zhongshujie
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<template>
    <div class="chapter" num="8">
        <div class="page-box" page="101">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(101) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <span class="header-right"></span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h1 class="firstTitle-l">项目六&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;弯制支架制作工艺技术</h1>
 
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0023-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)具备较强的逻辑思维,从支架材料选择、弯制工具使用和制作流程设计等方面,对多样的弯制支架制作工艺形成系统的认识。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)具备严谨扎实的工作态度和不断探索的科学精神,结合口腔材料学、口腔修复学和生物力学知识,正确完成弯制支架的制作,正确指导临床进行义齿佩戴与调整。</p>
                    <p class="center">.......................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:锻丝卡环及支架的弯制技术、锻丝卡环和支架的制作要求。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:不同锻丝卡环的作用。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:弯制锻丝卡环的器械、材料。</p>
                    <p class="center">.......................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)能够根据口腔修复设计方案,独立完成支架整体结构的构思与规划,并根据牙齿模型或患者口腔实际情况,独立选择卡环的类型,设计形态与位置,确保卡环能为义齿提供良好的固位、稳定和支持作用。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)能够熟练运用弯丝钳、技工钳等专业工具,准确地对卡环丝进行弯制操作。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0112-01.jpg" style="width:30%" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="content">
                        弯制支架的制作是指按照义齿设计的要求,利用各种器械对成品不锈钢丝和金属杆进行冷加工,形成各种卡环、连接体,并将弯制好的部件连接部分延伸至树脂基托中连接成一个整体的过程。采用弯制法制作的卡环、大连接体等具有弹性好、易于调改、价格低廉等优点。这种包含锻丝卡环、成品金属杆,以及人工牙和树脂基托的可摘局部义齿,即弯制支架式可摘局部义齿(图6-1)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0112-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图6-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;弯制支架式可摘局部义齿</p>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <footer class="footerstyle">092</footer>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="102">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(102) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目六&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;弯制支架制作工艺技术</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;锻丝卡环的弯制</h2>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        患者,女,60岁。因下颌双侧多颗后牙缺失前来就诊。检查发现下颌左侧56缺失,下颌右侧6缺失。剩余牙齿轻度磨耗,牙龈轻度萎缩,牙槽嵴吸收程度中等,口腔卫生状况一般,余留牙无明显松动,咬合关系基本正常,要求行可摘局部义齿修复。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">1.在弯制卡环时,怎样调整卡环臂的长度、弧度,确保义齿稳定?</p>
                    <p class="content">2.在弯制过程中,怎样控制卡环各部位形态,使其贴合基牙且不损伤余留牙?</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        秉持严谨认真的态度,运用专业知识,精确分析,结合患者口腔卫生状况进行卡环合理设计,精准弯制锻丝卡环的角度和弧度,避免损伤余留牙与牙龈,确保义齿稳定,提升义齿修复效果,以满足患者当前的义齿修复需求。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【知识链接】</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        锻丝卡环作为弯制支架的关键部件,其弯制工艺直接影响着义齿的固位、稳定与功能。锻丝卡环弯制是一项精细且极具挑战性的技术操作,它要求口腔修复技师凭借精湛的技艺与丰富的经验,将金属丝巧妙地弯曲塑型。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、锻丝卡环的优缺点</h3>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)优点</p>
                    <p class="content">1.卡环臂弹性大,对基牙负担小,减轻对基牙的侧向力,可避免过度损伤基牙。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.卡环臂较细,可进入倒凹较深,避免金属过度暴露,美观性较好。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)缺点</p>
                    <p class="content">1.因卡环臂弹性过大,卡抱作用减小,影响义齿的稳定性。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.锻丝横截面为圆形,且由卡环臂尖端到卡环体粗细相等,异物感强,且卡环臂起始部位容易应力集中折断。</p>
 
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">093</div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="103">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(103) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">可摘局部义齿工艺技术</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="content">3.密合性较差。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、锻丝卡环的制作要求</h3>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)整体要求</p>
