zhongshujie
19 小时以前 e33672cf85da88d515d5fe6ccc0a139c3cfaa5db
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<template>
    <div class="chapter" num="7">
        <div class="page-box" page="83">
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                <div class="header">
                    <span class="header-right"></span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h1 class="firstTitle-l">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;模型观测与颌位关系记录</h1>
 
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0023-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)具有结构化的专业思维体系,能精准完成模型观测中观测线的绘制、基牙倒凹的测定,以及颌位关系的记录,在修复实践中培育全局把控思维,为义齿精密设计提供可靠支撑。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)树立精益求精的职业准则,在开展模型观测与颌位关系记录工作时,严格遵循操作规范,紧盯每项测量数据的精确性,将保障患者口腔功能与修复质量的理念贯穿全流程操作环节。</p>
                    <p class="center">.......................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:颌位关系记录的概念及确定颌位关系的方法、模型设计的原则、观测线和倒凹的定义。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架的种类及上平均值<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架的方法、观测仪的使用和填倒凹的方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:观测仪的结构和功能。</p>
                    <p class="center">.......................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)能够独立、精准地运用颌位关系转移的各类工具将颌位关系完美转移至<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架上。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)能灵活操作模型观测仪,并能依据观测数据为不同修复体方案提供可靠依据。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)能够针对颌位关系转移与模型观测中出现的各类问题,提出有效的应对策略。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0094-04.jpg" style="width:30%" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;模型观测</h2>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,男,65岁。因多颗后牙缺失前来就诊。口腔检查发现,患者上颌右侧567缺失、左侧456缺失,余留牙有不同程度的磨耗和牙龈退缩。要求制作可摘局部义齿。</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;模型观测与颌位关系记录</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">1.面对患者余留牙情况,如何利用模型观测确定最佳就位道,保证义齿固位与稳定?</p>
                    <p class="content">2.模型观测后,判断该患者属于哪一型观测线?倒凹区和非倒凹区的分布情况是怎样的?</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        对患者多颗牙齿缺失的复杂情况进行全面分析,秉持科学严谨的态度,运用专业知识和技能,细致入微地操作仪器,反复测量和评估,准确获取基牙倒凹数据,从而设计出最合适的卡环类型和位置,确保义齿就位顺利且摘戴方便。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【知识链接】</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        模型观测是指用连接到模型观测器垂直分析杆上的各种附件,对牙颌模型进行观测分析,通过检查各基牙及软组织的倒凹情况,确定可摘局部义齿的就位道,并用碳标记杆画出各基牙导线的过程。模型观测作为模型设计的重要内容之一,是确定修复治疗计划和可摘局部义齿最终设计的重要条件。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、观测仪</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        观测仪是用来分析和检查各基牙、余留牙、缺牙区牙槽嵴及口腔黏膜组织的情况,判断各部位倒凹的大小,来确定义齿共同就位道的一种仪器。使用观测仪对模型进行分析和设计,可以准确地取得义齿的共同就位道,实现临床医师对义齿的合理设计,提升修复效果。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)观测仪的结构</p>
                    <p class="content">不同的观测仪具有不同的结构,但都有共同的构件。观测仪一般由支架、观测台、分析杆及附件组成。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.支架</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;包括基座、支柱、横臂。基座又称平台,表面光滑有利于观测台在其上自由滑动,其上可放置观测台,并在一侧边缘与支柱相连。支柱又称为垂直支柱,位于基座的一侧,垂直于基座,并与横臂相连。横臂又叫水平杆,与支柱相连,与基座平行,横臂的一端上有多个活动关节,便于观测臂在水平方向灵活移动。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.观测台</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;放置在基座上,用来安放和固定模型,有一活动关节,能做旋转,可使台面做前后左右不同方向和角度的倾斜,从而使模型可以向需要的方向倾斜,倾斜度确定后可用台面下的旋钮固定。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.分析杆</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上端与横臂连接,且与之垂直,可垂直升降,下端附有一夹持器,可固定观测过程中需要的观测用具,分析杆也必须能流畅地进行升降运动。分析杆下面的工具夹用来固定观测仪的附件。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.附件</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;包括测量规、碳标记杆与笔芯鞘、成型刀、倒凹规、蜡刀、锥度规等。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)测量规:是使用观测仪操作时,先测量余留牙(特别是基牙)及牙槽嵴倒凹的状况,并用于决定义齿就位方向的直而细的金属棒。</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">可摘局部义齿工艺技术</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">(2)碳标记杆与笔芯鞘:碳标记杆为普通的铅笔芯,描记观测线时安装在分析杆上。为防止笔芯的折断,增加了套管状的金属鞘,称为笔芯鞘。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)成型刀:一端为圆柱状金属杆与分析杆连接,另一端为刀刃状,填塞倒凹后,使用成型刀去除过剩的石膏粉等填塞倒凹材料。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)倒凹规:是直而细的金属棒,前端带有金属盘,盘缘与金属棒间距有0.75mm、0.5mm、0.25mm三种常用规格,用于测量基牙倒凹的深度。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)蜡刀:与成型刀相似,用于填塞倒凹后,去除过剩的蜡等填塞倒凹材料。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (6)锥度规:一端为圆柱状金属杆与分析杆连接,另一端为下细上粗的锥形金属杆。锥度通常有2°、4°与6°三种规格,使用锥度规消除过剩的填塞倒凹材料,切削面可形成与锥度规相同的角度。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)观测仪的作用</p>
                    <p class="content">观测仪是义齿修复设计中的主要工具,它的使用不仅提高了义齿质量,增强了修复效果,也为临床医师戴牙带来了便利。具体有以下几方面的作用。</p>
