连。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.十二指肠</span> 充盈良好的十二指肠壁厚小于5mm。十二指肠上部接胃窦;降部右侧为胆囊和肝,左前方与胃窦和胰头相邻,后方为肾和肾上腺;水平部一般在第3腰椎水平面;升部在胰头左侧接空肠。
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图3-2-14 正常食管CT横断层面</p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0192-02.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图3-2-15 正常胃体CT横断层面</p>
                    </div>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">第三节 肝、胆、胰、脾</h2>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0017-03.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【案例】</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        患者,男,62岁,乏力、食欲减退和上腹部不适持续约2个月。体格检查发现,患者贫血、黄疸和肝脾大。血液检查提示,总胆红素水平明显升高,转氨酶升高。超声检查提示,肝内有一直径约5cm的占位,伴有肝内胆管扩张。初步诊断为原发性肝癌可能性较大。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【问题】</p>
                    <p class="content">如患者做MRI检查应重点观察哪些层面?如何确定肝占位的位置?</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、应用解剖</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)肝</p>
                    <p class="content">肝(liver)是人体最大的消化腺,分泌胆汁、参与脂肪消化,还有物质代谢、解毒等功能。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.肝的形态</span> 肝呈不规则的楔形,右厚左薄,一般分为前、后两缘,膈、脏两面(图3-3-1)。</p>
 
 
 
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                        <span class="header-title">第三章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;腹部</span>
                        <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
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                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-3-1 肝的形态</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">(a)肝前面观;(b)肝下面观</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(1)膈面:即肝上面,光滑隆凸与膈相贴,借镰状韧带可将肝分为肝左叶和肝右叶。膈面后方有冠状韧带及左、右三角韧带,三者之间没有腹膜覆盖,称为肝裸区。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)脏面:即肝下面,凹凸不平,与腹腔脏器相邻。脏面中部有呈“H”形的三条沟,左纵沟前部为肝圆韧带裂,后部有静脉韧带裂;右纵沟前部有一浅窝容纳胆囊,称胆囊窝,后部是腔静脉沟;左右纵沟之间长约5cm的横沟称肝门,是肝固有动脉、肝门静脉和左右肝管、淋巴管和神经等进出之处,这些结构被结缔组织包绕,形成肝蒂,走行于肝十二指肠韧带内。在腔静脉沟的上部,肝左、中、右静脉出肝处,称为第二肝门。在腔静脉沟的下部,肝右叶的肝右后静脉和尾状叶的一些肝小静脉注入下腔静脉处,称为第三肝门。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.肝的位置和毗邻</span> 肝的大部分位于右季肋区及腹上区,小部分位于左季肋区。成人肝的上界与膈穹隆一致,肝的下界右侧与右肋弓一致,左侧在腹上区可达剑突下方3~5cm;儿童肝体积相对较大,肝的下界可超出肋弓下缘1~2cm。肝与膈紧密相连,故肝的位置随呼吸运动而上、下移动,在平静呼吸时,肝可上、下移动2~3cm。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">右半肝膈面借膈与右肋膈隐窝和右肺底相邻,左半肝借膈与心包和心相邻。脏面右叶自前向后与结肠右曲、十二指肠、右肾上腺和右肾相邻,左叶与食管腹段、贲门和胃前壁相邻。
                    </p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0193-02.jpg" style="width:30%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.肝的内部结构</span> 肝内的肝门静脉、肝固有动脉和肝管3套管道的各级分支均结伴走行,并被结缔组织鞘包裹,构成格利森(Glisson)系统。另外一套管道为肝静脉,构成肝静脉系(图3-3-2)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(1)肝门静脉(hepatic portal
                        vein):肝内门静脉在肝门偏右处分为左、右两支。肝门静脉左支较为细长,与静脉主干近乎成直角分出,向左行于横沟内,至左纵沟转向前方,走行于肝圆韧带裂内,与肝圆韧带相连。肝门静脉左支依据走行分为横部、角部、矢状部和囊部,主要分支包括左外叶上支、左外叶下支、左内叶支和尾状叶左支。肝门静脉右支较为短粗,长约10mm,与肝门静脉主干约成120°发出,向右走行于横沟内,沿肝门右切迹进入肝实质。其末端多分为2支,即右前叶支和右
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                    <p class="content">后叶支。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0194-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-3-2 肝内管道系统示意图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">(a)肝门静脉内分支及肝静脉;(b)肝内动脉和肝管</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">1.左外叶动脉和胆管;2.左内叶动脉和胆管;3.肝固有动脉左支和肝左管;4.肝固有动脉右支和肝右管;5.右前叶动脉和肝管;6.左后叶动脉和肝管
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)肝固有动脉(proper hepatic
                        artery):为肝总动脉分支,在肝门处分为肝左动脉和肝右动脉,分布于左半肝和右半肝。肝左动脉常于肝门偏左处,分为左内叶动脉和左外叶动脉。肝右动脉分为右前叶动脉和右后叶动脉。肝左、右动脉还常发出左、右2支尾状叶动脉。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(3)肝管(hepatic duct):肝内胆管汇合形成肝左管和肝右管,经肝门处出肝,引流胆汁。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)肝静脉(hepatic
                        vein):主要包括肝左、中、右静脉,于第二肝门处出肝注入下腔静脉;另有肝右后静脉和尾状叶静脉等,经腔静脉沟下部的第三肝门处出肝注入下腔静脉。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (5)Glisson系统肝内胆管与肝门静脉属支、肝固有动脉分支的走行基本一致,共同参与构成Glisson系统,自肝门出入肝,分布于肝段内。肝静脉及其属支,走行于肝叶、肝段之间,自第二肝门及第三肝门出肝。Glisson系统管道和肝静脉系统的管道分布呈双手十指交叉状,越接近第二肝门处,肝静脉的管径越粗;越接近第一肝门处,Glisson系统管道的管径越粗。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.肝的分叶和分段</span> 此处主要介绍国际上较为常用的Couinaud肝段划分法(图3-3-3),即依据Glisson系统的分支及分布和肝静脉的走行,并结合肝的某些外形特征,如沟、切迹和裂等将肝分为左、右半肝,5叶和8段。
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                        <span class="header-title">第三章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;腹部</span>
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                    </div>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0195-02.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-3-3 Couinaud肝段划分法</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">Ⅰ段:尾叶,Ⅱ段:左外叶上段,Ⅲ段:左外叶下段,Ⅳ段:左内叶,Ⅴ段:右前叶下段,Ⅵ段:右后叶下段,Ⅶ段:右后叶上段,Ⅷ段:右前叶上段</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        Glisson系统分布于肝段内,肝静脉及其属支走行于肝段间。肝裂是肝叶之间和肝段之间Glisson系统细小分布的区域,是肝叶与肝叶和肝段与肝段之间的分界线,主要有正中裂、左叶间裂、右叶间裂、背裂、左段间裂和右段间裂(图3-3-4)。肝段的划分如图3-3-4所示。
                    </p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0195-03.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图3-3-4 Couinaud肝段(Ⅰ~Ⅷ)名称</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0195-04.jpg" style="width:30%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)肝外胆道</p>
                    <p class="content">肝外胆道指由胆囊(gallbladder)和输胆管道组成的系统(图3-3-5)。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.胆囊</span> 为贮存胆汁的长梨形平滑肌囊袋,位于肝的脏面右侧的胆囊窝内,上缘与肝相连,下缘游离,与横结肠和十二指肠上部相邻。正常胆囊容量40~60ml,分为底、体、颈、管四部分。胆囊底常露出于肝的前缘,紧邻腹前壁,其体表投影在右锁骨中线与右肋弓交点处的稍下方,发生胆囊炎时,此处常有明显的压痛。胆囊体膨大,后端缩细称胆囊颈,颈弯向下移行为胆囊管,胆囊内面衬有黏膜,在胆囊管和胆囊颈处黏膜呈螺旋状,有调节胆汁进出的作用,胆囊结石易嵌顿于此处。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.输胆管道</span> 包括肝左管、肝右管、肝总管和胆总管。肝内的小叶间胆管逐渐汇合成肝左管和肝右管,出肝门立即汇合
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                    <p class="content">成肝总管,肝总管下行与胆囊管合成胆总管。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0195-05.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-3-5 肝外胆道</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        胆总管长4~8cm,直径0.6~0.8cm。其在肝十二指肠韧带游离缘内下行,经十二指肠上部后方,至十二指肠降部与胰头之间与胰管汇合,形成肝胰壶腹(Vater壶腹),开口于十二指肠降部后内侧壁的十二指肠大乳头。肝胰壶腹周围增厚的环行平滑肌称肝胰壶腹括约肌(Oddi括约肌),该括约肌的收缩、舒张可控制胆汁和胰液的排出。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)胰</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        胰(pancreas)是人体第二大消化腺,呈长棱柱形,长14~20cm,宽3~4cm,高1.5~2.5cm。胰位于腹后壁第1、第2腰椎水平的位置,分为胰头、胰颈、胰体、胰尾4部分。在胰实质内,有从胰尾至胰头的输出管,称胰管,长约16cm。胰管与胆总管汇合后,共同开口于十二指肠大乳头。胰头上部还可存在副胰管,开口于十二指肠小乳头。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(四)脾</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        脾(spleen)是人体最大的淋巴器官,具有贮血、免疫应答等功能。脾位于左季肋区、膈与胃底之间,第9~11肋的深面,长轴与第10肋一致。脾的外形近似椭圆形,可分为膈、脏两面,前、后两端和上、下两缘。脾的膈面光滑隆突,脏面凹陷,中央处有脾门,是血管、神经和淋巴管出入之处;前端较宽,后端钝圆;上缘较锐,朝向前上方,有2~3个脾切迹,下缘较钝,朝向后下方。在脾的附近,还可出现副脾。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">脾下缘与左肾上腺和左肾毗邻,前缘与结肠脾曲相邻,内侧与胃和胰尾相邻。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、X线解剖</h3>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.X线平片</span> 由于肝、胆、胰、脾与周围脏器缺乏对比,X线平片显示不良。</p>
                    <p class="content">肝在X线平片上,只能通过观察右膈的位置、形状,间接了解肝的大致形态、大小和肝内钙化;肝内外胆管和胆囊均不能显示,胰和脾在X线平片上也显示不清。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.胆道造影</span> 常用的胆系X线检查有经皮经肝胆道造影(percutaneous trans-hepatic
                        choledocho-scope,PTCS)和内镜逆行胰胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde
                        cholangrapancreatography,ERCP)。二者可清楚地显示左右肝管、肝总管、胆总管、胆囊及胆囊管等结构。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        肝内胆管呈树枝状分布,汇合成左右肝管,出肝后汇合成肝总管。肝总管下行与胆囊管成锐角汇合成胆总管,胆总管下行至胰头,与胰管汇合于肝胰壶腹。肝总管长3~4cm,内径0.4~0.6cm;胆总管长4~8cm,内径0.6~0.8cm(图3-3-6)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">胆囊位于胆囊窝内,造影显示充盈的胆囊为卵圆形或梨形,长为7~10cm,宽3~5cm,分为胆囊底、体、颈和管。胆囊轮廓光滑、锐利。</p>
                    <p class="content">ERCP可显示胰管,主胰管自胰头部向尾部斜行,管径逐渐从3mm缩窄到1mm。主胰管上有一些分支,有时可见副胰管。</p>
 