                    <p class="content">1.严格按照义齿的最终设计要求进行手工弯制。在弯制过程中检查卡环与模型的贴合状况时,不得磨损石膏模型。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.弯制卡环时,用技工钳夹持、固定钢丝的一端,另一端用手指推弯钢丝成型。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.卡环的弯制顺序一般是从唇/颊侧或舌侧的卡环尖端开始,由卡环臂至卡环体,再到小连接体。当采用整体法弯制时顺序相反。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.卡环臂应呈光滑连续的弧形,弹性部分应进入倒凹区的适当部位,卡环体及坚硬部分应位于基牙非倒凹区,并与工作模型上的基牙密合,以免影响就位和稳定。</p>
                    <p class="content">5.卡环最好一次弯制完成,尽量避免在同一部位反复钳夹或弯折扭转钢丝,以防卡环折断。</p>
                    <p class="content">6.卡环臂的尖端应用锉刀或磨石调磨圆钝,防止义齿摘戴时刺伤口腔组织。卡环尖端不应顶靠邻牙,避免就位时出现障碍。</p>
                    <p class="content">7.卡环的转弯处应圆滑,并且要避免不必要的拐角。</p>
                    <p class="content">8.卡环各组成部分均不能影响咬合,卡环连接体(小连接体)水平部分应距离模型0.5~1.0mm,以便能被基托材料完全包埋。</p>
                    <p class="content">9.卡环、支托、小连接体应用焊锡或自凝树脂固定在一起,连接固定部位应能被完全包埋在基托材料中。</p>
                    <p class="content">10.隙卡的卡环体位于外展隙,与基牙上预备的隙卡沟密合,卡环体和卡环臂交界的部分位于颊外展隙,以免影响咬合。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)具体要求</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.卡环臂要求</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)位置和形状:卡环臂尖应位于基牙倒凹区,一般在外形高点线以下0.25~0.50mm处。其形状要与基牙颊(舌)面外形贴合,以提供良好的固位力,同时避免过度深入倒凹而不易摘戴。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)弹性和硬度:要有适当弹性,使卡环在义齿摘戴过程中能够发生弹性变形,进入和离开倒凹区。但弹性不能过大,否则会导致固位力不足。还要有适当硬度使其在口腔环境中能长期保持形状,不会因为反复变形而折断。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.卡环体要求</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)位置:卡环体要位于基牙的非倒凹区,不妨碍咬合,并且与基牙的贴合要紧密,稳定地环抱基牙,这样能增强义齿的稳定性。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)与邻牙关系:与邻牙要有适当接触,防止食物嵌塞,同时也有助于义齿在口腔内的整体稳定,不过不能压迫邻牙,以免引起邻牙移位或损伤。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                                alt="" />支托要求</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)位置:一般放置在基牙的近远中边缘嵴上,磨牙的<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />支托长度约为近远中径的1/4,前磨牙约为1/3。<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />支托窝的深度应该适当,使<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />支托能充分发挥支持作用,传导咬合力。</p>
 
                </div>
                <footer class="footerstyle">094</footer>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="104">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(104) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目六&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;弯制支架制作工艺技术</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">(2)形态:<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />支托呈三角形或匙形,底面与基牙长轴垂直,其轴线与<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />支托凹底面的垂线的角度应小于90°,能更好地传导垂直向的咬合力,避免对基牙产生侧向力而造成损伤。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、锻丝卡环弯制的材料</h3>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)弯制卡环材料</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        圆形的不同直径的牙科用不锈钢丝,大多为18-8镍铬不锈钢制品。其具有良好的生物安全性、对口腔组织无不良刺激、机械性能好、坚硬而富有弹性、抗腐蚀性能良好等特点。釆用何种粗细的不锈钢丝应根据基牙牙冠大小,以及基牙稳固的情况进行选择。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)弯制<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />支托材料
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">半圆形的牙科用不锈钢丝或牙科用不锈钢扁钢丝。常用不锈钢丝的规格和用途如表6-1所示。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表6-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;常用不锈钢丝规格和用途</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0115-04.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、锻丝卡环弯制的器械</h3>
                    <p class="content">弯制锻丝卡环的器械有三德钳、三叉钳、平头钳、梯形钳、日月钳、切断钳等(图6-2)。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)三德钳</p>
                    <p class="content">三德钳又名三用钳,是口腔修复技工最常用、一钳多能的器械,用于弯制各种卡环。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.结构</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;嘴的背部较宽,头部逐渐变细而圆,并有齿纹用以稳固夹住金属丝。嘴的腹部有切刃,可切断钢丝。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.作用</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;腹部的圆孔可用于直径2.0mm以下金属丝的转弯。钳的两侧背部外形,可便于钢丝的圆缓或直角转弯。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.特点</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;优点是能稳定夹持金属丝。缺点是易在钢丝上留下钳痕,造成金属丝损伤。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)三叉钳</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.结构</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;三叉钳又名小三头钳,有三个喙,一侧两个,另一侧一个。