                    <p class="content">1.有利于正确选择和确定义齿就位道。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.有利于制订一个合理的口腔预备计划,包括预备基牙邻面的导平面,基牙外形磨改以利于卡环对抗臂和固位臂的放置等。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        3.有利于描绘观测线。观测线是区分口腔软、硬组织的倒凹区和非倒凹区的分界线,是义齿设计的基础,是卡环、连接体设计和基托伸展范围的依据。不同的观测线类型对应不同的卡环类型,并要求不同的基托伸展范围和不同的连接体位置。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">4.有利于确定基牙邻面是否预备成平行面,作为义齿摘戴的导平面。临床可以通过观测模型,确定预备导平面的部位和范围。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        5.有利于确定基牙的倒凹深度&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;观测仪的倒凹量规可以测量基牙的倒凹深度,并根据卡环类型、卡环材料、基牙状况、所需固位力大小等因素选择卡环的合适位置。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">6.有利于确定倾斜牙和移位牙的情况,便于修复体外形的设计。</p>
                    <p class="content">7.有利于确定牙和软、硬组织干扰区域是需手术去除,还是选择其他就位道来避开。</p>
                    <p class="content">8.用于指导个别托盘设计、辅助制作卡环蜡型、指导冠内附着体、冠内支托的放置等。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(三)观测仪的使用方法</p>
                    <p class="content">对于可摘局部义齿,模型观测仪主要用于观测诊断模型确定最佳就位道,制订一个合适的口腔预备计划和观测工作模型来科学地设计义齿。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1.口腔预备之前,可以先取诊断模型,并进行观测。将石膏模型固定在观测仪的观测台上,分析杆末端装上测量规,把观测台向各个方向倾斜,分析杆与模型成不同的角度,代表着不同的就位道,分析杆方向即义齿就位道方向。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        2.就位道确定后,把观测台台面下的旋钮拧紧固定,用红笔在诊断模型上标记需要磨改的区域,再用倒凹测量尺测量能够去除的牙体组织量,以不暴露牙本质为准,然后用测量仪上的铣刀切削石膏模型上标记的区域,确定需要磨除牙体的角度和量。
                    </p>
 
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;模型观测与颌位关系记录</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">
                        3.取下诊断模型,注意记录模型与所选择就位道的位置关系,记录观测仪上观测台位置的坐标,以确定共同就位道方向,为以后观测工作模型做参考。也可以在模型上确定三个点或平行线,由此建立一个相对于观测仪垂直臂的水平面。然后,根据诊断模型观测的结果进行牙体预备。基牙颊侧应保留一定的倒凹,舌腭侧应尽量消除倒凹;远中游离缺失者,缺失近中应尽量消除倒凹。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        4.口腔预备完成后,采取工作模型进行观测。参考诊断模型把工作模型放到观测台上,按照选好的就位道方向固定观测台,在分析杆上安装描记铅笔芯,水平移动分析杆或观测台,使分析杆铅笔芯在基牙及邻牙的所有轴面上画出观测线。此外,还可以使用倒凹量规测量每颗基牙的倒凹深度,填塞倒凹后,可以用铣刀削除多余的材料,也可以使用锥度规削除多余的材料,形成一定的锥度。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、模型观测确定义齿就位道</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0097-01.jpg" style="width:30%" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)模型观测的目的</p>
                    <p class="content">1.确定可摘局部义齿的共同就位道。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.在基牙上画出导线,并根据导线类型确定卡环的种类。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.用倒凹测量尺确定并记录基牙倒凹的深度,标记固位卡环臂尖进入基牙倒凹的位置。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.在软组织上画出导线,明确不利倒凹区,确定基托范围与大连接体的位置,指导个别托盘的设计。</p>
                    <p class="content">5.通过对研究模型的观测分析,辅助临床医师进行基牙牙体预备工作。</p>
                    <p class="content">6.标记等高的三点定位标记点,以便对模型进行再观测时恢复模型的原始位置和原始就位道。</p>
                    <p class="content">7.用于附着体义齿制作时,按就位道方向转移、固定附着体附件。分析杆上安装电动手机后也可用来研磨附着体。</p>
                    <p class="content">8.用于测量固定桥基牙间的平行性。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)确定义齿的就位道方向</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        牙列缺损的患者,其各个基牙的位置、形态、倾斜度、倒凹及缺牙间隙等情况有差别,并且义齿一般有2个或2个以上固位体,义齿必须顺着一定的方向和角度,才能在口内就位和取出。可摘局部义齿在口内戴入的方向就是义齿的就位道。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.选择就位道原则</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)就位道应便于患者摘戴义齿。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)根据义齿的固位需要选择就位道。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)根据义齿的稳定需要选择就位道。如果固位和稳定有矛盾时,应首先从义齿的稳定来选择就位道。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)选择的就位道不应使义齿与邻牙间出现过大的空隙,尤其在前牙区,否则会影响美观。</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">可摘局部义齿工艺技术</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
 
 
                    <p class="content">(5)在口腔预备时,应根据所设计的就位道,对基牙外形进行必要修整,尽量做到既能满足固位的要求,又能兼顾稳定的需要。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.决定就位道的因素</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)导平面因素:导平面是在基牙邻面预备的用来引导义齿摘戴的平行面。导平面可以引导义齿的坚固部分顺利通过干扰区,使患者顺利地摘戴义齿而不造成义齿本身或与其接触牙齿的损伤,也不会损伤义齿覆盖的软组织。导平面使义齿沿正确的就位道方向摘戴,减小了卡环臂的受力变形,是卡环发挥固位作用的重要因素。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)固位区因素:义齿固位区随就位道的变化而变化。在义齿摘戴过程中,固位臂在通过基牙的凸面时受力弯曲,当义齿就位后,固位臂恢复弹性形变,并与固位区接触,起固位作用。在选择就位道时,须考虑义齿的固位以及固位区,使设计的义齿具有合适的固位力。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)干扰因素:义齿选择就位道时应不受余留牙和组织的干扰,使其能顺利摘戴,如在选择的就位道上存在干扰,须通过口腔预备或适度填塞倒凹来去除。在口腔准备过程中,可以通过手术、拔牙、调磨牙面或用修复等措施来去除干扰。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (4)美观因素:选择义齿就位道时,应尽量减少金属卡环和基托材料的暴露,使人工牙位于较美观的位置,达到美学效果。通过选择就位道或借助于基牙修复体改变基牙的形态使卡环位于牙面的远中龈向区域,减少金属的外露。如前牙缺失进行局部义齿修复时,美观因素也会影响就位道的选择。因此,通常需要选择一个较垂直的就位道,这样人工牙和相邻的天然牙都不必做过多的磨改,就能达到美观的目的。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.确定就位道的方法</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;可摘局部义齿在口内摘戴必须顺应一定的角度和方向,就位与摘下时的角度相同,但方向相反(图5-1)。可摘局部义齿至少有2颗或2颗以上的基牙,各基牙上的固位体必须沿同一方向戴入,义齿方能就位。但由于基牙的位置、形态、倾斜度、倒凹大小及缺牙部位和组织倒凹大小等情况均不相同,所以需要借助模型观测器采用下列方法进行义齿就位道的确定。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)平均倒凹法(均凹法):是通过调整工作模型的倾斜方向和角度,使缺隙两端或牙弓两侧的基牙倒凹被平均分配,保证各基牙均获得有效的固位倒凹的方法。此方法可充分发挥各基牙的固位作用,以及固位体之间的交互对抗作用,有利于义齿的固位和稳定。多用于缺牙间隙多、基牙倒凹大的病例(图5-2)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0098-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;可摘局部义齿的共同就位道</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0098-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;均凹法就位道的确定</p>
