zhongshujie
19 小时以前 e33672cf85da88d515d5fe6ccc0a139c3cfaa5db
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<template>
    <div class="chapter" num="8">
        <!-- Page 142 (偶数页) -->
        <div class="page-box" page="142">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(142) > -1">
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h1 class="firstTitle-l">第七章 各部位磁共振检查</h1>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0150-01.jpg" style="width:30%" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0019-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)具备严谨求实的科学态度,确保检查过程的精准与安全。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)能够将各部位磁共振检查技术与临床医学各领域知识相结合,为不同部位疾病的诊断和治疗提供全面支持,确保技术的合理、合法、合规应用。</p>
                    <p class="center">……………………</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:各部位磁共振检查(颅脑、头颈部、脊柱及脊髓、胸部、腹部、盆腔、四肢关节)的定义、优势和局限性。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:各部位磁共振检查在临床医学中的应用范围,包括对各系统疾病的诊断价值。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:各部位磁共振检查技术的发展历史与现状,关注其在不同疾病诊断中的最新进展。</p>
                    <p class="center">……………………</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)具备信息检索、分析和综合能力,能够根据临床需求选择合适的各部位磁共振检查技术。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)具备临床实践能力,能够熟练操作磁共振检查设备,获取高质量的图像,为临床诊断提供有力支持。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0019-03.jpg" style="width:80%" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【案例】</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        患者,孙某,女,48岁,办公室文员。主诉近一个月来颈部疼痛加剧,尤其是在长时间使用电脑后,疼痛感更为明显。伴有右上肢间歇性麻木和无力,夜间痛感加重,影响睡眠。患者自述过去几年间断性颈部不适,但未进行系统治疗。近期症状加重,遂来医院就诊。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">外院X光检查显示:颈椎生理曲度变直,颈3/4、颈4/5、颈5/6椎间盘突出可能,颈椎退行性改变。建议进一步行颈椎磁共振检查以明确诊断。</p>
                </div>
                <div class="page-bottom-left">132</div>
            </div>
        </div>
        <!-- Page 143 (奇数页) -->
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            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(143) > -1">
                <div class="page-header-right">
                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">查体:颈部活动受限,前屈、后伸及旋转活动均受限。右侧臂丛神经牵拉试验阳性,霍夫曼征阳性。</p>
                    <p class="content">实验室检查:血常规、血沉、C反应蛋白均在正常范围内。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【问题】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.针对此患者,收到申请单后应如何制订检查流程?在检查过程中,如何确保患者的舒适度和安全性,尤其进行长时间检查过程时?</p>
                    <p class="content">2.在检查过程中应选择哪些序列?是否需要根据患者的症状和体检结果调整序列选择?应如何优化检查方案以提高诊断的准确性?</p>
                    <p class="content">3.检查中如发现椎间盘突出或椎管狭窄等病变,是否需要进一步进行其他特殊序列检查,如脂肪抑制序列、MR脊髓造影等?</p>
                    <p class="center"><img class="g-pic" src="../../assets/images/0020_01.jpg" alt="" /></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        颅脑磁共振检查对脑部肿瘤、脑血管病、脑外伤、脑部炎症等多种疾病的诊断具有重要意义,能够清晰显示脑组织结构,对脑部微小病变和早期病变的检出率高。头颈部磁共振检查适用于眼、耳、鼻、喉等部位病变的检查,可清晰显示这些部位的解剖细节。脊柱及脊髓磁共振检查能够清晰显示脊柱、脊髓结构,对椎间盘突出、脊髓病变等诊断有重要意义。胸部磁共振检查对肺部、纵隔、心脏等病变有独特诊断价值,可提供丰富的生理和生化信息。腹部磁共振检查可清晰显示肝、胆、胰、脾、肾等器官病变,对腹部肿瘤、炎症、结石等疾病的诊断有重要意义。盆腔磁共振检查对前列腺、子宫、膀胱等盆腔器官病变有重要诊断价值,可为临床治疗提供重要依据。四肢关节磁共振检查可清晰显示关节结构及周围软组织病变,对关节损伤、关节炎等疾病的诊断有重要意义。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        各部位磁共振检查的适应证与禁忌证:适应证包括多种疾病的诊断,如脑部肿瘤、脑血管病、脊柱及脊髓病变、肺部肿瘤、腹部肿瘤、盆腔肿瘤、四肢关节损伤等。禁忌证主要包括体内有金属植入物(如心脏起搏器、金属夹等)、幽闭恐惧症等,需严格评估患者情况。
                    </p>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">第一节 颅脑磁共振检查</h2>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、颅脑磁共振常规检查</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)适应证</p>
                    <p class="content">1.脑血管疾病,如缺血性卒中、脑出血、蛛网膜下腔出血、脑血管畸形、颅内静脉窦及脑静脉血栓、遗传性脑血管病等。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.颅内占位性病变,如颅内肿瘤、脑脓肿、脑囊肿、脑寄生虫病等。</p>
                </div>
                <div class="page-bottom-right">133</div>
            </div>
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                    <div class="header-txt">
                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">3.中枢神经系统感染性疾病,如脑膜炎、脑炎、脑寄生虫病、脑脓肿、朊蛋白病等。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.神经系统变性疾病,如运动神经元病、阿尔兹海默病,多系统萎缩等。</p>
                    <p class="content">5.神经系统发育异常疾病,如颅颈区畸形、脑瘫、先天性脑积水等。</p>
                    <p class="content">6.中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病,如多发性硬化、视神经脊髓炎、脑白质营养不良等。</p>
                    <p class="content">7.运动障碍性疾病,如肝豆状核变性、小舞蹈病等。</p>
                    <p class="content">8.颅脑外伤、颅骨疾病、脑退行性病变等。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)检查前准备</p>
                    <p class="content">1.仔细询问被检者病史,排查有无MRI检查的禁忌证,认真核对申请单。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.被检者进入检查室前需去除随身携带的金属物品、磁性物品、通信器材等;铁质担架、轮椅等禁止推入检查室。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.向被检者仔细讲述检查过程,消除其恐惧心理,保持身体放松,嘱咐其在检查过程中禁止随意移动,若有不适及时告知检查医生。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        4.婴幼儿、出现烦躁不安症状及幽闭恐惧症等被检者在必须做检查时,可给予适量镇静类药物,如安定、水合氯醛等,以提高检查成功率。急危重症患者必须做MRI检查时,应由临床医师陪同检查,若发生紧急情况,应迅速移至检查室外抢救。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">5.检查前给被检者佩戴棉团或耳麦,尽可能地减少噪声对患者听力的影响,保护听力,以便提高检查舒适性。</p>
                    <p class="content">6.做增强MRI检查时,被检者提前由护理人员开通静脉通道。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)检查方法</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.射频线圈</span> 颅脑专用线圈(图7-1),不同线圈的成像质量有所区别,有颅脑单通道线圈、颅脑多通道线圈、颅脑正交线圈等。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0152-01.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图7-1 颅脑线圈</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.被检者体位与成像中心</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)被检者仰卧位,头先进,双上肢置于身体两侧,人体长轴与床面长轴保持一致,身体居中,并保持两侧对称,肩部紧贴线圈,头颅正中矢状面与线圈纵轴尽量保持一致,并垂直于床面。佩戴耳塞或耳麦保护听力,头颅固定不能转动,患者缺乏配合时用海绵垫加以固定。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)将被检者头部置于线圈内,鼻根或眉间为成像中心,定位灯纵向连线对准头颅正中矢状面,横向连线平行于双眼外眦,提醒被检者激光灯打开后闭眼,保护视力。移动床面位置至十字定位灯对准线圈中心,锁定位置后送至磁体中心。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)婴幼儿由于头颅较小,可在他们的枕背部增加软垫,以保证被检者头颅中心与线圈中心一致,同时在耳塞周边加三角垫以保证耳塞紧贴患儿耳朵。对颈椎骨折等强迫体位患者,应采用被检者自然体位,并加以固定。驼背的患者应根据被检者具体情况选择采用侧卧、臀部垫高等方法。对昏迷、瘫痪或病情危重等不能自主运动的患者应将其头转向一侧,预防呕吐物堵塞呼吸道引起窒息,同时检查过程需医护人员陪同,以便发生紧急情况时及时抢救。
                    </p>
                </div>
                <div class="page-bottom-left">134</div>
            </div>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.扫描技术</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)扫描方位及定位方法 首先采用三平面定位梯度回波序列快速扫描,同时获得横断面、矢状面、冠状面三个方位的定位像,再据此定位像制订扫描计划。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)横断面:常规扫描方位,以矢状面和冠状面作为参考定位像,矢状面上定位线与前后联合连线(AC-PC)平行[图7-2(a)];冠状面上定位线平行于两侧颞叶底部连线[图7-2(b)],相位编码方向为左右方向;在横断面定位像上调整视野(FOV),使头部横断图像位于视野正中。扫描范围从后颅窝底至颅顶。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0153-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-2 头颅横断面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)头颅横断面在矢状面定位像上的设置;(b)头颅横断面在冠状面定位像上的设置。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        2)矢状面:常规扫描方位,以横断面和冠状面作为参考定位像,横断面上定位线与大脑纵裂平行[图7-3(a)];冠状面上定位线与大脑纵裂及脊柱中线平行[图7-3(b)];相位编码方向为前后方向;在矢状面定位像上调整视野范围,扫描范围视病变大小而定。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0153-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-3 头颅矢状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)头颅矢状面在横断面定位像上的设置;(b)头颅矢状面在冠状面定位像上的设置。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">3)冠状面:常规扫描方位,以横断面和矢状面作为参考定位像,在横断面上定位线与大脑纵裂</p>
 
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content"> 垂直[图7-4(a)];矢状面上定位线与脑干平行[图7-4(b)],相位编码方向为左右方向。在冠状面定位像上调整视野。扫描范围视病变大小而定。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0154-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-4 头颅冠状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)头颅冠状面在横断面定位像上的设置;(b)头颅冠状面在矢状面定位像上的设置。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)扫描平面及序列</p>
                    <p class="content">1)颅脑扫描以横断面为主,常规扫描序列以快速自旋回波序列为主。包括横断面FSE-T<span class="sub">2</span>WI、T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI-FLAIR、T<span class="sub">2</span>WI-FLAIR,同时配合矢状面T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI序列或T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI序列。FLAIR序列又称液体衰减反转恢复序列,特点是能够有效抑制脑脊液信号,更敏感地检测出蛛网膜下腔和脑实质内的病灶,尤其是对于邻近脑室或蛛网膜下腔的病灶,可避免其被高信号的脑脊液所遮盖。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        2)特殊序列:根据不同病情的患者需要,可配合加做相应的优势序列。例如,大面积脑梗死后出血倾向增加的患者,以及急性脑梗死静脉溶栓治疗后、长期服用抗血小板聚集药物的患者,建议加做SWI序列,可发现颅脑CT不能显示的无症状性微出血灶,更好地指导临床诊疗;对于超急性期脑梗死,DWI序列比较敏感,在症状出现数分钟内就能显示出缺血灶,同时可加做TOF-MRA,了解脑动脉狭窄情况。MRI对癫痫病变比较敏感,尤其是冠状面薄层T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>-FLAIR扫描能够较好地显示海马病变。PWI成像可显示脑血流动力学状况和脑组织缺血情况;其余包括脑波谱分析、脑fMRI等。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)增强扫描:对颅脑病变定性具有重要作用,选用钆对比剂,常规剂量为0.1~0.2mmol/kg,静脉注射速度为0.5~1.0ml/s,注射完后开始进行增强扫描,做横断面、矢状面、冠状面FSE
                        T<span class="sub">1</span>WI。在T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI像上脂肪和对比剂增强区域均显示为高信号,为提高增强后病灶与背景组织间的对比,增强前后T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI应采用脂肪抑制序列。扫描层面、层厚及层间隔与平扫一致。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)推荐的颅脑MR成像参数:如表7-1所示。</p>
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                <div class="page-header-right">
                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-1 颅脑常规平扫序列参数</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0155-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:因设备场强和机型等有所不同,本表中参数仅供参考。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(四)图像显示及后处理技术</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.图像质量要求及图像显示</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)FSE T<span class="sub">2</span>WI序列:主要用以提高病灶检出率,发现病灶。T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI上脑脊液、脑灰质由于含水量多表现为高信号,脑白质由于含水量少表现为中等信号。大部分病灶以水肿为主,故在T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI上呈高信号(图7-5)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)FIR T<span class="sub">1</span>WI序列(T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>FLAIR):为常规颅脑扫描序列,脑灰质、脑白质对比度高,对解剖结构显示较好,脑白质为高信号,脑灰质为等信号,脑脊液为低信号。图像质量好,对比度佳,扫描时间不长,因此优于常规快速自旋回波FSE
