zhongshujie
19 小时以前 e33672cf85da88d515d5fe6ccc0a139c3cfaa5db
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<template>
    <div class="chapter" num="2">
        <div class="page-box" page="10">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(10) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <span class="header-right"></span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <h1 class="firstTitle-l">项目一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;基础知识与基本技能</h1>
 
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0019-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)具备严谨细致的学习态度,树立实事求是的科学精神。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)在学习实践中遵循标准化流程,逐步形成规范操作的工作习惯。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)具备严谨扎实的学习态度,增加牙齿的萌出与发育等知识储备。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:牙的组成与分类;牙的功能;人类牙齿萌出的规律;游标卡尺的使用。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:牙的功能;牙齿演化过程的特点。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:牙胚发育过程。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)能够区分出牙齿的各部位与牙齿的功能。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)能够区分出人类牙齿的各部位的解剖名称。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)能够熟练地使用石膏切刀和石膏雕刻刀。</p>
 
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0019-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        牙齿是人类重要的组织器官之一,主要担负着切割、撕裂、咀嚼食物的功能,不同的牙齿在进食时发挥的作用也不一样,对人体健康有重要的影响。在胚胎发育的第五周开始,牙齿的发育也在同步进行中。从婴幼儿到成年的过程当中,牙齿的发育经历了牙胚、出龈、萌出及建<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />的过程,并经历了乳牙期、替牙期及恒牙期三个时期。在日常生活中,人们在进食、言语、歌唱的时候,都离不开牙齿的配合,并且牙齿对于一个人面部的美观也起着重要的作用。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">1.人类的牙齿属于异形牙,不同形态的牙齿与进食有怎样的关系?</p>
 
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">001</div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="11">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(11) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">2.我们从几岁开始换牙,换牙期需要关注哪些方面?</p>
                    <p class="content">3.口腔内牙齿数目较多,在记录牙位时可采用何种记录方式?</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0019-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" /></div>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描述牙的演化过程的特征</h2>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0020-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" /></div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、任务导入</h3>
                    <p class="content">在生活中大家会看到各种动物,如鱼、鸟、狗等,仔细观察会发现这些动物牙齿的数目、形态等各不相同,那么动物的牙齿是如何演化的呢?</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、任务分析</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        牙齿是人类行使咀嚼功能的器官之一,与其他的器官一起完成咀嚼。同时牙齿本身有着诸多特点:数目多、形态多样、直接接触食物、位于有菌环境中,所以我们应该深入地学习、了解牙体形态。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)牙的演化</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        生物在长周期的演化发展过程中,不断地适应生活环境的改变以保证族群的生存,在此过程中,生物本身的形态在不断地改变,同时生物的牙齿也随之不断地演变。各种动物的牙齿因具有不同的功能,其形态也各异,具体内容如下。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.鱼纲</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;鱼类的牙齿没有咀嚼功能,主要用来捕捉食物,其形态基本一致,为三角形或锥体形并向后弯曲,故称同形牙。同时在每颗牙后面有许多备用牙,用来替换脱落的旧牙,终生不止,故称多牙列。鱼类的牙齿数目极多,分布于颌骨、额骨、犁骨等部位。此类牙没有牙根,依靠纤维膜附着于颌骨的边缘,易脱落,称为端生牙。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.两栖纲</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;两栖纲动物的牙齿也多为多牙列、单锥体的同形牙、端生牙,但牙齿数目比鱼类少。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.爬行纲</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;爬行动物的牙齿多为同形牙、多牙列,数目较鱼类少。除端生牙外,一部分牙基部与颌骨相连,另一侧也附着颌骨的边缘,称为侧生牙。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.鸟纲</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;现代鸟类的牙齿已退化。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.哺乳纲</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;哺乳类动物的牙齿形态各异,称为异形牙,一生中只有两副牙列—乳牙列与恒牙列,即双牙列,且牙齿脱落后不可再生。此类牙有牙根,被颌骨的牙槽窝所包裹,称为槽生牙(图1-1)。
                    </p>
                </div>
                <footer class="footerstyle">002</footer>
            </div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="12">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(12) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;基础知识与基本技能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0021-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图1-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙的附着方式</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.端生牙;B.侧生牙;C.槽生牙。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        在动物的演化过程中,各种因素的影响下,牙演化的特点总结为:①牙数由多到少(鱼类可多达200个左右)。②牙根从无到有。③从多牙列到双牙列。④从同形牙到异形牙。⑤从分散到集中(牙的生长部位从全口散在分布到集中于上下颌骨)。⑥牙附着颌骨由端生牙至侧生牙,最后向槽生牙演化。动物牙齿的演化特点见表1-1。
                    </p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表1-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;动物牙齿的演化特点</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0021-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)牙的发育过程</p>