                        </div>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;模型观测与颌位关系记录</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)调节倒凹法(调凹法):是根据设计的需要,通过将模型向一侧倾斜,使倒凹集中于缺隙一侧的健康基牙的有利位置。义齿采用斜向就位,可利用制锁作用,增强义齿的固位。此方法也可消除组织倒凹的干扰,有利于基托的伸展(图5-3)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0099-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;调节倒凹</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.基牙长轴彼此平行;B.模型向近中倾斜。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(三)绘制观测线</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        观测线又称导线,是依据义齿就位道描画出来的,用于区分口腔软、硬组织的倒凹区和非倒凹区的分界线(图5-4)。观测线用于指导卡环的设计和指明基托边缘可以伸展的范围,根据观测线合理制作的修复体在共同就位道上能顺利取戴。在牙体预备时就应考虑观测线,适当磨改基牙或余留牙,以调节倒凹,确保能合理利用倒凹。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0099-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图5-4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;观测线</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.绘制观测线的方法</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;将模型安放在观测仪的观测台上,根据所选择的就位道固定模型,分析杆末端装上铅笔芯,并与基牙牙冠轴面轻轻接触,转动分析杆,即可在基牙的轴面上绘出观测线。把观测线延伸到牙龈上,可在笔芯中部触及牙冠轴面时,笔芯的尖端也同时触及牙龈后描绘,明确倒凹标记,利于填塞倒凹。观测仪分析杆的方向代表义齿的就位道方向。观测线并非基牙的解剖外形高点线,它们既有区别又有联系。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)区别:外形高点线是一个解剖学概念,它是牙齿的解剖外形高点的连线,不随模型位置、倾斜度、义齿就位道等的变化而变化,每颗牙齿的外形高点是固定的。而观测线不是解剖学概念,它与义齿就位道有关,随义齿就位道的变化而变化,当基牙牙冠有不同程度的倾斜时,观测线的位置也随之改变。
                    </p>
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                    <span class="header-right">可摘局部义齿工艺技术</span>
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                    <p class="content">
                        (2)联系:当牙长轴与水平面垂直时,也就是当就位道方向与牙长轴一致时,分析杆围绕牙冠轴面转动一周所画出的观测线与外形高点线一致,此时,外形高点线就是观测线(图5-5)。也就是说,随着模型向不同方向倾斜,同一基牙可以画出无数条观测线,外形高点线是其中一条。另外,观测线是沿义齿就位道方向的牙体轴面最突点的连线,可以理解为是沿义齿就位道方向的外形高点线。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0100-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图5-5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙冠外形高点及外形高点线</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.牙冠外形高点;B.外形高点线。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.观测线的类型</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;设计义齿时,将模型放在观测仪的观测台上,调节观测台,使分析杆与牙列<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />平面呈现不同的角度,则可描绘出不同的基牙观测线。根据基牙的倾斜方向和倒凹位置,观测线可分为三种不同类型(图5-6)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0100-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;三种类型的观测线</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.Ⅰ型观测线;B.Ⅱ型观测线;C.Ⅲ型观测线。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(1)Ⅰ型观测线:为基牙向缺隙相反方向倾斜时所画出的观测线。此线在基牙的近缺隙侧距<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />面远,远缺隙侧距<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />面近,其倒凹区主要位于基牙的远缺隙侧,而近缺隙侧倒凹区小。该类型的基牙上应设计I型卡环。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)Ⅱ型观测线:为基牙向缺隙方向倾斜时所画出的观测线。此线在基牙的近缺隙侧距<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />面近,远缺隙侧距<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />面远,其倒凹区主要位于基牙的近缺隙侧,而远缺隙侧倒凹区小。该类型的基牙上应设计Ⅱ型卡环。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(3)Ⅲ型观测线:为基牙向颊侧或舌侧倾斜时所画出的观测线。此线在近缺隙侧和远缺隙侧距<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />面都近,倒凹区较大,非倒凹区较小。该类型的基牙上应设计Ⅲ型卡环。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(四)量度倒凹并确定卡环的位置</p>
                    <p class="content">物体在光源投照方向下的阴影部分,称为倒凹。口腔修复专业所谓的倒凹是用来描述口腔软、硬组织的情况,依据观测线来定义,观测线以上<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />向部分为非倒凹区,观测线以下龈向部分为倒凹区(图5-7)。观测模型时,观测仪分析杆、基牙牙面及牙龈组织三者构成的三角形区域即倒凹区。</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;模型观测与颌位关系记录</span>
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                    <p class="content">绘制观测线后,基牙的倒凹区和非倒凹区已经明确。卡环是可摘局部义齿的主要固位部件,其坚硬部分,如卡环体、<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />支托等应位于非倒凹区,起稳定和支持作用;其弹性部分,如卡环臂应位于倒凹区,起固位作用。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        临床上,基牙倒凹是控制卡环固位力的重要因素。设计义齿时应该考虑基牙倒凹深度和倒凹坡度。倒凹深度是指观测器的分析杆至基牙倒凹区牙面间的水平距离。倒凹坡度是指倒凹区牙面与基牙长轴间构成的角度(图5-8)。在卡环臂的弹性限度内,倒凹深度越大,产生的正压力越大,固位力越强。但对义齿的固位来说,同样深度的倒凹,由于其坡度不同,固位力亦有所不同。在倒凹深度相同情况下,坡度越大,固位力越大。一般倒凹的深度应小于1mm,倒凹的坡度应大于20°。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0101-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;基牙的倒凹区和非倒凹区</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0101-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-b">a.倒凹深度;b.倒凹坡度。</p>