                        T<span class="sub">1</span>WI(图7-6)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0155-02.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-5 颅脑T<span class="sub">2</span>WI显示</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:T<span class="sub">2</span>WI示右侧丘脑高信号梗死灶。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0155-03.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-6 颅脑T<span class="sub">1</span>WI显示</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:T<span class="sub">1</span>WI示右侧丘脑低信号梗死灶。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)T<span class="sub">2</span>FLAIR序列:通过抑制水的信号,获得脑脊液为低信号的T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>加权像,避免T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>高信号病灶被脑脊液遮盖显示不清,提高了对比度,可更好地显示病灶,对显示靠近脑室系统及脑表面的病变效果更佳(图7-7)。</p>
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                    <div class="header-txt">
                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0156-01.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-7 颅脑T<span class="sub">2</span>FLAIR显示</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:脑脊液信号被抑制,右侧丘脑病变显示更清晰。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(4)DWI序列:DWI序列在临床中得到广泛应用,尤其是脑卒中的早期诊断,对超早期急性缺血性病灶最敏感,在症状出现数分钟就可显示缺血灶(图7-8)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0156-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-8 急性缺血性卒中的磁共振表现</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)T<span class="sub">2</span>WI;(b)DWI。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(5)矢状面FSE T<span class="sub">2</span>WI序列:一般在常规序列的基础上加做一个FSE T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI或T<span class="sub">1</span>WI矢状面序列。可充分地显示第三脑室、中脑导水管及第四脑室等形态结构。由于FSE
                        T<span class="sub">2</span>WI序列对大部分病灶检出率较T<span class="sub">1</span>WI序列更高,在不做增强扫描时,矢状面选FSE
                        T<span class="sub">2</span>WI序列。若做增强扫描,可采用强化后的T<span class="sub">1</span>WI矢状面扫描(图7-9)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(6)增强扫描:通过观察病灶的强化特点,对病变进行定性,以明确病变的范围和性质,尤其是血供丰富的占位性病变破坏血脑屏障后,可出现明显强化(图7-10)。</p>
 
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                <div class="page-header-right">
                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0157-01.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图7-9 矢状面T<span class="sub">2</span>WI</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0157-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-10 脑膜瘤磁共振增强后显示病灶强化</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)平扫脂肪抑制T<span
                                class="sub">1</span>WI序列显示病灶呈低信号;(b)(c)(d)强化后,横断面、矢状面、冠状面T<span
                                class="sub">1</span>WI病灶显示高信号,矢状面上可见脑膜尾征。</p>
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.图像后处理技术</span> 常规序列扫描一般无须进行后处理。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、颅脑血管磁共振检查</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0158-01.jpg" style="width:30%" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        颅脑血管成像包括非增强血管成像与对比剂增强血管成像。临床检查中最常用的是颅脑非增强血管成像技术,是本节重点学习内容。颅脑非增强血管成像技术无须注射对比剂即可获得造影的动脉或静脉高信号影像,分为颅脑动脉血管成像(MRA)及颅脑静脉血管成像(MRV),根据成像原理的不同分为TOF法和PC法。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)适应证</p>
                    <p class="content">1.颅内动脉瘤。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.颅内动脉粥样硬化、狭窄或闭塞。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.颅内血管畸形,如动静脉畸形、海绵状血管瘤、毛细血管扩张症等。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.颅内静脉窦及脑静脉血栓形成。</p>
                    <p class="content">5.颅内异常血管网病,如Moyamoya病、烟雾病等。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)检查方法</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.线圈</span> 同颅脑常规检查线圈。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.体位</span> 同颅脑常规检查体位。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.扫描方位及定位方法</span> 首先采用三平面定位梯度回波序列快速扫描,同时获得横断、矢状、冠状三个方位定位像。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)颅脑动脉血管成像定位方法:采取横断位,在矢状面定位像上设置多个横断面三维扫描块,扫描平面与多数颅内动脉走行成角,或者平行于前-后联合连线;在冠状面定位像上定位线应平行于两侧颞叶底部连线,确保图像左右对称;在横断面定位像上调整FOV,扫描方向从上到下,扫描范围下至颅底,上包括胼胝体上缘,具体根据患者情况调整层数。相位编码方向为左右方向。预饱和带设置在颅顶,以起到饱和矢状窦及其引流静脉血流,从而消除静脉血流信号(图7-11)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0158-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-11 颅脑3D-TOF-MRA扫描定位图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)冠状面T<span class="sub">1</span>WI定位像;(b)矢状面T<span
                                class="sub">1</span>WI定位像;(c)横断面T<span class="sub">1</span>WI定位像;(d)3D-TOF-MRA。</p>
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                <div class="page-header-right">
                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0159-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图7-11(续图)</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)颅脑静脉血管成像定位方法:采取冠状面或斜矢状面。斜矢状面扫描时,在横断面定位像上设置2D-TOF-MRV斜矢状面扫描层面,扫描平面与颅脑正中矢状面大约成15°角,保证成像层面最大限度与大部分颅内静脉成角,扫描范围在横断面及冠状面定位像上应包含左右两侧乙状窦外缘。在矢状面上调整FOV,并在扫描层面下方设置预饱和带,消除动脉血信号。冠状面扫描定位时,在矢状面定位像上范围包括上矢状窦及窦汇,FOV下方加饱和带,消除动脉血流信号,横断面定位像上使定位像左右对称(图7-12)。相位编码方向为左右方向。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0159-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-12 颅脑2D-TOF-MRV扫描定位图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)冠状面T<span class="sub">1</span>WI定位像;(b)矢状面T<span
                                class="sub">1</span>WI定位像;(c)横断面T<span class="sub">1</span>WI定位像;(d)2D-TOF-MRV。</p>
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0160-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图7-12(续图)</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.扫描序列及参数推荐选择</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)颅脑动脉血管成像:采用3D-TOF-MRA技术。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)颅脑静脉血管成像:采用2D-TOF-MRV技术。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)特殊序列:相位对比法包括2D-PC血管成像、3D-PC血管成像,由于血管显示效果差、成像时间长等原因,临床中目前已很少作为血管成像的主要序列。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)推荐颅脑血管成像参数见表7-2,仅供参考。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-2 颅脑MR血管成像参数</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0160-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:因设备场强和机型等有所不同,本表中参数仅供参考。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)图像显示及后处理技术</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.图像显示</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)3D-TOF-MRA显示:脑梗死患者的3D-TOF-MRA如图7-13所示。</p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0161-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-13 脑梗死患者的脑动脉3D-TOF-MRA</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)DWI可见右侧颞枕叶梗死灶;(b)按照常规定位得到的TOF-MRA,可见右侧大脑中动脉狭窄闭塞。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)2D-TOF-MRV显示:2D-TOF-MRV如图7-14所示。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0161-02.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图7-14 2D-TOF-MRV</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:上矢状窦、直窦、乙状窦等清晰显示。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.图像后处理</span> 图像需进行三维后处理,将所得原始图像进行最大密度投影(maximum intensity
                        projection,MIP),从而产生三维血管解剖图。重建后MIP图可做任意方位旋转(图7-15)。</p>
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0162-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-15 3D-TOF-MRA的MIP多角度旋转</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)冠状面MRA;(b)横断面MRA;(c)矢状面MRA;(d)任意角度MRA。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)适应证</p>
                    <p class="content">1.鞍区肿瘤,垂体微腺瘤和垂体腺瘤。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.鞍区感染性病变。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.鞍区先天性发育异常。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.鞍区骨源性疾病。</p>
                    <p class="content">5.鞍旁占位。</p>
                    <p class="content">6.空蝶鞍。</p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、鞍区磁共振检查</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)检查前准备</p>
                    <p class="content">1.询问病史,确定有无MRI检查的禁忌证,仔细核对申请单。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.被检者进入检查室前去除随身携带金属物品等磁性物品、通信器材;铁质担架、推车、轮椅禁止推入检查室。如果条件允许,建议被检者更衣。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.定位时嘱被检者闭眼,向被检者讲述检查过程,消除其恐惧心理,嘱被检者检查过程中不要随意运动,若有不适及时与检查人员联系。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        4.婴幼儿、烦躁不安者及幽闭恐惧症者,可给予药物,如安定、水合氯醛等进行镇定,以提高检查成功率。急危重患者必须做MRI检查时,应由临床医师陪同观察,发生紧急情况时,应迅速移至检查室外抢救。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">5.检查前给被检者佩戴棉团或耳机,保护听力,提高检查舒适性。</p>
                    <p class="content">6.增强检查需提前由护理人员开通静脉通道。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)检查方法</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.线圈</span> 头颅正交线圈或头颈联合线圈。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.体位</span> 仰卧位,头先进,身体与床体保持一致,双肩紧靠线圈,使扫描部位尽量靠近主磁场及线圈的中心,双手置于身体两侧,头部用海绵垫固定,枕部可适当垫高,注意保护听力。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.扫描方位</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)矢状面扫描:以冠状面和横断面作为参考定位。扫描基线平行于大脑矢状裂,双侧对称扫描。扫描范围包括整个鞍区,根据病变大小整体调节,需包括整个病变(图7-16)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0163-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图7-16 鞍区矢状面成像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)鞍区矢状面在冠状面上定位;(b)鞍区矢状面在横断面上定位;(c)鞍区矢状面T<span