 
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                        <span class="header-title">第三章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;腹部</span>
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                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-3-6 ERCP下正常胆道解剖</p>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、影像断层解剖</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)CT影像特点</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.肝</span> 正常情况下,肝轮廓光滑,CT平扫时肝实质呈均匀的软组织密度影,密度略高于脾、胰。其断面形态和结构,随断面位置变动而变化,肝的各叶易于辨别。肝内门静脉和肝静脉显示为低密度的管道状或圆形影,肝后缘下腔静脉较粗大。肝内动脉和正常胆管不易分辨。CT增强扫描时,在动脉期,肝内动脉明显强化,肝实质尚无明显强化;肝门静脉期,门静脉明显强化,肝实质和肝静脉开始强化;肝门静脉晚期或肝实质期,肝实质达到强化的峰值,肝门静脉和平衡期强化迅速下降(图3-3-7)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0197-01.jpg" style="width:30%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0197-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-3-7 肝胆胰脾CT横断层面</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">(a)平扫;(b)增强</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.胆道系统</span> 正常胆囊位于胆囊窝内,充盈胆囊在CT平扫时表现为卵圆形,密度均匀,CT值略高于水。胆囊壁菲薄,厚度1~2mm,光滑锐利。肝内胆管和左、右肝管细小不易显示,肝总管在肝门部横断面呈一圆形低密度影,直径3~5mm,肝总管向下逐渐向内,与胆囊管汇合形成胆总管,位于门脉主干的前外侧。胆总管下段位于胰头与十二指肠降部之间,在横断面呈低密度的圆形影,直径3~6mm。增强扫描时,胆囊和胆管壁强化,而胆汁不强化,呈明显对比,使胆道系统影像显示得更加清楚。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.胰腺</span> 是腹膜后位器官。在CT图像上,胰腺呈凸向腹侧的带状影或像倒置的龙虾影,头低尾高,头粗尾细。胰头右侧为十二指肠降部,前方为胃窦,胰头部向下延伸为钩突部。胰体上方横行的为脾动脉,后方为脾静脉,胰体后方有肠系膜上动脉穿过。胰尾在胃体、胃底的后方,伸至脾门区。胰体、尾交界部的后方是左肾上腺。增强扫描时,胰密度均匀增高。胰管位于胰的前半部,常不显示或显示为宽约2mm的低密度线影。胰形态、大小和位置均可有很大变异(图3-3-8)。
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                            医学影像解剖学
                        </div>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0198-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-3-8 胰CT</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">(a)平扫;(b)增强</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.脾</span> 在CT横断面图像上,呈近似新月形内缘凹陷的半圆形,表现为外侧缘光滑,而其脏侧面形态不规则,可呈波浪状或分叶状。脾的大小因个体差异较大,在CT横断面图像上以肋单位法简单观察脾大小,即以一个与脾相邻的肋骨或肋间隙为一个肋单位,在一个层面上脾的长度不超过5个肋单位,该指数可反映脾前后径。脾的下缘低点应高于肝下缘低点。CT平扫时脾密度均匀,稍低于肝密度。增强扫描时,动脉期脾强化密度不均匀,且周边皮质强化程度低于中间的髓质;在肝门静脉期和实质期,脾皮、髓质密度逐渐均匀一致(图3-3-9)。脾的血管在增强扫描时,显示清晰,脾动脉走行于胰上方,稍迂曲,脾静脉在稍下方走行于胰体、尾部后方。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        10%~30%的人存在副脾,常见于脾门处,为直径数毫米至数厘米的正常脾组织结节。副脾可独立存在,也可有蒂与主脾相连。副脾大多较小,无临床症状,偶有副脾很大,或部位异常者。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0198-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-3-9 脾CT</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">(a)平扫;(b)动脉期;(c)肝门静脉期;(d)平衡期</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">第三章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;腹部</span>
                        <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
 