                    <p class="content">牙由牙胚发育而来,发育过程包括发生期、钙化期及萌出期。牙胚长出牙龈的现象称为出龈,萌出是指牙冠出龈至与对颌牙达到咬合接触的整个过程。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.牙的萌出</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在乳牙胚胚胎2个月时即发生,胚胎5~6个月开始钙化,20个乳牙胚在出生时均已形成。婴儿出生后6个月至6岁20颗乳牙全部萌出。乳牙萌出顺序:乳中切牙(Ⅰ)、乳侧切牙(Ⅱ)、第一乳磨牙(Ⅳ)、乳尖牙(Ⅲ)、第二乳磨牙(Ⅴ)。乳牙大致萌出的时间见表1-2。
                    </p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表1-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;乳牙大致萌出时间&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;单位:月龄</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0021-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">003</div>
            </div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="13">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(13) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.牙萌出的顺序</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在乳牙胚形成后,恒牙胚才开始形成。第一磨牙、切牙、尖牙及前磨牙的牙胚均形成于胚胎时期,婴儿出生后一年,第二恒磨牙牙胚方形成,出生后4~5岁,第三磨牙牙胚方形成。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        恒牙萌出顺序:上颌多为第一磨牙、中切牙、侧切牙、第一前磨牙、尖牙、第二前磨牙、第二磨牙;下颌多为第一磨牙、中切牙、侧切牙、尖牙、第一前磨牙、第二前磨牙、第二磨牙。第三磨牙俗称智齿,萌出时间不定。上述为恒牙正常萌出的大致顺序,不同个体可能有差异,见表1-3。
                    </p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表1-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;恒牙萌出顺序表&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;单位:岁</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0022-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.牙萌出的规律</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)在一定时间内,按一定先后顺序萌出。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)同颌的同名牙基本同时萌出。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)下颌牙同名牙要比上颌的同名牙萌出早。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)女性同名牙比男性同名牙萌出早。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、任务实施</h3>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.动物牙齿演化规律图</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;根据动物牙齿演化特点,在下面树状图(图1-2)中总结动物牙齿的演化规律。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0022-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图1-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;动物牙齿演化规律</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.人类牙齿萌出规律表</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;请用表格总结人类牙齿的萌出规律(表1-4)。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表1-4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙齿萌出规律表</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">项目一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;基础知识与基本技能</span>
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                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、任务评价</h3>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表1-5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙齿演化及萌出测评表</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0023-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
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                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0023-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">乳牙的作用</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        乳牙作为人类最早萌出的牙齿,6~12岁期间逐步被恒牙替代,但其在儿童生长发育过程中具有不可替代的“基石作用”。在生理功能层面,乳牙的咀嚼效率直接影响营养摄取。当乳磨牙出现龋坏时,食物无法充分研磨,会导致消化不良甚至营养吸收障碍。同时,前牙的完整形态对发音也有着重要影响,“s”“z”等的准确发音需要牙齿配合,从而促进语言能力的发育,利于激发表达能力;乳牙良好的上下咬合还能够帮助孩子建立良好的覆盖关系,同时能够促进孩子的面部发育;乳牙的正常萌出和脱落可为恒牙的萌出奠定基础。在乳牙受到刺激时,牙髓中的成牙本质细胞受到刺激,在损伤对应区域形成不规则牙本质小管结构,即修复性牙本质,来隔离刺激以保护牙髓。
                    </p>
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                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描述牙齿的相关解剖学基础</h2>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0024-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" /></div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、任务导入</h3>
                    <p class="content">生活中我们使用牙齿咀嚼食物,吃不同性质的食物时不同部位的牙齿发挥功能,那么人类的牙齿的形态是一样的吗?它们有什么特点吗?</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、任务分析</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        牙齿因为行使功能的不同,形态也各异。当牙齿因为各种原因缺损或缺失需要修复时,不同牙位需要恢复到其不同的合适的形态,以保证多个牙位协调发挥咀嚼、发音、保持美观、协助吞咽等功能。因此,辨析牙齿的组成、分类和解剖特点等十分重要。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)牙的组成</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)从表面观察,牙体分三部分(图1-3)。</p>
                    <div class="floatPic-40l">