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;基牙倒凹的深度和坡度</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        卡环臂尖进入倒凹的深度需根据具体情况而决定。为了选择与卡环相称的倒凹深度可使用倒凹量规测量基牙倒凹的深度。不同规格的倒凹量规适用于不同类型的卡环。卡环臂的种类和应用的材料不同,其安放的位置也不同,即卡环臂进入倒凹区的深度不同。钴铬合金铸造的卡环臂一般需要0.25mm的倒凹深度;圈形卡环臂的固位臂较长,需要的倒凹深度可稍大些;前磨牙较短者,卡环的固位臂只要0.25mm的倒凹深度;不锈钢锻丝卡环臂需要的倒凹深度可达0.75mm;金合金铸造的卡环臂常需要0.5mm的倒凹深度;弯制的金合金丝卡环臂常规需要0.5mm的倒凹深度。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、填塞倒凹</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        为了避免在义齿制作过程中,卡环的坚硬部分、小连接体和基托进入倒凹区而影响义齿的摘戴,同时又不至于形成基托与基牙之间过大的间隙,需要在制作卡环和基托之前,在模型上对基牙、余留牙和黏膜的不利倒凹进行处理,使得修复后的义齿能摘戴自如,避免造成食物嵌塞及对美观的影响。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)填塞倒凹的目的</p>
                    <p class="content">1.确保义齿能顺利就位,并易于摘戴。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.消除义齿基托对牙龈和口腔黏膜的压迫。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.避免基托与口内余留牙之间形成过大的间隙。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)填塞倒凹的部位</p>
                    <p class="content">1.靠近缺隙的基牙、邻牙邻面的倒凹(图5-9),颊侧不应超出颊轴面角。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.基托覆盖区内所有余留牙舌(腭)侧的倒凹及龈缘区(图5-10)。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.妨碍义齿就位的软组织倒凹。</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">可摘局部义齿工艺技术</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">4.基托覆盖区的骨尖处、硬区及未愈合的伤口。</p>
                    <p class="content">5.义齿设计范围内小气泡造成的模型缺损处。</p>
                    <p class="content">6.必要时还可填补基牙颊侧部分倒凹,如RPI卡环中的I杆接触点下方的倒凹。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0102-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;填塞靠近缺隙基牙邻面的倒凹</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0102-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;填塞余留牙舌侧的倒凹及龈缘区</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(三)填塞倒凹的材料</p>
                    <p class="content">常用的填塞倒凹的材料有蜡、磷酸锌粘固粉、石膏等。若用石膏填倒凹,最好选用与工作模型颜色不同的石膏,以示区别。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(四)填塞倒凹的方法</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.器材准备</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;填补倒凹的器材有粘固粉调拌刀、小橡皮碗、毛笔、清水盆、毛巾、不同颜色的石膏粉和蜡等。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.模型准备</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;先将工作模型浸泡于清洁的水盆中,一般浸泡10分钟左右。浸泡时间的长短视模型的干燥情况而定。模型取出后要用毛巾擦干,以利于填补的石膏与模型结合牢固。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.填塞过程</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)先在模型上对要填塞的倒凹区用雕刻刀或车针刻纹。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)用粘固粉调拌刀在小橡皮碗内调拌石膏粉,调拌均匀后,用调拌刀挑起适量石膏糊剂填入牙冠轴面与牙龈的两条观测线之间,从龈缘向<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />方进行填补。填塞牙冠轴面倒凹时,应注意刀面与就位道保持一致。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)在石膏固化前用雕刻刀和铣蜡刀刮除多余的石膏粉。不足处再添加,使之完全合适。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)用小排笔沿就位道方向,从龈到冠方将石膏刷平。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)清除观测线以上非倒凹区和<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />支托凹内的石膏粉。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (6)石膏初步凝固后进行精修。将模型放回到观测仪的观测台上,按模型的设计原则,顺就位道方向,用带刃的分析杆去除多余的填倒凹材料,但要求适量、适度。也可使用锥度规修整填塞处,牙冠长的基牙采用2°锥度规;牙冠短的基牙采用6°锥度规。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.注意事项</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)填倒凹材料不宜过多或过少。若填凹材料过多,义齿虽容易就位,但与天然牙之间留有较大间隙,易造成食物嵌塞,若在前牙区还会影响美观;过少则达不到填倒凹的目的。填倒凹材料的多少可使用模型观测仪的分析杆进行检查确定。
                    </p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;模型观测与颌位关系记录</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="content">(2)填倒凹材料应终止于观测线之下,这样才能使义齿就位后,支架、基托与天然牙牙冠之间保持接触。尤其是<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />支托窝、隙卡沟等处不得填塞,上述各处若有填倒凹材料进入,则必须清理干净。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)卡环固位臂进入基牙倒凹区处不得填塞,因为该处为有利倒凹,填补后会影响义齿固位。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(五)缓冲区和边缘封闭处理</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        义齿基托覆盖区内的骨突、骨嵴或骨尖、未愈合的伤口、上颌隆突、上颌结节、下颌隆突、下颌舌骨嵴等。因其表面覆盖的黏膜很薄,义齿受力时会产生压痛感。故可在模型上的骨突区薄薄地涂一层调拌好的磷酸锌粘固粉予以缓冲。也可采用磨托法来达到缓冲的目的。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">当缺牙较多,余留牙较少,主要依靠基托吸附力和边缘封闭作用来加强固位时,应在模型的后缘刮取少许石膏形成后堤区。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">详见表5-1。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表5-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;可摘局部义齿模型观测任务评价</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0103-02.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
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                    <span class="header-right">可摘局部义齿工艺技术</span>
                </div>
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                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0043-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">Ⅳ型及Ⅴ型观测线</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        除正文三种基本类型外,也有学者提出Ⅳ型观测线和Ⅴ型观测线概念。Ⅳ型观测线是基牙向颊侧或舌侧倾斜,基牙的近、远缺隙侧均没有明显的倒凹,倒凹区小而非倒凹区大。Ⅴ型观测线是基牙向缺隙方向或者反缺隙方向极度倾斜,观测线形似对角斜线式。