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)MRI影像特点</p>
                    <p class="content">在MRI横断面图像上,肝、胆、胰、脾的形态、位置和解剖结构与CT图像相似。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.肝</span> MRI图像不同层面显示不同的解剖结构,基于MRI成像原理,各种组织在MRI上反映的信号有各自本身的特点。在SE序列扫描时,正常肝实质在T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI上呈均匀的中等信号,较脾信号稍高,与胰信号相似;T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI上肝实质信号强度明显低于脾,呈灰黑信号。肝内血管在T<span class="sub">1</span>WI及T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI上均为黑色流空信号,与肝实质对比明显。肝内、外胆管因含胆汁,则表现为长T<span class="sub">1</span>、长T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>的圆点状或条状信号。肝门区及肝裂内有较多脂肪,在T<span class="sub">1</span>WI上呈不规则高信号,T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI上其信号稍降低。增强后,肝实质呈均匀强化,信号强度明显升高,同时肝内血管出现对比增强。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.胆道系统</span> 常规MRI的SE序列扫描时,T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI胆道系统呈低信号,T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI则表现为高信号,但依据胆汁化学成分不同,信号强弱不一。胆囊胆汁在T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI上一般呈均匀低信号,在T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI上呈均匀高信号。增强扫描有助于判断胆囊壁的厚度。磁共振胰胆管成像(magnetic resonance
                        cholangiopancre-atography,MRCP)显示胰胆管与PTC或ERCP所见相似,且具有无创和能多方位观察等优点。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.胰</span> 在T<span class="sub">1</span>WI和T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI上呈均匀的较低信号,与肝的信号相似,胰的后缘的脾静脉呈黑色流空信号,可作为识别胰的标志。腹膜后脂肪组织呈高信号,可描绘出胰的前缘。十二指肠内的液体常呈较高信号。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.脾</span> 位于左上腹部外侧,因含有大量血液,其T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>及T<span class="sub">2</span>弛豫时间均较长,故T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI上脾信号低于肝,T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI上信号强度高于肝,脾门血管呈黑色流空信号。正常脾的信号均匀,其大小的判断同CT检查。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)肝、胆、胰、脾横断面影像解剖</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.经肝膈顶层面</span> 该层面上,胸腹腔结构同时出现。胸腔主要为中纵隔内左、右心室下部,以及周边的左、右肺下叶等。腹腔内主要显示肝右叶凸出的肝膈顶,肝后内侧可见下腔静脉。胸椎体前方为降主动脉、奇静脉和食管(图3-3-10)。
                    </p>
 
 
 
 
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0200-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-3-10 经肝膈顶层面</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">(a)平扫;(b)增强;(c)T<span class="sub">1</span>WI;(d)T<span
                                class="sub">2</span>WI</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.经第二肝门水平层面</span> 约平第10胸椎体上份。该层面上,肝实质内肝左、中、右静脉分别从左、前、右方向汇聚,注入腔静脉沟内的下腔静脉,肝静脉汇入下腔静脉处即为第二肝门。以肝静脉作为划分肝叶段的标志,在肝圆韧带裂上方,肝左静脉走行于左叶和方叶之间;肝中间静脉走行于方叶和右叶之间;肝右静脉走行于右前叶和右后叶之间。肝静脉和下腔静脉密度低于肝实质,第二肝门左侧可见食管影,食管后方有降主动脉(图3-3-11)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0200-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图3-3-11 经第二肝门水平层面</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">第三章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;腹部</span>
                        <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0201-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图3-3-11 经第二肝门水平层面(续图)</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">(a)平扫;(b)强化;(c)T<span class="sub">1</span>WI;(d)T<span
                                class="sub">2</span>WI</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.经第一肝门水平层面</span> 该层面约平第11、第12胸椎椎间盘,通过第一肝门。断面右侧半为肝的断面,左侧半主要为胃和脾。下腔静脉右前方的斜行裂隙为第一肝门,肝门静脉在此处分为左支和右支。左支进入肝圆韧带裂内,右支进入肝右叶。下腔静脉沟和静脉韧带裂之间为尾状叶。肝圆韧带裂将肝左叶分为肝左内叶和肝左外叶。脾位于断面左后,呈饱满的上弦月形,外侧面是圆隆,内侧面凹陷呈分叶状,可见脾门及血管,正常脾的外缘大小在5个肋单元内。脾实质密度均匀,密度介于肝和胰之间(图3-3-12)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0201-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图3-3-12 经第一肝门水平层面</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">(a)平扫;(b)强化;(c)T<span class="sub">1</span>WI;(d)T<span
                                class="sub">2</span>WI</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.经胆囊水平层面</span> 此层面通常位于第12胸椎到第1腰椎间。胆囊位于肝圆韧带裂右后方,呈长椭圆形低密度影,胆囊底朝向肋弓,胆囊颈朝向肝门。肝门静脉位于肝门,其后侧隔肝实质有下腔静脉。断面中份有右向左横行的胰断面,可见整个胰体、胰尾,胰右侧近十二指肠降部,胰体后右方
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                            医学影像解剖学
                        </div>
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                    <p class="content">可见肝门静脉影,后方为下腔静脉。脾位于胰尾后外侧,呈新月形(图3-3-13)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0202-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-3-13 经胆囊水平层面</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">(a)平扫;(b)强化;(c)T<span class="sub">1</span>WI;(d)T<span
                                class="sub">2</span>WI</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.经胰头水平层面</span> 该层面右侧为肝右前、后叶断面,外缘隆凸,内缘凹陷。肝右前叶内侧为结肠肝曲,右后叶内侧由右到左可见右肾上极、下腔静脉、十二指肠降部。第2腰椎体前面可见腹主动脉和胰头断面,在钩突的前方,有肠系膜上动、静脉。脾静脉由左向右行于胰体后方,与肠系膜上静脉合成肝门静脉(图3-3-14)。
                    </p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0202-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-3-14 经胰头水平层面</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">第三章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;腹部</span>
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                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
 
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图3-3-14 经胰头水平层面(续图)</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">(a)平扫;(b)强化;(c)T<span class="sub">1</span>WI;(d)T<span
                                class="sub">2</span>WI</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(四)肝、胆、胰、脾冠状面影像解剖</p>
                    <p class="content">以下选取几个有代表性的MRI冠状面,来叙述肝、胆、胰、脾的冠状面解剖(由前向后)。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.经肠系膜上动、静脉层面</span> 此冠状面上,膈下可见右侧肝和左侧胃的断面。肝断面由右向左主要为右前叶、左内叶和左外叶。肝下缘右侧是胆囊,中间有肝圆韧带裂,左侧邻胃。肝圆韧带裂上端是门静脉左支及肝左静脉、肝中间静脉等。腹腔下部为肠管断面,肠系膜内可见伴行的肠系膜上动、静脉,动脉在左、静脉在右(图3-3-15)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0203-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图3-3-15 经肠系膜上动、静脉层面</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.经肝门静脉主干层面</span> 此层面膈下由右向左可见肝、胃和脾的断面。肝右下为胆囊、幽门或十二指肠上部,肝的中央近下缘为肝门静脉主干,入肝后分左、右支。肝左侧为胃底,胃底左侧为脾,脾的下方可见结肠脾曲和降结肠。肝门静脉主干下方,可见下腔静脉和腹主动脉下段分为左、右髂总动、静脉(图3-3-16)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.经第二肝门层面</span> 此层面肝后缘下腔静脉纵向显示良好,可见肝右静脉锐角汇入下腔静脉,下腔静脉左侧与之平行的为腹主动脉,胃和脾在左侧膈下(图3-3-17)。
                    </p>
 