                        <img class="openImgBox t100" src="../../assets/images/0024-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图1-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙体外部形态结构</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)牙冠:最外层的牙釉质覆盖的部分,是牙齿行使咀嚼功能的主要部分,也称解剖牙冠。牙冠与牙根以龈缘为界。正常情况下,牙冠部分被牙龈所覆盖,其中龈缘以上露于口腔的牙体又称临床牙冠。牙冠的形态与牙齿的功能相互影响,如切牙形似铲子,可行使切割功能,而磨牙牙冠形态复杂,可研磨食物。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">2)牙颈:牙冠与牙根交界处的一圈弧形曲线,又称颈线、颈缘。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        3)牙根:牙体由牙骨质覆盖的部分,又称解剖牙根。正常情况下,牙根坐落于牙槽窝中,被牙槽骨包围,支持、稳固牙体。牙根的数目与形态与牙齿的功能密切相关,如前牙多单根,而磨牙受力较大,牙根多为2~3根,且分叉,以维持牙体的稳定。多根牙根分叉至牙颈之间的部分称为根分叉。牙根的尖端称为根尖,根尖中有小孔,称为根尖孔,有神经、血管、淋巴管从中通过。牙体在口腔内不能看见的部分又称为临床牙根。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)从剖面观察,牙体分为四部分(图1-4)。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)牙釉质:构成牙冠表层,呈白色、半透明状,是人体中最坚硬组织。牙釉质在牙体的不同部位厚度不同。切牙切缘处牙釉质最厚,约2mm;磨牙牙尖处最厚,约2.5mm;乳牙牙釉质仅为0.5~1.0mm。牙釉质的颜色与其矿化程度相关,矿化程度越高越透明,反之呈乳白色。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        2)牙本质:淡黄色硬组织,构成牙的主体,其表面被牙釉质和牙骨质覆盖,内部有一空腔为髓腔。牙本质的主要功能是支持牙釉质及牙骨质和保护牙髓。牙本质的硬度低于牙釉质,高于牙骨质。</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">项目一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;基础知识与基本技能</span>
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                        <img class="openImgBox t100" src="../../assets/images/0025-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图1-4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙体纵剖面结构</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">3)牙骨质:淡黄色,覆盖牙根表层的硬组织。组织结构与密质骨相似。牙颈部牙骨质较薄,根尖和根分叉处较厚。</p>
                    <p class="content">4)牙髓:位于髓腔中的结缔组织,含有血管、神经和淋巴管,通过根尖孔与牙周组织相通。牙髓组织具有感觉、营养、修复、防御的功能。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)牙的分类</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.根据牙齿的形态和功能分类(图1-5、表1-6)</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)切牙:共8颗,位于口腔前部,又分为中切牙和侧切牙。牙冠唇面呈梯形,邻面呈三角形,牙根为单根。主要功能是切割食物。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)尖牙:共4颗,位于口角处。牙冠粗壮,有一长大牙尖,单根长且粗。主要功能是穿刺、撕裂食物。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)前磨牙:共8颗,位于尖牙与磨牙之间,又分为第一前磨牙和第二前磨牙。牙冠一般有两个牙尖,牙根1~2个。主要功能是协助撕裂和捣碎食物。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)磨牙:共12颗,位于前磨牙的远中,又分为第一磨牙、第二磨牙、第三磨牙。牙冠有4~5个牙尖,牙根一般2~3个。主要功能是研磨、磨细食物。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0025-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图1-5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;恒牙的分类</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表1-6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;恒牙的分类与功能</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.根据牙在口腔内萌出和存在的时间分类</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)乳牙:共20颗,婴儿出生后6个月左右开始萌出,到两岁半左右全部萌出。自6~7岁至12~13岁,乳牙逐渐被恒牙所代替。部分乳牙在口腔内保留时间可长达10年。乳牙存留的时间,正值儿童发育的快速期,因此乳牙的正常形态对消化和吸收营养、引导恒牙的正常萌出、刺激<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面部的正常发育都起到重要的作用。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)恒牙:共32颗,一般在6岁左右开始萌出。现代人第三磨牙有退化的趋势,故成人恒牙常为28~32颗。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.根据牙在口腔内的位置分类</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)前牙:位于牙弓的前部(口角之前),包括切牙和尖牙。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)后牙:位于牙弓的后部(口角之后),包括前磨牙和磨牙。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(三)牙的功能</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.咀嚼功能</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙齿是行使咀嚼功能的主要器官。食物经牙齿的切割、撕裂、捣碎研磨后,便于吞咽与消化。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.辅助发音和言语</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙齿在言语与发音中有着重要影响。如前牙缺失时,唇齿音等均会受到影响。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.保持面部外形协调</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙齿的存在及正常排列,可使得唇颊部丰满。牙齿排列不正常,可影响美观,如形成反<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(四)牙位记录</p>
                    <p class="content">上下颌牙齿按一定的顺序排成弓形,称为牙列或牙弓。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.部位记录法</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;为了简洁记录牙齿的位置,以“十”符号将牙弓分为四区(图1-6)。横线区分上下颌,竖线代表中线,区分左右。右上颌区又称A区,左上颌区又称B区,右下颌区又称C区,左下颌区又称D区。
                    </p>
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                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0026-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图1-6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙弓的四分区</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">项目一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;基础知识与基本技能</span>
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                    <p class="content">恒牙的中切牙至第三磨牙以阿拉伯数字1~8分别依次代表。乳牙的乳中切牙至第二乳磨牙则以罗马数字1~4分别依次代表(图1-7)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图1-7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;恒牙及乳牙部位记录法数字排序</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">恒牙部位记录法命名如图1-8所示。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图1-8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;恒牙部位记录法命名</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">乳牙部位记录法命名如图1-9所示。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图1-9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;乳牙部位记录法命名</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">例如:</p>