                                class="sub">1</span>WI成像。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)冠状面扫描:以矢状面和横断面作为参考定位,扫描平面垂直于鞍底(或平行于垂体柄),横断面上与大脑纵裂垂直,双侧对称扫描,范围包含鞍区或病灶区域(图7-17)。
                    </p>
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0164-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图7-17 鞍区冠状面成像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)鞍区矢状面扫描定位;(b)鞍区横断面扫描定位;(c)鞍区冠状面T<span class="sub">1</span>图像。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)横断面扫描:在冠状面或矢状面定位像上使成像层面与两侧颞叶底部连线平行且经过鞍区(图7-18)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0164-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图7-18 鞍区横断面成像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)鞍区冠状面扫描定位;(b)鞍区矢状面扫描定位;(c)鞍区横断面T<span class="sub">1</span>WI+C成像。
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.扫描序列及参数选择</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)常规序列:常规采用高分辨率、薄层序列扫描。以快速自旋回波序列为主,包括矢状面T<span class="sub">1</span>WI、冠状面T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI及T<span class="sub">2</span>WI,建议矢状面T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI序列加脂肪抑制,用来鉴别鞍区病变的出血或脂肪成分,同时亦作为增强序列(表7-3)。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-3 鞍区MR成像序列</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0164-03.jpg" style="width:80%" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)增强扫描:快速静脉注射MR钆对比剂的同时即开始冠状面动态增序列扫描,注射速率3ml/s,0.2ml/kg,0.1mmol/kg。</p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
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                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">垂体微腺瘤病变或垂体病变<1cm时,需行动态增强扫描,即多时相采集,冠状面脂肪抑制FSE T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI序列快速动态连续成像6~10次,单次采集时间10~30秒。应注意的是,作为注药前蒙片用的第一期时像采集后,高压注射器立即静脉快速团注Gd-DTPA对比剂,注射速度2~3ml/s。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">非垂体微腺瘤(大于1cm病变):一般情况可行普通增强扫描,即以较慢速率静脉注射对比剂后开始普通增强序列扫描,对比剂量0.2ml/kg,0.1mmol/kg。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(3)参数:小视野及薄层扫描,相位编码方向注意防止卷积伪影。因设备场强、机型不同,具体参数如表7-4所示。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-4 鞍区序列参数表</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0165-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(四)图像显示及后处理技术</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)清晰显示蝶鞍、垂体、垂体柄、视交叉、下丘脑、海绵窦、颈内动脉、大脑前动脉主干等结构,矢状面及冠状面最大化显示垂体柄长度。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)无明显运动伪影,磁敏感伪影不影响鞍区影像诊断。</p>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">第二节 头颈部磁共振检查</h2>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、眼及眼眶磁共振检查</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        MRI在眼科诊断中具有广泛的应用价值,能够提供高清三维成像能力,精确定位眼部结构,并清晰显示神经、眼底、外眼肌和眼眶等部位的解剖细节。其高分辨率的眼底成像可帮助准确诊断视网膜相关疾病如视网膜剥离和黄斑变性,同时通过展示眼球周围的6个外眼肌的具体位置和相互连接关系,为临床诊断提供重要参考;结合对比度调节功能,MRI能够有效识别软组织病变,相较于传统X线检查更具优势。
                    </p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0165-02.jpg" style="width:30%" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)适应证</p>
                    <p class="content">1.眼眶肿瘤,包括眼球、视神经与眶内的各种肿瘤。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.眼肌疾病,如眼格氏病。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.血管性疾病,包括眶内静脉曲张、血管畸形、颈内动脉海绵窦瘘等。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.外伤。</p>
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">5.非金属性眼内和眶内异物。</p>
                    <p class="content">6.眶内炎症,包括炎性假瘤与眶内感染。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)检查前准备</p>
                    <p class="content">1.询问病史,确定有无MRI检查的禁忌证,仔细核对申请单。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.被检者进入检查室前去除随身携带金属物品、磁性物品、通信器材;铁质担架、轮椅禁止推入检查室。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        3.向被检者讲述检查过程,消除其恐惧心理,嘱被检者在检查过程中不要随意运动,眼部磁共振检查着重对被检者强调眼球不要动,保持闭眼状态。下颌可以微微内收,这样被检者容易保持不动的状态。若有不适及时与检查人员联系。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        4.婴幼儿、烦躁不安者及幽闭恐惧症者,可给予药物,如安定、水合氯醛等进行镇定,以提高检查成功率。急危重患者必须做MRI检查时,应由临床医师陪同观察,发生紧急情况时,应迅速移至检查室外抢救。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">5.检查前给被检者佩戴棉团或耳机,保护听力,提高检查舒适性。</p>
                    <p class="content">6.增强被检者提前由护理人员开通静脉通道。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)检查方法</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.线圈</span> 头颅专用线圈(图7-19)包括单通道线圈、多通道线圈、正交线圈、相控阵线圈及头颈联合线圈,需根据检查部位选择,不同线圈的成像质量存在差异。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0166-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-19 头颅线圈及头颈联合线圈</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)16通道头部线圈;(b)64通道头颈联合线圈。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.体位</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)仰卧位,头先进,双臂置于身体两侧,人体长轴与床面长轴一致,居中,并保持两侧对称,肩部紧贴线圈。头部固定不能转动,被检者不能配合时用三角垫予以固定。嘱被检者在检查过程中双眼平视前方或闭眼,使眼球保持不动。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)头部置于线圈内,激光定位十字线位于被检者鼻根部,激光定位时嘱被检者闭眼,避免视</p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
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                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">
                        网膜光损伤,锁定位置后进床至磁体中心。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)婴幼儿因头颅较小,需在其的枕背部加软垫,以确保被检者头颅中心与线圈中心一致。在耳塞周边加三角垫以保证耳塞紧靠患儿耳朵。对颈椎骨折等强迫体位者,被检者应采取自然体位,并加以固定。驼背被检者应根据具体情况采用侧卧、臀部垫高等方法。对意识不清者应将头转向一侧,以防止呕吐物堵塞呼吸道,同时需医护人员陪同。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.扫描方位</span> 定位完成后,首先采用三平面定位梯度回波序列快速扫描,同时获得横断面、矢状面、冠状面三个方位的定位像,再通过三平面定位像制订扫描计划。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)横断面:矢状面图像上定位横断面,扫描线平行于视神经走行,范围包括眼眶上下壁,冠状面定位像上调整扫描线角度并使之左右对称,横断面定位像上旋转适宜角度(图7-20)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0167-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-20 眼及眼眶横断面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)眼眶横断面在横断面图像定位;(b)眼眶横断面在矢状面图像定位;(c)眼眶横断面在冠状面图像定位。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)斜矢状面:横断面图像上定位斜矢状面,扫描线平行于视神经长轴,范围包括眼眶内外侧壁,冠状面上以视神经为中心,调整上下范围,矢状面定位像上旋转到适宜角度。眼部斜矢状面为左右两侧分别定位扫描,定位方法相同(图7-21)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0167-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-21 眼及眼眶斜矢状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)眼眶斜矢状面在横断面图像定位;(b)眼眶斜矢状面在矢状面图像定位;(c)眼眶斜矢状面在冠状面图像定位。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)冠状面:矢状面图像上定位冠状面,扫描线垂直于视神经长轴范围包括眼睑前缘至蝶鞍后床突,横断面定位像上调整扫描线角度并使之左右对称,冠状面定位像上旋转到适宜角度(图7-22)。</p>
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0168-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-22 眼及眼眶冠状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)眼眶冠状面在横断面图像定位;(b)眼眶冠状面在矢状面图像定位;(c)眼眶冠状面在冠状面图像定位。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.扫描序列及参数选择</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)平扫序列:常规序列组合(表7-5)以快速自旋回波序列为主,是基本扫描序列,其信噪比高,并能提供良好的组织对比度,对解剖结构的显示是梯度回波序列不可比拟的。
                    </p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-5 眼及眼眶常规扫描序列</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0168-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)特殊序列:根据病情需要,可加扫相应的优势序列。如眼部占位可加扫扩散加权(DWI)序列进行辅助诊断。由于眼眶这个位置磁场均匀度差,组织结构也很复杂,所以常规的DWI
                        EPI序列变形很大。推荐使用读出方向分段K空间的多次激发扩散加权成像序列或DWI TSE序列来进行扫描,以减少磁敏感伪影(图7-23)。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)增强扫描:对于平扫疾病不明显或肿瘤占位定性不明确的,需要进行增强扫描,眼部检查使用非特异性钆对比剂,常规剂量0.1~0.2mmol/kg,以0.5~1.0ml/s速度静脉注射后,做横断面、矢状面、冠状面FSE
                        T<span class="sub">1</span>WI成像。由于T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI像上脂肪及对比剂增强区域均为高信号,为增加增强后病变与背景组织间的对比差异,增强前后T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI应采用脂肪抑制序列。扫描层面、层厚及层间隔与平扫一致。</p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
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                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0169-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图7-23 DWI TSE序列成像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)视神经横断面B值1000DWI图;(b)视神经横断面ADC图。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(4)成像参数:因设备场强、机型等不同而有所不同,表7-6仅供参考。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-6 眼及眼眶常规平扫序列参数</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0169-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(四)图像显示及后处理技术</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.图像显示</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)横断面T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI序列常用来发现病变,初步判断病变性质,并能很好地显示内外侧直肌及眼球内容物[图7-24(a)],增加脂肪抑制技术后可抑制眼眶内脂肪信号,更能突出显示病变[图7-24(b)]。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)横断面T<span class="sub">1</span>WI可清楚地显示解剖结构,帮助初步判断病变性质[图7-24(c)]。冠状面T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI能很好地显示眼内外、上下直肌及与视神经的关系。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)矢状面T<span class="sub">2</span>WI平行于视神经扫描,可更好地观察视神经及上下直肌[图7-25(a)]。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)冠状面T<span class="sub">1</span>WI能很好地显示眼内外、上下直肌与视神经的关系[图7-25(b)]。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)DWI序列可对肿瘤的诊断起到辅助作用[图7-25(c)]。</p>
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
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                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0170-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-24 眼及眼眶磁共振横断面</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)T<span class="sub">2</span>WI;(b)脂肪抑制T<span
                                class="sub">2</span>WI;(c)T<span class="sub">1</span>WI。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0170-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-25 眼及眼眶磁共振矢状面、冠状面及DWI成像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)T<span class="sub">2</span>WI矢状面;(b)T<span