 
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0204-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-3-16 经肝门静脉层面</p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0204-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-3-17 经第二肝门层面</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.经肾上腺层面</span> 此层面膈下右上部为肝右叶,其右下方为右肾上腺和右肾。左侧为左肾上腺和左肾,左肾外侧为脾(图3-3-18)。</p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0204-03.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-3-18 经肾上腺层面</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">第三章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;腹部</span>
                        <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
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                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(五)肝、胆、胰、脾矢状面影像解剖</p>
                    <p class="content">以下选取几个有代表性的MRI矢状面,来叙述肝、胆、胰、脾的主要矢状面解剖(由左向右)。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.经脾门矢状层面</span> 该层面上方为膈,膈下前部为网膜,后部为脾,下方为结肠脾曲、降结肠和空肠(图3-3-19)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0205-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-3-19 经脾门矢状层面</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">(a)T<span class="sub">1</span>WI;(b)T<span class="sub">2</span>WI</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.经左肾外侧部矢状层面</span> 该断面上方为膈肌,膈肌下后方为脾的断面。脾的下方为左肾的纵断面。膈肌前下部为肝左外叶,肝的下方为胃的剖面,由后上向前下斜行。胃和肾之间呈三角形断面为胰腺,在胰腺后上部有脾动脉断面,直径为0.5cm。脾静脉断面位于脾动脉的前下方,较粗大,约0.8cm。在肾下方有降结肠剖面,胰下方为空肠的断面,后方有竖脊肌,肠腔内有高而密的环形黏膜皱裂(图3-3-20)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0205-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图3-3-20 经左肾外侧部矢状层面</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">(a)T<span class="sub">1</span>WI;(b)T<span class="sub">2</span>WI</p>
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.正中矢状层面</span> 该层面膈下方主要被肝占据,肝的断面呈楔形,膈面隆凸、脏面凹陷、下缘锐利、后缘圆钝。以静脉韧带裂为界,肝前部较大的为左外叶,实质内有肝左静脉断面,该静脉后方有左外叶上、下段静脉;肝后部为尾状叶。尾状叶下方有胰的断面,胰断面后方有肝门静脉。肝下方可见幽门的断面,幽门下方为横结肠,两者后方的肠系膜的断面内有肠系膜上动、静脉(图3-3-21)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0206-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-3-21 经正中矢状层面</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">(a)T<span class="sub">1</span>WI;(b)T<span class="sub">2</span>WI</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.经正中偏右矢状层面</span> 该断面膈下绝大部分为肝的断面,断面形态与正中矢状面相似,肝后方为纵向走行下腔静脉,上穿膈肌向前上注入右心房,下至第4腰椎体下缘,连接左、右髂总静脉。肝断面后上部有肝中静脉汇入下腔静脉,肝中静脉下方有肝门静脉左支矢状部。肝中静脉起始部与肝门静脉左支矢状部连线并延长,该线为左叶间裂,其前方为左内叶,后上部为尾状叶,前下部为左外叶。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        肝门下方,肝蒂内有肝门静脉主干、肝总管、肝固有动脉和淋巴结等的断面,肝门静脉较粗,直径约1.0cm。肝下面肝蒂前方可见胃断面;肝门静脉断面前下方下腔静脉前方,有胰头的断面,胰头下方有十二指肠水平部的断面(图3-3-22)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0206-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图3-3-22 经正中偏右矢状层面</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">(a)T<span class="sub">1</span>WI;(b)T<span class="sub">2</span>WI</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">第三章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;腹部</span>
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                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.经右锁骨中线矢状层面</span> 该断面膈下被肝占据,主要为右前叶和右后叶。右前叶下段下方可见胆囊长轴断面,胆囊后上方肝门处,肝门静脉右支向后上方斜行,肝门静脉右支前方有肝门静脉的左支横部,两血管粗细相当,直径约0.8cm。肝门静脉右支前方,有肝中间静脉的断面,下方有呈圆形的右后肝静脉断面。肝中间静脉与胆囊中点的连线,即为肝的正中裂,其前方为左内叶、后方为右前叶。肝后缘下方可见右肾上腺和右肾断面,右肾前方有十二指肠降部断面(图3-3-23)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0207-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图3-3-23 经右锁骨中线矢状断面</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">(a)T<span class="sub">1</span>WI;(b)T<span class="sub">2</span>WI</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">6.经右腋前线矢状层面</span> 该层面膈下空间全部为肝的断面。肝实质上部有肝右静脉的多个属支截面,下部有右后肝静脉的截面。肝前部为右前叶下段,后部为肝右后叶借段间裂,分为上方的右后叶上段和下方的右后叶下段。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">在肝断面下方,前部有横结肠和结肠肝曲断面,其下方为纵行升结肠、盲肠和回肠的断面(图3-3-24)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0207-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图3-3-24 经右腋前线矢状层面</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">(a)T<span class="sub">1</span>WI;(b)T<span class="sub">2</span>WI</p>
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(六)US影像特点</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        US检查具有经济简便、无电离辐射、实时动态成像等优势,因此在肝、胆、胰、脾的影像检查中运用广泛。肝、胰均为实质性脏器,边界清晰、内部软组织密度均匀,胆囊则是囊内充满胆汁的空腔脏器。US对上述器官具有良好的穿透性,回声对比度良好,还可以利用超声多普勒检查技术,观察肝、胆、脾、胰实质内的血流情况,对占位性病变或炎症性病变有较高辨别率,因此具有很高的临床诊断价值。除了疾病诊断,US引导下的介入治疗技术在临床也逐渐普及,因此学习肝、胆、胰、脾US解剖非常重要。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.US解剖</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)肝的US解剖:US通过声束不同角度的分割,显示肝和肝血管断面的解剖结构、空间方位和相毗邻关系。在US图像上,正常肝轮廓光滑、整齐,肝包膜的纤维结缔组织呈一条包绕整个肝的线状纤细、光滑的强回声;肝实质呈弥漫均匀一致分布的中低水平的点状回声,一般略高于肾皮质回声,低于胰回声,肝的断面上可以看见血管、胆管等。肝横切面近似楔形,右侧厚而大,左侧小而薄;纵切声像图中,肝形态略呈三角形,右半肝的截面积较左半肝为大,肝的膈面呈弧形,肝的脏面内凹或较平坦,边缘锐利,肝左叶下缘角<45°,右叶下缘角>45°。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)胆囊及胆管的US解剖:充盈的胆囊呈梨形,分底、体、颈3部分,长径7~10cm,宽径3~4cm、前后径约4cm。US图像上,正常胆囊轮廓清晰,囊壁光滑整齐,回声略高于肝;胆囊腔内呈无回声,后方回声增强,呈典型的囊性结构。胆囊的纵轴指向肝门,胆囊底位置浅,投影一般在右侧腹直肌外上缘与肋缘交界处;胆囊颈部位置较深,邻近肝门右侧。胆囊颈起始部膨大为哈特曼(Hartmann)囊,自胆囊颈部至门静脉右支或门静脉主干之间的肝裂内有脂肪组织和结缔组织,声像图表现为一条连接胆囊颈部和门静脉右支根部间的线状强回声带,这是识别胆囊解剖位置的重要标志。胆囊颈和胆囊底部常出现“折射声影”(与Hartmann囊和胆囊壁的折射有关)。胆管系统分为肝内及肝外两部分。肝内胆管管壁高回声,管内无回声或低回声,左、右肝管容易显示,左肝内叶、左肝外叶、右肝前叶、右肝后叶胆管有时也可显示,但各肝段胆管则一般不显示。肝外胆管胆囊管位于胆囊颈后方,呈弯曲状,长径2~3cm,内径2~3mm。胆总管自肝总管与胆囊管汇合后起始,至十二指肠的乳头开口,全长7~8cm,内径6~8mm。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)脾的US解剖:脾呈半月形或长椭圆形,位于左季肋部的第9~11肋深面,左肋膈隐窝的下方,腋前线至腋正中线之间,脾的长轴与左侧第10肋平行,长径10~12cm,宽6~8cm,厚3~4cm。正常脾轮廓清晰,实质回声均匀,略低于肝实质回声。脾膈面略向外凸且光滑,脏面凹陷,中央有特征性的脾门切迹和脾血管断面。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (4)胰的US解剖:胰是后腹膜脏器,在第1、第2腰椎的高度,分胰头、胰颈、胰体、胰尾。正常胰腺边缘清晰、光滑,按照大体形态可分为蝌蚪形、哑铃形和腊肠形3种。胰腺内部呈均匀的点状回声,青年、儿童和婴幼儿的胰腺回声多呈中等回声或低回声,与肝回声相近或低于肝回声;老年人由于胰腺组织缩小、纤维组织增多和脂肪浸润增加,胰腺回声常增高,高于肝回声且边界不清,肥胖者也可见此种表现。主胰管是横贯胰腺实质的两条平行而光滑的中、高回声线,在胰腺内稍靠背侧走行;副胰管一般不易显示。胰的定位标志是胰周围的血管,即背侧的脾静脉、肠系膜上动脉、肠系膜上静脉、下腔静脉、腹主动脉及走行于胰后上缘的脾动脉等血管。
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                        <span class="header-title">第三章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;腹部</span>
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.肝US常用切面</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)剑突下经腹主动脉长轴矢状切面:探头置于受检者腹正中线剑突下,垂直腹壁纵切扫查。此切面可显示肝膈面、肝左外叶上段(S2)、肝左外叶下段(S3)、门静脉左支、肝左静脉、胃、胰体、腹主动脉等结构(图3-3-25)。本切面是测量肝左叶径线的标准切面。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0209-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图3-3-25 剑突下经腹主动脉长轴矢状切面</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">LL左肝;CA腹腔干动脉;SMA肠系膜上动脉;AO腹主动脉;</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">S2肝左外叶上段;S3肝左外叶下段</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)右肋弓下斜切面:探头置于受检者右肋弓缘下,声束斜向受检者右肩方向缓慢连续动态扫查,探头可与肋缘平行或垂直,此切面可显示大部分肝实质结构及第一肝门、第二肝门和胆囊的结构。肝实质主要显示肝尾叶(S1)、方叶(S4)、右前叶(S5、S8)、右后叶(S6、S7)。如探头靠近剑突,可显示第一肝门处“工”字形的肝门静脉的主干及左支矢状段、左支横段、肝门静脉右支、右后支及胆囊等(图3-3-26)。调整探头远离剑突,可显示第二肝门处,肝左静脉、肝中静脉和肝右静脉向下注入下腔静脉(图3-3-27)。
                    </p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0209-02.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图3-3-26 剑突下斜切面(显示“工”字部)</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">S1 肝尾叶;S2 肝左外叶上段;S3 肝左外叶下段;S4 肝左内叶</p>
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0210-01.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图3-3-27 右肋缘下斜切面(第二肝门)</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">RHV 肝右静脉;MHV 肝中静脉;LHV 肝左静脉</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)右肋间斜切面:探头置于受检者右侧,自第4肋间向下逐个肋间扫查,声束垂直于胸壁并转动探头连续扫查,至肝下缘。本切面可显示整个肝右叶(S5~S8)及尾状叶(S1),方叶(S4)的膈顶部分,第一肝门,第二肝门,肝中、右静脉及分支和门静脉主干及右支长轴,胆囊和下腔静脉斜断面位于门静脉两侧,呈“飞鸟”征(图3-3-28)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0210-02.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-3-28 右肋间斜切面</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">GB胆囊;IVC下腔静脉</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.胆囊US常用切面</span> 经右肋弓下缘与肋弓基本垂直纵断面扫查,可显示较完整的胆囊长轴,以此断面为基准,作胆囊横断面和纵断面,可显示胆囊内膜结构和其周围组织(图3-3-29)。
                    </p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0210-03.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图3-3-29 胆囊超声二维图及超声彩色血流图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">GB胆囊;IVC下腔静脉;PV门静脉</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">第三章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;腹部</span>
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                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.脾US常用切面</span> 经左肋间斜切面可见脾呈半圆形,长轴与第10肋平行,后端靠近脊柱,前端远离正中线。正常脾轮廓清晰,表面光滑整齐,膈面呈向外凸的弧形和膈肌相贴,可见脾切迹,内侧缘中部向内凹陷为脾门,可探及数条管状结构进出,为脾动脉、脾静脉(图3-3-30)。彩色多普勒可显示脾血管,脾静脉为蓝色血流、脾动脉为红色血流,两者紧邻,不易区分;脾静脉呈条状自脾门处入脾实质内,并在其内分支(图3-3-31)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0211-01.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-3-30 正常脾二维声像图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">SP脾脏;SPV脾静脉</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0211-02.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图3-3-31 正常脾二维多普勒声像图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">SPV脾静脉;SPA脾动脉</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.胰腺US常用切面</span> 剑突下横扫为最常用的胰扫查方法。该切面所见胰头最厚,位于肠系膜下静脉和胆总管圆形断面前方,胰颈和胰体与后方的脾静脉相伴(图3-3-32)。
                    </p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0211-03.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图3-3-32 正常胰腺超声二维图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">P胰腺;SMV肠系膜上静脉;SMA肠系膜上动脉;SPV脾静脉;AO腹主动脉</p>
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                    <h2 class="secondTitle">第四节 泌尿系统和肾上腺</h2>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0017-03.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
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                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【案例】</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        患者,男,50岁,因“无痛性肉眼血尿3天”入院。患者3天前,无明显诱因出现全程肉眼血尿,尿液呈暗红色,不伴有尿频、尿急、尿痛等尿路刺激症状,亦无发热、腰痛、腹痛等不适。血尿持续存在,未见明显缓解。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">既往有高血压史10年,血压控制尚可;吸烟史20年,平均每天10支;否认糖尿病史及泌尿系统结石病史。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【问题】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.该患者目前的诊断考虑是什么?诊断依据有哪些?</p>
                    <p class="content">2.泌尿系统超声和腹部CT在泌尿系统疾病诊断中,各自优势与局限性是什么?结合本病例谈谈二者联合应用的意义。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、应用解剖</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)肾上腺</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.位置与毗邻</span> 肾上腺(suprarenal
                        gland)位于腹膜后隙内脊柱的两侧,平对第11胸椎体高度,肾的内上方。肾上腺外包被膜,其实质可分为皮质和髓质两部分,断层标本上用肉眼即可分辨。左侧肾上腺为半月形,右侧呈三角形;除常见形态外,还可见纺锤形、蝌蚪形、楔形和半圆形等。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        左、右肾上腺的毗邻不同,左肾上腺前面的上部借网膜囊与胃后壁相隔,下部与胰尾、脾血管相邻,内侧缘接近腹主动脉;右肾上腺前面的外上部直接与肝裸区相邻,内侧缘紧邻下腔静脉。左、右肾上腺的后面均为膈(图3-4-1)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0212-02.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-4-1 肾上腺的位置和毗邻</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.血管</span> 肾上腺的动脉有上、中、下3支,分布于肾上腺的上、中、下3部。肾上腺上动脉</p>
 