                    </p>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颌位关系记录</h2>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,男,65岁。因多颗后牙缺失前来就诊。口腔检查发现,患者上颌右侧567缺失、左侧456缺失,余留牙有不同程度的磨耗和牙龈退缩。要求制作可摘局部义齿。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">1.如何确定该病例的颌位关系?</p>
                    <p class="content">2.确定好颌位关系后,该病例的模型上<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架时的注意事项有哪些?</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;模型观测与颌位关系记录</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">
                        准确获取颌位关系是义齿修复成功的关键。面对患者复杂的口腔状况,要凭借扎实的专业知识和丰富的临床经验,选择合适的方法,严谨细致地进行颌位关系记录,向患者清晰阐释颌位关系记录的重要性,帮助患者顺利完成记录。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【知识链接】</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、确定颌位关系</h3>
                    <p class="content">确定颌位关系是指在口腔修复治疗过程中,准确地找出并记录患者上下颌骨之间相对位置关系的操作。包括确定垂直颌位关系和水平颌位关系。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)确定颌位关系的方法</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.在模型上利用余留牙确定</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;此法适用于缺牙少,余留牙的上下颌咬合关系正常者。具体方法:将上下颌模型根据<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />面形态相互对合,使上下颌牙达到广泛、紧密的接触,即上下颌牙的正确位置关系。用有色铅笔在上下颌模型的相关位置如牙齿的颊面画对位线,标出关系,便于在义齿制作过程中反复校对关系。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.利用蜡<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                                alt="" />记录确定</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;此法适用于缺牙较多,在模型上难以确定准确的<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />关系,但有可以保持上下颌垂直关系的后牙者。具体方法:将蜡片烤软叠成2层宽约1cm的蜡条,置于患者口内下颌牙列的<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />面上,让患者咬合在多次练习后已经确定的牙尖交错位上。待蜡条硬化后取出,用锐利的刀片修整牙尖印迹以外,尤其是与黏膜接触部分的多余的蜡,再放回口内确认咬合关系正确后,取出蜡<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />记录并准确复位于模型上,对好上下颌模型,即可获得正确的颌位关系。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.利用<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                                alt="" />托记录确定</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;此法适用于因余留牙与缺牙间隙的位置关系、患者的习惯性咬合等导致下颌位置不稳定或缺失牙齿较多的患者,具体如下。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(1)缺失牙多,余留牙少,且余留牙的分布局限于某一区,其他区域不能保持正确<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />关系者。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)单侧或双侧游离端缺牙,且每侧连续缺牙两颗以上,上下牙列所缺牙无对颌牙相对者。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)咬合紊乱,在口外模型上找不到一个恒定的牙尖交错<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />关系者。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)因咬合磨耗等原因致垂直距离过低,需升高咬合者。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)上下颌交叉缺牙,对颌牙伸长或缺牙区<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />龈距离过低,修复困难,需升高咬合者。</p>
                    <p class="content">(6)一颌牙列为无牙颌,另一颌牙列为牙列缺损者。</p>
                    <p class="content">(7)后牙缺失,前牙覆<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />加深致垂直距离过低者。</p>
                    <p class="content">记录方法:利用<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />托在口内重新确定垂直距离和正中关系。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />托的制作</p>
                    <p class="content"><img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />托作为颌位关系记录的载体,由基托和<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />堤两部分组成。基托(多为暂基托)是<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />托的基底,应与缺牙区牙槽嵴及口腔黏膜紧密贴合,产生一定固位力。<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />堤是位于基托上相当于缺失的牙列及吸收的牙槽嵴部分,反映人工牙的位置、高度和丰满度。制作时应注意避开口内余留牙,由于余留牙的存在使基托形态复杂,更易变形和折裂,因此有时需在特定部位添加增力丝。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.暂基托的制作</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;此基托为暂时性基托,简称暂基托,为记录颌位关系时用,暂基托要有一定的强度和精确度,并且在口腔内就位后不变形。其外形线一般与完成后的义齿一样,有时视情况可设置临时卡环,以增加基托的稳定性。暂基托可用可塑性片状材料应用在模型的缺牙区及大连接体的相应部位来制作,待材料硬化后修整边缘。常用的暂基托材料有基托蜡片、室温固化树脂和光固化基托树脂板。
                    </p>
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                    <p class="content">
                        (1)蜡质暂基托的制作:将双层蜡片烤软粘在一起,轻按蜡片于模型上使蜡基托与模型表面紧密贴合,在舌腭侧基托中埋入增力丝,形状与牙槽嵴的舌腭侧组织面大体一致,靠近上<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />托后缘处也要埋入一根横行的增力丝。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)树脂暂基托的制作:将模型上的软、硬组织倒凹用蜡填塞消除后,在模型表面涂布一薄层分离剂,取预成的光固化树脂基托板或适量的调拌至胶黏期的室温固化树脂在模型上按压成型,保证基托厚度为2mm左右。去除多余树脂后用光固化灯照射使其固化或待其自然固化。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                                alt="" />堤的制作</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />堤是代替天然牙及吸收牙槽嵴所占据的空间。通常用操作性能较好的基托蜡片制作,与牙槽嵴顶走向相一致。其尺寸以余留牙的宽度和高度为准。如果无余留牙作参照,则按照全口义齿<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />堤要求制作。<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />堤在记录上下颌位置关系的同时还可以作为排列人工牙的标准,预测修复后容貌的恢复程度。具体制作过程如下。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)根据缺牙间隙的大小,切取宽度适当的基托蜡片。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)均匀软化后,自一端卷成蜡条,注意勿卷入气泡。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)将软化成型的蜡条置于缺隙处的基托上,用手指捏成大致形态后,用蜡刀将其烫固。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)用雕刻刀修整<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />堤,使其宽度与余留牙的颊舌径相同,后牙区高度与邻牙边缘嵴等高,前牙区与上颌前牙切缘一致,唇向弯曲同自然牙弓。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)用喷灯喷光<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />堤表面,完成<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />托的制作。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(三)颌位关系记录时的注意事项</p>
