zhongshujie
19 小时以前 e33672cf85da88d515d5fe6ccc0a139c3cfaa5db
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<template>
    <div class="chapter" num="5">
        <div class="page-box" page="115">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(115) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <span class="header-right"></span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <h1 class="firstTitle-l">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</h1>
 
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0019-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)具备精益求精的工匠精神,以严谨务实的作风对待专业学习与实践。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)具备扎实的空间重构素质,拥有一定的思辨意识。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)前磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面窝沟深且密集,食物残渣易滞留致龋坏,要树立较强的防龋意识。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:前磨牙类牙体解剖形态;右上、下颌第一前磨牙线图特征与描绘及石膏与蜡型牙体雕刻方法、步骤。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:前磨牙类牙体解剖功能;石膏牙、蜡型牙雕刻工具的使用方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:各前磨牙形态上的区别;右上、下颌第一前磨牙的描绘、雕刻及滴塑的评价标准。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)经过系统的牙体解剖学研习与实践训练,能熟练剖析前磨牙类牙齿的形态特点及生理功能。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)能规范、独立、准确描绘出右上、下颌第一前磨牙线图。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)能规范、独立、熟练完成右上、下颌第一前磨牙三倍大、等倍大石膏牙雕刻;完成等倍大蜡型滴塑。</p>
 
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0019-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        患者,男,46岁。右上颌第一前磨牙因严重龋坏无法保留而拔除,现需进行固定义齿修复。在制作修复体之前,需要先制作右上颌第一前磨牙的蜡型。口腔检查情况:患者口腔卫生状况良好,邻牙无明显松动,对颌牙列完整。通过口腔模型和X光片可知,拔牙窝愈合良好,缺牙区牙槽骨高度和宽度适宜。右侧上颌第二磨牙和第一前磨牙形态正常,可为蜡型制作提供参考。
                    </p>
                </div>
                <footer class="footerstyle">106</footer>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="116">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(116) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">1.右上颌第一前磨牙的主要形态特征有哪些?</p>
                    <p class="content">2.在进行右上颌第一前磨牙蜡型制作时应注意哪些问题?</p>
                    <p class="content">3.在进行上、下颌前磨牙形态雕塑时有何异同?</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0124-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描述前磨牙表面解剖标志及功能</h2>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0125-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、任务导入</h3>
                    <p class="content">通过对前磨牙表面解剖标志的学习,进一步掌握牙体形态及其功能的联系,从而为后续牙体雕刻练习打下坚实基础,为制作出符合患者要求的修复体提供必要保障。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、任务分析</h3>
                    <p class="content">前磨牙位于口角之后,又称后牙,其形态和功能密切相关,要想雕刻出完美的牙齿,首先要熟练掌握切牙的表面解剖标志和功能。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        前磨牙介于尖牙和磨牙之间,又称为双尖牙(下颌第二磨牙偶见三个牙尖的情况),具有辅助尖牙撕裂食物、辅助磨牙磨细食物的作用,共8颗,包括上颌第一前磨牙、上颌第二前磨牙、下颌第一前磨牙、下颌第二前磨牙。上颌前磨牙牙冠体积大于下颌前磨牙牙冠体积,其中上颌第一前磨牙大于上颌第二前磨牙,下颌第一前磨牙小于下颌第二前磨牙。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">后牙与前牙在形态上最主要的区别是后牙具有咬合平面,这是咀嚼活动的主要功能部位。后牙的边缘嵴将食物局限于<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面,咀嚼时对颌牙的牙尖与牙窝相对,沟与嵴相合,起到杵臼的作用,以捣碎和磨细食物。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)上颌第一前磨牙</p>
                    <p class="content">上颌第一前磨牙是前磨牙中体积最大者,牙冠轮廓较显著,颊舌径大于近远中径。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.牙冠</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)颊面:牙冠外形呈五边形,牙冠高度大于宽度,颊尖略偏远中,牙尖近中斜缘长,远中斜缘短。颊面有颊轴嵴,近中缘较远中缘略长,颊尖两侧各有一条发育沟。牙颈部的近远中径显著变窄,冠根连接处远中缘较平直,近中缘圆突且有凹陷。颊面外形高点位于颈1/3的颈嵴上(图4-1)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)舌面:外形呈五边形,舌尖偏近中。近中缘及远中缘与邻面的界限不明显。外形高点位于舌面中1/3略偏近中(图4-2)。</p>
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">107</div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="117">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(117) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0126-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一前磨牙颊面</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0126-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一前磨牙舌面</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)邻面:外形呈四边形,颊尖高于舌尖,颊舌尖落差显著。颊缘呈W形。远中面宽大平坦,近中面狭小圆突,近中边缘嵴较高,远中边缘嵴略低,近中沟跨过近中边缘嵴达近中面。近、远中外形高点均靠近<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />缘(图4-3)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面:<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面外形呈六边形,可看见两个牙尖,分别为颊尖和舌尖,其中颊尖宽度大于舌尖宽度,高度也大于舌尖,且颊尖锐利,舌尖相对圆钝。远中颊侧轴面角较近中锐利,远中边缘嵴较近中边缘嵴长且清晰。因近中边缘嵴高于远中边缘嵴,故近中窝较远中窝深,中央沟与牙体中轴一致,近远中窝位于中轴上,在近中边缘嵴内侧有近中结节。<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面有副沟,可增加<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面粗糙度,提高咀嚼效率(图4-4)。当尖牙牙周状况不佳时,上颌第一前磨牙颊尖三角嵴近中斜面可和尖牙共同承担侧方咬合的导向功能。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0126-08.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-b">图4-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一前磨牙邻面</p>
                            <p class="imgdescript">A.近中面;B.远中面。</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0126-09.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一前磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.牙根</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;呈扁圆形,牙根多数在根中或根尖1/3处分为颊侧和舌侧两个牙根,其中颊根比舌根长,根尖均偏向远中,且略向内聚。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.牙颈</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颊舌侧牙颈线曲度较平,稍凸向根方。近远中面牙颈线稍凸向<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />方。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)上颌第二前磨牙</p>
                    <p class="content">上颌第二前磨牙与上颌第一前磨牙形态相似,但体积稍小。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.牙冠</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)颊面:牙冠外形呈五边形,牙冠小且圆突,发育沟和轴嵴较上颌第一前磨牙略显不明显。颊尖略偏向近中。近中缘平直,远中缘圆突(图4-5)。</p>
 
                </div>
                <footer class="footerstyle">108</footer>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="118">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(118) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">(2)舌面:外形与唇面相似,嵴和沟不明显,与邻面的交界线不明显。舌尖在牙冠中部略偏向近中(图4-6)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0127-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第二前磨牙颊</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0127-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第二前磨牙舌</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)邻面:外形呈四边形,近中面大于远中面,近中面较宽且平直,远中面较小且圆突(图4-7)。颊侧缘与舌侧缘近似与牙体中轴平行。颊舌尖高度的差距小于上颌第一前磨牙。近中边缘嵴高于远中边缘嵴。牙冠与牙根的中轴一致,大体通过中央沟的位置。近、远中外形高点均位于<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />1/3处,近中面外形高点更偏颊侧且更近<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />缘。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面:外形呈椭圆形,发育沟呈H形,近中边缘嵴比远中边缘嵴长。远中窝比近中窝略偏向舌侧,位置较低且深。两窝比上颌第一前磨牙更接近,故中央沟较短。颊舌侧、近远中方向比第一前磨牙对称。嵴和沟均不如第一前磨牙显著,副嵴呈放射状。远中颊侧轴面角比近中颊侧轴面角弯曲度大且更靠近舌侧(图4-8)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0127-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-b">图4-7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第二前磨牙邻</p>
                            <p class="imgdescript">A.近中面;B.远中面。</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0127-07.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第二前磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" /></p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.牙根</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;多为扁圆形单根,近远中根面有少许凹陷,根尖段钝而弯,偏向远中。根颈1/3处横切面为长椭圆形。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.牙颈</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颊舌侧牙颈线曲度较平直,稍凸向根方。近远中面牙颈线稍凸向<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />方,且近中颈曲度大于远中颈曲度。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(三)下颌第一前磨牙</p>
                    <p class="content">下颌第一前磨牙是前磨牙中体积最小者,其颊舌径与近远中径相近,牙冠较为方圆。</p>
 
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.牙冠</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)颊面:外形呈五边形,颊尖略偏向近中。近中缘平直,远中缘圆突。外形高点位于颊面颈1/3处(图4-9)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)舌面:与邻面的界限不明显,舌尖低,偏向近中。外形高点在舌面中1/3处(图4-10)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0128-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第一前磨牙颊面</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0128-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图4-10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第一前磨牙舌面</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)邻面:外形呈四边形,舌尖顶较低,颊舌牙尖的连线明显向舌侧倾斜,该倾斜度大于下颌第二前磨牙。颊尖顶约在颊舌径的中央位置。牙冠的颊侧缘从颈1/3处明显向舌侧倾斜。下颌第一前磨牙是牙冠避让现象最明显的牙齿,牙冠向舌侧倾斜较大,有利于<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />力的轴向传导。近中面较宽且平直,远中面较小且圆突,近中边缘嵴高于远中边缘嵴。近远中外形高点均位于<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />1/3处,近中面外形高点更接近<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />缘且更偏颊侧(图4-11)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面:外形呈卵圆形,近中颊侧轴面角锐利,远中颊侧轴面角圆钝。可看见两个牙尖,颊尖和舌尖。颊尖在颊舌径的中央位置,体积较大。颊尖三角嵴与舌尖三角嵴相连,形成横嵴,是下颌第一前磨牙的重要解剖标志。横嵴将<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面分成两部分,近中部分较窄,远中部分较宽。远中窝比近中窝靠近舌侧,位置较低且深。由于上颌第一前磨牙舌尖咬合于横嵴的远中,当下颌后退时,横嵴被上颌第一前磨牙舌尖阻挡,从而可以阻止下颌过度后退,从而保护颞下颌关节双板区免受髁突的压迫。颊尖的三角嵴显著,并带有副嵴,其中远中副嵴较明显。舌尖体积小,与颊尖相比更偏向近中。中央沟偏向舌侧,远中颊侧轴面角向远中的弯曲度较大且更靠近舌侧(图4-12)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0128-08.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图4-11&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第一前磨牙邻面</p>
                            <p class="imgdescript">A.近中面;B.远中面。</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0128-09.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第一前磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.牙根</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;为扁而细长的单根,颊侧比舌侧宽,近中面的根尖段常有分叉痕迹,根颈1/3处横切面为扁椭圆形,根尖略偏向远中。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.牙颈</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颊舌侧牙颈线较平直,稍凸向根方。近远中面牙颈线稍凸向<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />方,且近中颈曲度大于远中颈曲度。</p>
 