                    </p>
 
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                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.作用</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;其作用与日月钳相同,主要用在金属丝的较短距离上,做较大角度的弯曲,如弯制卡环的连接体和加强丝。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.特点</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;对金属丝损伤较大,金属丝上常有钳夹痕迹。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(三)平头钳</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.结构</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;两嘴长而扁平,根据在两嘴的接触面上是否有齿纹分为有齿平头钳和无齿平头钳两类。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.作用</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;主要用于调整金属丝的弯曲度,靠拢两金属丝之间的距离,也可用于弯制<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />支托。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.特点</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;易于弯曲任何形状,固定钢丝已弯制成型的部分,在卡环臂部位尽量使用无齿平头钳,避免在钢丝上留下齿痕。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(四)梯形钳</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.结构</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;钳喙细长弯曲,尖端精细,钳喙形状接近梯形,相对宽且厚实。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.作用</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;常用于弯制小圈曲、垂直曲等精细弯曲,更适合夹持和扭转弓丝,或对弓丝进行大幅度弯曲和调整,能提供更强夹持力,避免过度损伤弓丝。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.特点</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;夹持力强,操作稳定且对弓丝损伤小。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(五)日月钳</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.结构</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;钳嘴的横断面一侧为圆形,一侧为新月形。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.作用</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;主要用于弯制卡环、<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />支托和调整连接杆弧度等。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.特点</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;弯制时较为省力,对金属丝损伤小,但不如弯丝钳灵活。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(六)切断钳</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.结构</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;嘴较短,两刃锋相对。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.作用</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用于切断金属丝。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.特点</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切口平整、无过多毛刺,功能专一、针对性强,能精准切断所需长度的金属丝。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0116-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图6-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;弯制锻丝卡环的器械</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.三德钳;B.三叉钳;C.平头钳;D.梯形钳;E.日月钳;F.切断钳。</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目六&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;弯制支架制作工艺技术</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">五、锻丝卡环的弯制方法</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0117-01.jpg" style="width:30%" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)单臂卡环的弯制</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        单臂卡环用在直接固位体的基牙上,紧靠缺牙间隙,此类卡环只有一个卡环臂,位于基牙的唇颊面,其末端弹性较大部分进入倒凹区起固位作用。相应地,在基牙的舌腭侧设计基托进行对抗。这类卡环无支持作用。具体弯制方法如下。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        选取20号或21号不锈钢丝,先将钢丝的尖端磨圆钝。左手持不锈钢丝,右手握持平头钳,夹住钢丝的末端,左手拇指放在钢丝下面,两手同时缓慢地反方向转动,形成钢丝末端的弧形。在模型上比试并进行适当的调整,使其最终与基牙的唇轴面轮廓吻合。然后在需要转弯的地方用红色铅笔标记。将钳子夹在记号的稍后处,左手拇指压钢丝向下弯曲,再用钳子夹住卡环连接体转弯处,顺连接体走向弯曲。在模型上比试看转弯是否合适。必要时可用日月钳进行调改,但切忌反复调改。一般来说,卡环的连接体与基牙的邻面应有大约0.5mm的间隙,与模型的其他部分应相距0.5~1.0mm。