                    <p class="content">1.记录颌位关系之前,必须反复确认患者的正中关系位及牙尖交错位时口内余留牙间的接触关系,同时确定好垂直距离。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.记录颌位关系时,<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />托在口内必须稳定,基托部分与黏膜紧密贴合。避免其移位、变形造成结果误差。避免患者下颌前伸或偏斜造成颌位记录错误。蜡片必须充分软化,无阻力,以防咬合力量过大导致基托变形。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">3.确定颌位关系后,要削除牙尖印迹以外的蜡,尤其是与黏膜接触的部分,避免多余的蜡影响模型的对合。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(四)颌位关系记录完成后的质量检查</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1.上下颌暂基托边缘是否到达封闭区,暂基托边缘是否光滑,是否在系带部位进行了避让,是否在伸展区做了适当的伸展,基托与模型是否全面贴合,制作良好的基托在模型上是否有翘动和摆动。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.上下蜡堤的位置是否合适,是否牢固地粘在基托上,是否正确恢复了患者的咬合关系,蜡堤的表面是否平滑,垂直距离是否正确。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.对于前牙缺失的患者,蜡堤的形态是否与颌弓的形态一致,上下中线是否与面中线一致,蜡堤的突度能否恢复患者的面容。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.对于后牙缺失的患者,蜡堤的后部中线与牙槽嵴中线是否一致,多余的蜡是否去除干净。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、转移颌位关系</h3>
 
 
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;模型观测与颌位关系记录</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">转移颌位关系又称上<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架,是在临床确定了颌位关系后,将上下颌模型用石膏正确地固定在<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架上的操作过程。<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架(articulator)又称咬合器,是一种固定上下<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />托和模型的工具,它具备与人体咀嚼器官相当的部件和关节,并能在一定程度上模拟下颌的运动。通常<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架由固定上下颌模型的上、下颌体及连接上下颌体的关节结构构成。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架的作用及意义
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.转移颌位关系</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;通过固定患者上下颌模型到<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架,能将上下颌高度、颌位关系转移至<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架上。还可借助面弓把上颌对颞下颌关节的固有位置关系转移到<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架,再依据颌位记录固定下颌部分,确保上下颌模型位置稳定,为后续修复体制作奠定基础。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.便于口外操作</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;全口义齿、可摘局部义齿及固定义齿修复体的排牙、蜡型制作、选磨调<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />等工序可在口外依托<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架进行,利用<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架确定和调整修复体咬合接触关系,实现口腔修复体的间接法工艺制作,提高制作精度和效率。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.促进形态和功能协调</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架能模拟人体咀嚼器官的结构和功能,使得在<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架上完成的修复体戴入口腔后,能与机体在形态和功能上达到协调统一,提升修复效果和患者舒适度。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.多种治疗辅助</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;除用于修复体制作外,<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架也是咬合分析、正畸、正颌外科治疗时的关键辅助工具,为口腔医学各领域提供重要支持,有助于优化治疗方案和提升治疗质量。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架的种类</p>
                    <p class="content">1.根据<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架的调节性能不同,可将其分为不可调节<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架、平均值<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架、半可调节<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架和全可调节<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)不可调节<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架:结构最简单,上下颌体之间为铰链轴,仅可模拟下颌的上下开闭口运动(图5-11)。可保持上下颌模型的位置关系及上下牙列的一种咬合接触,但前伸<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />及侧方<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />的咬合关系需在口内调磨。一般用于牙体缺损修复,不宜用于牙列缺损及牙列缺失的义齿修复。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)平均值<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架:上下颌体之间有近似于颞下颌关节的髁球与具有固定倾斜角度的髁槽结构相连接,髁球可在髁槽内旋转和滑动。不仅可模拟下颌的开闭口运动,还能在一定程度上模拟下颌的前伸及侧向运动。该<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架的切导斜度及髁球间距离为固定的平均值(图5-12),但由于不同个体间存在差异,其模拟下颌运动的准确性较差。可用于较短的固定桥、可摘局部义齿及全口义齿修复。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0107-25.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-11&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;不可调节<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0107-27.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;平均值<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)半可调节<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架:该类<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架均配有面弓,能通过面弓将上颌与颞下颌关节的位置关系准确地转移到<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架上。在模拟下颌运动程度上大于平均值<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架,其前伸和侧方髁导斜度均可根据患者的实际情况进行调节,可在很大程度上模拟下颌的前伸及侧向运动(图5-13)。适用于牙列缺损较严重的固定义齿、可摘局部义齿和全口义齿的修复。