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(四)下颌第二前磨牙</p>
                    <p class="content">下颌第二前磨牙较下颌第一前磨牙体积稍大。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.牙冠</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)颊面:外形呈五边形,颊尖偏近中。近中缘平直,远中缘圆突。颊面通常较少有嵴和沟。外形高点位于颊面颈1/3处(图4-13)。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)舌面:外形呈方形,比下颌第一前磨牙宽。当牙体只有2个牙尖时,颊、舌两侧各一个牙尖,且颊侧牙尖稍大于舌侧牙尖,颊、舌牙尖均偏向近中。当有3个牙尖时,颊侧有一个牙尖,舌侧有近中舌尖和远中舌尖两个牙尖,其中近中舌尖大于远中舌尖,且两舌尖之间有舌沟,此时舌面宽于颊面(图4-14)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0129-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图4-13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第二前磨牙颊面</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0129-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图4-14&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第二前磨牙舌面</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)邻面:<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />缘呈宽大的M形,略向舌侧倾斜。颊侧缘颈1/3处为外形高点,舌侧缘近<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />1/3处为外形高点。近中面较宽且平直,远中面较小且圆突。颊舌尖的高度差距小于下颌第一前磨牙。牙冠中轴向舌侧倾斜,倾斜程度小于下颌第一前磨牙。近远中外形高点均偏颊侧,近中面外形高点更近<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />缘。邻面接触区在<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />1/3偏颊侧(图4-15)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面:外形呈方圆形(三尖型)或椭圆形(两尖型)。颊舌径与近远中径均大于下颌第一前磨牙。当有2个牙尖时,颊侧和舌侧各有1个牙尖,均偏近中。发育沟多呈H形或U形。当有3个牙尖时,牙尖由大到小依次为颊尖、近中舌尖、远中舌尖,且发育沟多呈Y形。远中边缘嵴比近中边缘嵴显著,远中窝比近中窝靠近舌侧,位置较低且深。中央沟偏向舌侧,但与下颌第一前磨牙相比不显著(图4-16)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0129-08.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图4-15&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第二前磨牙邻面</p>
                            <p class="imgdescript">A.近中面;B.远中面。</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0129-09.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第二前磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面</p>
                        </div>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.牙根</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;呈扁圆形的单根,近中根面无分叉痕迹,根尖段偏远中。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.牙颈</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颊舌侧牙颈线较平直,舌侧牙颈线的位置高于颊侧,稍凸向根方。近远中面牙颈线稍凸向<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />方,且近中颈曲度大于远中颈曲度。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、任务实施</h3>
                    <p class="content">根据所学知识,在空格处填写解剖标志名称(图4-17)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0130-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图4-17&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一前磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面</p>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、任务评价</h3>
                    <p class="content">上颌第一前磨牙牙体形态描述的评价标准见表4-1。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表4-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌第一前磨牙牙体解剖形态描述评价表</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0130-04.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0023-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">安氏分类法</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">安氏分类法是目前应用最广的错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />畸形分类方法,根据磨牙关系的不同,可分为安氏一类、二类和三类。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(一)安氏一类</p>
                    <p class="quotation">1.磨牙关系&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌第一恒磨牙的近中颊尖正对下颌第一恒磨牙近中颊沟。磨牙为中性‌关系。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">2.常见症状&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙列拥挤、上牙弓前突、双颌前突、牙齿错位等。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">3.矫正思路&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙齿前突、牙列拥挤的,大多需拔牙内收,排齐牙齿。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(二)安氏二类</p>
                    <p class="quotation">磨牙关系:上颌第一恒磨牙的近中颊尖位于下颌第一、二前磨牙之间,磨牙是远中关系。可分为二类一分类和二类二分类。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">1.二类一分类</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(1)常见症状:牙列拥挤,前牙深覆<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />深覆盖、下颌后缩。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(2)矫正思路:根据覆盖严重程度,可以推磨牙向后,也可以拔牙矫正。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">2.二类二分类</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(1)常见症状:内倾型深覆<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />,牙弓较狭窄,上牙向里扣,下颌处于后退。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(2)矫正思路:推磨牙向后,压低上下前牙、升高后牙以打开咬合,扩弓恢复牙弓宽度。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(三)安氏三类</p>
                    <p class="quotation">1.磨牙关系&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌第一恒磨牙的近中颊尖咬合在下颌第一恒磨牙的远中颊沟内,磨牙是近中关系。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">2.常见症状&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前牙对刃、反<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />或开<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />、上颌后缩或下颌前突等。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">3.矫正思路&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;具体如下所示。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(1)反<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" /></p>
                    <p class="quotation">1)乳牙期:佩戴活动矫治器,利用舌簧的力量来解除反<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />。避免拔牙,对儿童生长发育影响较小。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">2)恒牙期:需要拔牙、使用牵引力调整牙齿位置等;情况严重的,还要结合正颌。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(2)开<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />:通过<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />垫来升高咬合或利用支抗钉压低后牙,再配合矫治器来建立正常的覆盖覆<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />。</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;完成右上颌第一前磨牙形态描绘</h2>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、任务导入</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        对右上颌第一前磨牙牙体形态描绘的练习,是进一步掌握牙体形态特征的有效途径,也能为牙体雕刻打下基础。图4-18示右上颌第一前磨牙牙体线图,表4-2示右上颌第一前磨牙牙体的比例规格。根据图、表所示,正确绘制右上颌第一前磨牙各面牙体线图。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0132-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图4-18&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一前磨牙牙体线图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表4-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌第一前磨牙牙体的比例规格&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;单位:mm</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0132-03.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                </div>
                <footer class="footerstyle">114</footer>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="124">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(124) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、任务分析</h3>
                    <p class="content">完成右上颌第一前磨牙解剖形态的数字化设计,须熟练掌握该牙的形态特征,而对牙体线图的描绘是快速学习牙体特征的有效方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">1.右上颌第一前磨牙颊面、舌面线图认知要点见图4-19。上颌第一前磨牙颊面、舌面比例或形态特点见表4-3。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0133-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图4-19&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颊、舌面线图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">A.颊面;B.舌面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">注意:舌面线图外层为颊面外形轮廓,内层为舌面外形轮廓。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表4-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌第一前磨牙颊、舌面比例或形态特点</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0133-02.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
 
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">115</div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="125">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(125) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">2.右上颌第一前磨牙近中面、远中面线图认知要点见图4-20。上颌第一前磨牙近中、远中面比例或形态特点见表4-4。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0134-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图4-20&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;近中、远中面线图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">A.近中面;B.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表4-4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌第一前磨牙近中、远中面比例或形态特点</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0134-03.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
 
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                <footer class="footerstyle">116</footer>
            </div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="126">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(126) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0135-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="content">3.右上颌第一前磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面线图认知要点见图4-21。上颌第一前磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面比例或形态特点见表4-5。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0135-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图4-21&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面线图</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表4-5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌第一前磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面比例或形态特点</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0135-07.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">117</div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="127">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(127) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、任务实施</h3>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)实训器材的准备</p>
                    <p class="content">右上颌第一前磨牙牙体模型、右上颌第一前磨牙三倍大牙体线图、直尺、HB铅笔、橡皮擦、素描纸、透明硫酸纸等。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)右上颌第一前磨牙线图绘制</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.右上颌第一前磨牙颊面、舌面线图绘制(以颊面为例,图4-22)</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:绘制线框及中线和冠根分界线。①描绘颊面线图的宽度和长度,形成线框;②标记近远中的中线和冠根分界线。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①冠长和冠宽之比约1.2∶1;②冠长和根长之比约1∶1.4。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:确定关键点。①颊尖;②近中外形高点;③远中外形高点;④近中冠根分界点;⑤远中冠根分界点;⑥颊根根尖点;⑦舌根根尖点;⑧牙颈线最低点。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①根据前面所学知识点准确定位关键点;②注意近中、远中的细微区别。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:绘制弧线。仔细观察牙齿线条走向,以步骤二提示的关键点绘制短弧线。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:使以上参照点成为弧线最突出的中心点。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:绘制其余线条。绘制弧线以外的牙体线条,完成牙体线图绘制。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①近中<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面角较钝,与边框线留白稍多,远中<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面角较锐,与边框线留白少于近中。②远中牙颈部较近中牙颈部留白多。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0136-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图4-22&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一前磨牙颊面线图</p>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <footer class="footerstyle">118</footer>
            </div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="128">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(128) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.右上颌第一前磨牙近中面、远中面线图绘制(以近中面为例,图4-23)</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:绘制线框及中线和冠根分界线。①描绘近中面线图的宽度和长度,形成线框;②标记颊舌冠厚的中线和冠根分界线。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①冠长/冠厚约1∶1.1,冠厚略大;②冠长和根长之比约1∶1.4。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:确定关键。①颊尖;②舌尖;③颊侧外形高点;④舌侧外形高点;⑤颊侧冠根分界线;⑥舌侧冠根分界线;⑦根尖点;⑧牙颈线最高点。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①根据前面所学知识点准确定位关键点;②注意颊侧、舌侧定点的细微区别。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:绘制弧线。仔细观察牙齿线条走向,以步骤二提示的关键点绘制短弧线。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:使以上参照点成为弧线最突出的中心点。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:绘制其余线条。绘制弧线以外的牙体线条,完成牙体线图绘制。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面最低点位于近远中向中线上;②牙颈线凸向<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />方。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0137-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图4-23&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一前磨牙近中面线图</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.右上颌第一前磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面线图绘制(图4-24)</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:绘制线框及中线。①描绘<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面图的宽度和厚度,形成线框;②标记冠宽和冠厚的中线。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:冠宽/冠厚约1∶1.3,冠厚略大。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:确定关键点。①颊侧外形高点;②舌侧外形高点;③近中外形高点;④远中外形高点;⑤颊尖;⑥舌尖;⑦近中窝;⑧远中窝。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①根据前面所学知识点准确定位关键点;②注意近中窝和远中窝的位置。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:绘制弧线。仔细观察牙齿线条走向,以步骤二提示的关键点绘制短弧线。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:使以上参照点成为弧线最突出的中心点。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:绘制其余线条。①绘制轴面外形高点线;②绘制颊、舌、近中、远中边缘嵴;③绘制中央沟、发育沟、副沟。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0137-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图4-24&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一前磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面线图</p>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">119</div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="129">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(129) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">重点:可以仔细观察四个轴面角留白的位置、形状和大小,进一步观察<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面线图。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、任务评价</h3>
                    <p class="content">上颌第一前磨牙牙体线图各面形态描绘的评价标准见表4-6。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表4-6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌第一前磨牙牙体线图评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0138-02.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0023-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="quotation">上颌前磨牙的<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面描绘训练
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">(一)上颌前磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面形态
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">1.上颌第一前磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面外形为轮廓明显的六边形,颊尖宽度大于舌尖宽度。远中颊侧轴面角较近中锐利,远中边缘嵴较近中边缘长且清晰。因近中边缘嵴高于远中,故近中窝较远中窝深,中央沟与中轴一致,近、远中窝都在中轴上,在近中边缘嵴内侧有显著的近中结节(图4-25A)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">2.上颌第二前磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;外形为椭圆形,发育沟为H形,近中边缘嵴比远中边缘嵴长。远中窝比近中窝略偏向舌侧,位置较低且深。两窝比上颌第一前磨牙接近,故中央沟较短。
                    </p>
 
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        <div class="page-box" page="130">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(130) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t30" src="../../assets/images/0139-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图4-25&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌前磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面形态</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.上颌第一前磨牙;B.上颌第二前磨牙。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(二)上颌前磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面形态描绘
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">描绘方法:找出牙尖点、邻面与颊面交界点,邻面与舌面交界点、<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面点隙等关键部位,描绘出牙体外形轮廓,其<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面的发育沟、中央沟、三角嵴,轴面的颊轴嵴、舌轴嵴等也可进行描绘。要特别注意比对上颌第一前磨牙与上颌第二前磨牙的形态区别,两者形成的邻接位置、外展隙等。也可用透明硫酸纸进行描摹训练。
                    </p>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;完成三倍大右上颌第一前磨牙牙体雕刻</h2>
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、任务导入</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        对上颌第一前磨牙的雕刻练习,是掌握牙体形态特征的有效途径,有助于在脑海中形成牙体形态的三维立体成像,为后续的专业课程打下形态学基础。按照放大三倍的石膏牙雕刻数据、线图、多面体图、浮雕图,运用本节课的雕刻方法,在石膏块上完成一颗三倍大的右上颌第一前磨牙雕刻。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、任务分析</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        完成这个任务,必须在能正确描绘放大三倍右上颌第一前磨牙的基础上,熟练掌握右上颌第一前磨牙的形态基础。放大三倍右上颌第一前磨牙雕刻是指将等倍大上颌第一前磨牙放大三倍后进行的石膏牙雕刻,具体数据见表4-7。上颌第一前磨牙的线图、浮雕图已在上颌第一前磨牙描绘章节里详细介绍(详见项目四中任务二)。上颌第一前磨牙多面体图指的是上颌第一前磨牙的任意一面都不是单纯的平面,而是复杂的多个平面。
                    </p>
 
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        <div class="page-box" page="131">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(131) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="imgtitle">表4-7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌第一前磨牙的比例规格&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;单位:mm</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0140-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、任务实施</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0139-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)实训器材的准备</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        58mm×32mm×35mm石膏块、三倍大右上颌第一前磨牙数据表(表4-7)、三倍大右上颌第一前磨牙线图(图4-26)、三倍大右上颌第一前磨牙浮雕图(图4-27)、三倍大右上颌第一前磨牙多面体线图(图4-28)、石膏切刀、雕刻刀、直尺、红蓝铅笔、储水盆、橡胶垫板等。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0140-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图4-26&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一前磨牙线图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
                    </div>
 
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        <div class="page-box" page="132">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(132) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0141-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图4-27&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一前磨牙浮雕图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0141-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图4-28&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一前磨牙多面体图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D远中面;E.面多面体;F.外形多面体。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)三倍大右上颌第一前磨牙雕刻步骤</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.三倍大右上颌第一前磨牙雕刻——二面体的形成</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:标记石膏块的中线(图4-29)。</p>
                    <p class="content">用游标卡尺或者直尺测量出石膏块的宽度,用红蓝铅笔标记出石膏块的中线。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:红蓝铅笔不能太粗,可将笔芯直径削至0.5mm粗细。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:转移数据(图4-30)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0141-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-29&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标记中线</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0141-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-30&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;转移数据</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="133">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(133) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
 