完成后,用蜡将卡环固定在模型上(图6-3)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0117-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图6-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;单臂卡环的弯制</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">A.比试;B.完成。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)双臂卡环的弯制</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0117-03.jpg" style="width:30%" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="content">双臂卡环多用于松动基牙,也可用于咬合紧无法设计出支托凹位置的病例。在基牙的颊舌面各有一臂,颊侧为固位臂,舌侧为对抗臂。双臂卡环的弯制有单线法和双线法两种。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.单线法</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;又称整体法,即采用一根钢丝连续弯曲卡环臂及小连接体而完成整个卡环的弯制方法。与双线法相比,单线法对操作者的弯制要求较高。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        采用平头钳或日月钳将卡环位于缺隙部位的连接体弯成U形,再将U形钢丝向上弯曲,斜行至基牙邻面导线上。在钢丝的转弯处标记,用平头钳夹住标记处的稍后处,用左手指加压钢丝,使颊侧钢丝弯向基牙的颊侧,按卡环线的走向形成与颊面密合的颊侧固位臂。同样的方法弯制舌侧的对抗臂(图6-4)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.双线法</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;又称分体法,即采用两根钢丝分别弯制唇/颊侧卡环臂及舌侧卡环臂的方法。与整体法相比,易于弯制,密合性好,多被采用。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)颊侧卡环的弯制:先从颊侧的卡环臂尖端开始弯制,沿模型上卡环线的走向弯向卡环体,卡环体的高度不得超过基牙的边缘嵴。之后弯制小连接体的垂直部及水平部,要求同单臂卡环。</p>
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                    <p class="content">(2)舌侧卡环的弯制:方法同颊侧卡环的弯制。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)最后对卡环整体进行研磨抛光。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0118-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图6-4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;双臂卡环的弯制</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.小连接体的弯制;B.卡环的弯制;C.完成。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(三)三臂卡环的弯制</p>
                    <p class="content">三臂卡环包括颊侧臂、舌侧臂及<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />支托,是最常用的卡环种类。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                                alt="" />支托的弯制</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;弯制<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />支托的工具可选平头钳和日月钳,选用牙用不锈钢扁钢丝,弯制方法有两种。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)方法一:从一端基牙的<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />面弯至另一端基牙的<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />面(图6-5)。其弯制步骤如下。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0118-07.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图6-5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />支托的弯制方法一</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                                alt="" />支托降部的弯制;B.<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                                alt="" />支托水平部的弯制;C.完成。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">1)弯制前先将<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />支托钢丝的一端磨圆钝,右手持技工钳,左手持钢丝。弯制时,用技工钳夹持一段与<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />支托凹长度相等的钢丝,然后将其向下弯曲成钝角,目的是使<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />支托的小连接体垂直段不进入牙冠邻面的倒凹区。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)根据缺隙区牙冠的高度,在距牙槽嵴0.5~1.0mm处做记号,将钢丝呈水平方向弯向另一端,且与牙槽嵴顶平行。</p>
                    <p class="content">3)在该水平段按缺隙区近远中距减短2~3mm,将末端钢丝向上弯曲,与水平段成约120°的夹角,形成第三个弯曲。</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">项目六&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;弯制支架制作工艺技术</span>
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                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">4)在模型上比试、调整,使钢丝与另一端<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />支托凹边缘轻轻接触,再做记号,将末端钢丝弯向<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />支托凹方向。</p>
                    <p class="content">5)根据该<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />支托凹的长度切断钢丝的多余部分,并将<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />支托钢丝的末端磨圆钝,调整<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />支托,使其与<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />支托凹密合。</p>