                                class="sub">1</span>WI冠状面;(c)DWI。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(6)增强扫描:观察病变强化特征,利于定性。占位性病变破坏血脑屏障后,供血丰富,强化明显(图7-26)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0170-03.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-26 眼及眼眶磁共振强化图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)横断面;(b)矢状面;(c)冠状面。</p>
                    </div>
 
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0171-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-27 左侧眼球后方肌锥见类圆形等T<span class="sub">1</span>,长短T<span
                                class="sub">2</span>混杂信号(右侧箭头),病变推压视神经(左侧箭头)内移,增强扫描病灶呈明显不均匀强化(符合左侧眼球后方肌锥内肿瘤MRI表现)</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)横断面脂肪抑制T<span class="sub">2</span>WI;(b)横断面T<span
                                class="sub">1</span>WI;(c)(d)增强后,横断面、冠状面脂肪抑制T<span class="sub">1</span>WI。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0171-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-28 右晶状体外下缘见一略短T<span class="sub">1</span>等T<span
                                class="sub">2</span>异常信号灶(箭头),增强扫描明显强化,边界清(符合肿瘤MRI表现)</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)横断面脂肪抑制T<span class="sub">2</span>WI;(b)横断面T<span
                                class="sub">1</span>WI;(c)(d)增强后,横断面、矢状面脂肪抑制T<span class="sub">1</span>WI。</p>
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                    <div class="header-txt">
                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0172-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图7-28(续图)</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.后处理技术</span> 常规序列扫描一般无须做后处理。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、颞骨(内耳)磁共振检查</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        内耳磁共振检查凭借其高分辨率成像能力,能够清晰显示内耳结构,如耳蜗、前庭和半规管,为评估内耳功能提供重要参考;同时,其无创性特点使其备受青睐,多方位成像技术进一步增强了对内耳各部位的观察。此外,MRI在软组织分辨率上有显著优势,能够清晰区分不同组织,并通过多参数对比提高诊断准确性。内耳磁共振水成像和钆造影技术分别提供了高对比度和内淋巴积水显示功能,极大提升了对内耳疾病如梅尼埃病的诊断能力。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)适应证</p>
                    <p class="content">1.耳鸣、眩晕等。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.中耳炎症性病变。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.外耳道外伤。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.占位性病变,如各种良恶性占位病变。</p>
                    <p class="content">5.内耳先天性发育异常。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)检查前准备</p>
                    <p class="content">参见本节“一、眼及眼眶磁共振检查技术”。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)检查方法</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.线圈</span> 参见本节“一、眼及眼眶磁共振检查技术”。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.体位</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)仰卧位,头先进,双臂置于身体两侧,人体长轴与床面长轴一致,居中,并保持两侧对称,肩部紧贴线圈。头部固定不能转动,被检者不能配合时用三角垫予以固定。嘱被检者在检查过程中双眼平视前方或闭眼,使眼球保持不动。
                    </p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">(2)头部置于线圈内,定位中心位于双耳中心连线,激光定位时嘱被检者闭眼,避免视网膜光损伤,锁定位置后进床至磁体中心。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)婴幼儿因头颅较小,需在他们的枕背部加软垫,以确保被检者头颅中心与线圈中心一致。在耳塞周边加三角垫以保证耳塞紧靠患儿耳朵。对颈椎骨折等强迫体位者,应采用被检者自然体位,并加以固定。驼背的被检者应根据具体情况采用侧卧、臀部垫高等方法。对意识不清者,应将头转向一侧,以防止呕吐物堵塞呼吸道,同时需医护人员陪同。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.扫描方位</span> 定位完成后,首先采用三平面定位梯度回波序列(3-plan)快速扫描,同时获得横断面、矢状面、冠状面三个方位的定位像,再通过三平面定位像制订扫描计划。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)横断面:横断面扫描是内耳的主要扫描方位,目的是观察内耳临近结构及附近脑组织结构,一般以内耳道为中心按照颅脑正常周围扫描。如果对内耳道解剖不是非常了解,可以以第四脑室中心为扫描中心层面(图7-29)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0173-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-29 颞骨(内耳)横断面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)颞骨(内耳)横断面在横断面图像定位;(b)颞骨(内耳)横断面在矢状面图像定位;(c)颞骨(内耳)横断面在冠状面图像定位。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)冠状面:加扫冠状面可以使横断面定位更加准确,更对称(图7-30)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0173-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-30 颞骨(内耳)冠状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)颞骨(内耳)冠状面在横断面图像定位;(b)颞骨(内耳)冠状面在矢状面图像定位;(c)颞骨(内耳)冠状面在冠状面图像定位。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.扫描序列及参数选择</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)平扫序列:即常规扫描序列(表7-7),以快速自旋回波序列为主,是基本扫描序列,其信噪比高,并能提供良好的组织对比度,对解剖结构的显示是梯度回波序列不可比拟的。</p>
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-7 颞骨(内耳)常规扫描序列</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0174-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)特殊序列:①颞骨(内耳)占位可加扫扩散加权(DWI)序列进行辅助诊断。由于颞骨(内耳)这个位置磁场均匀度差,组织结构也很复杂,所以常规的DWI
                        EPI序列变形很大。推荐使用读出方向分段K空间的多次激发扩散加权成像序列或DWI
                        TSE序列来进行扫描。②超长薄层3D扫描序列是为了显示内耳神经的走行[图7-31(a)],并可以利用MIP功能完成半规管及耳蜗水成像后处理[图7-31(b)],同时也是观察神经和血管关系最重要的序列。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0174-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-31 颞骨(内耳)超长TE薄层3D序列</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)薄层序列显示内耳神经走行;(b)MIP功能重建后的半规管及耳蜗水成像。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)增强扫描:对于平扫疾病不明显或肿瘤占位定性不明确的,需要进行增强扫描,颞骨(内耳)检查选用的是非特异性对比剂钆喷酸葡胺(Gd-DTPA),常规剂量0.1~0.2mmol/kg,以0.5~1.0ml/s速度静脉注射后,做横断面、矢状面、冠状面FSE
                        T<span class="sub">1</span>WI成像。由于T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI上脂肪及对比剂增强区域均为高信号,为增加增强后病变与背景组织间的对比差异,增强前后T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI应采用脂肪抑制序列。扫描层面、层厚及层间隔与平扫一致。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)成像参数:因设备场强、机型等不同而有所不同,表7-8仅供参考。</p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-8 颞骨(内耳)常规平扫序列参数</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0175-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(四)图像显示及后处理技术</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.图像显示</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)横断面T<span class="sub">2</span>WI序列作用是发现病变,初步判断病变性质[图7-32(a)]。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)横断面T<span class="sub">1</span>WI序列作用是为了评判病变性质,提供参考信息[图7-32(b)]。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0175-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-32 颞骨(内耳)横断面显示</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)横断面脂肪抑制T<span class="sub">2</span>WI;(b)横断面T<span
                                class="sub">1</span>WI。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)增强扫描:观察病变强化特征,利于定性(图7-33,图7-34)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0175-03.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-33 颞骨(内耳)磁共振强化图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)横断面;(b)冠状面。</p>
                    </div>
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                <div class="page-bottom-right">157</div>
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                    <div class="header-txt">
                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0176-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-34 颞骨(内耳)神经源性肿瘤磁共振强化图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:双侧桥小脑角见不规则团块状(箭头)等长T<span class="sub">1</span>[图7-34(a)左上]等T<span
                                class="sub">2</span>[图7-34(b)右上]信号灶,边界清,增强明显强化[图7-34(c)左下,图7-34(d)右下],局部凸入内听道内,双侧内听道明显扩大,双侧面神经显示欠清,符合神经源性肿瘤MRI表现。
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.后处理技术</span> 常规序列扫描一般无须做后处理。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、鼻窦及鼻咽部磁共振检查</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        磁共振成像在鼻咽部软组织的诊断中具有优势,能够提供高清晰度的图像,比CT的诊断价值更高。MRI的不同序列扫描各有特点,尤其适用于诊断鼻窦炎、鼻息肉和鼻窦肿瘤等病症。MRI的高敏感性能清晰展示鼻窦和鼻腔结构,帮助医生准确判断病变位置和严重程度,并提供眼眶和颅底等周围结构的详细信息,对制订治疗方案至关重要。此外,MRI是诊断鼻窦肿瘤的重要工具,能够提供详细的解剖信息,帮助区分肿瘤性质(良性或恶性),评估肿瘤扩散范围,对规划适当的治疗如手术或放疗至关重要。磁共振检查还能评估鼻窦炎和鼻息肉可能引起的并发症,如眼眶或颅内并发症,对于这些可能需要紧急处理的并发症,MRI能提供关键信息,帮助医生快速做出反应。对于正在接受治疗的患者,定期的鼻窦磁共振检查可用于监测治疗效果,通过比较治疗前后的影像,医生可以判断治疗是否有效,或者是否需要调整治疗方案。
                    </p>
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                <div class="page-header-right">
                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)适应证</p>
                    <p class="content">1.鼻咽部肿瘤,如鼻咽癌、纤维血管瘤和脊索瘤等。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.鼻咽部肉芽肿性病变。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.鼻窦肿瘤、囊肿、炎症、息肉及黏膜增厚、窦内积液、积脓等。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.其他部位病变侵犯鼻咽部黏膜间隙者。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)检查前准备</p>
                    <p class="content">参见本节“一、眼及眼眶磁共振检查”。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)检查方法</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.线圈</span> 头颅专用线圈加颈部专用线圈或头颈联合线圈(图7-35)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0177-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图7-35 线圈</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)头颅线圈;(b)颈部线圈;(c)头颈联合线圈。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.体位</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)仰卧位,头先进,双臂置于身体两侧,人体长轴与床面长轴一致,居中,并保持两侧对称,肩部紧贴线圈。头部固定不能转动,被检者不能配合时用三角垫予以固定。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)头部置于线圈内,定位十字中心位于被检者鼻尖,激光定位时嘱被检者闭眼,避免视网膜光损伤,锁定位置后进床至磁体中心。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)婴幼儿因头颅较小,需在他们的枕背部加软垫,以确保被检者头颅中心与线圈中心一致。在耳塞周边加三角垫以保证耳塞紧靠患儿耳朵。对颈椎骨折等强迫体位者,应采用被检者自然体位,并加以固定。驼背的被检者应根据具体情况采用侧卧、臀部垫高等方法。对意识不清者,应将头转向一侧,以防止呕吐物堵塞呼吸道,同时需医护人员陪同。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.扫描方位</span> 定位完成后,首先采用三平面定位梯度回波序列(3-plan)快速扫描,同时获得横断面、矢状面、冠状面三个方位的定位像,再通过三平面定位像制订扫描计划。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)横断面:在三平面定位像的矢状面定位像上定位横断面,使扫描平面平行于硬腭,在冠状面定位像上调整角度使之左右对称,横断面定位像上旋转到适宜角度。扫描范围上至额窦上缘,由于鼻咽癌患者经常需要观察颈部淋巴结的转移情况,可根据病变范围增加层数或层厚来扩大扫描范围(图7-36)。
                    </p>