                    <p class="content">根据放大三倍右上颌第一前磨牙数据,在石膏块上标记出冠长、冠厚、根长。根据右上颌第一前磨牙线图在石膏块上标记出<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面颊尖顶点、舌尖顶点、颊面外形高点、舌面外形高点和两牙根根尖点。注意:准确的数据是关键。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:描绘右上颌第一前磨牙近中面初步形态(图4-31)。</p>
                    <p class="content">用红蓝铅笔根据右上颌第一前磨牙线图的形态特点,用圆缓的曲线在石膏块上描绘出右上颌第一前磨牙近中面的线图。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:上颌第一前磨牙的颊尖顶点高于舌尖顶点。除规定的点外,多标记几个点会更加准确。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:去除线外多余的石膏(图4-32)。</p>
                    <p class="content">用石膏切刀去除近远中面线图以外多余石膏,二面体形成。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:去除石膏时切削至线条标记处,但是要保留线条。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0142-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-31&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;近中面描绘图</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0142-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-32&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;二面体形成图</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.三倍大右上颌第一前磨牙雕刻——四面体的形成</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:标记石膏块的中线。</p>
                    <p class="content">用游标卡尺或者直尺测量出石膏块的宽度,用红蓝铅笔标记出石膏块的中线。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:转移数据。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        根据放大三倍右上颌第一前磨牙数据,在石膏块上标记出冠长、冠宽、根长。根据右上颌第一前磨牙线图在石膏块上标记出近中面外形高点、远中面外形高点、颊尖顶点、舌尖顶点、近远中面颈部最凹陷点和牙根根尖位置。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">注意:准确的数据是关键。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:描绘右上颌第一前磨牙颊面初步形态(图4-33)。</p>
                    <p class="content">用红蓝铅笔根据右上颌第一前磨牙线图的形态特点,用圆缓的曲线在石膏块上描绘出右上颌第一前磨牙颊面的线图。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:上颌第一前磨牙的颊尖高大锐利,舌尖矮小圆钝。除规定的点外,多标记几个点会更加准确。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:去除线外多余的石膏(图4-34)。</p>
                    <p class="content">用石膏切刀去除颊舌面线图以外多余石膏,四面体形成。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:去除石膏时切削至线条标记处,但是要保留线条。</p>
 
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        <div class="page-box" page="134">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(134) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0143-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-33&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颊面描绘图</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0143-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-34&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四面体形成图</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.三倍大右上颌第一前磨牙雕刻——多面体的形成</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:形成颊面多面体。</p>
                    <p class="content">参考多面体线图,在石膏牙颊面上描绘出多面体图形,根据阴影部分的深浅去除多余的石膏。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:颊面的阴影是去除石膏的面积,而去除石膏的厚度取决于近远中面阴影部分的深浅。切削多面体时,不得损坏颊侧牙颈突度。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:形成舌面多面体。</p>
                    <p class="content">参考多面体线图,在石膏牙舌面上描绘出多面体图形,根据阴影部分的深浅去除多余的石膏。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:舌面去除石膏的面积取决于舌面阴影部分的面积,而去除石膏的厚度取决于近远中面阴影部分的深浅。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:形成近远中面多面体。</p>
                    <p class="content">参考多面体线图,在石膏牙近远中面上描绘出多面体图形,根据阴影部分的深浅去除多余的石膏。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:在完成颊舌轴面角的过程中,近远中面的石膏去除已经完成。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:形成<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面多面体。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">参考多面体线图,在石膏牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面上描绘出多面体图形,根据阴影部分的深浅去除多余的石膏(图4-35、图4-36)。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:上颌第一前磨牙的<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面颊尖高大锐利,舌尖矮小圆钝。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0143-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图4-35&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘多面体图形</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
                    </div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="135">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(135) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0144-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图4-36&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;多面体切削完成</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.三倍大右上颌第一前磨牙雕刻——四面成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:颈缘线的成形(图4-37)。</p>
                    <p class="content">1)描绘勾勒牙颈线。在石膏棒上描绘牙颈线,检查合格后,用雕刻刀将牙颈线勾勒一周,注意深度适宜。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)形成台阶。在牙颈线下方1mm处画线,用雕刻刀沿该线从根方向冠方顺着牙颈线方向轻轻切割,形成浅台阶。</p>
                    <p class="content">3)消除台阶。在牙颈线上方1mm处画线,用雕刻刀沿该线从冠方向根方顺着牙颈线方向轻轻消除台阶。</p>
                    <p class="content">4)形成牙颈线:用雕刻刀轻轻勾勒出清晰地牙颈线。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0144-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图4-37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;成形颈缘线</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.近中面;C.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:颊面的成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)颊面牙根的成形。参照浮雕图在石膏牙颊面牙根处描绘出颊面最突出部分的连线,在牙根的近远中面描绘出最突出部分的连线。根据最突出部分的斜面特点,即颊面牙根的形态结构特点,用石膏切刀时,采用横握式和直握式对颊面牙根进行大体形态的成形处理(图4-38)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">注意:上颌第一前磨牙是双根牙,注意牙根分叉位置的形态。</p>
 
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">
                        2)颊面牙冠的成形。①形成颈缘突度:颈缘突度即从近远中面到颊面近颈缘部分的弧度。在形成颈缘突度时,必须参照浮雕图,并观察浮雕图近颈缘部分的弧度,完成石膏的去除。②颊轴嵴的成形:上颌第一前磨牙的颊面有较为明显的颊轴嵴,把颊面分成了两个斜面。在颊面描绘出颊轴嵴的形态,并按照浮雕图形成两侧的斜面。③颊面近远中缘的成形:参考浮雕图,描绘上颌第一前磨牙近远中缘的形态,并转移到石膏牙相应的位置。结合近远中面和近颊侧斜面的特点,形成颊面近远中缘的形态(图4-39)。
                    </p>    
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0145-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-38&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颊面成形后</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0145-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;近中面成形后</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:舌面的成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">1)舌面牙根的成形。方法参考颊面牙根的成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)舌面较为圆突,外形高点在中1/3处。根据浮雕图描绘出舌面最突出部分的连线,在该线上下去除多余的石膏。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:舌面牙根较窄且隆突。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:近远中面的成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">参考浮雕图,描绘出浮雕图上近远中面最突出部分的连线,根据浮雕图上斜面的特点,在石膏牙上去除多余的石膏,形成近远中面的形态,注意近远中面接触区的形态特点。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)步骤五:<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面的成形(图4-40、图4-41)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0145-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-40&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面成形前</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0145-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-41&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面成形后</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">1)修整<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />缘外侧轴面<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />1/3形态。参考浮雕图,在浮雕图上画出<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面最突出部分的连线,这个最突出部分的连线实际也是<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面边缘嵴的连线。转移上述最突出部分的连线至石膏牙相应的位置,去除最突出部分连线外侧相应的石膏,形成牙冠轴面<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />1/3部分,同时注意修整轴面<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />1/3的形态。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)初步形成<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面窝底部。参考浮雕图,上颌第一前磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面有中央窝,中央窝两侧有近中窝和远中窝,把浮雕图上窝的位置转移到石膏牙相应的位置,用雕刻刀在窝的位置转动两下,去除少量石膏,形成一个小窝。</p>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="content">3)形成<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面三角嵴的形态。把浮雕图上的牙尖三角嵴转移到石膏块上,用雕刻刀沿窝向三角嵴做斜面。</p>
                    <p class="content">4)形成发育沟、副沟。参考浮雕图,根据发育沟的形态与位置形成发育沟、副沟。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.三倍大右上颌第一前磨牙雕刻——精雕完成</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:颊面发育沟的修整。</p>
                    <p class="content">仔细观察右上颌第一前磨牙颊面浮雕图上两条发育沟的形态和位置,在石膏牙相应的位置用红蓝铅笔进行准确的描绘,用雕刻刀进行修整。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:颊面发育沟是牙在生长发育过程中形成的浅沟,所以该发育沟与唇面的融合度非常高,发育沟两侧斜面的斜度大且衔接自然。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:轴面颈缘线的修整。</p>
                    <p class="content">再次准确的修整颈缘线,用雕刻刀在颈缘线上下进行切削,以使牙冠和牙根衔接自然。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:上颌第一前磨牙的颈像线为连续的、圆缓的曲线。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:修饰牙体表面。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        在四面成形的基础上,用雕刻刀采用执笔式从根尖或从牙尖顶对牙体表面进行润饰,力求牙根表面光滑,上颌第一前磨牙的牙根有两个,均为扁根,近中根较长且粗,远中根较短且较细。牙根的近远中面均有纵行凹陷,牙根分叉较靠近根尖1/3。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:牙体表面流畅性的检查。</p>
                    <p class="content">检查石膏牙各轴面的外形高点、邻接点、凹凸衔接的自然程度(图4-42)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0146-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图4-42&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;放大三倍右上颌第一前磨牙雕刻完成后</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D远中面;E.面。</p>
                    </div>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、任务评价</h3>
                    <p class="content">上颌第一前磨牙石膏牙雕刻的评价标准见表4-8。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表4-8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌第一前磨牙石膏牙雕刻评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0147-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0148-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0023-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">放大三倍右上颌第二前磨牙雕刻</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        在牙体修复的实际工作中,精准掌握各类牙体形态特点至关重要。上颌前磨牙组作为上颌后牙的关键组合,除常规的上颌第一前磨牙外,还包括上颌第二前磨牙,且各牙位均呈左右对称分布,左右各有一颗。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        此前,同学们已深入学习了最具典型性的上颌第一前磨牙雕刻知识与技巧,然而,在日常实践操作里,上颌第二前磨牙的形态恢复也同样重要。为切实强化同学们在本次学习任务中前磨牙组不同牙位形态雕刻的全方位理解,提升实操动手能力,并着力培养自我探究精神,现布置如下实践任务。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        请同学们灵活运用前面所学的放大三倍右上颌第一前磨牙雕刻方法及详细步骤,紧密结合提供的右上颌第二前磨牙线图(图4-43)、浮雕图(图4-44)及多面体图(图4-45),并依据表4-9中精准的三倍大右上颌第二前磨牙数据,雕刻出一颗放大三倍右上颌第二前磨牙。在完成雕刻作品后,总结归纳上颌第一前磨牙与上颌第二前磨牙在形态方面存在的显著差异,通过对比分析深化对两种牙齿形态特点的认知,为未来应对复杂多变的口腔修复工作筑牢坚实‌基础。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0148-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图4-43&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第二前磨牙线图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0149-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图4-44&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第二前磨牙浮雕图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0149-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图4-45&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第二前磨牙多面体图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面多面体;F.外形多面体。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表4-9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌第二前磨牙的比例规格&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;单位:mm</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0149-05.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;完成等倍大右上颌第一前磨牙牙体雕刻</h2>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、任务导入</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        完成三倍大右上颌第一前磨牙雕刻后,在规定的时间内,按照等倍石膏牙雕刻模型、数据、线图、多面体图、浮雕图,在规范安全的操作基础上,于石膏块上完成一颗等倍大右上颌第一前磨牙雕刻。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、任务分析</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        完成这个任务必须建立在正确描绘等倍上颌第一前磨牙的基础上,并掌握上颌第一前磨牙的形态基础。等倍右上颌第一前磨牙雕刻是指根据1∶1右上颌第一前磨牙数据(表4-10)进行的上颌第一前磨牙牙体雕刻。上颌第一前磨牙的线图、浮雕图在上颌第一前磨牙描绘中已详细介绍。上颌第一前磨牙多面体指的是上颌第一前磨牙的任意一面都不是单纯的平面,而是复杂的多面。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、任务实施</h3>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表4-10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌第一前磨牙的比例规格&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;单位:mm</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0150-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)实训器材的准备</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        右上颌第一前磨牙线图、等倍大右上颌第一前磨牙雕刻模型1套、石膏块(15mm×15mm×55mm)、石膏切刀、雕刻刀、绘图铅笔、红蓝铅笔、游标卡尺、直尺、毛刷、储水盆、橡胶垫板等。</p>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)等倍大右上颌第一前磨牙雕刻步骤</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.等倍大右上颌第一前磨牙雕刻——石膏框架成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:绘制框架及标志线、切削框架成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        用游标卡尺测量等倍大右上颌第一前磨牙雕刻模型的冠长、冠宽、冠厚、根长。在石膏块上,用游标卡尺轻轻刻出各面的冠根分界线和中轴线,绘制牙体外形框架(图4-46)。用石膏切刀切掉框线以外的石膏,先修整平行的两侧,再修整另外两侧,四周应平整(图4-47)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">要求:雕刻等倍大右上颌第一前磨牙的牙体总长是冠长加根长的总和。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0151-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-46&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;绘制框架</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0151-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-47&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;绘制框架舌面</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:确定基准面。</p>
                    <p class="content">参照模型和牙体线图确定颊面、舌面、近中面和远中面。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.等倍大右上颌第一前磨牙雕刻——二面体成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:描绘颊舌面外形。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        参照等倍大右上颌第一前磨牙雕刻模型和右上颌第一前磨牙线图,将模型颊、舌面与石膏块重合,在石膏块的颊、舌面标出牙尖顶的位置,将所测牙颈宽度数据转移到石膏块上,参照右上颌第一前磨牙雕刻模型的颊、舌面轮廓外形,描绘出颊、舌面的牙体外形线(图4-48)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">要求:转移的参照点要准确,颊舌面的牙体外形线应为细线且线条流畅。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:颊舌面切削成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">用石膏切刀沿颊舌面边缘线上下推拉切削,形成颊舌面外形(图4-49)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0151-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-b">图4-48&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘颊舌面外形</p>
                            <p class="imgdescript">A.颊面;B.舌面。</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0151-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-b">图4-49&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;二面体成形</p>
                            <p class="imgdescript">A.颊面;B.舌面。</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
 