                    </p>
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                    <span class="header-right">可摘局部义齿工艺技术</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">(4)全可调节<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架:模拟下颌运动程度比半可调节<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架更精确,除髁导斜度外,<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架的髁球间距亦可调节,也可模拟迅即侧移等下颌运动特征,即可将患者所有的有关参数转移至<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架上(图5-14)。由于此种<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架结构和操作均复杂,仅适用于全口咬合重建治疗或科研工作。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0108-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;半可调节<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0108-08.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-14&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;全可调节<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">2.根据髁导结构的位置不同可将<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架分为Arcon型和Nonarcon型两类。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)Arcon型<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架:髁导盘置于上颌体,髁球置于下颌体者被称为Arcon型<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架。此类<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架与人体的颞下颌关节的结构相似,下颌模型可以进行开闭口、前伸和侧方运动,而且升降颌间距离也不会影响髁导斜度。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)Nonarcon型<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架:将髁球置于上颌体,髁导盘置于下颌体者被称为Nonarcon型<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架。这种<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架通过上颌模型的开闭口、前伸和侧方运动来模拟患者下颌的运动,因此颌间距离的改变会影响髁导斜度。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(三)<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架与颞下颌关节的关系</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        颞下颌关节是颌面部唯一可以活动的左右联动关节,也是人类最复杂最灵活的关节,具有一定的稳定性与多方向的活动性,与颌面部其他组织器官协同作用完成口腔咀嚼、吞咽、语言及表情等各项复杂的生理功能。对于牙列缺失或缺损的患者而言,由于咀嚼器官的病变会导致颞下颌关节相应的改变,修复体的制作又是在口外完成的,所以在修复体的制作过程中就需要借助一个仪器来替代颞下颌关节,从而在生理状态下完成修复体的制作,最大可能地恢复患者各项生理功能。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">半可调式<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架中上下颌体分别代表了患者的上下颌骨,下颌体的前部有切导盘,可以调节切导斜度。<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架侧柱上部髁球中心有髁杆穿过,相当于以双侧髁突为中心的假想的轴侧柱上部有圆形的髁导盘,可以根据患者情况调节髁导斜度。面弓可以将患者的上颌对颞下颌关节的位置关系转移到<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架上,这个位置与患者的情况是一致的。通过上<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架就将患者口内的关系转移到口外,通过在<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架上制作的修复体基本符合患者的生理要求。</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;模型观测与颌位关系记录</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(四)上<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架前的准备
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.检查咬合关系</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;将蜡记录复位在上下颌的工作模型上,检查上下颌模型的咬合关系是否正确。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.工作模型的准备</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;按照模型修整的方法在模型修整机上修整模型,使上下颌模型的高度在<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架上下颌体的高度范围内,但是模型底座不能修整太多,必须保持模型要有一定的抗压强度。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.模型修整完成</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在模型底座上用雕刻刀刻出固位槽以增加固位,同时在上下颌模型后壁的中线位置画线,以利于上<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架时模型的正确对位,然后将模型放在水中浸湿以备上<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.准备<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                                alt="" />架</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;根据<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架种类的不同,检查上颌体的固定螺丝有无松动,调紧<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架穿钉两端的螺丝,使<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架只能做上下运动。根据上下颌模型的高度调节升降螺丝,使上下颌体间的距离大于上下颌模型间的高度。如果是平均值<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架还要确定切导针与切导盘是否接触,各部位固定螺丝是否固定等。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(五)上<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架的方法