 
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                        <span class="header-title">第三章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;腹部</span>
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                    <p class="content">(superior suprarenal artery)起自膈下动脉,肾上腺中动脉(middle suprarenal
                        artery)起自腹主动脉,肾上腺下动脉(inferior suprarenal
                        artery)起自肾动脉。左肾上腺静脉通常为1支,仅有少数为2支,汇入左肾静脉;右肾上腺静脉通常只有1支,汇入下腔静脉,少数汇入右膈下静脉、右肾静脉或副肝右静脉(图3-4-2)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0213-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-4-2 肾上腺的动脉</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0213-02.jpg" style="width:30%" alt="" active="true" />
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                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)肾</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.形态与结构</span> 肾(kidney)是成对的实质性器官,形似蚕豆,左右各一。正常成年男性的肾平均长10cm,宽约5cm,厚约4cm,重量为134~145g,女性的肾略小于男性。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">肾可分上、下两端,内、外侧两缘,前、后两面。肾上端宽而薄,下端窄而厚。内侧缘中央凹陷,称为肾门(renal
                        hilum),是肾血管、淋巴管、神经和肾盂出入部位。出入肾门的结构合称肾蒂(renal
                        pedicle)。肾蒂的主要结构由前向后依次为肾静脉、肾动脉和肾盂,从上向下依次为肾动脉、肾静脉和肾盂。由肾门向肾内扩大的不规则腔隙称肾窦(renal
                        sinus),容纳肾动脉的分支、肾静脉的属支、肾小盏、肾大盏、肾盂和脂肪组织等。外侧缘隆凸。前面较凸,朝向前外侧;后面较平,贴靠腹后壁。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.位置与毗邻</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)位置:肾位于腹膜后隙内脊柱的两侧。肾的位置可随呼吸运动而有轻度的上下移动。左肾上端平第12胸椎上缘,下端平第3腰椎上缘;右肾上端平第12胸椎下缘,下端平第3腰椎下缘。第12肋斜过左肾后面的中部,右肾后面的上部(图3-4-3)。因受肝右叶的影响,右肾比左肾低1~2cm,女性的肾低于男性,儿童低于成人。
                    </p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0213-03.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-4-3 肾的后面毗邻</p>
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                    <p class="content">
                        (2)毗邻:肾的上方与肾上腺相邻。左肾的内侧是腹主动脉,右肾的内侧是下腔静脉。左、右肾前方的毗邻不同。左肾前面的上部有胃后壁,中部有胰腺横过,下部有空肠袢及结肠左曲(图3-4-4);右肾前面的上部为肝右叶,下部为结肠右曲,内侧为十二指肠降部。两肾的后方上1/3与膈、肋膈隐窝和第12肋相邻,下2/3自内侧向外侧与腰大肌、腰方肌和腹横肌腱膜及肋下神经、髂腹下神经、髂腹股沟神经相邻。
                    </p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0214-01.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-4-4 肾毗邻关系示意图</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.肾血管与肾段</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)肾动脉和肾段:肾动脉在肾门处通常分为前、后2支进入肾窦。在肾窦内,前支走行在肾盂的前方,分出上段动脉、上前段动脉、下前段动脉和下段动脉4条段动脉;后支走行在肾盂的右侧,入肾后延续为后段动脉。肾动脉的变异比较常见,不经过肾门直接入肾的额外动脉,称副肾动脉。每一条段动脉分布的肾实质区域称为肾段(renal
                        segment)。肾段共有5段,即上段、上前段、下前段、下段和后段,肾段的划分为肾局限性病变的定位及肾段或肾部分切除术提供了解剖学基础(图3-4-5)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)肾静脉及其属支:在肾内与肾动脉不同,无节段性及规律性,但有广泛吻合,故结扎单支不影响血液回流。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0214-02.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-4-5 肾段动脉和肾段</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)输尿管</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        输尿管(ureter)是位于腹膜后隙内的细长肌性管道,左右各一,成人全长25~30cm。其上端起自肾盂,下端终于膀胱。输尿管按行径可分为腹部、盆部和壁内部。输尿管的第一段于肾盂下端起始后,在腹后壁腹膜的深面,沿腰大肌前面下降,至小骨盆缘跨越髂血管前面,此段为腹部;第二段自髂血管交叉处起,沿盆腔侧壁行向后下至膀胱底,此段为盆部;第三段自入膀胱壁到输尿管口,此段
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                        <span class="header-title">第三章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;腹部</span>
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                    <p class="content">为壁内部(图3-4-6)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0215-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-4-6 肾和输尿管</p>
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                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(四)膀胱</p>
                    <p class="content">膀胱(urinary
                        bladder)位于盆腔前部,耻骨联合的后方(图3-4-7)。空虚的膀胱似锥形,分为膀胱尖、体、底和颈4部分。膀胱的下部借膀胱颈与前列腺底(男性)或尿生殖膈(女性)相接。男性膀胱底的上部借直肠膀胱陷凹与直肠相邻,下部与精囊和输精管壶腹相贴;女性膀胱底与子宫颈和阴道壁相贴。
                    </p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0215-03.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图3-4-7 盆部正中矢状面(男性)</p>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、X线解剖</h3>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.腹部X线平片</span> 前后位片上,于脊柱两侧,在周围脂肪组织对比下,常能显示密度略高的肾影,边缘光滑,肾影的长轴自内上斜向外下。正常输尿管不能显示。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.排泄性尿路造影</span> 主要用于观察肾盏、肾盂和输尿管(图3-4-8)。正常排泄性尿路造影时,注药后1~2min,肾实质显影,密度均匀;2~3分钟后,肾盏和肾盂开始显影;15~30分钟时,肾盏和肾盂显影最浓。
                    </p>
 