                    <p class="content">6)在工作模型上滴蜡固定<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />支托,注意蜡不能影响咬合和后面卡环的弯制以及焊接,一般在小连接体的垂直段滴蜡固定。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)方法二:先弯制<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />支托的连接体,再弯制<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />支托部分。其弯制步骤如下。</p>
                    <p class="content">1)首先目测缺牙间隙大小,在<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />支托钢丝上取稍小于缺牙间隙近远中距离的一段钢丝,两端向上弯曲,弯曲角度约60°,形成<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />支托连接体的水平段,且离开牙槽嵴顶0.5~1.0mm。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)放在模型上比试,调整两端钢丝,形成<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />支托连接体的垂直段,使钢丝与两端支托凹边缘轻轻接触,做记号,将末端钢丝向下弯曲形成<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />支托。</p>
                    <p class="content">3)再次在模型上比试、调整,使<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />支托与<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />支托凹贴合,切断多余钢丝,并将<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />支托末端磨成圆三角形,调整,使其与<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />支托凹进一步贴合。</p>
                    <p class="content">4)在垂直段处用蜡将<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />支托固定在模型上(图6-6)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0119-19.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图6-6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />支托弯制方法二</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                                alt="" />支托水平部弯制;B.比试;C.加蜡固定。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.颊侧卡环的弯制</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)卡环臂的弯制:选取合适直径的不锈钢丝,先将钢丝末端打磨圆钝。用技工钳的钳缘在夹住钢丝的末端向外下旋转用力,并用左手拇指向下按压钢丝,将钢丝弯曲形成U形,U形的大小和形状要根据基牙的大小和形状调整,放在模型上比试,使弧形和基牙的卡环线一致。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)卡环体的弯制:卡环臂弯制完成后,在转弯处用红色铅笔标记,右手握技工钳,钳喙放在卡环弧形的外侧,钳喙与弧形约成30°,夹紧卡环靠近转弯的标记处。也可以在靠近转弯的标记处用弯丝钳夹紧弧面,这样容易控制钢丝,适用于弯制卡环臂弧度较小的卡环,用右手的大拇指固定卡环臂,用中指和环指夹住钢丝,以食指和中指用力将钢丝向龈方压,使其成120°的转弯,然后将钳子反转,夹住转弯处,使钢丝向内(操作者方向)、向上弯曲。
                    </p>
                    <div class="floatPic-40">
                        <img class="openImgBox t100" src="../../assets/images/0119-25.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;三臂卡环</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)连接体的弯制&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;首先目测<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />龈距离,在适当的位置将钢丝微向上弯曲,使之与<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />支托的水平段平行,形成连接体的水平段,然后将其放在模型上比试,在适当的位置标记,再用弯制钳将钢丝向上做约90°的弯曲,形成连接体的上升段,并搭在<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />支托的连接体上。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.舌侧卡环的弯制</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;方法同颊侧卡环的弯制(图6-7)。</p>
 
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                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">可摘局部义齿工艺技术</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(四)Ⅱ型卡环的弯制</p>
                    <p class="content">又称分臂卡环或倒钩卡环,适用于颊侧为Ⅱ型导线的基牙。其位于基牙的颊面,卡环尖端止于基牙颊面近缺隙侧的倒凹区。有条件者,这类卡环最好用铸造法来制作。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.弯制卡环臂</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用卡环钳夹住钢丝一端,先弯出一个小的弯曲,这个弯曲的位置一般在基牙的近中或者远中边缘嵴处,用于贴合基牙边缘嵴的起始部分。从起始弯曲开始,将钢丝顺着基牙颊侧(或舌侧)外形高点线稍下方弯制。Ⅱ型卡环臂有分臂的特点,要注意弯出一个类似“U”形的转折部分,转折处应圆滑过渡,避免形成锐角,这个部分主要是为了更好地进入基牙倒凹区来提供固位力。继续弯制,使钢丝末端能够合适地进入基牙颊侧(或舌侧)的倒凹区,但深度要适宜,一般在0.25~0.50mm,以保证良好的固位效果并且能顺利摘戴义齿。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.弯制卡环体</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在弯制好卡环臂后,将钢丝在基牙邻面非倒凹区弯制卡环体部分。卡环体应与基牙邻面紧密贴合,不能有缝隙,并且要保证有足够的强度来稳定卡环结构。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.弯制连接体</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;卡环体完成后,在基牙邻面合适位置弯制连接体。连接体要离开牙龈少许,一般至少0.5mm,呈扁平状,并且其走向要不妨碍咬合关系,确保在口腔功能运动过程中不会对口腔组织和咬合造成不良影响。在整个弯制过程中,要不断将卡环放在模型上检查贴合度和位置是否合适,如有不合适的地方要及时调整。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(五)圈形卡环的弯制</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        为三臂卡环的一种变形。多用于向近中舌侧或近中颊侧倾斜的远中孤立的磨牙上。卡环的游离端位于基牙颊侧或舌侧的倒凹区内起固位作用,而位于舌侧或颊侧的非倒凹区部分起对抗臂作用。</p>