                    <p class="content">右上颌中切牙记录如下(图1-10)。</p>
                    <p class="content">右上颌中切牙及左下颌第一磨牙记录如下(图1-11)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0028-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图1-10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌中切牙</p>
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                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0028-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图1-11&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;左下颌第一磨牙</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">右上颌乳尖牙及右上颌第一乳磨牙记录如下(图1-12)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0028-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图1-12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌乳尖牙及右上颌第一乳磨牙</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.国际牙科联合会系统(FDI)</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;采用两位数记录牙位。十位数1~4表示恒牙的区位(图1-13)、5~8表示乳牙的区位(图1-14)。中切牙至第三磨牙则以阿拉伯数字1~8分别依次代表;中切牙至第二乳磨牙以阿拉伯数字1~5分别依次代表。
                    </p>
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                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0028-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图1-13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;恒牙区位</p>
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                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0028-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图1-14&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;乳牙区位</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">恒牙国际牙科联合会补充命名法如图1-15所示。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0028-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图1-15&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;恒牙国际牙科联合会系统命名</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">乳牙国际牙科联合会补充命名法如图1-16所示。</p>
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                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0029-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图1-16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;乳牙国际联合会系统命名</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">例如:</p>
                    <p class="content">右上颌第一磨牙记为16。</p>
                    <p class="content">右上颌乳中切牙记为51。</p>
                    <p class="content">右上颌第一磨牙及第二磨牙记为16、17。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.通用编号系统</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;恒牙用阿拉伯数字1~32代表(图1-17)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0029-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图1-17&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;恒牙通用编号</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">乳牙用英文字母A~T代表(图1-18)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0029-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图1-18&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;乳牙通用编号</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">例如:</p>
                    <p class="content">左下颌第三磨牙记为#17。</p>
                    <p class="content">左下颌中切牙记为#24。</p>
                    <p class="content">左上颌第二乳磨牙记为J。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(五)牙体解剖应用名称与解剖标志</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.牙冠各面的命名</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;每颗牙都有几个面,依据每个面的位置所在进行相应的命名(图1-19)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)唇面:前牙牙冠贴近唇黏膜的一面,称为唇面。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)颊面:后牙牙冠贴近颊黏膜的一面,称为颊面。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)舌面:牙冠贴近舌的一面,称为舌面。上颌牙的舌面因为贴近腭侧又称腭面。</p>
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">011</div>
            </div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="21">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(21) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">(4)邻面:牙弓内相邻两牙接触的面称为邻面。两个邻面中,靠近中线的一面,称为近中面,远离中线的一面,称为远中面。(5)<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面:上、下颌后牙咬合时接触的面,称为<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
                    <p class="content">(6)切端:前牙行使切割功能的部分称为切端。</p>