 
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                            医学影像解剖学
                        </div>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0216-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-4-8 排泄性尿路造影</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.逆行性尿路造影</span> 通过膀胱镜,将输尿管导管经尿道插入输尿管内,然后注射对比剂,使输尿管、肾盂和肾盏等显影。正常肾盏、肾盂和输尿管的表现同排泄性尿路造影。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.肾血管DSA(图3-4-9)</span> 为选择性肾动脉造影,检查分三期:①肾动脉期,肾动脉主干及分支显影,自主干至分支逐渐变细,走行自然,边缘光滑,无扩张、狭窄及中断。②实质期,肾弥漫性显影,轮廓、大小和形态可清楚分辨。③肾静脉期,肾静脉显影,但不是很清晰。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0216-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-4-9 肾血管DSA</p>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、影像断层解剖</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)CT解剖</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.肾上腺CT解剖</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)平扫:双侧肾上腺在周围低密度脂肪组织的映衬下呈均匀一致的软组织密度,多呈倒置“Y”形或“人”字形,形态变异较多,CT值约为34HU。通常情况下,肾上腺侧支厚度小于10mm,</p>
 
 
 
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                        <span class="header-title">第三章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;腹部</span>
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                    </div>
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                    <p class="content">不超过同侧膈肌脚的厚度。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)增强扫描:肾上腺呈均匀一致强化(图3-4-10),平扫和增强扫描均不能区分皮、髓质。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0217-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图3-4-10 经双侧肾上腺的CT横断面(增强)</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.肾及输尿管(腹段)CT解剖</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)平扫:肾在影像上呈现为圆形或椭圆形的软组织密度影,其边缘光滑。在平扫时,肾皮质和髓质无法区分。肾窦表现为脂肪密度,肾盂呈现水样密度。肾动、静脉显示为条索状的软组织密度影。正常状态下,肾包膜和肾周筋膜难以显示(图3-4-11)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">当周围脂肪组织丰富时,输尿管可显示出来,其影像表现为圆点状的软组织影,中心可为低密度,位置处于腰大肌前缘处。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0217-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-4-11 经肾门的CT横断面</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)增强扫描:①皮质期,此期相当于肝的动脉期,肾动脉和皮质会出现显著强化,密度显著增高;而髓质强化不明显,仍为较低密度,因此能够清晰地区分肾的皮质和髓质。相邻肾锥体之间的皮质部分,也就是肾柱,会明显强化。②髓质期相当于肝的实质期,此时肾的皮质、髓质都有强化,且密度相同,二者之间的分界变得模糊不清。③排泄期,此期肾实质的强化程度有所降低,髓质的密度会略高于皮质。在此期,肾盂、肾盏及输尿管内会有对比剂充填,通过对比剂的显示,可以清晰勾勒出肾盂、肾盏及输尿管的形态(图3-4-12)。
                    </p>
 
 
 
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                            医学影像解剖学
                        </div>
                    </div>
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                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-4-12 经肾门的CT横断面</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">(a)动脉期;(b)静脉期;(c)平衡期</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">在注入对比剂后的延迟增强扫描中,输尿管管腔内充盈对比剂而呈点状致密影。自肾盂向下连续追踪,常能观察输尿管全程,直至输尿管的膀胱入口。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.输尿管盆部和壁内部CT解剖</span> 平扫呈点状软组织密度影,但输尿管盆部一般难以辨认。增强扫描后输尿管壁可以强化,排泄期输尿管内充满对比剂,呈点状致密影。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.膀胱CT解剖</span> 空虚的膀胱呈锥形,壁较厚,呈软组织密度影。膀胱充盈时呈球状,横截面呈圆形,边界清晰,膀胱壁变薄且厚薄均匀,膀胱内尿液呈均匀水样密度。CT增强扫描时,排泄期密度增高。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)经膀胱的CT横断面:腹直肌后方有充盈状态的膀胱,盆腔内脏器可显示直肠。髂骨体呈宽厚的三角断面,其前方有髂腰肌,髂腰肌旁有缝匠肌,其内侧有闭孔内肌,两侧闭孔内肌之间有输尿管和闭孔动、静脉,直肠与闭孔内肌之间充满脂肪组织的区域为坐骨肛门窝。髂骨体后外侧分别有臀小肌、臀中肌和臀大肌。第4骶椎椎体与髂骨体之间为坐骨大孔,梨状肌穿出坐骨大孔,位于髂骨体与臀大肌之间(图3-4-13)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0218-04.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图3-4-13 经膀胱的CT横断面(增强)</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)经膀胱的正中矢状面:盆腔内可见充盈态膀胱位于耻骨联合上方,根据部位可观察膀胱顶、膀胱颈、膀胱体及膀胱底部的断面形态。尿道自膀胱颈部的尿道内口向下开口。膀胱后方有子宫及直</p>
 