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                    <div class="header-txt">
                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0178-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-36 鼻窦及鼻咽横断面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)鼻窦及鼻咽横断面在横断面图像定位;(b)鼻窦及鼻咽横断面在矢状面图像定位;(c)鼻窦及鼻咽横断面在冠状面图像定位。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)矢状面:在横断面和冠状面图像上定位矢状面,平行于颌面部正中矢状线,扫描范围要包括两侧上颌窦外侧壁或根据病灶大小调整扫描范围(图7-37)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0178-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-37 鼻窦及鼻咽矢状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)鼻窦及鼻咽矢状面在横断面图像定位;(b)鼻窦及鼻咽矢状面在矢状面图像定位;(c)鼻窦及鼻咽矢状面在冠状面图像定位。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)冠状面:矢状面和横断面图像上定位冠状面图像,扫描线垂直于软腭,平行于颌面部冠状线或平行于鼻尖与鼻根连线的冠状线,范围包含鼻尖软组织前缘至鼻咽后壁。横断面定位像上调整角度使之左右对称,冠状面定位像上旋转到适宜角度(图7-38)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0178-03.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-38 鼻窦及鼻咽冠状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)鼻窦及鼻咽冠状面在横断面图像定位;(b)鼻窦及鼻咽冠状面在矢状面图像定位;(c)鼻窦及鼻咽冠状面在冠状面图像定位。</p>
                    </div>
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                <div class="page-header-right">
                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.扫描序列及参数选择</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)平扫序列:即常规扫描序列(表7-9),以快速自旋回波序列为主,是基本扫描序列,其信噪比高并能提供良好的组织对比度,对解剖结构的显示是梯度回波序列不可比拟的。
                    </p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-9 鼻窦及鼻咽常规扫描序列</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0179-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)特殊序列:根据病情及病变需要,可增加扫相应优势序列。如加扫扩散加权(DWI)序列进行辅助诊断。DWI在鼻窦及鼻咽磁共振成像具有高敏感性,特别是在检测鼻窦黏膜下病变方面。DWI通过测量水分子的扩散能力来评估组织结构的特性,这对于识别和区分不同类型的鼻窦病变至关重要。DWI尤其在鉴别鼻窦及鼻咽内的良恶性肿瘤方面有优势。例如,鼻窦内的恶性肿瘤通常会导致水分子扩散受限,因为在肿瘤组织中水分子的运动受到紧密排列的细胞结构的限制。由于鼻腔内气体和骨骼结构的影响,此位置磁场均匀度差,组织结构也很复杂,所以常规的平面回波成像(echo
                        planar imaging)的DWI序列变形很大。推荐使用读出方向分段K空间的多次激发扩散加权成像序列或快速自旋回波(fast spin echo)DWI序列来进行扫描。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)增强扫描:对于平扫疾病不明显或肿瘤占位定性不明确的,需要进行增强扫描,鼻窦及鼻咽检查选用的是钆对比剂,常规剂量0.1~0.2mmol/kg,以0.5~1.0ml/s速度静脉注射后,做横断面、矢状面、冠状面FSE
                        T<span class="sub">1</span>WI成像。由于T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI上脂肪及对比剂增强区域均为高信号,为增加增强扫描后病变与背景组织间的对比差异,增强前后T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI应采用脂肪抑制序列。由于鼻窦及鼻咽部解剖形态不规则,组织结构复杂,使局部磁场均匀性较差,此时脂肪饱和法(fat
                        saturation)抑脂不均匀。可首选水脂分离(DIXON)脂肪抑制技术进行扫描。增强扫描可进一步辨别病变的边界、范围、性质及血供情况,扫描层面、层厚及层间隔与平扫一致。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)成像参数:因设备场强、机型等不同而有所不同,表7-10仅供参考。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-10 鼻部及鼻窦常规平扫序列参数</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0179-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt=""
                            active="true" />
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(四)图像显示及后处理技术</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.图像显示</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)横断面T<span class="sub">2</span>WI序列常用作发现病变,初步观察病变范围、判断病变性质。脂肪抑制T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI成像推荐使用反转恢复(turbo inversion recovery
                        magnitude)或者水脂分离(DIXON)技术,脂肪抑制后,提高组织对比,进一步判断T<span class="sub">2</span>WI上高信号病灶的性质,鉴别T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI图像高信号的区域是否含脂肪成分[图7-39(a)(b)]。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)横断面T<span class="sub">1</span>WI可清楚地显示解剖结构,帮助初步判断病变范围及病变性质[图7-39(c)]。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0180-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-39 鼻窦及鼻咽横断面磁共振</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)T<span class="sub">2</span>WI;(b)脂肪抑制T<span
                                class="sub">2</span>WI;(c)T<span class="sub">1</span>WI。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)冠状面T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI可选择进行脂肪抑制,用于辅助诊断病变性质。抑脂方式因鼻窦及鼻咽的特殊解剖结构可选择反转恢复或水脂分离抑脂[图7-40(a)]。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)矢状面T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI可更加直观地观察病变与周围组织的上下,前后关系及侵犯、推移情况。抑脂方式因鼻窦及鼻咽的特殊解剖结构可选择DIXON抑脂[图7-40(b)]。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (5)扩散加权成像逐渐受到临床的重视,原因在于扩散加权成像对病变具有非常高的敏感性,该序列在磁场和磁化率不均匀的区域以产生变形及磁化率伪影,所以在副鼻窦扫描过程中要避免金属假牙等对图像进行干扰,且b值不宜太大。推荐使用读出方向分段K空间的多次激发扩散加权成像序列或快速自旋回波(fast
                        spin echo)DWI序列来进行扫描[图7-40(c)]。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0180-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-40 鼻及鼻窦矢状面、冠状面及扩散加权成像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)冠状面脂肪抑制T<span class="sub">2</span>WI;(b)矢状面脂肪抑制T<span
                                class="sub">2</span>WI;(c)DWI。</p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">
                        (6)增强扫描:首选采用水脂分离(DIXON)脂肪抑制技术进行扫描。增强扫描进一步辨别病变的边界、范围、性质及血供情况,另外可在序列中增加上下平行饱和带抑制血管搏动伪影,但会导致TR时间增加(图7-41,图7-42)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0181-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-41 鼻窦及鼻咽磁共振增强序列</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)横断面脂肪抑制T<span class="sub">1</span>WI;(b)矢状面脂肪抑制T<span
                                class="sub">1</span>WI;(c)冠状面脂肪抑制T<span class="sub">1</span>WI。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0181-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-42 鼻咽部恶性肿瘤的磁共振表现</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:鼻咽顶后壁黏膜明显增厚膨隆(箭头),右侧为著,呈不规则团块状稍短T<span
                                class="sub">1</span>[图7-42(a)左上]、稍长T<span
                                class="sub">2</span>[图7-42(b)右上]异常信号灶,DWI图[图7-42(c)左下]扩散受限。增强扫描后可见明显欠均匀强化,符合鼻咽恶性肿瘤并周围软组织及斜坡受累表现。
                        </p>
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.后处理技术</span> 常规序列扫描一般无须做后处理。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、颌面及口腔磁共振检查</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        颌面及口腔磁共振检查是一种安全、无放射性损害的影像诊断方法,在颌面及口腔疾病的诊断和评估中具有显著优势。其高软组织分辨率和多参数成像技术可清晰显示病变范围及其与周围结构的关系,同时无骨伪影特性使图像更加细腻,适合复杂结构的评估。此外,任意方位倾斜扫描成像提供了更多角度的视野,尤其适用于颞下颌关节紊乱综合征、神经相关疾病及肿瘤诊断。其定性诊断能力使其在肿瘤鉴别和放疗疗效观察中表现突出,同时对金属修复体的影响较小,仍能发挥重要作用。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)适应证</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.上颌窦肿瘤和炎症</span> MRI可以详细地显示上颌窦区域的肿瘤或炎症的位置、大小,以及与周围组织的关系。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.腮腺区肿瘤</span> MRI对于腮腺区域的肿瘤具有良好的显示效果,可以帮助医生准确评估肿瘤的性质及其扩散范围。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.口咽部肿瘤</span> 由于MRI具有高分辨率的软组织对比,它对于口咽部肿瘤的诊断具有独特的优势,可以帮助区分肿瘤的性质和深度。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.面深部肿瘤</span> 如颞颌关节肿瘤等面深部肿瘤,MRI能够清晰显示肿瘤的位置、大小及其与周围组织的毗邻关系。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)检查前准备</p>
                    <p class="content">参见本节“一、眼及眼眶磁共振检查”。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)检查方法</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.线圈</span> 参见本节“三、鼻窦及鼻咽部磁共振检查”。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.体位</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)仰卧位,头先进,双臂置于身体两侧,人体长轴与床面长轴一致,居中,并保持两侧对称,肩部紧贴线圈。头部固定不能转动,被检者不能配合时用三角垫予以固定。嘱被检者在检查过程中双眼平视前方或闭眼,使眼球保持不动。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)头部置于线圈内,定位中心位于鼻根或眉间,激光十字定位线位于被检者鼻尖与鼻根连线中点,激光定位时嘱被检者闭眼,避免视网膜光损伤,锁定位置后进床至磁体中心。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)婴幼儿因头颅较小,需在他们的枕背部加软垫,以确保被检者头颅中心与线圈中心一致。在耳塞周边加三角垫以保证耳塞紧靠患儿耳朵。对颈椎骨折等强迫体位者,应采用被检者自然体位,并加以固定。驼背的被检者应根据具体情况采用侧卧、臀部垫高等方法。对意识不清者,应将头转向一侧,以防止呕吐物堵塞呼吸道,同时需医护人员陪同。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.扫描方位</span> 定位完成后,首先采用三平面定位梯度回波序列(3-plan)快速扫描,同时获得横断面、矢状面、冠状面三个方位的定位像,再通过三平面定位像制订扫描计划。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(1)横断面:在冠状及矢状面上定位。在矢状面上定位线平行于硬腭,在冠状面上调整角度使</p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">
                        双侧对称扫描,扫描范围上至额窦下至下颌骨下缘(如扫描腮腺,上下包括双侧腮腺上下缘),根据病变调整扫描范围,需包括整个病变范围(图7-43)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0183-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-43 颌面及口腔横断面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)颌面及口腔横断面在横断面图像定位;(b)颌面及口腔横断面在矢状面图像定位;(c)颌面及口腔横断面在冠状面图像定位。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)冠状面:在横断面及矢状面上定位,在矢状面上定位线垂直于硬腭,在横断面上调整定位线垂直于颌面部正中矢状线,双侧对称扫描,范围前至鼻尖后至下颌骨后缘(如扫描腮腺,包括腮腺前后缘),根据病变调整扫描范围,包括颈前软组织,可了解淋巴结转移情况,需包括整个病变范围(图7-44)
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0183-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-44 颌面及口腔冠状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)颌面及口腔冠状面在横断面图像定位;(b)颌面及口腔冠状面在矢状面图像定位;(c)颌面及口腔冠状面在冠状面图像定位。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)矢状面:在三维平面定位像的冠状面定位向上定位矢状面,使扫描平面与颌面部正中矢状线平行,左右范围包括两侧乳突,可根据病变调整扫描范围,上下范围包括整个颅底及锁骨上区(图7-45)。</p>
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0184-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-45 颌面及口腔矢状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)颌面及口腔矢状面在矢状面图像定位;(b)颌面及口腔矢状面在冠状面图像定位;(c)颌面及口腔矢状面在横断面图像定位。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.扫描序列及参数选择</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)平扫序列:以快速自旋回波序列为主,是基本扫描序列,能提供良好的组织对比度,对解剖结构的显示是梯度回波序列不可比拟的。</p>
                    <p class="content">另外,常规扫描建议使用DIXON或者STIR进行脂肪抑制(表7-11)。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-11 颌面及口腔常规扫描序列</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0184-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)增强扫描:同鼻咽及鼻窦。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)成像参数:因设备场强、机型等不同而有所不同,表7-12仅供参考。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-12 颌面及口腔常规平扫序列参数</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0184-03.jpg" style="width:80%" alt=""