                    <p class="content">由于圈形卡环卡臂较长,故可选择粗一些的不锈钢丝(直径1.0mm)进行弯制,或用树脂基托包埋固定起对抗作用的钢丝。</p>
                    <div class="floatPic-40l">
                        <img class="openImgBox t100" src="../../assets/images/0120-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图6-8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;圈形卡环的弯制</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">在弯制圈形卡环之前,同法弯制<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />支托并固定。然后可从圈形卡环的固位臂开始进行弯制。若基牙向近中舌侧倾斜,卡环则从舌侧倒凹区开始弯制,并沿基牙的远中面至颊侧轴面。卡臂在颊面的位置,以不影响与对颌牙的咬合为准。卡环由颊面转入基牙近中的缺隙区内,与支托连接体相连。若基牙向近中颊侧倾斜,弯制方法相同,但方向则与上述相反。在弯制圈形卡环时,注意轴面角转弯处应准确,角度要合适。另外,由于圈形卡环在模型上比试的次数较多,注意不要磨损石膏基牙(图6-8)。
                    </p>
 
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">详见表6-2。</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目六&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;弯制支架制作工艺技术</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
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                    <p class="imgtitle">表6-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;可摘局部义齿锻丝卡环的弯制任务评价</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0121-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0043-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">卡环弯制的要点</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">卡环弯制要点可概括为“三定一控制”。</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">可摘局部义齿工艺技术</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="quotation">1.“三定”</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(1)定位:确定卡环在基牙上的位置。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(2)定点:确定在何处转弯,用红蓝铅笔准确地做上标记,钳夹的位置略在标记以下,使得转弯恰在标记处。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(3)定向:牢记卡环各部位在基牙上的位置、走行方向,做到心中有数,转弯时固定卡环,勿使其转动。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">2.“一控制”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;控制好转弯时用力的大小。</p>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;支架的弯制</h2>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        患者,女,60岁。因下颌双侧多颗后牙缺失前来就诊。检查发现下颌左侧67缺失,下颌右侧567缺失。剩余牙齿轻度磨耗,牙龈轻度萎缩,牙槽嵴吸收程度中等,口腔卫生状况一般,余留牙无明显松动,咬合关系基本正常,要求行可摘局部义齿修复。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">1.针对患者口腔状况,如何弯制支架,确保其与余留牙及牙龈贴合?</p>
                    <p class="content">2.怎样设计与弯制支架的连接体和加强丝,以增强义齿稳定性?</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        基于患者口腔卫生情况,凭借扎实专业知识,设计出便于清洁的支架结构,以便患者日常维护口腔卫生,降低口腔疾病风险。运用精湛技术精确弯制,确保支架能合理分散咬合力,有效避免因设计不当加重余留牙与牙槽嵴负担。同时,向患者解释支架弯制原理,以及其对义齿稳定性、耐用性的重要影响,以便患者理解并积极配合后续的义齿修复流程。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【知识链接】</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、弯制支架的制作要求</h3>
                    <p class="content">弯制支架通常是由卡环、连接杆及基托等部分组成,其制作的总体要求如下。</p>
                    <p class="content">1.按照义齿共同就位道的设计,合理设计卡环各部分的位置及走向。</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目六&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;弯制支架制作工艺技术</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">2.合理布置卡环小连接体的位置及大小,使其既能与基托牢固连接,也不影响人工牙的排列。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.选择大小、形态合适、强度足够的成品连接杆作为大连接体。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.弯制好的连接杆放置在恰当的位置,不影响舌的运动,同时尽量减轻异物感。</p>
                    <p class="content">5.弯制好的连接杆与口腔软组织保持适当的距离,使义齿行使功能时既不压迫软组织,也不会导致食物嵌塞。</p>
                    <p class="content">6.弯制的卡环、连接杆的连接部分应与塑料基托连接牢固,并且包埋在基托的中央。基托的形态、大小及位置应设计恰当。</p>
                    <p class="content">7.弯制支架的各个连接部分都应保持光滑,卡环游离端应圆钝。</p>
                    <p class="content">8.弯制支架制作时,要求工作模型上<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架,以便保持上下颌正确的颌位关系,支架的任何部分都不能影响上下颌的咬合运动。</p>