                    <p class="content">(7)中线:是将颅面部左右两等分的一条假想线,正常情况下,中线通过两眼之间、鼻尖及上下颌中切牙之间。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0030-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图1-19&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙冠各面的命名</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.牙体解剖应用名称</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)牙体长轴:沿着冠根方向通过牙体中心的一条假想线。牙冠的四个面(唇面/颊面、舌面/腭面、近中面、远中面)与牙体长轴大致平行,又称轴面(图1-20)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)接触区:相邻两牙邻面接触的部位,也称邻接点(图1-21)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0030-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图1-20&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙体长轴</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0030-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图1-21&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;接触区</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)线角:牙冠上相邻两面相交所成的角称为线角,相邻两个轴面相交的线角又称轴面角,如近中面与舌面相交称为近舌线角或近舌轴面角(图1-22)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)点角:牙冠上相邻三个面相交形成的角称为点角,如磨牙的远中面、舌面、<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面相交形成的角称为远舌<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />点角(图1-23)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)外形高点:牙冠各轴面上最突出的部分(图1-24)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(6)牙体三等分:将牙冠各面分为三等分,有三个方向切(<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />)龈向、近远中向、唇(颊)舌向,分别分为切(<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />)1/3、中1/3、颈1/3;近中1/3、中1/3、远中1/3;唇(颊)1/3、中1/3、舌1/3。牙根分为根颈1/3、根中1/3、根尖1/3(图1-25)。</p>
                </div>
                <footer class="footerstyle">012</footer>
            </div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="22">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(22) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;基础知识与基本技能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0031-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图1-22&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;线角</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0031-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图1-23&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;点角</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0031-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图1-24&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;外形高点</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0031-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图1-25&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙体三等分</p>
                    </div>
 
                    <div class="floatPic-40">
                        <img class="openImgBox t100" src="../../assets/images/0031-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图1-26&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙尖</p>
                    </div>
 
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.牙冠的表面标志</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)突起部分</p>
                    <p class="content">1)牙尖:牙冠上显著突起近似锥体形的部分称为牙尖。位于尖牙切端、后牙的<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面上(图1-26)。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)结节:位于牙冠上的小突起,牙釉质过度钙化形成。初萌的切牙切缘上的结节,称为切缘结节,因牙的磨耗逐渐消失(图1-27)。</p>
                    <p class="content">3)舌隆突:位于前牙舌面颈1/3,半月形隆突起(图1-28)。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        4)嵴:位于牙冠上线状的牙釉质隆起。不同部位的嵴,有不同的名称。①切嵴:位于切牙切端舌侧的长条形的嵴,有切割功能(图1-29A)。②轴嵴:位于牙冠轴面上,从牙尖顶延伸至牙颈的嵴。如唇轴嵴、颊轴嵴、舌轴嵴(图1-29B)。③颈嵴:位于牙冠唇颊面颈1/3、微突的细长形的嵴。如唇颈嵴、颊颈嵴(图1-29C)。④边缘嵴:位于前牙舌面近远中边缘及后牙<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面边缘的细长形的嵴(图1-29D)。⑤牙尖嵴:从牙尖顶分别斜向近、远中的嵴。后牙的牙尖嵴是后牙边缘嵴的一部分(图1-29E)。⑥三角嵴:位于后牙<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面,从牙尖顶伸向<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面的细长形的嵴。牙尖近中和远中两斜面汇合成三角嵴(图1-29F)。⑦横嵴:横过<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面的嵴,由<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面相对的两牙牙尖的三角嵴相连形成(图1-29G)。⑧斜嵴:由<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面上两牙尖三角嵴斜形相连形成的嵴(图1-29H)。</p>
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">013</div>
            </div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="23">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(23) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0032-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图1-27&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;结节</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0032-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图1-28&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;舌隆突</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0032-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图1-29&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;嵴</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.切嵴;B.轴嵴;C.颈嵴;D.边缘嵴;E.牙尖嵴;F.三角嵴;G.横嵴;H.斜嵴。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)凹陷部分</p>
                    <p class="content">1)窝:不规则的凹陷,位于前牙舌面和后牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面上。如舌窝、中央窝(图1-30)。</p>