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">要求:不得损坏外形高点的突度,恰好切到线,不能切掉线,轴面外形轮廓需与右上颌第一前磨牙线图一致。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.等倍大右上颌第一前磨牙雕刻——四面体成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:描绘近远中面外形。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        参照等倍大右上颌第一前磨牙雕刻模型和右上颌第一前磨牙线图,将模型近中面、远中面与石膏块重合,在石膏块的近远中面标出牙尖顶的位置。将所测牙颈厚度数据转移到石膏块上,参照右上颌第一前磨牙模型的近远中轮廓外形,描绘近远中面的牙体外形线(图4-50)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">要求:同二面体描绘。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0152-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图4-50&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘近远中面外形</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">A.近中面;B.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:近远中面切削成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">用石膏切刀沿近远中边缘线上下推拉切削,形成近远中面外形(图4-51)。</p>
                    <p class="content">要求:同二面体成形。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0152-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图4-51&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四面体成形</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.等倍大右上颌第一前磨牙雕刻——多面体成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:正确描绘多面体各个轴面。</p>
                    <p class="content">参照右上颌第一前磨牙雕刻模型<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面观,在石膏块上画出多面体外形的边缘线与中轴线的角度,各个轴面最突出部分的连线,冠根分界线与外形高点之间的连线(图4-52)。</p>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t30" src="../../assets/images/0153-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图4-52&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面与多面体的位置关系参照图</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">要求:尽可能使多面体边缘线与右上颌第一前磨牙线图相一致。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:切削多面体。</p>
                    <p class="content">按照多面体边缘线切削各斜面,最终形成多面体(图4-53)。</p>
                    <p class="content">要求:切削多面体时,不得损坏颊侧牙颈突度。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0153-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图4-53&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;多面体成形</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.等倍大右上颌第一前磨牙雕刻——四面成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:颊面成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)颊面近远中缘、近远中斜缘和颊轴嵴成形。参照右上颌第一前磨牙雕刻模型,在石膏块上标记出近远中缘、近远中斜缘和颊轴嵴的位置。用雕刻刀进行切削,形成近远中2个斜面和颊轴嵴,颊侧近远中缘要与颊侧颈缘、颊轴嵴流畅连接。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">2)颈部及牙根成形。标记出颊面近远中线角和牙颈部狭窄部分,形成颊侧牙颈线。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        3)颊面发育沟成形。在颊面近远中颊斜面上,分别沿与近远中边缘平行的方向用铅笔描绘出2条发育沟,注意雕刻不宜太深,发育沟的凹陷需与周围突出部分流畅连接(图4-54)。</p>
                    <p class="content">要求:从颊面观察,牙冠外形为五边形,颊尖偏向远中,舌尖偏向近中,近中斜缘长于远中斜缘,近中缘平直,远中缘圆突,近中缘稍长于远中缘。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:舌面成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">1)舌面近远中边缘、近远中斜缘和舌轴嵴成形。各边缘界限不明显(图4-55)。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)颈部及牙根成形。参照右上颌第一前磨牙雕刻模型进行切削,颈部与牙根流畅连接。</p>
                    <p class="content">3)近舌轴面角和远舌轴面角成形。参照模型,远舌轴面角大于近舌轴面角。</p>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
 
                    <p class="content">要求:颊根较粗,舌根较细,颊尖高于舌尖。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0154-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-54&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颊面成形</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0154-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-55&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;舌面成形</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:邻面成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">参照近远中面外形,用雕刻刀切削多余石膏,近中面颈部有明显的线性凹陷,用雕刻刀的刀腹和刀勺形成凹陷。近远中面外形高点都靠近<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />缘(图4-56)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0154-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图4-56&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;邻面成形</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">A.近中面;B.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">6.等倍大右上颌第一前磨牙雕刻——<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:三角嵴和边缘嵴成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        参照模型,描绘出三角嵴和边缘嵴的走行,并确定颊舌面牙尖顶点的位置,然后将这些标记正确转移到石膏牙上。用雕刻刀沿三角嵴标记线的近远中方向进行切削,形成带曲度的2个斜面,用雕刻刀沿边缘嵴标记线去除该线以外多余的石膏。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">要求:三角嵴和边缘嵴的走向均为弧线,远颊轴面角较近颊轴面角小,远中边缘嵴长于近中边缘嵴。雕刻三角嵴时,注意牙尖的斜度。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:近远中窝、中央沟及近中沟成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        参照模型,描绘出近中窝和远中窝的位置,用雕刻刀的刀尖分别沿近中窝的近中、远中窝的远中勾勒形成近、远中窝,近中窝略深于远中窝。然后用雕刻刀形成中央沟,近、远中窝都在中央沟所在的直线上,将中央沟顺势延伸到近中,形成近中沟。
                    </p>
 
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">要求:中央沟不宜过深,近中沟跨过近中边缘嵴并与近中面的凹陷自然连接。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:副沟及副三角嵴成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        参照模型,描绘出副沟的走向,用雕刻刀的刀尖轻轻勾勒副沟,注意副沟的长度和弧度。副沟的形成有助于确定副三角嵴的位置,副沟从近远中窝起源,在颊尖上向牙尖嵴方向走行,并与牙尖嵴上的副三角嵴流畅连接。
                    </p>
                    <div class="floatPic-30">
                        <img class="openImgBox t100" src="../../assets/images/0155-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图4-57&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面成形</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">要求:副沟的位置、走向与三角嵴、副三角嵴的位置形态协调。颊侧牙尖嵴上突出的部分为副三角嵴的起源处。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面的成形。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">用小雕刻刀或刀勺润饰<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面,检查各部分的曲线走向是否自然流畅,应尽可能与模型一致,生动地体现<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面的形态特征(图4-57)。</p>
 
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">7.等倍大右上颌第一前磨牙雕刻——牙颈线成形</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;参照模型,用铅笔在石膏块各面描绘出颈曲线,再以雕刻刀与石膏块牙冠表面成45°角进行牙颈线的雕刻,从而调整牙冠与牙根的形态。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">要求:近中颈曲度大于远中颈曲度。颈线各处的宽度、深度需协调一致,连接流畅。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">8.等倍大右上颌第一前磨牙雕刻——精修完成</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;参照模型,检查各部分尺寸,精修完成(图4-58)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0155-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图4-58&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;精修完成</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、任务评价</h3>
                    <p class="content">等倍上颌第一前磨牙石膏牙雕刻的评价标准见表4-11。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表4-11&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;等倍上颌第一前磨牙石膏牙雕刻评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0155-08.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
 
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0156-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0023-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">上颌前磨牙的功能</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        1.辅助咀嚼与研磨食物&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌前磨牙的牙冠形态介于尖牙和磨牙之间,兼具撕裂食物(类似尖牙)和初步研磨食物(类似磨牙)的功能。在咀嚼过程中,上颌前磨牙与下颌前磨牙形成咬合接触,将大块食物切割成更小的碎片,为后续磨牙的精细研磨做准备。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        2.维持牙列稳定与咬合关系&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙是牙弓的重要组成部分,帮助分散咬合力,防止个别牙齿因过度负荷而受损。缺失前磨牙可能导致邻牙倾斜、对颌牙伸长或牙列间隙异常,从而影响咬合平衡和面部美观。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        3.支撑面部结构与咬肌功能&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙的牙根位于上颌骨中,对维持面中部高度和轮廓有一定支撑作用。其存在有助于咬肌的正常收缩与功能协调。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        4.正畸治疗中的关键作用&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在牙齿矫正中,前磨牙常被选择拔除以提供间隙,解决牙列拥挤或前突出问题。因其位置适中,拔除后对咀嚼功能影响较小,且便于调整咬合关系。
                    </p>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;完成牙列中等倍大右上颌第一前磨牙滴蜡塑形</h2>
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、任务导入</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        前磨牙又称为双尖牙,处于尖牙和第一磨牙之间,一共有8颗,前磨牙的牙尖和边缘嵴可以与尖牙配合,将食物初步撕裂成较小的块状。前磨牙的这种功能对于食物的进一步咀嚼和消化至关重要。同时前磨牙的咬合关系可以引导下颌在咀嚼和说话时的运动方向,保证下颌运动的协调性和稳定性,前磨牙还承担着辅助语言发音的任务。在正确的发音中,空气通过口腔的流动需要前磨牙的精确配合。上述内容表明,良好的前磨牙形态和功能对于清晰的语音和良好的发音至关重要。因此,在完成滴蜡塑形的过程中,同学们不仅需要理解这些理论知识,更要进行实践操作。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、任务分析</h3>
                    <p class="content">完成这个任务要熟知上颌第一前磨牙的形态和功能,学会控制蜡的温度及滴塑的方法和流程。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.右上颌第一前磨牙形态</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;详见本项目任务一。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.牙尖的分布规律</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)上颌牙尖分布规律:上颌第一磨牙远中颊尖和对侧第一前磨牙颊尖连线通过该前磨牙舌尖;上颌第一磨牙远中颊尖与对侧第二前磨牙颊尖的连线则通过该前磨牙舌尖;上颌侧切牙近中切角与同侧第二磨牙中央窝连线通过两个前磨牙的舌尖;上颌尖牙牙尖与同侧第二磨牙近中舌尖连线通过该侧第一磨牙近中舌尖;非功能尖以及功能尖的横向和纵向距离几乎是相等的。
                    </p>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)下颌牙尖分布规律:下颌第一、二磨牙颊侧外展隙顶点与对侧第一前磨牙颊尖连线通过该前磨牙舌尖;下颌第一、二磨牙颊侧外展隙顶点与对侧第二前磨牙颊尖连线通过该前磨牙舌尖,如果该牙舌侧为双牙尖,则连线通过其近远中舌尖之间的舌沟;下颌第一磨牙远中颊尖与对侧第一前磨牙颊尖连线通过该磨牙的近中舌尖;各后牙牙尖间距离几乎相等。
                    </p>
                    <div class="floatPic-40">
                        <img class="openImgBox t100" src="../../assets/images/0158-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图4-59&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;咬合引导</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.前磨牙的<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                                alt="" />面接触</span></p>
                    <p class="content">牙尖交错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />时,上颌前磨牙的舌尖与下颌同名前磨牙的远中窝区域接触,下颌前磨牙的颊尖与上颌前磨牙边缘嵴区域接触。特别需要指出的是,后牙的颊、舌尖功能有所不同。上颌后牙舌尖和下颌后牙颊尖对于咬合高度具有决定性意义,通常称为支持尖或功能尖;而上颌后牙颊尖和下颌后牙舌尖主要承担引导下颌运动的功能,称为引导尖或者非功能尖(图4-59)。上颌后牙舌尖、下颌后牙颊尖的连线分别构成一条平滑的曲线,且分别与对颌的中央窝连线相吻合。这种吻合是保证咀嚼运动顺畅协调的关键,同时也能保证咀嚼效率最大化并维护口腔组织的长期健康。
                    </p>
 
                    <p class="content">牙尖交错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />时,上、下颌牙的<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面接触关系,可以有尖与窝之间、尖与三角嵴之间以及尖与边缘嵴之间多种并存的咬合接触形式。正常人理想咬合接触点约为138个,多数位于牙尖斜面和三角嵴,少数位于窝底以及边缘嵴区域。无论在支持尖还是在引导尖,对于咬合高度有决定意义的接触被称为正中止接触(图4-60、图4-61),其中稳定的正中止接触为三点接触。在颊舌向上的a、b、c三个点的接触中,为了达到稳定的咬合,b点接触至关重要。如a-b-c、a-b、b-c接触均可获得颊舌向稳定。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0158-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图4-60&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;正中止接触</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.前牙正中止接触(矢状面观);B.后牙正中止接触(矢状面观);C.后牙正中止接触(冠状面观)。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0158-07.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图4-61&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;后牙咬合接触前、后止点</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.后止接触(矢状面观);B.前止接触(矢状面观);C.颊止接触(冠状面观);D.舌止接触(冠状面观)。</p>
                    </div>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.上颌第一前磨牙代型要求</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面:用铅笔在离右上第一前磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面1.5~2.0mm处画一条标志线或做定深沟,沿标志线或沟的深度均匀去除石膏(牙体组织)。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)邻面:沿牙邻面颊舌向潜行性磨除,不断矫正磨除方向,直至预备出足够的间隙。磨切时应注意邻面预备方向与就位道一致,4个邻面轴壁方向相互平行或向切端聚合2°~5°。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)颊面:均匀去除颊面1.0~1.5mm石膏(牙体组织)</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)舌面:沿舌面解剖外形均匀去除舌面1.0~1.5mm石膏(牙体组织)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)肩台:宽度1.0~1.2mm,90°圆钝内角肩台或135°浅凹形,根据修复体固位、牙冠<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />龈高度、缺损或充填物与牙龈的位置关系、美观等因素,颈缘位置可设计为①平齐龈缘;②龈缘线以上;③龈缘线以下0.5mm,边缘应连续一致、平滑,无锐边。</p>
                    <p class="content">(6)代型制作外形轮廓应与原第一前磨牙近似,侧方运动均没有<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />干扰,保证咬合时,牙齿与各个方向不会接触,影响咀嚼。在实际修复运用中去除石膏(牙体组织)的量可根据患者牙体颜色、所选择修复材料等进行调整。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.牙体滴塑的操作流程</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙体滴塑操作流程见图4-62。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0159-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图4-62&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌第一前磨牙牙体滴塑操作流程</p>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、任务实施</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0157-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)实训器材的准备</p>
                    <p class="content">右上颌第一前磨牙牙体预备完成代型、滴蜡器、蜡、熔蜡器、标记笔、直尺、软毛刷、雕刻刀等。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)右上颌第一前磨牙滴蜡塑形步骤</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.右上颌第一前磨牙滴蜡塑形——涂布分离剂</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在右上颌第一前磨牙预备体表面均匀涂布一层分离剂,达颈缘线2mm以下,多余部分可用吸水纸除去。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.右上颌第一前磨牙滴蜡塑形——堆内衬蜡</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;分离剂干燥后,画出代型颈缘线。手持代型,切端朝下,用加热好的滴蜡器蘸取适量内衬蜡,厚度约为0.3mm,从颈缘根方1mm处向切端纵向移动加蜡,重复数次,直至内衬蜡均匀覆盖整个牙体预备的区域。注意:加第二刀蜡时应覆盖前一刀蜡宽度的1/2,以保证蜡衔接良好。内衬蜡的主要作用是有利于牙冠和代型的紧密贴合,同时也因为内衬蜡的黏度大、脆性小,有利于脱模。
                    </p>
 