                    <p class="content">9.弯制过程中任何步骤都不能损伤工作模型。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、弯制支架的材料及器械</h3>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)常用材料</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        主要有不锈钢丝以及成品连接杆。目前我国使用的制作卡环的不锈钢丝大多为18-8铬镍不锈钢的锻制品,其具有良好的抗腐蚀性,对口腔组织无不良刺激,机械性能好,坚硬而富有弹性。根据基牙牙冠的大小可以选择不同规格的不锈钢丝。磨牙卡环常用直径0.9mm或1.0mm的不锈钢丝;前磨牙选择直径0.9mm或0.8mm的不锈钢丝;前牙多选择直径0.8mm的不锈钢丝;<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />支托选用1.2mm的扁钢丝。连接杆有不锈钢成品腭杆、舌杆两种,一般分为大、中、小三个型号。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)常用器械</p>
                    <p class="content">常用技工钳有三德钳、三头钳、平头钳、日月钳、尖头钳、切断钳、弯杆钳等,临床上根据支架的要求选择使用。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(三)<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架</p>
                    <p class="content">在弯制支架以前,首先应检查工作模型,去除模型表面尤其是<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />面和基牙上石膏瘤。然后将检查修整好的模型,按照其咬合关系记录上<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架,以保证弯制时模型具备正确的颌位关系。并用有色笔在上下颌模型相应部位画出支架和卡环的正确位置。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、弯制支架的制作方法</h3>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)常用的弯制连接杆</p>
                    <p class="content">常用的弯制连接杆有腭杆和舌杆,通过金属成品杆弯制而成。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        成品连接杆中间较厚,两端较薄,末端有孔,或呈锯齿状,便于与塑料的连接,其尺寸大小有大、中、小三种型号。常用的有位于上颌腭侧的腭连接杆和位于下颌舌侧的舌连接杆。腭杆宽3.5~4.0mm,厚约1.3mm,成品腭杆一般只做后腭杆。成品舌杆的横断面为半梨形,宽2.5~3.0mm,厚1.5~2.0mm。
                    </p>
 
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                    <span class="header-right">可摘局部义齿工艺技术</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)常用的弯制工具</p>
                    <p class="content">一般为弯杆钳、大日月钳、平头钳和切断钳等。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(三)弯制连接杆的要求和注意事项</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1.连接杆与黏膜的接触关系因义齿的支持形式不同而不同。牙支持式义齿,连接杆可与黏膜轻轻接触;混合支持式义齿,其杆与黏膜间应有约0.5mm左右的间隙,以免义齿受力下沉时压迫黏膜。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        2.在弯制过程中,连接杆在模型上要轻轻比试接触,以免损坏模型。另外,为保护模型不受到磨损,使连接杆与黏膜间有一定的间隙,可在放置连接杆的部位均匀地铺衬一层约0.5mm厚的基托蜡或粘一层胶布,但间隙不能过大,否则有可能会导致食物嵌塞或导致患者不适等不良反应。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">3.连接杆不能进入黏膜组织和天然牙的倒凹区,以免影响义齿的摘戴。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.弯制时不能在一处反复弯曲,以免造成连接杆的折断。</p>
                    <p class="content">5.连接杆的两端应离开模型0.5~1.0mm,以便为塑料所包埋。并与卡环或支托的连接体靠近,以便于焊接或自凝塑料胶固定,防止填塞塑料时连接杆移位。</p>
                    <p class="content">6.连接杆弯制完成后,应适当打磨抛光,将连接杆表面的钳痕磨除。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(四)成品连接杆的弯制方法</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.成品腭杆的弯制</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;选择大小合适的成品腭杆一个,用平头钳或弯杆钳进行弯制。后腭杆的位置应在上颌硬区之后、颤动线之前,将腭杆在该部位模型上比试,通常先从腭部中间开始弯制,要求其中间与模型轻轻贴合,可用大日月钳或弯杆钳形成适当的腭杆弧度,并使之与模型均匀接触。然后再沿其中间向两侧分别弯制,使之与模型适合,腭杆两末端应微向前弯,位于第一、二磨牙之间,并离开模型约1mm,以包埋在基托中。两端应与卡环、支托的连接体适当接触,以便焊接固定。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.成品舌杆的弯制</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;弯制方法与腭杆基本相同。舌杆一般位于下前牙舌侧龈缘与口底之间,不妨碍舌的功能活动,舌杆不能进入舌侧的组织倒凹区,舌连接杆与模型的接触关系应根据义齿的支持形式和下前牙舌侧牙槽嵴的形态而定。倒凹形者,杆应位于倒凹之上;垂直形者,杆与黏膜可以轻轻接触;斜坡形者,如为牙支持式者可轻轻接触,如为混合支持式者则应离开黏膜0.5mm。连接杆弯制完成后磨去弯制时留下的钳痕,将其用蜡固定在模型上。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">详见表6-3。</p>
 
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目六&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;弯制支架制作工艺技术</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="imgtitle">表6-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;可摘局部义齿支架的弯制任务评价</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0125-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
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                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0126-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="right-info">(胡祖红)</p>
                </div>
                <footer class="footerstyle">106</footer>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>
</template>
 
<script>
export default {
    name: "chapterSeven",
    props: {
        showPageList: {
            type: Array,
        },
    },
}
</script>
 
<style lang="less" scoped></style>