                            active="true" />
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
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                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(四)图像显示及后处理技术</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.图像显示</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)冠状面脂肪抑制T<span class="sub">2</span>WI显示颌面及口腔结构及病变位置,初步判断病灶性质[图7-46(a)]。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)横断面T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI显示颌面及口腔解剖结构,观察病变的形态及信号,帮助判断病灶有无出血及是否含有脂肪[图7-46(b)]。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)横断面脂肪抑制T<span class="sub">2</span>WI可清楚地显示病灶,根据病灶内信号特点,判断病灶性质[图7-46(c)]。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0185-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-46 颌面及口腔冠状面及横断面图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)冠状面脂肪抑制T<span class="sub">2</span>WI;(b)横断面T<span
                                class="sub">1</span>WI;(c)横断面脂肪抑制T<span class="sub">2</span>WI。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(4)增强扫描:首选水脂分离(DIXON)脂肪抑制技术进行扫描(图7-47,图7-48)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0185-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-47 颌面及口腔矢状面及增强图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)矢状面脂肪抑制T<span class="sub">2</span>WI;(b)横断面脂肪抑制T<span
                                class="sub">1</span>WI;(c)矢状面脂肪抑制T<span class="sub">1</span>WI;(d)冠状面脂肪抑制T<span
                                class="sub">1</span>WI。</p>
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0186-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图7-47(续图)</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0186-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-48 舌部肿瘤的磁共振表现</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)舌根右侧部可见团状(箭头)等短T<span class="sub">1</span>异常信号;(b)脂肪抑制T<span
                                class="sub">2</span>WI呈高信号,边界欠清;(c)(d)增强扫描病灶可见不均匀强化,反向推压会厌软骨,相应咽腔变窄。</p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.后处理技术</span> 常规序列扫描一般无须做后处理。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">五、颈部软组织磁共振检查</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        颈部软组织磁共振检查具有广泛的诊断作用,包括清晰显示颈椎病变(如颈椎间盘突出、韧带肥厚和钙化)、评估神经和血管受压情况(如检测脊髓压迫、神经根受压等)、检测血管病变(如血管狭窄和动脉瘤等)、检查腺体和周围组织(如甲状腺及其周围淋巴结的健康状况等)及检测气管和食管病变。这种检查方法能够提供详细的软组织信息,帮助医生准确诊断各种颈部疾病。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)适应证</p>
                    <p class="content">1.颈部良恶性肿瘤的鉴别,如颈动脉体瘤、甲状腺肿瘤等。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.颈部血管性病变、囊肿性病变、肉芽肿性病变或淋巴结肿大。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.颈椎病,颈椎结核,颈椎管狭窄等颈椎相关疾病。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.恶性肿瘤所致的颈椎及颈部淋巴转移。</p>
                    <p class="content">5.颈部感染等疾病。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)检查前准备</p>
                    <p class="content">参见本节“一、眼及眼眶磁共振检查”。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)检查方法</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.线圈</span> 参见本节“二、鼻窦及鼻咽部磁共振检查”。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.体位</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)仰卧位,头先进,双臂置于身体两侧,人体长轴与床面长轴一致,居中,并保持两侧对称,肩部紧贴线圈。头部固定不能转动,被检者不能配合时用三角垫予以固定。嘱被检者在检查过程中双眼平视前方或闭眼,使眼球保持不动。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)头部置于线圈内,定位十字中心位于被检者下巴处,激光定位时嘱被检者闭眼,避免视网膜光损伤,锁定位置后进床至磁体中心。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)婴幼儿因头颅较小,需在他们的枕背部加软垫,以确保被检者头颅中心与线圈中心一致。在耳塞周边加三角垫以保证耳塞紧靠患儿耳朵。对颈椎骨折等强迫体位者,应采用被检者自然体位,并加以固定。驼背的被检者应根据具体情况采用侧卧、臀部垫高等方法。对意识不清者,应将头转向一侧,以防止呕吐物堵塞呼吸道,同时需医护人员陪同。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.扫描方位</span> 定位完成后,首先采用三平面定位梯度回波序列(3-plan)快速扫描,同时获得横断面、矢状面、冠状面三个方位的定位像,再通过三平面定位像制订扫描计划。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(1)横断面:在矢状面图像上垂直于颈部长轴,范围上至硬腭,下至胸骨切迹或覆盖病变区域,可根据实际扫描需要调整扫描层数(图7-49)。</p>
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                        MRI检查技术
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0188-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-49 颈部软组织横断面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)颈部软组织横断面在横断面图像定位;(b)颈部软组织横断面在矢状面图像定位;(c)颈部软组织横断面在冠状面图像定位。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)矢状面:在冠状面和横断面上定位矢状面,定位线与颈部正中矢状线平行,范围包含颈部两侧软组织或病变区域(图7-50)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0188-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-50 颈部软组织矢状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)颈部软组织矢状面在横断面图像定位;(b)颈部软组织矢状面在矢状面图像定位;(c)颈部软组织矢状面在冠状面图像定位。</p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">(3)冠状面:在矢状面和横断面上定位冠状面。在矢状面定位向上,扫描线平行于颈部上下长轴,扫描范围覆盖喉结至乳突后(图7-51)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0189-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-51 颈部软组织冠状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)颈部软组织冠状面在横断面图像定位;(b)颈部软组织在矢状面图像定位;(c)颈部软组织在冠状面图像定位。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.扫描序列及参数选择</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)平扫序列:以快速自旋回波序列为主,是基本扫描序列,其信噪比高并能提供良好的组织对比度,对解剖结构的显示是梯度回波序列不可比拟的。</p>
                    <p class="content">另外,常规扫描建议使用DIXON或者STIR进行脂肪抑制(表7-13)。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-13 颈部常规扫描序列</p>
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                        MRI检查技术
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                    <p class="content">
                        (2)特殊序列:根据病情及病变需要,可加扫相应的优势序列。如加扫扩散加权(DWI)序列进行辅助诊断。扩散加权成像DWI可以帮助区分良性和恶性肿瘤;用于评估颈部淋巴结的状态,帮助区分良性和恶性淋巴结;在治疗过程中,DWI可以用来监测肿瘤对治疗的反应,治疗后肿瘤组织的ADC值通常会发生变化;此外,DWI还可以用于其他颈部疾病的诊断,如炎症性疾病、感染等。由于颈部磁敏感伪影严重,所以常规的平面回波成像(echo
                        planar
                        imaging)的DWI序列变形很大,使用反转恢复脂肪抑制可以获得最佳的脂肪抑制效果,减少化学位移伪影,提升扩散加权成像检查的成功率或使用读出方向分段K空间的多次激发扩散加权成像序列或快速自旋回波(fast
                        spin echo)DWI序列来进行扫描。传统DIXON扫描时间长,有条件的可使用在180°聚相脉冲后施加两次梯度,同时采集同、反相位的快速DIXON,可大幅减少血管搏动及呼吸伪影。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)增强扫描:对于平扫疾病不明显或肿瘤占位定性不明确的,需要进行增强扫描颈部检查。选用的是非特异性对比剂钆喷酸葡胺(Gd-DTPA),常规剂量0.1~0.2mmol/kg,以0.5~1.0ml/s速度静脉注射后,做横断面、矢状面、冠状面FSE
                        T<span class="sub">1</span>WI成像。由于T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI上脂肪及对比剂增强区域均为高信号,为增加增强后病变与背景组织间的对比差异,增强前后T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI应采用脂肪抑制序列。颈部组织结构复杂,组织多样,易受到呼吸、吞咽、血管搏动等生理性因素的影响,尤其在横断面图像上表现更为明显。为了减轻运动伪影对图像的干扰,横断面增强扫描可使用三维容积内插快速扰相梯度回波序列。另外由于颈部磁场均匀性较差,此时脂肪饱和法(fat
                        saturation)抑脂不均匀,可首选采用水脂分离(DIXON)脂肪抑制技术进行扫描。增强扫描进一步辨别病变的边界、范围、性质及血供情况,扫描层面、层厚及层间隔与平扫一致。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)成像参数:因设备场强、机型等不同而有所不同,表7-14仅供参考。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-14 颈部软组织常规平扫序列参数</p>
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                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(四)图像显示及后处理技术</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.图像显示</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)冠状面脂肪抑制T<span class="sub">2</span>WI显示颈部软组织结构及病变位置,初步判断病灶性质[图7-52(a)]。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)横断面T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI显示颈部如组织解剖结构,观察病变的形态及信号,帮助判断病灶有无出血及是否含有脂肪[图7-52(b)]。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)横断面脂肪抑制T<span class="sub">2</span>WI可清楚地显示病灶,根据病灶内信号特点,判断病灶性质[图7-52(c)]。</p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-52 颈部软组织冠状面及横断面图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)冠状面脂肪抑制T<span class="sub">2</span>WI;(b)横断面T<span
                                class="sub">1</span>WI;(c)横断面脂肪抑制T<span class="sub">2</span>WI。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (4)增强扫描:首选采用水脂分离(DIXON)脂肪抑制技术进行扫描。增强扫描进一步辨别病变的边界、范围、性质及血供情况,另外可在序列中增加上下平行饱和带,可抑制血管搏动伪影,但会导致TR时间增加,或使用三维容积内插快速扰相梯度回波的T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI序列有条件更推荐使用快速DIXON或放射性采集堆叠的T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI序列(如StarVIBE、LAVAstar等)(图7-53,图7-54)。</p>
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
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                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0192-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-53 颈部软组织冠状面及横断面图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)横断面脂肪抑制T<span class="sub">1</span>WI;(b)矢状面脂肪抑制T<span
                                class="sub">1</span>WI;(c)冠状面脂肪抑制T<span class="sub">2</span>WI。</p>
                    </div>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0192-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-54 下咽部肿瘤的磁共振表现</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:下咽周围见10.4cm×8.0cm×5.3cm巨大团块状等T<span
                                class="sub">1</span>[图7-54(a)左上]等短T<span
                                class="sub">2</span>[图7-54(b)中上]异常信号灶,增强扫描明显不均匀强化[图7-54(c)右上,图7-54(d)左下],边界不清。经治疗后6个月复查,病变范围较前减小[图7-54(e)中下,图7-54(f)右下]。
                        </p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0193-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图7-54(续图)</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.后处理技术</span> 常规序列扫描一般无须做后处理。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">六、头颈部血管增强CE-MRA检查</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        CE-MRA技术,作为医学影像领域的革新之作,巧妙运用顺磁对比剂静脉注射增强扫描,相较于传统MRA技术,显著缩短了成像时间,有效缓解了被检者在检查过程中的不适与焦虑。其非侵入性特点,避免了DSA等侵入性检查所需的导管或血管穿刺,极大降低了被检者的痛苦与风险。尤为重要的是,CE-MRA摒弃了CTA等检查中的电离辐射,为被检者提供了更为安全的诊断环境,减少了辐射暴露的潜在危害。在头颈部血管病变的诊断领域,CE-MRA展现出广泛的适用性,无论是动脉瘤、动静脉畸形、动脉狭窄,还是烟雾病等复杂病症,CE-MRA均能提供详尽而准确的诊断信息。对于因碘过敏、肾功能不全等原因无法接受DSA检查的患者,CE-MRA更成了一种不可或缺的安全替代方案。