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                <footer class="footerstyle">014</footer>
            </div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="24">
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;基础知识与基本技能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">2)沟:细长凹陷,位于牙冠的轴面及<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面上。①发育沟:明显且有规则的浅沟,牙的两个生长叶相连所形成(图1-31)。②副沟:形态不规则,除去发育沟以外的任何沟,统称副沟。③裂:钙化不全的沟,是龋病的好发部位。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0033-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图1-30&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;窝</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0033-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图1-31&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;发育沟</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">3)点隙:点状凹陷,位于3条或以上的发育沟相交处或沟的末端(图1-32)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)斜面:组成牙尖的四个面,称为斜面。两斜面相交成嵴,四斜面相交成牙尖顶。各斜面依其在牙尖的位置而命名(图1-33)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)生长叶:牙生长发育的钙化中心,牙的生长叶一般为4~5个。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0033-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图1-32&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;点隙</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0033-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图1-33&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;斜面</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(六)牙体测量应用名词</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.牙的长度(图1-34)</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;由最高牙尖的牙尖顶至最长根尖顶的垂直距离。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)牙冠的长度:在牙的唇(颊)、舌面上由牙冠切端最凸点或最高牙尖顶至颈缘最凸点之间的垂直距离,即牙冠的切龈(颈)径或<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />龈(颈)径。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)牙根的长度:在牙的唇(颊)舌面上由颈缘线最凸点至最长根尖顶的垂直距离。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.牙冠的宽度(图1-35)</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙冠近远中面上最凸点间的水平距离,即牙冠的近远中径。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.牙冠的厚度(图1-36)</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;指牙冠的唇(颊)面与舌面最凸点间的水平距离即牙冠的唇(颊)舌中径。
                    </p>
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                <div class="footer-container">015</div>
            </div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="25">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(25) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0034-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图1-34&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙长度</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0034-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图1-35&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙冠宽度</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0034-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图1-36&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙冠厚度</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、任务实施</h3>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.牙齿组成分类表</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用表格总结牙齿的组成与分类(表1-7)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表1-7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙齿的组成与分类</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0034-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.牙齿的解剖标志表</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用表格总结牙齿的解剖标志(表1-8)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表1-8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙体的解剖特点</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0034-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
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                <footer class="footerstyle">016</footer>
            </div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="26">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(26) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;基础知识与基本技能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、任务评价</h3>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表1-9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙齿组成与分类描述评价表</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0035-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0023-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">牙本质的形成</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        在生理性情况下,按牙本质形成的时期的不同,可以将牙本质分为原发性牙本质和继发性牙本质两类。原发性牙本质是牙齿发育过程中形成的牙本质,构成牙齿的主体结构;继发性牙本质是牙根发育完成后形成的牙本质。牙齿萌出后,成牙本质细胞在髓腔壁持续形成薄层牙本质,导致髓腔随年龄增长逐渐狭窄。此外病理情况下,当牙冠受到龋病或其他病损刺激时,牙髓中的成牙本质细胞受到刺激,在损伤对应区域形成不规则牙本质小管结构,即修复性牙本质,隔离刺激以保护牙髓。