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.右上颌第一前磨牙滴蜡塑形——对照对颌牙工作模画咬合标志线</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;确定工作模型的完整性后,取牙尖交错位。用红蓝铅笔分别在上下颌石膏模型的中线、尖牙、第二磨牙处画咬合标志线,以便在操作过程中随时检查咬合关系。磨牙雕塑中,用<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />架利用定<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />关系更正确。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.右上颌第一前磨牙滴蜡塑形——堆塑<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面平台</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:确定平台颊、舌径宽度。用直尺测量参照牙的颊舌径,分别在颊、舌面中点处水平向外堆蜡形成蜡锥(图4-63)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:确定平台近、远中径宽度。用直尺测量参照牙的近远中径,分别在堆制牙近远中面中点处水平向外堆蜡形成蜡锥(图4-64)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0160-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-63&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;确定平台颊、舌径</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0160-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-64&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;确定平台近、远中径</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:形成平台。用蜡分别连接各个面的蜡锥,形成一个大小适宜的<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面平台(图4-65)。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.右上颌第一前磨牙滴蜡塑形——恢复平台以下四轴面形态</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在颊面颈1/3处堆蜡形成颊颈嵴。在近、远中位置纵向堆蜡,形成平台颊面近、远中缘,靠近颈部时,蜡条趋向颊面中线,使颈部明显收缩。纵向连接颊颈嵴与平台颊缘中点,隆起的蜡条形成颊轴嵴(图4-66)。在轴嵴近、远中堆蜡形成近、远中斜面,完成平台颊面形态。同样方法堆蜡恢复舌面及邻面形态。用雕刻刀修整蜡型表面,完成平台。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0160-07.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-65&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成平台</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0160-08.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-66&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;恢复平台以下颊面</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">6.右上颌第一前磨牙滴蜡塑形——确定牙尖位置</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:画出标记线,确定各牙尖区域。<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面有中央沟,由于颊尖稍大于舌尖,故中央沟稍偏向舌侧,用标记笔画出中央沟的位置。中央沟把<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面分为颊、舌两个牙尖区域,画出颊、舌尖三角嵴的走行方向(图4-67)。</p>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:确定牙尖顶位置形成蜡锥。非功能尖及功能尖的横向和纵向距离几乎都是相等的,通过测量对侧及后牙牙列,确定颊尖的位置,并在<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面平台颊侧堆制蜡锥形成颊尖的牙尖顶(图4-68);上颌第一磨牙远中颊尖和对侧第一前磨牙颊尖连线通过该前磨牙舌尖,上颌第一前磨牙舌尖对应下颌第一前磨牙远中边缘嵴,也可扩展到该牙远中窝处,<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />架闭合。依据标记线及同名(对照)牙模型<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />关系,<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面平台颊侧堆制蜡锥形成颊尖(图4-69)和舌尖的牙尖顶。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0161-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-67&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;画出标记线,确定各牙尖区域</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0161-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-68&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成牙尖蜡锥</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">7.右上颌第一前磨牙滴蜡塑形——形成三角嵴</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;电蜡刀蘸取雕刻蜡,由牙尖顶开始,向舌侧稍偏近中方向堆蜡,止于中央沟。参照牙堆制三角嵴的形态,靠近中央沟处较宽,两牙尖的三角嵴以适当的角度在<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面中央相会,颊尖的舌三角嵴走向应与对颌第一前磨牙的远中牙尖嵴为咬合接触。前伸、侧向运动时不产生<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />干扰(图4-70)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0161-09.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-69&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成颊尖牙尖顶</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0161-10.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-70&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成三角嵴</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">8.右上颌第一前磨牙滴蜡塑形——形成近、远中牙尖嵴及边缘嵴</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;由牙尖顶分别向近、远中堆蜡形成近、远中牙尖嵴,要求既有功能性咬合,又无<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />干扰。然后转向舌侧,与舌尖相连,形成近、远中边缘嵴(图4-71),使近、远中边缘嵴在近、远中沟处形成凹陷。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:分别从颊面和<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面观察点角的位置,与参照牙一致。在颊面和邻面堆蜡,完成轴面1/3的形态塑造。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">9.右上颌第一前磨牙滴蜡塑形——<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面修整(图4-72)</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:形成中央窝及近远中点隙。当颊舌两尖及近远中<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />边缘嵴形成后,用滴蜡器加蜡布满<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面剩余部分的同时形成中央沟及近远中点隙。</p>
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                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:修饰及形成副沟。用滴蜡器加蜡形成小的副沟及嵴,同时对<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面进行整体修饰,使各个部位达到完美、和谐及统一。亦可用塑形器械对<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面的副沟及嵴进行塑形。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0162-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-71&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成近远中边缘嵴</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0162-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图4-72&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面修整,形成主、副沟</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">10.右上颌第一前磨牙滴蜡塑形——咬合检查</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;代型复位至<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />架,检查<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />关系即上颌第一前磨牙舌尖对应下颌第一前磨牙远中边缘嵴,也可扩展到该牙远中窝处,下颌第一前磨牙颊尖对应上颌第一前磨牙近中边缘嵴。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">11.右上颌第一前磨牙滴蜡塑形——精修蜡型</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用雕刻刀修整颊尖形态,用丝巾轻轻擦拭表面,完成最终蜡型(图4-73、图4-74)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0162-09.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-73&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颊面精修完成</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0162-10.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图4-74&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面精修完成</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、任务评价</h3>
                    <p class="content">上颌第一前磨牙蜡型滴塑的评价标准见表4-12。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表4-12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌第一前磨牙蜡型滴塑评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0162-12.jpg" alt=""
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0163-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
 
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0164-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0023-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">上颌第一前磨牙嵌体蜡型的制作</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">患者,男,48岁。右上颌第一前磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面因深龋导致中央窝及近中边缘嵴缺损,咀嚼时食物嵌塞,偶有冷热敏感。检查:<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面中央窝及近中边缘嵴缺损范围约3mm×4mm,未累及牙髓,远中边缘嵴完整,颊舌尖形态部分缺失,邻面接触正常。影像学表现:龋损深度未达髓腔,根尖周无异常,牙周膜间隙正常。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">请结合以上病例,为患者制作合适的嵌体蜡型。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(一)修复要求</p>
                    <p class="quotation">1.通过嵌体修复恢复<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面形态与咬合功能,消除敏感症状。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">2.重建中央窝及边缘嵴,防止食物滞留。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">3.确保嵌体与牙体边缘密合,避免微渗漏。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(二)具体操作流程</p>
                    <p class="quotation"><span class="bold">1.牙体预备与代型处理</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        (1)窝洞设计:根据缺损范围设计Ⅱ类嵌体洞型,洞缘避开咬合接触区,洞壁外展6°~10°,洞底平坦。在代型上用定深钻标记窝洞深度(1.5~2.0mm),沿洞缘线均匀磨除石膏,形成清晰洞形轮廓。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">(2)边缘处理:预备90°圆钝肩台,宽度0.8~1.0mm,位于龈上0.5mm,确保边缘连续无锐角。</p>
                    <p class="quotation"><span class="bold">2.嵌体蜡型滴塑核心步骤</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">(1)基底蜡填充:涂布分离剂后,用低黏度内衬蜡均匀覆盖窝洞底部及侧壁,厚度0.2mm,确保与洞壁密合。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(2)牙尖恢复:参照对侧同名牙,堆塑颊尖三角嵴(长而锐利)和舌尖三角嵴(短而圆钝),中央沟稍偏向舌侧。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(3)边缘嵴修复:沿近中缺损区堆蜡形成近中边缘嵴,高度与远中边缘嵴对称,与邻牙形成正常接触。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(4)窝沟雕刻:用精细雕刻刀刻画中央窝及近、远中点隙,副沟走向与天然牙纹理一致。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(5)邻面修整:检查邻面接触区,堆蜡调整颊舌径,确保接触点位于颊1/3近<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />缘处,探针通过时有轻微阻力。</p>
                    <p class="quotation"><span class="bold">3.功能与密合性验证</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">(1)咬合调整:蜡型复位至<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />架,检查正中颌时颊舌尖与对颌牙尖窝接触,侧方运动无颌干扰。</p>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="quotation">(2)用咬合纸标记早接触点,雕刻刀微量修整牙尖斜面。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(3)边缘密合测试:用放大镜观察蜡型与代型肩台衔接处,确保无缝隙,必要时局部加蜡填补。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(三)评价标准</p>
                    <p class="quotation">上颌第一前磨牙嵌体蜡型的评价标准见表4-13。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表4-13上颌第一前磨牙嵌体蜡型评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0165-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务六&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;完成右下颌第一前磨牙形态描绘</h2>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、任务导入</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        对右下颌第一前磨牙形态描绘的练习,进一步掌握牙体形态特征,也能为牙体雕刻打下基础。图4-75示右下颌第一前磨牙牙体线图,表4-14示右下颌第一前磨牙牙体数据。根据图、表所示,正确绘制右下颌第一前磨牙各面牙体线图,并注意和右上颌第一前磨牙形态的区别。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0165-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图4-75&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第一前磨牙牙体线图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
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                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="imgtitle">表4-14&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌第一前磨牙的比例规格&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;单位:mm</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0166-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、任务分析</h3>
                    <p class="content">技师要想制作符合要求的义齿,使患者形成正常的覆盖,就应熟悉下颌第一前磨牙形态。下颌第一前磨牙的特征之一是冠<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />2/3部分向舌倾,并且需要通过牙体绘图、雕刻等方法熟练掌握牙体形态特征。</p>
                    <p class="content">1.右下颌第一前磨牙颊面、舌面线图认知要点见图4-76。下颌第一前磨牙颊面、舌面比例或形态特点见表4-15。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0166-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图4-76&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颊、舌面线图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">A.颊面;B.舌面。</p>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="imgtitle">表4-15&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌第一前磨牙颊面、舌面比例或形态特点</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0167-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="content">2.右下颌第一前磨牙近中面、远中面线图认知要点见图4-77。下颌第一前磨牙近中面、远中面比例或形态特点见表4-16。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0167-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图4-77&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;近中、远中面线图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">A.近中面;B.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
 
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                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="imgtitle">表4-16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌第一前磨牙近中、远中面比例或形态特点</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0168-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="content">3.右下颌第一前磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面线图认知要点见图4-78。下颌第一前磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面比例或形态特点见表4-17。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0168-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图4-78&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面线图</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表4-17&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌第一前磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面比例或形态特点</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0168-07.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
 
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、任务实施</h3>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)实训器材的准备</p>
                    <p class="content">右下颌第一前磨牙牙体模型、右下颌第一前磨牙三倍大牙体线图、直尺、HB铅笔、橡皮擦、素描纸、透明硫酸纸等。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)右下颌第一前磨牙线图绘制</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.右下颌第一前磨牙颊面、舌面线图绘制(以颊面为例,图4-79)</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:绘制线框及中线和冠根分界线。①描绘颊面线图的宽度和长度,形成线框;②标记近远中冠宽的中线和冠根分界线。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①冠长和冠宽之比约6∶5;②冠长和根长之比约3∶4。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:确定关键点。①颊尖;②近中外形高点;③远中外形高点;④近中冠根分界点;⑤远中冠根分界点;⑥根尖点;⑦牙颈线最低点。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①根据前面所学知识点准确定位关键点;②注意近中、远中的细微区别。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:绘制弧线。仔细观察牙齿线条走向,以步骤二提示的关键点绘制短弧线。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:使以上参照点成为弧线最突出的中心点。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:绘制其余线条。绘制弧线以外的牙体线条,完成牙体线图绘制。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①近中<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面角稍锐,与边框线留白少;远中<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面角较钝,与边框线留白多于近中。②近中牙颈部较远中牙颈部留白稍多。</p>
 