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                        MRI检查技术
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                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)适应证</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.脑血管疾病筛查</span> 对于疑似患有脑动脉瘤、动静脉畸形、动脉狭窄、烟雾病、颅内静脉窦血栓等脑血管疾病的患者,CE-MRA能够提供清晰的血管影像,有助于疾病的诊断和治疗规划。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.颈部血管病变评估</span> 对于颈动脉或椎动脉存在斑块、狭窄、夹层等问题的患者,CE-MRA能够清晰显示颈部血管的形态和走行,为临床提供重要的诊断依据。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.血管术前评估</span> 在进行颈部动脉或脑血管病变手术或介入治疗前,CE-MRA可以用于评估血管状况,为手术方案制订提供参考。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.高危人群筛查</span> 对于高血压、高血脂、糖尿病等脑血管病高危人群,CE-MRA可以作为常规筛查手段,及时发现潜在的血管病变。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.碘过敏</span> 无法进行DSA及CTA的被检者。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)检查前准备</p>
                    <p class="content">参见本节“一、眼及眼眶磁共振检查”。尽量选择右侧肘静脉预留留置针。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)检查方法</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.线圈</span> 头颅专用线圈加颈部专用线圈或头颈联合线圈加胸腹部Boby线圈,注意Boby线圈紧挨着头颈线圈的下半部分,确保颈动脉起始部能够很好地显示。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.体位</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)仰卧位,头先进,双臂置于身体两侧,人体长轴与床面长轴一致,居中,并保持两侧对称,肩部紧贴线圈。头部固定不能转动,被检者不能配合时用三角垫予以固定。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)头部置于线圈内,定位十字中心位于被检者下巴处,激光定位时嘱被检者闭眼,避免视网膜光损伤,锁定位置后进床至磁体中心。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)婴幼儿因头颅较小,需在他们的枕背部加软垫,以确保被检者头颅中心与线圈中心一致。在耳塞周边加三角垫以保证耳塞紧靠患儿耳朵。对颈椎骨折等强迫体位者,应采用被检者自然体位,并加以固定。驼背的被检者应根据具体情况采用侧卧、臀部垫高等方法。对意识不清者,应将头转向一侧,以防止呕吐物堵塞呼吸道,同时需医护人员陪同。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.扫描方位</span> 定位完成后,首先采用三平面定位梯度回波序列(3-plan)快速扫描,同时获得横断面、矢状面、冠状面三个方位的定位像。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)vessel
                        scout定位:以横断面和冠状面做参考,在冠状面图像上,矢状面片层定位线平行于颈部血管走形。在横断面图像上,矢状面片层定位线垂直于双侧颈总动脉连线,扫描范围下包主动脉弓(图7-55)。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)血管蒙片及增强后血管序列定位:以横断面和矢状面做参考,在矢状面血管定位图像上,冠状面片层定位线平行于颈部血管走形,在横断面图像上,冠状面片层定位线平行于双侧颈总动脉连线,FOV必须覆盖个头颈部血管,下面部分至少覆盖整个主动脉弓,上面部分覆盖整个大脑中动脉。如需调整参数,务必保持增强后血管序列与蒙片序列保持所有参数完全一致,以免造成扫描增强序列时重新移动检查床及重新匀场造成检查失败(图7-56)。
                    </p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0195-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图7-55 vessel scout定位</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)vessel scout在横断面图像定位;(b)vessel scout在矢状面图像定位;(c)vessel
                            scout在冠状面图像定位。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0195-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-56 血管蒙片及增强的血管序列定位</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">
                            注:(a)血管蒙片及增强的血管序列在横断面图像定位;(b)血管蒙片及增强的血管序列在矢状面图像定位;(c)血管蒙片及增强的血管序列在冠状面图像定位。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)Bolus动态监测序列:冠状面扫描,必须沿着颈动脉走形定位,否则不能观察到颈动脉的信号变化。FOV应与蒙片及增强后血管序列大小、位置相同,以免因检查床的移动导致扫描延迟,错过最佳扫描时间(图7-57)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0195-03.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-57 Bolus动态监测序列定位</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)Bolus动态监测序列在横断面图像定位;(b)Bolus动态监测序列在矢状面图像定位;(c)Bolus动态监测序列在冠状面图像定位。
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.扫描序列及参数选择</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)血管蒙片及血管增强序列:使用快速小角度激发梯度回波序列,通过使用小的翻转角和短</p>
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                        MRI检查技术
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                    <p class="content">
                        的TR时间来实现快速成像。再通过增强前后的剪影获得清晰的血管图像。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)采用可视化动态监测序列(CARE bolus、smart prep、bolustrak等)来监测目标血管对比剂浓度(表7-15)。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-15 头颈部CE-MRA常规扫描序列</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0196-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)成像参数:因设备场强、机型等不同而有所不同,表7-16仅供参考。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-16 头颈部CE-MRA序列参数</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0196-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.头颈部CE-MRA扫描步骤</span> 提前设置好注射器的流速及药量,流速2.5~3.0ml/s,等流速、等量生理盐水。运行动态监测序列,待检测层图像显示稳定之后立即注射对比剂,待颈动脉分叉处刚开始亮时,停止bolus序列并运行增强血管成像序列(图7-58)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0196-03.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图7-58 动态监测序列</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:当颈动脉(箭头)刚开始变亮时停止该序列扫描,进行下一步血管增强序列扫描。</p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
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                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(四)图像显示及后处理技术</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.图像显示</span> 如图7-59所示。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0197-01.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-59 头颈部CE-MRA剪影后最大MIP图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:图示右侧椎动脉(下方箭头)全程纤细,血流信号减低,左侧(上方箭头)为正常。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.后处理技术</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)将注入对比剂后血管序列及注入对比剂前蒙片进行减影。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)将减影后图像加载到三维浏览窗口并进行重建。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)打开裁剪窗口清理不需要的信号。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)调整窗宽窗位使血管显示到最佳。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)旋转并保存图像。</p>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">第三节 脊柱及脊髓磁共振检查</h2>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、颈椎及颈髓磁共振检查</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)适应证</p>
                    <p class="content">1.椎骨肿瘤、椎管内肿瘤(如室管膜瘤)等。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.椎管炎性、脊髓退行性变,以及椎管狭窄症。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.脊髓空洞、脱髓鞘、椎间盘炎。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.颈椎和颈髓外伤,以及颈椎、颈髓先天性疾病。</p>
                    <p class="content">5.颈髓及椎管内病变术后复查。</p>
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                        MRI检查技术
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)检查方法</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.线圈</span> 头颈联合线圈(图7-60)、相控阵脊柱线圈颈段。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0198-01.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图7-60 头颈联合线圈</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.体位</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)仰卧位,头先进,双臂置于身体两侧,不能形成环路。颈椎矢状面与床面长轴平行,居中,下颌收起,减少颈椎的过度弯曲,肩部尽量紧贴线圈。用软垫固定头部,减少颈椎的左右运动。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)对颈椎外伤等被动体位者,应采用受检者自然体位,并加以固定。驼背的受检者应根据具体情况采用侧卧、臀部垫高等方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)定位中心对准线圈中心及下颌角水平。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.扫描方位</span> 首先采用“3-plan”快速定位成像序列,同时获得横断面、矢状面、冠状面三个方位的定位像,然后在三平面定位像上设置不同方位的成像。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)横断面:常规扫描方位。在矢状面和冠状面定位像设置横断面,椎间盘病变:扫描基线平行于椎间盘,每个椎间盘设置3层,范围覆盖C1~T1之间的有病变的椎间盘[图7-61(a)];椎体及颈髓病变:在矢状面和冠状面图像上扫描基线平行于椎体或垂直于颈髓[图7-61(b)]。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0198-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-61 颈椎横断面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)颈椎横断面在矢状面上的设置;(b)颈椎横断面在冠状面定位像上的设置;(c)颈椎横断面上的设置;(d)颈椎横断面效果图。</p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0199-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图7-61(续图)</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)矢状面:常规扫描方位。在冠状面定位像上设置矢状面,扫描基线平行于颈髓正中矢状面[图7-62(a)];在横断面定位像上调整扫描基线,使成像层面与正中矢状面平行[图7-62(b)];相位编码方向为上下方向;矢状面扫描一般采用奇数层(如13~15层),以便获得颈椎正中矢状面,上至颅底下至第二胸椎水平,左右范围应包括双侧椎间孔。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0199-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-62 颈椎矢状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)颈椎矢状面在冠状面定位像上的设置;(b)颈椎矢状面在横断面定位像上的设置;(c)颈椎矢状面定位像上的设置;(d)颈椎矢状面效果图。
                        </p>
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0200-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图7-62(续图)</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)冠状面:在矢状面定位像上设置冠状面,扫描基线平行于颈髓或椎体[图7-63(a)];在横断面上扫描基线垂直于颈髓正中矢状面[图7-63(b)];在冠状面图像上调整视野,成像范围包括C<span
                            class="sub">1</span>~C<span class="sub">7</span>椎体及附件,延髓下沿至第二胸椎水平。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0200-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-63 颈椎冠状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)颈椎冠状面在矢状面上的设置;(b)颈椎冠状面在横断面上的设置;(c)颈椎冠状面上的设置;(d)颈椎冠状面效果图。</p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0201-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图7-63(续图)</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.扫描序列及参数选择</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)平扫序列:常规序列组合(表7-17),T<span class="sub">1</span>WI常用快速自旋回波序列(FSE),可选用T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>-FLAIR序列。T<span class="sub">2</span>WI多采用FSE或FRFSE序列。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-17 颈椎及颈髓常规扫描序列</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0201-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)脂肪抑制及特殊序列:骨髓病变、软组织病变或外伤受检者,T<span class="sub">2</span>WI应常规行脂肪抑制。常规T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI不需要脂肪抑制,当T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI发现异常高信号时,需要行脂肪抑制。由于颈部组织结构复杂,磁场均匀性较差,常规频率选择饱和法效果往往不佳,T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI脂肪抑制可选用STIR或DIXON技术,T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI脂肪抑制采用DIXON技术。MEDIC或称MERGE等多回波序列GRE T<span class="sub">2</span><span