                    </p>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;基本技能操作</h2>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0035-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" /></div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、任务导入</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        在进行牙体形态学习时,常需要进行牙体测量及牙体雕刻。由于游标卡尺的精准度较高、测量方便,常用来进行牙体测量。而进行牙体雕刻时,则用石膏切刀、石膏雕刻刀相互配合来完成。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、任务分析</h3>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.游标卡尺的使用</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;游标卡尺的组成:包括主尺、游标、内测量爪、外侧量爪、深度尺和固定螺丝(图1-37)。
                    </p>
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">017</div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="27">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(27) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0036-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图1-37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;游标卡尺的组成</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)测量方法:一手捏住被测量物体,一手握住游标卡尺的主尺身,手指指腹顶着游标,将测量物体卡在固定测量爪之间或深度尺顶在最低点,然后卡紧被测物体,将固定螺丝拧紧,读取数据。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)标尺的测量范围及精准度:游标卡尺的主尺上的标度为测量范围,游标副尺上的为精确度。</p>
                    <p class="content">以图1-38为例,测量范围是0~150mm,精确度是0.02mm。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0036-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图1-38&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;游标卡尺测量范围</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)数据读取方法</p>
                    <p class="content">1)先读取游标尺刻度0刻度线在主尺刻度的数值。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)再读主尺刻度与游标尺成一条直线处的数值。从游标尺的0刻度线向后数到直线处共有几个格为N,数值=N*精确度。</p>
                    <p class="content">3)将两值相加就是该物体的数据。</p>
                    <p class="content">如图1-39所示:游标上的0刻度线刚好与主尺上的一条刻度线呈一条直线,故数据读写为10.00mm。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        如图1-40所示:游标上的0刻度线在主尺的9.00~10.00mm刻度线,从游标尺的0刻度线向后第33格的线与主尺上的线呈一条直线,故数据读写为9.00+(33×0.02)=9.66(mm)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0036-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图1-39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;游标卡尺读数(1)</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0036-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图1-40&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;游标卡尺读数(2)</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
 
                </div>
                <footer class="footerstyle">018</footer>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="28">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(28) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;基础知识与基本技能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="content">(4)恒牙测量的项目和方法</p>
                    <p class="content">1)牙体测量的项目</p>
                    <p class="content">牙全长:单根牙为从牙切缘或牙尖顶至根尖末端的距离,多根牙为最高牙尖顶至最长牙根根尖末端的距离。</p>
                    <p class="content">牙冠长:从牙切缘或牙尖顶至颈缘线最低点的距离。</p>
                    <p class="content">牙根长:从颈缘线最低点至根尖末端的距离。</p>
                    <p class="content">牙冠宽:牙冠近中、远中面上最突点之间的水平距离,是牙冠最宽的区域。</p>
                    <p class="content">牙颈宽:颈缘处,近中面与远中面之间的水平距离。</p>
                    <p class="content">牙冠厚:牙冠唇(颊)面、舌面上最突点之间的水平距离,是牙冠最厚的区域。</p>
                    <p class="content">牙颈厚:颈缘处,唇(颊)面与舌面之间的水平距离。</p>
                    <p class="content">牙颈曲线(颈曲度):牙冠颈缘分别向根端或切(<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />)端突出的弧形高度,用颈缘线最低点到最高点的垂直距离来表示。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        2)牙体测量的方法:一手握持游标卡尺,另一手握持离体牙,然后移动游标,依据测量的范围固定好固定螺丝,然后读出测量数据。分别测量不同部位的牙齿,并做好记录(图1-41)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0037-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图1-41&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙体测量</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.前牙牙全长;B.后牙牙全长;C.牙冠长;D.牙根长;E.牙冠宽;F.牙颈宽;G.牙冠宽;H.牙颈厚。</p>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">019</div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="29">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(29) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0038-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图1-41&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(续图)</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.雕刻刀具的使用</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;雕刻刀具:石膏切刀(大刀)(图1-42)、石膏雕刻刀(小刀)(图1-43)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0038-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图1-42&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;石膏切刀</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0038-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图1-43&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;石膏雕刻刀</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(1)执笔式:是口腔操作中最常用的一种方式。用拇指、示指和中指握持刀具,无名指在雕刻时用作支持手指(大刀和小刀均适用,更多用于精细雕刻)(图1-44)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0038-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图1-44&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;执笔式</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)握持式:将刀柄握在一手的除大拇指外的四根手指内,大拇指用作控制刀的作用。用刀时刀刃对着雕刻物,同时另一只手拿雕刻物,此手的大拇指推刀进行切削(图1-45)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0038-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图1-45&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;握持式</p>