 
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                        <span class="header-title">第三章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;腹部</span>
                        <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
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                    <p class="content">肠,直肠位于骶椎前方的膨大为直肠壶腹,可见直肠的横裂向腔内凸出。肛提肌平面可见直肠向下移行为肛管(图3-4-14)。</p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0219-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图3-4-14 经膀胱的CT平扫正中矢状面(女性)</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)MRI解剖</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.肾上腺MRI解剖</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)平扫:肾上腺以T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI图像显示为佳,信号强度与同层面肝实质相似,呈中等信号,与周围高信号的脂肪形成鲜明对比,利于观察其解剖结构。T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI图像上呈中等低信号。一般情况下,由于化学移位效应的影响,肾上腺皮质和髓质分辨不清(图3-4-15)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)增强扫描:肾上腺呈均匀一致强化。脂肪抑制成像后,肾上腺信号强度高于周围脂肪组织。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0219-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图3-4-15 肾上腺MRI T<span class="sub">1</span> WI横断面</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.肾及输尿管(腹段)MRI解剖</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)平扫:肾皮质及髓质呈中等信号,皮质在T<span class="sub">1</span>WI上信号略高于髓质,在T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI等于或略低于髓质。肾窦脂肪在T<span class="sub">1</span>WI和T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI上均呈高信号,肾盂呈T<span class="sub">1</span>WI低信号、T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI高信号,肾血管呈流空信号(图3-4-16)。正常情况下,输尿管在T<span class="sub">1</span>WI和T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI上均呈点状低信号。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)增强扫描:强化特点类似于CT增强扫描。T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI增强扫描时,输尿管管壁可见强化。在增强排泄期,输尿管内因充满对比剂呈点状高信号影。</p>
 
 
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-4-16 经肾门MRI横断面</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)US解剖</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.肾的US解剖</span> 正常肾随US扫查方向不同,可呈圆形、卵圆形或豆形。肾的被膜为高回声线影,清晰、光滑。外周的肾皮质呈均匀弱回声;内部的肾锥体为三角形或圆形低回声;肾窦则呈不规则形密集高回声,实际上是肾窦内肾盂、肾盏、血管及脂肪组织的复合性回声。正常输尿管由于肠气干扰不能显示。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.膀胱的US解剖</span> 正常充盈的膀胱,腔内为均匀液性无回声区,周边的膀胱壁为高回声带,厚1~3mm。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(四)肾及肾上腺核素显像</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        肾及肾上腺核素显像是一种利用放射性核素及其标记化合物对肾和肾上腺进行成像的核医学检查方法。其原理是,静脉注射被肾或肾上腺选择性摄取或浓聚的放射性核素或其标记化合物后,通过核医学显像仪器,体外探测放射性核素在体内的分布,从而获得肾和肾上腺的形态、功能及血流灌注等信息。检查方法有肾动态显像、肾静态显像、肾上腺髓质显像、肾上腺皮质显像,临床应用包括肾功能评估、上尿路梗阻的诊断与鉴别诊断、肾占位性病变的诊断等。
                    </p>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">第五节 腹膜腔和腹膜后间隙</h2>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0017-03.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【案例】</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        患者,女,48岁,因“腹胀、腹痛1个月,加重伴发热3天”入院。患者1个月前无明显诱因出现腹部胀满不适,伴有间断性隐痛,疼痛部位不固定,可自行缓解,未予重视。近3天来,腹胀、腹痛明显加重,疼痛呈持续性,且出现发热,体温最高达38.5℃,伴有乏力、食欲减退,无恶心、呕吐,无腹泻、便秘交替。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">既往有盆腔炎病史5年,已治愈;否认腹部手术史、外伤史;无吸烟饮酒等不良嗜好。</p>
 
 
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                        <span class="header-title">第三章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;腹部</span>
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                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【问题】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.该患者目前的诊断考虑是什么?诊断依据有哪些?</p>
                    <p class="content">2.腹部超声和腹部CT在腹膜腔疾病诊断中,各自优势与局限性是什么?结合本病例谈谈二者联合应用的意义。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、应用解剖</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)腹膜形成的结构</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        腹膜由壁层移行于脏层或由一个脏器移行至另一个脏器的过程中,常形成网膜、系膜、韧带和皱襞等。这些结构不仅对脏器起着连接和固定的作用,也是血管、神经、淋巴管的出入处及腹、盆腔内疾病的播散途径(图3-5-1)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0221-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图3-5-1 后腹膜矢状面解剖示意图</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.网膜</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)大网膜:连接于胃大弯与横结肠之间,呈围裙状下垂。大网膜由4层腹膜折叠而成,前2层由胃前、后壁浆膜延续而成,向下伸至脐平面或稍下方,然后向后返折,并向上附着于横结肠,形成后2层。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)小网膜:是连于膈、肝静脉韧带裂和肝门与胃小弯及十二指肠上部之间的双层腹膜。其左侧部主要从膈、肝静脉韧带裂连于胃小弯,称肝胃韧带;右侧部从肝门连至十二指肠上部,称肝十二指肠韧带。小网膜右侧为游离缘,其后方为网膜孔。在肝十二指肠韧带内,包绕着胆总管、肝固有动脉、肝门静脉、肝神经丛及淋巴结等结构。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(3)网膜囊:是位于小网膜和胃后方的前后扁窄的腹膜间隙,为一盲囊,其上壁是肝尾状叶及</p>
 
 
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                    <p class="content">膈下面的腹膜;前方与胃后壁相邻;后方与横结肠、胰、左肾和左肾上腺等相邻;左侧与脾相邻;右侧有网膜孔。网膜囊向上凸入尾状叶,周围形成的腹膜间隙称网膜囊上隐窝。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.系膜</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)肠系膜:是将空肠及回肠连于腹后壁的双层腹膜,呈扇形排列,其内有肠系膜上血管的分支和属支、淋巴管、淋巴结和神经等。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)阑尾系膜:呈三角形,连于阑尾与肠系膜下端之间,阑尾的血管、淋巴管、神经走行于阑尾系膜的游离缘。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)横结肠系膜:是将横结肠悬于腹后壁的双层腹膜结构。该系膜内含有中结肠血管,左、右结肠血管的分支、淋巴管、淋巴结和神经丛等。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)乙状结肠系膜:是将乙状结肠连于腹后壁的双层腹膜结构。该系膜内含有乙状结肠的血管、直肠上血管、淋巴管、淋巴结和神经丛等。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.韧带</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)肝的韧带:除前述肝胃韧带和肝十二指肠韧带外,由腹膜形成的肝的韧带还有镰状韧带、冠状韧带和左、右三角韧带。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)胃的韧带:包括肝胃韧带、胃结肠韧带、胃脾韧带和胃膈韧带。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)脾的韧带:包括胃脾韧带、脾肾韧带、膈脾韧带和脾结肠韧带,分别与邻近器官相连。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.皱襞</span> 位于脏器之间或脏器与腹壁之间,多由血管等结构被腹膜遮盖而形成,主要有胃胰襞、肝胰襞及十二指肠上、下襞。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)隐窝和陷凹</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        在腹膜皱襞之间或皱襞与腹、盆壁之间的小凹陷称隐窝,较大且恒定的隐窝称陷凹。十二指肠上隐窝居十二指肠上襞深面,开口向下;十二指肠下隐窝居十二指肠下襞深面,开口向上。盲肠后隐窝位于盲肠后方。乙状结肠间隐窝位于乙状结肠左后方,在乙状结肠系膜与腹后壁之间。在肝右叶后下方与右肾之间,有肝肾隐窝,仰卧时为腹膜腔最低点,上腹部的脓液及渗出液多先聚于此处。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        主要的陷凹位于盆腔内,男性在膀胱与直肠之间有直肠膀胱陷凹。女性在膀胱与子宫之间有膀胱子宫陷凹;直肠与子宫之间为直肠子宫陷凹,也称Douglas腔,较深。站立或半卧位时,男性的直肠膀胱陷凹与女性的直肠子宫陷凹为腹膜腔的最低部位,故积液多积于此处。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)腹膜腔的分区</p>
                    <p class="content">通常以横结肠及其系膜为界,将腹膜腔区分为结肠上区和结肠下区。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.结肠上区</span> 结肠上区介入膈与横结肠及其系膜之间,又称膈下间隙(subphrenic
                        space)。此间隙又被肝分为肝上、下间隙。肝上间隙借镰状韧带和左三角韧带分为右肝上间隙、左肝上前间隙和左肝上后间隙;肝下间隙以肝圆韧带区分为右肝下间隙和左肝下间隙,后者又被小网膜和胃分成左肝下前间隙和左肝下后间隙(网膜囊)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.结肠下区</span> 结肠下区包括4个间隙,即左、右结肠旁沟及左、右肠系膜窦。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(四)腹膜后间隙</p>
                    <p class="content">腹膜后间隙(retroperitoneal space)位于腹后壁腹膜与腹内筋膜之间,上起自膈,下达骶骨岬,</p>
 