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                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
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                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0170-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图4-79&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第一前磨牙颊面线图</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.右下颌第一前磨牙近中面、远中面线图绘制(以近中面为例,图4-80)</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:绘制线框及中线和冠根分界线。①描绘近中面线图的宽度和长度,形成线框;②标记颊舌冠厚的中线和冠根分界线。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①约11∶10,冠长略大;②冠长和根长之比约3∶4。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:确定关键点。①颊尖;②舌尖;③颊侧外形高点;④舌侧外形高点;⑤颊侧冠根分界线;⑥舌侧冠根分界线;⑦根尖点;⑧牙颈线最高点。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①根据前面所学知识点准确定位关键点;②注意颊侧、舌侧定点的细微区别。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:绘制弧线。仔细观察牙齿线条走向,以步骤二提示的关键点绘制短弧线。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:使以上参照点成为弧线最突出的中心点。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:绘制其余线条。绘制弧线以外的牙体线条,完成牙体线图绘制。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①冠<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />2/3舌倾较大;②牙颈线凸向<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />方。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0170-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图4-80&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第一前磨近中面线图</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.右下颌第一前磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面线图绘制(图4-81)</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:绘制线框及中线。①描绘<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面图的宽度和厚度,形成线框;②标记冠宽和冠厚的中线。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①冠宽比冠厚约1∶1,冠厚略大;②注意和上颌第一前磨牙区分。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:确定关键点。①颊侧外形高点;②舌侧外形高点;③近中外形高点;④远中外形高点;⑤颊尖;⑥舌尖;⑦近中窝;⑧远中窝。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①根据前面所学知识点准确定位关键点;②注意近中窝和远中窝的位置。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:绘制弧线。仔细观察牙齿线条走向,以步骤二提示的关键点绘制短弧线。</p>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">重点:使以上参照点成为弧线最突出的中心点。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:绘制其余线条。①绘制轴面外形高点线;②绘制颊、舌、近中、远中边缘嵴;③绘制中央沟、发育沟、副沟。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:可以仔细观察四个轴面角留白的位置、形状和大小,进一步观察<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面线图。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0171-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图4-81&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第一前磨<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面线图</p>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、任务评价</h3>
                    <p class="content">下颌第一前磨牙牙体线图各面形态描绘的评价标准见表4-18。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表4-18&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌第一前磨牙牙体线图评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0171-04.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0023-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">下颌前磨牙的舌面观描绘训练</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">(一)下颌前磨牙舌面观形态</p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        1.下颌第一前磨牙舌面观&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;舌面与邻面的界限不明显,舌尖低,偏向近中,牙颈线较平直,略凸向根尖,外形高点在舌面中1/3处。自舌面观可看到较矮的舌尖和较高的颊尖,舌尖较小,与颊尖相比更偏向近中;牙根为扁而细长的单根,颊侧较舌侧宽(图4-82A)。
                    </p>
 
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
 
                    <p class="quotation">
                        2.下颌第二前磨牙舌面观&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;舌面外形为方形,比下颌第一前磨牙宽。当牙体只有2个牙尖时,舌尖略偏向近中。当牙体有3个牙尖时,近中舌尖大于远中舌尖。牙颈线较平直,略向尖凸弯。以三尖形为例,自舌面观可看到近中舌尖、远中舌尖、颊尖,其大小为颊尖>近中舌尖>远中舌尖,其高矮同大小顺序,即颊尖最高,近中舌尖次之,远中舌尖最低。牙根呈扁圆形的单根,根尖偏远中(图4-82B)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">(二)下颌前磨牙的舌面观描绘</p>
                    <p class="quotation">描绘方法:找出牙尖点、舌面与近中面交界点、舌面与远中面交界点、根尖点、两牙邻接处等关键部位,描绘出牙体外形轮廓,其<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面的发育沟、三角嵴、舌轴嵴、舌沟等也可进行描绘。要特别注意比对下颌第一前磨牙与下颌第二前磨牙的形态区别、两者形成的邻接位置、外展隙等内容。也可用透明硫酸纸进行描摹训练。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t30" src="../../assets/images/0172-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图4-82&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌前磨牙舌面观形态</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.下颌第一前磨牙;B.下颌第二前磨牙。</p>
                    </div>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务七&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;完成三倍大右下颌第一前磨牙牙体雕刻</h2>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、任务导入</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        对下颌第一前磨牙的雕刻练习,是掌握牙体形态特征的有效途径,有助于在脑海中形成牙体的三维立体成像,为后续的专业课程打下形态学基础。按照放大三倍石膏牙雕刻数据、线图、多面体图、浮雕图,运用本节课的雕刻方法在石膏块上完成一颗三倍大右下颌第一前磨牙雕刻。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、任务分析</h3>
 
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">
                        完成这个任务,要在能正确描绘放大三倍右下颌第一前磨牙的基础上,熟练掌握右下颌第一前磨牙的形态基础。放大三倍右下颌第一前磨牙雕刻是把等倍大下颌第一前磨牙放大三倍进行的石膏牙雕刻,具体数据见表4-19。下颌第一前磨牙的线图、浮雕图已在下颌第一前磨牙描绘章节里详细介绍(详见项目四、任务六)。下颌第一前磨牙多面体图指的是下颌第一前磨牙的任意一面都不是单纯的平面,而是复杂的多个平面。
                    </p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表4-19&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌第一前磨牙的比例规格&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;单位:mm</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0173-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、任务实施</h3>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)实训器材的准备</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        58mm×32mm×35mm石膏块、三倍大右下颌第一前磨牙数据表(表4-19)、三倍大右下颌第一前磨牙线图(图4-83)、三倍大右下颌第一前磨牙浮雕图(图4-84)、三倍大右下颌第一前磨牙多面体线图(图4-85)、石膏切刀、雕刻刀、直尺、红蓝铅笔、储水盆、橡胶垫板等。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0173-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图4-83&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第一前磨牙线图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
                    </div>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0174-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图4-84&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第一前磨牙浮雕图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0174-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图4-85&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第一前磨牙多面体线图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面多面体;F.外形多面体。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)三倍大右下颌第一前磨牙雕刻步骤</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.三倍大右下颌第一前磨牙雕刻——二面体的形成</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:标记石膏块的中线(图4-86)。</p>
                    <p class="content">用游标卡尺或者直尺测量出石膏块的宽度,用红蓝铅笔标记出石膏块的中线。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:红蓝铅笔不能太粗,可将笔芯直径削至0.5mm粗细。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:转移数据(图4-87)。</p>
                    <p class="content">根据放大三倍右下颌第一前磨牙数据,在石膏块上标记出冠长、冠厚、根长。根据右下颌第一前磨牙线图在石膏块上标记出<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面颊尖顶点、舌尖顶点、颊面外形高点、舌面外形高点和两牙根根尖点。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:准确的数据是关键。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:描绘右下颌第一前磨牙近中面初步形态。</p>
                    <p class="content">用红蓝铅笔根据右下颌第一前磨牙线图的形态特点,用圆滑的曲线在石膏块上描绘出右下颌第一前磨牙近中面的线图(图4-88)。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:下颌第一前磨牙的颊尖顶点高于舌尖顶点。除规定的点外,多标记几个点更加准确。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:去除线外多余的石膏。</p>
                    <p class="content">用石膏切刀去除近远中面线图以外多余石膏,二面体形成(图4-89)。</p>
 
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">注意:去除石膏时切削至线条标记处,但是要保留线条。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0175-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-86&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标记中线</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0175-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-87&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;转移数据</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0175-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-88&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;近中面描绘图</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0175-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-89&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;二面体形成</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.三倍大右下颌第一前磨牙雕刻——四面体的形成</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:标记石膏块的中线。</p>
                    <p class="content">用游标卡尺或者直尺测量出石膏块的宽度,用红蓝铅笔标记出石膏块的中线。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:转移数据。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        根据放大三倍右下颌第一前磨牙数据,在石膏块上标记出冠长、冠宽、根长。根据右下颌第一前磨牙线图在石膏块上标记出近中面外形高点、远中面外形高点、颊尖顶点、舌尖顶点、近远中面颈部最凹陷点和牙根根尖位置。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">注意:准确的数据是关键。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:描绘右下颌第一前磨牙颊面初步形态。</p>
                    <p class="content">用红蓝铅笔根据右下颌第一前磨牙线图的形态特点,用圆缓的曲线在石膏块上描绘出右下颌第一前磨牙颊面的线图(图4-90)。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:下颌第一前磨牙的颊尖高大锐利,舌尖矮小圆钝。除规定的点外,多标记几个点更加准确。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:去除线外多余的石膏。</p>
                    <p class="content">用石膏切刀去除颊、舌面线图以外多余石膏,四面体形成(图4-91)。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:去除石膏时切削至线条标记处,但是要保留线条。</p>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0176-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">4-90&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颊面描绘图</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0176-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">4-91&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四面体形成</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.三倍大右下颌第一前磨牙雕刻——多面体的形成</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:形成颊面多面体。</p>
                    <p class="content">参考多面体线图,在石膏牙颊面上描绘出多面体图形,根据阴影部分的深浅去除多余的石膏。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:颊面的阴影是去除石膏的面积,而去除石膏的厚度取决于近远中面的阴影部分的深浅。切削多面体时,不得损坏颊侧牙颈突度。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:形成舌面多面体。</p>
                    <p class="content">参考多面体线图,在石膏牙舌面上描绘出多面体图形,根据阴影部分的深浅去除多余的石膏。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:舌面去除石膏的面积取决于舌面阴影部分的面积,而去除石膏的厚度取决于近远中面的阴影部分的深浅。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:形成近远中面多面体。</p>
                    <p class="content">参考多面体线图,在石膏牙近远中面上描绘出多面体图形,根据阴影部分的深浅去除多余的石膏。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:在完成颊舌轴面角的过程中,近远中面的石膏去除已经完成。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:形成<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面多面体。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">参考多面体线图,在石膏牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面上描绘出多面体图形,根据阴影部分的深浅去除多余的石膏(图4-92、图4-93)。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:下颌第一前磨牙的<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面颊尖高大锐利,舌尖矮小圆钝。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0176-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图4-92&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘多面体图形</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
                    </div>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                <div class="bodystyle">
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                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0177-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图4-93&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;多面体切削完成</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.三倍大右下颌第一前磨牙雕刻——四面成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:牙颈线的成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)描绘勾勒牙颈线:参照右下颌第一前磨牙线图,在石膏棒颊、舌、近中、远中面精确描绘牙颈线。经检查合格后,将雕刻刀刃端垂直于牙面,沿牙颈线刮去约0.2mm深的石膏,并沿牙颈线勾勒一周。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:近中面的颈曲度大于远中面。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)辅助线的绘制:在牙颈线冠方和根方各1mm处,绘制两条平行于牙颈线的辅助线(图4-94)。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        3)雕刻成形:自牙颈线冠方和根方1mm的线条处,将雕刻刀刃端与牙面成约45°角,并沿该线向牙颈线方向刮除适量的石膏。以上操作完成后牙颈部形态基本形成(图4-95)。上述步骤可适当重复进行,直至合乎要求为止。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">4)修整顺滑:仔细和浮雕图比对,将牙颈线修整连续顺滑。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:不能形成明显的台阶。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0177-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图4-94&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘颈缘线</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D远中面。</p>
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                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0178-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图4-95&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;成形颈缘线</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:颊面的成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)颊面牙根的成形:参照浮雕图在石膏牙颊面牙根处描绘出颊面最突出部分的连线,在牙根的近远中面描绘出近远中面最突出部分的连线,根据最突出部分的斜面特点,即颊面牙根的形态结构特点,用石膏切刀采用横握式和直握式对颊面牙根进行大体形态的成形处理。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">注意:下颌第一前磨牙是单根牙,颊侧较舌侧宽,近中面的根尖段常有分叉痕迹。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        2)颊面牙冠的成形:具体如下。①形成颈缘突度。颈缘突度即从近远中面到颊面近颈缘部分的弧度,在形成颈缘突度时,必须参照浮雕图,并观察浮雕图近颈缘部分的弧度,完成石膏去除。②颊轴嵴的成形。下颌第一前磨牙的颊面有较为明显的颊轴嵴,把颊面分成了两个斜面,在颊面描绘出颊轴嵴的形态,按照浮雕图形成两侧的斜面。③颊面近远中缘的成形。参考浮雕图,描绘下颌第一前磨牙近远中缘的形态,并转移到石膏牙相应的位置。结合近远中面近颊侧斜面的特点,形成颊面近远中缘的形态。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:舌面的成形(图4-96)。</p>
                    <p class="content">1)舌面牙根的成形:方法参考颊面牙根的成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)舌面较为圆突,外形高点在中1/3处。根据浮雕图描绘出舌面最突出部分的连线,在该线上下去除多余的石膏。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:舌面牙根较窄且隆突。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:近、远中面的成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)近中面的成形:参考浮雕图,描绘出浮雕图上近中面最突出部分的连线,根据浮雕图上斜面的特点,在石膏牙上去除多余的石膏。在形成近中面的形态时,需注意近中面接触区的形态特点。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)远中面的成形(图4-97):远中面的雕刻请参照近中面雕刻的方法和步骤,但需注意以下两点。①下颌第一前磨牙远中面较近中面小,且圆凸。②远中边缘嵴低于近中边缘嵴。
                    </p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0179-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-96&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;舌面初步成形后</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0179-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-97&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;远中面成形</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(5)步骤五:<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面的成形。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">1)修整<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />缘外侧轴面<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />1/3形态:参考浮雕图,在浮雕图上画出<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面最突出部分的连线,这个最突出部分的连线实际也是<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面边缘嵴的连线。转移上述最突出部分的连线至石膏牙相应的位置,去除最突出部分连线外侧相应的石膏,形成牙冠轴面<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />的1/3部分,同时注意修整轴面<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />1/3的形态。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)初步形成<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面窝底部:参考浮雕图,下颌第一前磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面中央有一横嵴,横嵴两侧有近中窝和远中窝,把浮雕图上窝的位置转移到石膏牙相应的位置,用雕刻刀在窝的位置转动两下,去除少量石膏,形成一个小窝。</p>
                    <p class="content">3)形成<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面三角嵴的形态:把浮雕图上的牙尖三角嵴转移到石膏块上,用雕刻刀沿窝向三角嵴做斜面。</p>
                    <p class="content">4)形成发育沟、副沟:参考浮雕图,根据发育沟的形态与位置形成发育沟、副沟(图4-97、图4-98)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0179-13.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图4-98&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面成形</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                                alt="" />面成形前;B.<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面成形后。
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.三倍大右下颌第一前磨牙雕刻——精雕完成</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:颊面发育沟的修整。</p>
                    <p class="content">仔细观察右下颌第一前磨牙颊面浮雕图上两条发育沟的形态和位置,在石膏牙相应的位置用红蓝铅笔进行准确的描绘,用雕刻刀进行修整。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:颊面发育沟是牙在生长发育过程中形成的浅沟,所以该发育沟与颊面的融合度非常高,发育沟两侧的斜面斜度大且衔接自然。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:轴面颈缘线的修整。</p>
                    <p class="content">再次准确的修整颈缘线,用雕刻刀在颈缘线上下进行切削,以使牙冠和牙根衔接自然。</p>
 