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.上不可调节<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架的方法</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;将<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架放在操作台上,打开<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架,以适宜的水/粉比调拌石膏,放在<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架下颌体上,再把浸湿的下颌模型固定在下颌体上;按照正确的咬合关系将上颌模型和蜡<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />记录放在下颌模型上,闭合<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架,用石膏将上颌模型固定在上颌体上。同时用调拌刀刮去模型周围多余的石膏,并将石膏表面涂抹光滑,然后用橡皮筋加压固定。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.上平均值<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                                alt="" />架的方法</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)检查上下颌模型的咬合关系及<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架各部件的固定位置是否正确。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)在<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架的上、下颌体表面涂布凡士林,置于<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架平面板上。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)将上下颌模型的基底面制备出固位沟后充分浸水。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)将上颌模型固定在<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />平面板上,使其<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />平面与<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />平面板一致,模型中线与切导针方向一致。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)用石膏将上颌模型固定在<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架的上颌体。</p>
                    <p class="content">(6)卸下<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />平面板,倒置<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架,依据咬合记录将下颌模型就位于上颌模型并暂时固定。</p>
                    <p class="content">(7)用石膏将下颌模型固定在<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架的下颌体。</p>
                    <p class="content">(8)确认切导针与切导盘相接触。</p>
                    <p class="content">(9)用橡皮筋加压固定,防止切导针上浮。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(六)上<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架的注意事项
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">1.在上<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架前模型底部要刻出固位沟,然后在模型底部涂分离剂,同时模型在上<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架前一定要浸湿。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.检查<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架上的各个螺丝是否拧紧,以免造成咬合关系的错位。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.用简单<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架上上颌模型时,一定要使上颌体与调节升降螺丝的顶部接触,以免咬合升高。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.上平均值<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架时,用石膏固定模型时不能移动已定位的模型,模型应位于<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架的中心,<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />托的中线应与<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架的中线一致。</p>
                    <p class="content">5.上平均值<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架时,随时注意切导针与切导盘是否接触。</p>
                    <p class="content">6.为了防止切导针上浮,可使用加速剂以减少石膏的膨胀率,或适当加大水的比例,分两次上石膏等。</p>
                    <p class="content">7.在上<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架完成后,为了防止由于石膏膨胀引起的垂直高度改变,用皮筋加压固定直至石膏完全固化。同时洗干净<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架上多余的石膏,避免因石膏残渣影响<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架各部位的固位和<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架的运动。</p>
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">089</div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="99">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(99) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">可摘局部义齿工艺技术</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(七)上<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png" alt="" />架后的质量检查
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">1.检查上下颌模型的咬合关系是否正确无误,上下颌模型的前后中线是否一致。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.检查切导针与切导盘是否接触。简单<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架上<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架时,一定要使上颌体与调节升降螺丝的顶部接触。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.检查<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0025_01.png"
                            alt="" />架各部位残留的石膏是否去除干净。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">详见表5-2。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表5-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;可摘局部义齿颌位关系记录任务评价</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0110-08.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                </div>
                <footer class="footerstyle">090</footer>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="100">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(100) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;模型观测与颌位关系记录</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0111-02.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="right-info">(董伟)</p>
 
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">091</div>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>
</template>
 
<script>
export default {
    name: "chapterSix",
    props: {
        showPageList: {
            type: Array,
        },
    },
}
</script>
 
<style lang="less" scoped></style>