                    </div>
 
                </div>
                <footer class="footerstyle">020</footer>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="30">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(30) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;基础知识与基本技能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、任务实施</h3>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.使用游标卡尺对牙体各数据进行测量,并填写在表1-10中。</span></p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表1-10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;测量牙位</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0039-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.使用膏切刀切削平面的练习</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)选择石膏块:选择大小适宜的石膏立方体。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)定点描线:在石膏任意一个面上的两个线角上标记A、B两点,并将A、B两点对称转移至相对面的线角上,标记为C、D两点,分别用直线连接A点和B点、A点和C点、B点和D点、C点和D点(图1-46)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(3)平面切割:使用石膏切刀沿标记线进行切割,使之形成一个平面。注意应保留标记线。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)检验切割效果:可将石膏切刀的刀刃垂直置于切割完成的平面上,当刀刃的各处都能无缝贴合到平面上时,表明该平面已切割到位(图1-47)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0039-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图1-46&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;按标记线段切除</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0039-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图1-47&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切割完成后的平面检测</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">021</div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="31">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(31) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.使用雕刻刀切削曲线的练习</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)选择石膏块:选择大小适宜的石膏立方体。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)描线曲线:在任意一石膏面上描绘一条“S”形曲线,并在距离该曲线两侧各1mm处描绘相同走向的两条曲线。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)曲线切割:使用雕刻刀延中间的“S”形曲线进行切削,形成一条宽约1mm,深约1mm的浅沟(图1-48)。将雕刻刀的刀尖指向已经成形的浅沟,倾斜放置成45°,并由此进行雕刻(图1-49)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(4)雕刻要求:雕刻形成的浅沟深度、宽度一致,且平滑顺畅(图1-50)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0040-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图1-48&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;浅沟雕刻</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0040-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图1-49&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;沟的短斜面雕刻</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0040-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图1-50&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;沟的形态雕刻完成</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、任务评价</h3>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表1-11&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;雕刻工具使用评价表</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0040-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0023-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">3D打印在齿科的应用</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        使用雕刻刀进行切削相当于在做“减法”,而使用“加法”的3D打印在牙科产品的生产中应用越来越广泛,3D打印技术通过数字化扫描和建模,可以达到‌微米级误差复刻牙齿的解剖细节(如牙尖、窝沟等),对于牙冠、固定桥等修复体的<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面,3D打印可精准还原轴面及咬合关系,避免传统铸造工艺的尺寸偏差。在现阶段3D打印已经实现全瓷材料和金属材料的打印,在口腔正畸中隐形矫治器的制作、全口义齿修复中全口义齿的设计生产已广泛使用,实现了个性化的设计和生产,大大简化了生产流程。
                    </p>
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            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(32) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;基础知识与基本技能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0041-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="right-info">(董海岛&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;李少华)</p>
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">023</div>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>
</template>
 
 
<script>
export default {
    name: "chapterOne",
    props: {
        showPageList: {
            type: Array,
        },
        data() {
            return {};
        },
    },
};
</script>
 
<style></style>