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                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="content">注意:下颌第一前磨牙的颈缘线为连续的圆缓的曲线。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:修饰牙体表面。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        在四面成形的基础上,用雕刻刀采用执笔式从根尖或从牙尖顶对牙体表面进行润饰,力求牙根表面光滑,下颌第一前磨牙为单根牙,牙根扁而细长,颊侧较舌侧宽。近中面的根尖段常有分叉痕迹,根颈1/3处横切面为扁椭圆形,根尖略偏向远中。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:牙体表面流畅性的检查。</p>
                    <p class="content">检查石膏牙各轴面的外形高点、邻接点以及凹凸衔接的自然程度(图4-99)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0180-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图4-99&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;放大三倍右下颌第一前磨牙雕刻完成图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、任务评价</h3>
                    <p class="content">下颌第一前磨牙石膏牙雕刻评价标准见表4-20。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表4-20&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌第一前磨牙石膏牙雕刻评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0180-03.jpg" alt=""
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                        <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</span>
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                            active="true" /></div>
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                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">放大三倍右下颌第二前磨牙雕刻</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        在牙体修复的实际工作场景中,精准掌握各类牙体形态特点至关重要。下颌前磨牙组作为下颌后牙的关键组合,除大家熟悉的下颌第一前磨牙外,还包括下颌第二前磨牙,且各个牙位均左右对称分布,左右各有一颗。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        此前,同学们已深入学习了最具典型性的下颌第一前磨牙雕刻知识与技巧,然而,在日常实践操作里,下颌第二前磨牙的形态恢复也非常重要。为切实强化同学们在本学习任务中对尖牙组不同牙位形态雕刻的全方位理解,提升实操动手能力,同时着力培养大家的自我探究精神,现布置如下实践任务。
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                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
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                    <p class="quotation">
                        请同学们灵活运用前面所学的放大三倍右下颌第一前磨牙雕刻方法及详细步骤,紧密结合提供的右下颌第二前磨牙线图(图4-100)、浮雕图(图4-101)及多面体图‌(图4-102),并依据表4-21中精准的三倍大右下颌第二前磨牙数据,雕刻出一颗放大三倍右下颌第二前磨牙。在完成雕刻作品后,总结归纳下颌第一前磨牙与下颌第二前磨牙在形态方面存在的显著差异,通过对比分析深化对两种牙齿形态特点的认知,为未来应对复杂多变的口腔修复工作筑牢坚实基础。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0182-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图4-100&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第二前磨牙线图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0182-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图4-101&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第二前磨牙浮雕图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0182-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图4-102&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第二前磨牙多面体图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面多面体;F.外形多面体。</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</span>
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                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="imgtitle">表4-21&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌第二前磨牙的比例规格&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;单位:mm</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0183-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务八&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;完成等倍大右下颌第一前磨牙牙体雕刻</h2>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、任务导入</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        完成三倍大右下颌第一前磨牙雕刻后,在规定的时间内按照等倍石膏牙雕刻模型、数据、线图、多面体图、浮雕图,在规范安全的操作基础上,于石膏块上完成一颗等倍大右下颌第一前磨牙雕刻。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、任务分析</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        完成这个任务必须在正确描绘等倍下颌第一前磨牙的基础上,掌握下颌第一前磨牙的形态基础。等倍右下颌第一前磨牙雕刻是指根据1∶1右下颌第一前磨牙数据(表4-22),进行的下颌第一前磨牙牙体雕刻。下颌第一前磨牙的线图、浮雕图在下颌第一前磨牙描绘章节里已详细介绍,下颌第一前磨牙多面体指的是下颌第一前磨牙的任意一面都不是单纯的平面,而是复杂的多面体。
                    </p>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="imgtitle">表4-22&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌第一前磨牙的比例规格&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;单位:mm</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0184-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、任务实施</h3>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)实训器材的准备</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        右下颌第一前磨牙线图、等倍大右下颌第一前磨牙雕刻模型1套、石膏块(15mm×15mm×55mm)、石膏切刀、雕刻刀、绘图铅笔、红蓝铅笔、游标卡尺、直尺、毛刷、储水盆、橡胶垫板等。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)等倍大右下颌第一前磨牙雕刻</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.等倍大右下颌第一前磨牙雕刻——石膏框架成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)步骤一:绘制框架及标志物、切削框架成形。用游标卡尺测量等倍大右下颌第一前磨牙雕刻模型的冠长、冠宽、冠厚、根长。在石膏块上,用游标卡尺轻轻刻出各面的冠根分界线和中线,绘制牙体外形框架(图4-103)。用石膏切刀切掉框线以外的石膏,先修整平行的两侧,再修整另外两侧,底座四周应平整(图4-104)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">要求:雕刻等倍大右下颌第一前磨牙的牙体总长是冠长加根长的总和。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0184-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-103&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;绘制框架</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0184-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-104&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切削框架成形</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
 
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:确定基准面。参照模型和牙线图确定颊面、舌面、近中面和远中面。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.等倍大右下颌第一前磨牙雕刻——二面体成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)步骤一:描绘颊舌面外形。参照等倍大右下颌第一前磨牙雕刻模型和右下颌第一前磨牙线图,将模型颊舌面与石膏块重合,在石膏块的颊舌面标出牙尖顶的位置,将所测牙颈宽数据转移到石膏块上,参照右下颌第一前磨牙雕刻模型的颊舌面轮廓外形,描绘出颊舌面的牙体外形线(图4-105)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">要求:转移的参照点要准确,颊舌面的牙体外形线应为细线且线条流畅。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0185-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图4-105&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;石膏牙图片</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">A.颊面;B.舌面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:颊舌面切削成形。用石膏切刀沿颊舌面边缘线上下推拉切削,形成颊舌面外形(图4-106)。</p>
                    <p class="content">要求:不得损坏外形高点的突度,恰好切到线,不要切掉线,轴面外形轮廓需与右上颌第一前磨牙线图一致。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0185-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图4-106&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;二面体成形</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">A.颊面;B.舌面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.等倍大右下颌第一前磨牙雕刻——四面体成形</span></p>
                </div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="177">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(177) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)步骤一:描绘近远中面外形。参照等倍大右上颌第一前磨牙雕刻模型和右上颌第一前磨牙线图,将模型近中面、远中面与石膏块重合,在石膏块的近远中面标出牙尖顶的位置,将所测牙颈厚数据转移到石膏块上,参照右上颌第一前磨牙模型的近远中轮廓外形,描绘近远中面的牙体外形线(图4-107)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">要求:同二面体描绘。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0186-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图4-107&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;石膏牙图片</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">A.近中面;B.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:近远中面切削成形。用石膏切刀沿近远中边缘线上下推拉切削,形成近、远中面外形(图4-108)。</p>
                    <p class="content">要求:同二面体成形。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0186-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图4-108&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四面体成形</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.等倍大右下颌第一前磨牙雕刻——多面体成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:正确描绘多面体的各个轴面。参照右下颌第一前磨牙雕刻模型<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面观,在石膏块上画出多面体外形的边缘线与中轴线的角度,以及各个轴面最突出部分的连线,冠根分界线与外形高点之间的连线(图4-109)。</p>
                    <p class="content">要求:尽可能使多面体边缘线与右下颌第一前磨牙线图相一致。</p>
                </div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="178">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(178) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0187-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图4-109&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面与多面体的位置关系参照图</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:切削多面体。按照多面体边缘线切削各斜面,最终形成多面体(图4-110)。</p>
                    <p class="content">要求:切削多面体时,不得损坏颊侧牙颈突度。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0187-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图4-110&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;多面体成形</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.等倍大右下颌第一前磨牙雕刻——四面成形</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;参照模型,用雕刻刀将多面体的棱角尽可能模糊化,逐渐形成各轴面形态(图4-111)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0187-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图4-111&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四面成形</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">6.等倍大右下颌第一前磨牙雕刻——<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)步骤一:三角嵴和边缘嵴成形。参照模型,描绘出三角嵴和边缘嵴的走行,并确定颊舌面牙尖顶点的位置,然后将这些标记正确转移到石膏牙上。用雕刻刀沿三角嵴标记线的近远中方向进行切削,形成带曲度的2个斜面,用雕刻刀沿边缘嵴标记线去除该线以外多余的石膏。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">要求:三角嵴和边缘嵴的走向均为弧线,远颊轴面角较近颊轴面角大,颊<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />边缘嵴长于舌<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />边缘嵴,颊舌两三角嵴相连构成横嵴。雕刻三角嵴时,注意牙尖的斜度。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:中央沟及近远中窝的形成。参照模型,用小雕刻刀修整形成近远中窝和中央沟,近远中窝分别位于横嵴两侧。</p>
                    <p class="content">要求:中央沟靠近舌侧,远中窝较深较大。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面的成形。用小雕刻刀或刀勺润饰<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面,检查各部分的曲线走向是否自然流畅,应尽可能与模型一致,才能生动地表现<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面的形态特征(图4-112)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t30" src="../../assets/images/0188-07.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图4-112&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面成形</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">7.等倍大右下颌第一前磨牙雕刻——牙颈线成形</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;参照等倍大右下颌第一前磨牙雕刻模型,颈线各处的宽度、深度需协调一致,连接流畅。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">8.等倍大右下颌第一前磨牙雕刻——精修完成</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;参照模型,检查各部分尺寸,精修完成(图4-113)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0188-09.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图4-113&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;精修完成</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、任务评价</h3>
                    <p class="content">下颌第一前磨牙石膏牙雕刻评价标准见表4-23。</p>
 