 
 
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                        <span class="header-title">第三章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;腹部</span>
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                    <p class="content">两侧连于腹膜下筋膜。</p>
                    <p class="content">腹膜后间隙又以肾前、后筋膜为界分为肾旁前间隙、肾周间隙和肾旁后间隙。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.肾旁前间隙</span> 肾旁前间隙(anterior pararenal
                        space)位于腹后壁腹膜与肾前筋膜之间,内有十二指肠、胰腺、升结肠、降结肠、肠系膜血管、淋巴结及脂肪组织。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.肾周间隙</span> 肾周间隙(perirenal
                        space)位于肾前筋膜与肾后筋膜之间,内有肾、肾上腺、肾血管、肾盂、输尿管和肾脂肪囊等。在肾的下方,肾前、后筋膜互不融合,肾前筋膜向下逐渐消失,肾后筋膜向下至髂嵴与髂筋膜愈着。因此,肾周间隙向下与直肠后隙相通。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.肾旁后间隙</span> 肾旁后间隙(posterior pararenal
                        space)位于肾后筋膜与腹后壁腹内筋膜之间,其内无任何器官,仅有脂肪组织、血管和淋巴结等。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、X线解剖</h3>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.腹膜和腹膜腔</span> 正常情况下,腹膜在X线平片上不能显影。腹膜腔在X线平片上,也大多不能直接观察到,不过当腹膜腔内有气体(如胃肠穿孔导致腹膜腔积气)时,可在立位X线平片上看到膈下新月形的气体透亮影。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">如果有腹膜腔积液,在腹部X线平片上,可能会看到腹部密度增高、肠管间距增宽等非特异性表现。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.腹膜后间隙</span> 肾、肾上腺和输尿管X线解剖见本章第四节。X线检查腹主动脉及分支时,可清晰显示其主干及主要分支,如肾动脉、肠系膜上动脉等。下腔静脉在X线检查中,可通过对比剂显影。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、影像断层解剖</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)腹膜和腹膜腔的CT、MRI影像断层解剖</p>
                    <p class="content">腹膜腔内有少量浆液时,在CT影像上呈低密度影,在MRI的T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI上呈高信号。如果腹膜腔内液体增多(如有腹水),会更清楚地看到腹膜腔的轮廓(图3-5-2)。</p>
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图3-5-2 经腹部正中的矢状层面CT(增强)</p>
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                            医学影像解剖学
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.腹膜和腹膜腔CT断层解剖</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)腹膜:正常的腹膜很薄,在CT平扫图像上一般很难单独分辨。但当腹膜发生病变,如增厚、钙化或有结节时,能观察到。比如,腹膜增厚在CT上表现为沿着腹腔内壁或脏器表面的稍高密度线条状影,增强扫描后增厚的腹膜可有强化。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)腹膜腔:正常腹膜腔内少量液体很难被发现。当有腹水时,液体呈腹腔内低密度影。气体进入腹膜腔(如胃肠道穿孔)时,可见腹膜腔内游离气体影,呈低密度的气泡样影。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.腹膜和腹膜腔MRI断层解剖</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)腹膜:正常腹膜在MRI各序列上不易清晰辨认。在T<span class="sub">1</span>WI上,腹膜呈等信号,与周围组织分界不清;在T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI上,呈稍高信号。当腹膜发生病变时,如炎症或肿瘤浸润,腹膜增厚,在T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI上呈高信号,能够更好地显示病变范围和其与周围组织的关系。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)腹膜腔:正常腹膜腔内,少量液体在T<span class="sub">2</span>WI上呈高信号,T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI上呈低信号。有腹水时,T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI上高信号更明显,而且可以根据液体的分布来判断腹水的量和位置。对于腹膜腔的病变,MRI对软组织的分辨率更高,比如,腹膜腔的肿瘤发生种植转移时,其能够更清楚地显示转移灶的大小、数目及位置。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)腹膜后间隙的CT、MRI影像断层解剖</p>
                    <p class="content">腹膜后间隙内包含丰富的脏器、血管、神经等结构,其CT和MRI断层解剖如下。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.肾旁前间隙</span> 在CT上,胰腺呈软组织密度,增强扫描时强化均匀;十二指肠降部及水平部位于胰头右侧及下方,肠壁厚度均匀。胰腺在MRI上,T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI呈中等信号,T<span class="sub">2</span>WI上呈稍高信号,脂肪抑制序列可清晰显示胰腺轮廓。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.肾周间隙</span> 见本章第四节。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.肾旁后间隙</span> CT上呈低密度脂肪影,内可见细小的血管和神经。MRI上,脂肪组织在T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI和T<span class="sub">2</span>WI上均呈高信号,压脂序列呈低信号,其间的血管和神经呈中等信号。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.血管、神经和淋巴结</span> 腹主动脉位于脊柱左前方,在CT上呈圆形或椭圆形软组织密度影,增强扫描时明显强化。下腔静脉位于脊柱右前方,CT上呈低密度圆形影,增强扫描时强化明显。腰交感干位于脊柱两侧,在CT上难以直接显示,MRI上可通过脂肪抑制序列等技术进行显示。正常情况下,腹膜后淋巴结较小,短径一般小于10mm,在CT和MRI上呈软组织密度或信号影,增强扫描时轻度强化。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)US解剖</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.腹膜和腹膜腔的US解剖</span> 壁腹膜在US图像上,通常表现为一层薄而连续的高回声线,紧贴于腹壁肌肉层的深面,不易单独清晰地显示,常作为识别腹腔内结构的标志之一。当腹腔内有积液或炎症时,壁腹膜可出现增厚、回声增强等改变。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        不同脏器表面的脏腹膜在US下的表现有所差异。例如,肝表面的脏腹膜光滑且连续,与肝实质紧密贴合,在US图像上不易与肝包膜区分;而胃肠道表面的脏腹膜,则随着胃肠蠕动而略有波动。US可以显示腹膜形成的结构系膜等,如小肠系膜内含有丰富的血管和脂肪组织,US下可见系膜内的血管呈管状无回声,周围为高回声的脂肪组织。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">在正常情况下,腹膜腔内仅有少量浆液起润滑作用,US难以显示。当出现腹水等病理情况时,</p>
 
 
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                        <span class="header-title">第三章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;腹部</span>
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                    <p class="content">腹膜腔内可见无回声区,可根据积液的分布范围和深度来判断积液量的多少。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.腹膜后间隙的US解剖</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)肾旁前间隙:胰腺呈中等回声,边界较清晰,其内部回声均匀或稍不均匀。十二指肠通常难以完整显示,仅能在其充盈状态下观察到部分肠管呈管状低回声。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)肾周间隙:肾和肾上腺见本章第四节。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)肾旁后间隙:表现为高回声的脂肪组织,其间可见散在的条索状低回声,为纤维结缔组织和小血管。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (4)血管和淋巴结:腹主动脉呈管状无回声,有搏动性。下腔静脉呈椭圆形或扁平状无回声。正常情况下,腹膜后淋巴结较小,US下呈椭圆形或圆形低回声,边界清晰,皮质与髓质分界较清。</p>
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                    <p class="right-info">(刘胜 赵振美)</p>
 
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