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="imgtitle">表4-23&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌第一前磨牙石膏牙雕刻评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0189-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                </div>
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            </div>
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            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(181) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0190-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0023-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">下颌前磨牙的功能</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        1.食物初步研磨与辅助切割&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌前磨牙位于下颌尖牙与磨牙之间,兼具撕裂食物(类似尖牙)和初步研磨食物(类似磨牙)的功能。主要作用是将尖牙撕碎的大块食物进一步压碎并磨细,为后续磨牙的彻底研磨做准备,是咀嚼链中承上启下的关键环节。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        2.维持咬合平衡与牙弓稳定&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;作为牙弓的过渡部分,下颌前磨牙通过与上颌前磨牙的咬合接触,分散咬合力,避免局部牙齿过度负荷。缺失下颌前磨牙可能导致邻牙倾斜、对颌牙伸长或咬合紊乱,影响咀嚼效率和颞下颌关节健康。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        3.支撑面部形态与肌肉功能&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌前磨牙的牙根位于下颌骨,对维持下颌骨高度及面部轮廓有一定支撑作用。其存在有助于咬肌、颞肌等咀嚼肌的正常收缩协调,并保障下颌运动的稳定性。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        4.正畸治疗中的灵活应用&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在牙齿矫正中,下颌前磨牙常被选择拔除以提供间隙,从而解决牙列拥挤、前牙前突或调整咬合关系。因下颌前磨牙体积较小且咀嚼功能相对次要,拔除后对整体功能影响较小,同时便于矫正方案的个性化。
                    </p>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务九&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;完成牙列中等倍大右下颌第一前磨牙滴蜡塑形</h2>
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、任务导入</h3>
                    <p class="content">下颌第一前磨牙位于尖牙与第一磨牙之间,是口腔中承担“承前启后”功能的关键牙体——其颊舌双尖的形态特点不仅能与尖牙协同完成食物的初步撕裂与捣碎,更通过<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面的精密结构引导下颌在咀嚼、吞咽及语言活动中的协调运动,是维持口腔功能稳定的重要环节。本次任务将通过滴蜡塑形实践,帮助同学们从“理论认知”转向“操作转化”:在逐步完成蜡型雕刻的过程中,同步强化对下颌第一前磨牙功能解剖的理解,体会其形态与功能的高度统一性,为成为一名具备扎实操作技能的口腔医学从业者迈出关键一步。
                    </p>
 
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                        <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、任务分析</h3>
                    <p class="content">完成这个任务要熟知下颌第一前磨牙的形态和功能,学会控制蜡的温度及滴塑的方法流程。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.右下颌第一前磨牙形态</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;详见本项目任务一。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.牙尖的分布规律</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)上颌牙尖分布规律:上颌第一磨牙远中颊尖和对侧第一前磨牙颊尖连线通过该前磨牙舌尖;上颌第一磨牙远中颊尖与对侧第二前磨牙颊尖的连线则通过该前磨牙舌尖;上颌侧切牙近中切角与同侧第二磨牙中央窝连线通过两个前磨牙的舌尖,上颌尖牙牙尖与同侧第二磨牙近中舌尖连线通过该侧第一磨牙近中舌尖;非功能尖以及功能尖的横向和纵向距离几乎都是相等的。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)下颌牙尖分布规律:下颌第一、二磨牙颊侧外展隙顶点与对侧第一前磨牙颊尖连线通过该前磨牙舌尖;下颌第一、二磨牙颊侧外展隙顶点与对侧第二前磨牙颊尖连线通过该前磨牙舌尖,如果该牙舌侧为双牙尖,则连线通过其近远中舌尖之间的舌沟;下颌第一磨牙远中颊尖与对侧第一前磨牙颊尖连线通过该磨牙的近中舌尖;各后牙牙尖间距离几乎相等。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.前磨牙的<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                                alt="" />面接触</span></p>
                    <p class="content">牙尖交错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />时,上颌前磨牙的舌尖与下颌同名前磨牙的远中窝区域接触,下颌前磨牙的颊尖与上颌前磨牙边缘嵴区域接触。特别需要指出的是,后牙的颊、舌尖功能有所不同。上颌后牙舌尖和下颌后牙颊尖对于咬合高度具有决定意义,通常称为支持尖或功能尖;而上颌后牙颊尖和下颌后牙舌尖主要承担引导下颌运动的功能,称为引导尖或者非功能尖。(图4-59)
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        上颌后牙舌尖、下颌后牙颊尖的连线分别构成一条平滑的曲线,分别与对颌的中央窝连线相吻合。这种吻合是保证咀嚼运动顺畅协调的关键之一,同时也能保证咀嚼效率最大化和维护口腔组织长期健康。</p>
                    <p class="content">牙尖交错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />时,上、下颌牙的<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面接触关系,可以有尖与窝之间、尖与三角嵴之间及尖与边缘嵴之间多种并存的咬合接触形式。正常人理想咬合接触点约为138个,多数位于牙尖斜面和三角嵴,少数位于窝底以及边缘嵴区域。无论在支持尖还是在引导尖,那些对于咬合高度有决定意义的接触被称为正中止接触(图4-60、图4-61),稳定的正中止接触为三点接触。在颊舌向上的a、b、c三个点的接触中,为了达到稳定的咬合,b点接触至关重要。如a-b-c、a-b、b-c接触均可获得颊舌向稳定。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.下颌第一前磨牙代型要求</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面:用铅笔在离右下第一前磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面1.5~2.0mm处画一条标志线或做定深沟,沿标志线或沟的深度均匀去除石膏(牙体组织)。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)邻面:沿牙邻面颊舌向潜行性磨除,不断矫正磨除方向,直至预备出足够的间隙。磨切时应注意邻面预备方向与就位道一致,4个邻面轴壁方向相互平行或向切端聚合2°~5°。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)颊面:均匀去除颊面1.0~1.5mm石膏(牙体组织)</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)舌面:沿舌面解剖外形均匀去除舌面1.0~1.5mm石膏(牙体组织)。</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">(5)肩台:宽度为1.0~1.2mm,采用90°圆钝内角肩台或135°浅凹形,根据修复体固位、牙冠<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />龈高度、缺损或充填物与牙龈的位置关系、美观等因素,颈缘位置可设计为①平齐龈缘;②龈缘线以上;③龈缘线以下0.5mm,边缘应连续一致、平滑、无锐边。</p>
                    <p class="content">(6)代型制作外形轮廓应与原第一前磨牙近似,侧方运动均没有<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />干扰,保证咬合时,牙齿与各个方向不会接触,影响咀嚼。在实际修复运用中去除石膏(牙体组织)的量可根据患者牙体颜色、所选择修复材料等进行调整。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.牙体滴塑的操作流程</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙体滴塑操作流程见图4-114。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0192-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图4-114&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌第一前磨牙牙体滴塑操作流程</p>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、任务实施</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0190-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)实训器材的准备</p>
                    <p class="content">右下颌第一前磨牙牙体预备完成代型、滴蜡器、蜡、熔蜡器、标记笔、直尺、软毛刷、雕刻刀等。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)右下颌第一前磨牙滴蜡塑形步骤</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.右下颌第一前磨牙滴蜡塑形——涂分离剂</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在右下颌第一前磨牙预备体表面均匀涂布一层分离剂,达过颈缘线2mm以下,多余部分可用吸水纸除去。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.右下颌第一前磨牙滴蜡塑形——堆内衬蜡</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;分离剂干燥后,画出代型颈缘线。手持代型,切端朝下,用加热好的滴蜡器蘸取适量内衬蜡,厚度约为0.3mm。从颈缘根方1mm处向切端纵向移动加蜡,重复数次,直至内衬蜡均匀覆盖整个牙体预备的区域。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">注意:加第二刀蜡时应覆盖前一刀蜡宽度的1/2,以保证蜡衔接良好。内衬蜡的主要作用是有利于冠和代型的密合,同时也因为内衬蜡的黏度大、脆性小,有利于脱模。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.右下颌第一前磨牙滴蜡塑形——对照对颌牙工作模画咬合标志线</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;确定工作模型的完整性后,取牙尖交错位。用红蓝铅笔分别在上下颌石膏模型的中线、尖牙、第二磨牙处画咬合标志线,以便在操作过程中随时检查咬合关系。磨牙雕塑用<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />架定<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />关系较准确。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.右下颌第一前磨牙滴蜡塑形——堆塑<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面平台</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:确定平台颊、舌径宽度。用直尺测量参照牙的颊舌径,分别在颊、舌面中点处水平向外堆蜡形成蜡锥(图4-63)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:确定平台近、远中径宽度。用直尺测量参照牙的近、远中径,分别在堆制牙近远中面中点处水平向外堆蜡形成蜡锥(图4-64)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:形成平台。用蜡分别连接各个面的蜡锥,形成一个大小适宜的<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面平台(图4-65)。</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.右下颌第一前磨牙滴蜡塑形——恢复平台以下四轴面形态</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在颊面颈1/3处堆蜡形成颊颈嵴。在近、远中位置纵向堆蜡,形成平台颊面近、远中缘,靠近颈部时,蜡条趋向颊面中线,使得颈部明显收缩。纵向连接颊颈嵴与平台颊缘中点,隆起的蜡条形成颊轴嵴。在轴嵴近、远中堆蜡形成近、远中斜面,完成平台颊面形态塑造。同样方法堆蜡恢复舌面及邻面形态,并用雕刻刀修整蜡型表面,完成平台恢复(图4-66)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">6.右下颌第一前磨牙滴蜡塑形——确定牙尖位置</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;将下颌模型上的所有主动中位结构连线,此曲线位于下颌第一、二前磨牙及第一磨牙平台上近颊侧的1/3处,并与平台上的颊轴嵴延长线相交,交点即为颊尖的位置。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        将下颌模型上的所有被动中位结构连线,在下颌第一、二前磨牙及第一磨牙平台上,此曲线位于近舌侧的1/3处,并与平台上的舌轴嵴延长线相交,交点即为舌尖的位置。亦可参照对照模型确定颊、舌尖的位置,具体方法可参考视频制作(图4-115)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">7.右下颌第一前磨牙滴蜡塑形——形成三角嵴</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;电蜡刀蘸取雕刻蜡,由牙尖顶开始,向舌侧稍偏近中方向堆蜡,止于中央沟。根据牙堆制三角嵴的形态,靠近中央沟处较宽,两牙尖的三角嵴以适当的角度在<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面中央相会,颊尖的舌三角嵴走向应与对颌第一前磨牙的远中牙尖嵴为咬合接触。前伸、侧向运动时不产生<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />干扰(图4-116)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0193-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-115&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;堆塑颊、舌尖蜡柱</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0193-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-116&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成三角嵴</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">8.右下颌第一前磨牙滴蜡塑形——形成近、远中牙尖嵴及边缘嵴</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;由牙尖顶分别向近、远中堆蜡形成近、远中牙尖嵴,要求既有功能性咬合,又无<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />干扰。然后转向舌侧,与舌尖相连,形成近、远中边缘嵴,使近远中边缘嵴在近远中沟处形成凹陷。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:分别从颊面和<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面观察点角的位置,与参照牙一致。在颊面和邻面堆蜡,完成轴面<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />1/3的形态塑造。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">9.右下颌第一前磨牙滴蜡塑形——<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面修整</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:形成中央窝及近远中点隙。当颊舌两尖及近远中<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />边缘嵴形成后,用滴蜡器加蜡布满<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面剩余部分的同时形成中央沟及近远中点隙。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:修饰及形成副沟。用滴蜡器加蜡形成小的副沟及嵴,同时对<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面进行整体修饰,使各个部位达到完美、和谐与统一。亦可用塑形器械对<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面的副沟及嵴进行塑形。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">10.右下颌第一前磨牙滴蜡塑形——咬合检查</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;代型复位至<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />架,检查<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />关系上颌第一前磨牙舌尖对应下颌第一前磨牙远中边缘嵴,也可扩展到该牙远中窝处,下颌第一前磨牙颊尖对应上颌第一前磨牙近中边缘嵴。</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">11.右下颌第一前磨牙滴蜡塑形——精修蜡型</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用雕刻刀修整颊尖形态,用手帕轻轻擦拭表面,完成最终蜡型(图4-117、图4-118)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0194-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图4-117&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;精修完成—颊面</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0194-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图4-118&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;精修完成—<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、任务评价</h3>
                    <p class="content">下颌第一前磨牙蜡型滴塑评价标准见表4-24。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表4-24&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌第一前磨牙蜡型滴塑评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0194-04.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
 
                </div>
                <footer class="footerstyle">176</footer>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="186">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(186) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0195-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0023-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">中位结构</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        上下颌模型处于咬合状态时,后牙功能尖与对颌牙特定部位相接触,这些维持咬合关系的接触点所在的牙体结构统称为中位结构。其中功能尖称为主动中位,而与对颌牙功能尖接触的边缘嵴或中央窝则称为被动中位。牙尖交错位时,上颌磨牙的舌尖咬合于下颌磨牙的中央窝和边缘嵴,下颌磨牙的颊尖咬合于上颌磨牙的中央窝和边缘嵴。前磨牙的上下颌主动中位与被动中位的对应关系如下所示。
                    </p>
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">177</div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="187">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(187) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
 
 
                    <p class="quotation">1.上颌第一前磨牙舌尖对应下颌第一前磨牙远中边缘嵴,也可扩展到该牙远中窝处。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">2.上颌第二前磨牙舌尖对应下颌第二前磨牙远中边缘嵴,也可扩展到该牙远中窝处。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">3.下颌第一前磨牙颊尖对应上颌第一前磨牙近中边缘嵴。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">4.下颌第二前磨牙颊尖对应上颌第二前磨牙近中边缘嵴。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0196-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="right-info">(李娜&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;马凡熔&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;冯佳)</p>
                </div>
                <footer class="footerstyle">178</footer>
            </div>
        </div>
 
    </div>
</template>
 
 
<script>
export default {
    name: "chapterFour",
    props: {
        showPageList: {
            type: Array,
        },
        data() {
            return {};
        },
    },
};
</script>
 
<style></style>