                            class="super">∗</span>WI序列对椎间盘病变及脊髓灰质的显示较好,可施加流动补偿而基本消除脑脊液流动伪影。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)增强扫描:对于平扫疾病不明显或肿瘤占位定性不明确的,需要进行增强扫描,静脉注射MR钆对比剂,常规剂量0.1mmol/kg(0.2ml/kg)或遵药品使用说明书,以1.0~1.5ml/s速度静脉注射后,做横断面、矢状面、冠状面FSE
                        T<span class="sub">1</span>WI成像。由于T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI像上脂肪及对比剂增强区域均为高信号,为增加增强后病变与背景组织间的对比差异,增强前后T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI应采用脂肪抑制序列。扫描层面、层厚及层间隔与平扫一致。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)成像参数:因设备场强、机型等不同而有所不同,表7-18仅供参考。</p>
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                <div class="page-bottom-right">183</div>
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-18 推荐颈椎及颈髓成像序列参数</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0202-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.颈椎及颈髓MRI常见伪影及解决方法</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)运动伪影:选择舒适的体位,检查前告知注意事项可以有效地减少运动伪影,在喉咽部和上胸椎段施加空间饱和带,可以减轻吞咽伪影和颈动脉搏动伪影,施加流动补偿和心电门控可以减少脑脊液流动伪影。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)金属物引起的磁化率伪影:检查前去除外源性的金属异物,对于体内植入物受检者,优先选择1.5T设备,增加接收带宽,使用新型的去金属伪影序列等方法减轻磁化率伪影。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)图像显示及后处理技术</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.图像显示</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)FSE T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI序列:主要用来发现病变。矢状面图像中,清楚显示椎管的长轴,椎体和颈椎的后部、椎间盘、脊髓和颈神经根,无明显吞咽运动伪影、血管搏动及脑脊液流动伪影。特点:脑脊液高信号包围中等信号的颈髓,由于椎体内的骨髓富含脂肪,呈稍高信号,健康的椎间盘的髓核呈水合高信号,并被低信号的纤维环包围。横断面图像中,清晰显示全部颈椎椎体、椎间盘及两侧附件、椎旁软组织等结构,有助于观察椎间盘和后部结构与脊神经的关系(图7-64)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0202-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-64 颈椎T<span class="sub">2</span>WI图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)颈椎矢状面T<span class="sub">2</span>WI图像;(b)颈椎横断面T<span
                                class="sub">2</span>WI图像。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)FSE T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI序列:主要用来显示颈椎及颈髓的解剖结构。特点:脑脊液相对于神经的中等信号是低信号,由于红骨髓和黄骨髓的结合,椎体呈现稍高信号,正常椎间盘在T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI上呈中等信号,纤维环和终板呈低信号(图7-65)。</p>
 
 
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0203-01.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-65 颈椎矢状面T<span class="sub">1</span>WI图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:T<span class="sub">1</span>WI矢状面图像显示健康受检者的正常解剖。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)增强扫描:观察病变强化特征,利于定性。使用脂肪抑制技术,脂肪组织呈现低信号,由于对比剂在血管中聚集,清晰显示颈椎区域的血管结构,包括椎动脉和静脉丛。对于肿瘤、炎症或其他病理性改变,增强T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI能够突出显示这些区域,因为这些病变区域的血管渗透性增加,对比剂外渗到病变组织中,钆剂缩短了组织的T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>弛豫时间,增强了信号。占位性病变血供丰富,强化明显(图7-66)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0203-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图7-66 颈椎增强扫描图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)T<span class="sub">1</span>WI序列显示病灶呈低信号;(b)(c)注射对比剂后,矢状面和横断面T<span
                                class="sub">1</span>WI病灶明显强化。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(4)多回波序列GRE T<span class="sub">2</span><span
                            class="super">∗</span>WI序列:可以清晰地显示颈髓的灰质结构和椎间盘的病变(图7-67)。</p>
                </div>
                <div class="page-bottom-right">185</div>
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0204-01.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-67 颈椎横断面MEDIC序列图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:横断面MEDIC序列很好地显示出脊髓内“蝶形”结构组织间信号对比。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(5)颈椎和颈髓常见病变MRI表现(图7-68)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0204-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-68 颈椎及颈髓常见病变图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)椎间盘突出,矢状面T<span class="sub">2</span>WI显示颈髓受压;(b)横断面T<span
                                class="sub">2</span>WI可见“蛇眼”征提示脊髓损伤;(c)外伤导致的椎体骨折移位;(d)脊髓血管畸形合并脊髓梗死。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.后处理技术</span> 常规序列扫描一般无须做后处理。</p>
 
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、胸椎及胸髓磁共振检查</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)适应证</p>
                    <p class="content">1.胸椎占位、椎管内肿瘤等。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.胸椎退行性变、椎间盘膨出、突出等。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.脊髓空洞、脱髓鞘、胸椎和胸髓的先天性疾病等。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.胸椎外伤。</p>
                    <p class="content">5.胸髓及椎管内病变术后复查。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)检查方法</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.线圈</span> 相控阵脊柱线圈胸段(图7-69)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0205-01.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图7-69 相控阵脊柱线圈</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.体位</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)仰卧位,头先进,双臂置于身体两侧,不能形成环路。胸椎矢状面与床面长轴平行,居中,肩部左右对称尽量紧贴线圈。头部正视前方,用软垫固定头部,减少受检者的左右运动,为了提高患者的舒适度和配合度,可以使用膝关节支撑垫(楔形垫),让患者的腿弯曲,抬高膝关节。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)对胸椎外伤等被动体位者,应采用受检者自然体位,并加以固定。驼背的受检者应根据具体情况采用侧卧、臀部垫高等方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)定位中心对准线圈中心及下颌角水平。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.扫描方位</span> 首先采用“3-plan”快速定位成像序列,同时获得横断面、矢状面、冠状面三个方位的定位像,然后在三平面定位像上设置不同方位的成像。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)矢状面:常规扫描方位。在冠状面定位像上设置矢状面,扫描基线平行于胸髓正中矢状面[图7-70(a)];在横断面定位像上调整扫描基线,使成像层面与正中矢状面平行[图7-70(b)];相位编码方向为上下方向;在矢状面上调整扫描视野。矢状面扫描一般采用奇数层(如13~15层),以便获得胸椎正中矢状面,上下范围应包括第7颈椎和第1腰椎,左右范围应包括胸椎椎体及两侧附件。
                    </p>
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0206-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-70 胸椎矢状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)胸椎矢状面在冠状面定位像上的设置;(b)胸椎矢状面在横断面定位像上的设置;(c)胸椎矢状面定位像上的设置;(d)胸椎矢状面效果图。
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)横断面:在矢状面和冠状面定位像设置横断面。①椎间盘病变:扫描基线平行于椎间盘,每个椎间盘设置3层,范围覆盖T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>~T<span
                            class="sub">12</span>之间的有病变的椎间盘[图7-71(a)];②椎体及胸髓病变:在矢状面和冠状面图像上扫描基线平行于椎体或垂直于胸髓,成像范围应包含全部病变区域,若病变在胸椎的不同节段,应各节段分开扫描[图7-71(b)]。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)冠状面:在矢状面定位像上设置冠状面,扫描基线平行于胸髓或椎体[图7-72(a)];在横断面上扫描基线垂直于胸髓正中矢状面[图7-72(b)];在冠状面图像上调整视野,成像范围包括C<span
                            class="sub">7</span>~L<span class="sub">1</span>椎体及附件。</p>
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                <div class="page-bottom-left">188</div>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0207-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-71 胸椎横断面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)胸椎横断面在矢状面定位像上的设置;(b)胸椎横断面在冠状面定位像上的设置;(c)胸椎横断面定位像上的设置;(d)胸椎横断面效果图。
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0207-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-72 胸椎冠状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)胸椎冠状面在矢状面定位像上的设置;(b)胸椎冠状面在横断面定位像上的设置;(c)胸椎冠状面上的设置;(d)胸椎冠状面效果图。</p>
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0208-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图7-72(续图)</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.扫描序列及参数选择</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)平扫序列:即常规扫描序列(表7-19),T<span class="sub">1</span>WI常用快速自旋回波序列(FSE),可选用T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>-FLAIR序列。T<span class="sub">2</span>WI多采用FSE或FRFSE序列。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-19 胸椎及胸髓常规扫描序列</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0208-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)脂肪抑制及特殊序列:骨髓病变或外伤受检者,应加扫冠状面T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI脂肪抑制序列,以更好地显示病变。常规的T<span class="sub">1</span>WI不需要脂肪抑制,当T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI发现异常高信号及骨髓病变或者软组织病变时,需要施加脂肪抑制技术。胸椎成像范围大且周围结构复杂,频率选择脂肪饱和法脂肪抑制效果往往不佳,T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI扫描脂肪抑制优先选用DIXON技术,而T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI扫描脂肪抑制可选用STIR或DIXON技术(图7-73)。根据病情及病变需要,可加扫相应的优势序列,如脊柱侧弯受检者,可加扫冠状面,以显示更多的解剖细节和诊断信息。
                    </p>
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                <div class="page-bottom-left">190</div>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0209-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-73 胸椎脂肪抑制技术的选择</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)胸椎矢状面T<span class="sub">1</span>WI-DIXON脂肪抑制技术;(b)(c)胸椎T<span
                                class="sub">2</span>WI STIR和DIXON技术。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)增强扫描:对于平扫疾病不明显或肿瘤占位定性不明确的,需要进行增强扫描,静脉注射MR钆对比剂,常规剂量0.1mmol/kg(0.2ml/kg)或遵药品使用说明书,以1.0~1.5ml/s速度静脉注射后,行横断面、矢状面、冠状面FSE
                        T<span class="sub">1</span>WI成像或各向同性的3D T<span class="sub">1</span>WI成像,更好地显示病变。由于T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI像上脂肪及对比剂增强区域均为高信号,为增加增强后病变与背景组织间的对比差异,增强前后T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI应采用脂肪抑制序列。扫描层面、层厚及层间隔与平扫一致。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)成像参数:因设备场强、机型等不同而有所不同,表7-20仅供参考。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-20 推荐胸椎及胸髓成像序列参数</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0209-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.胸椎及胸髓MRI常见伪影及解决方法</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)运动伪影:选择舒适的体位,检查前告知注意事项并采取受检者相对舒适的体位可以有效地减少运动伪影,对于不能很好配合的受检者,可以采取镇静等方式。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)金属物引起的磁化率伪影:检查前去除外源性的金属异物,对于体内有植入物的受检者,优先选择1.5T设备,增加接收带宽,使用新型的去金属伪影序列等方法减轻磁化率伪影。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)卷褶伪影:可以通过增加相位编码方向过采样及在成像视野外增加预饱和脉冲抑制组织信号等方法来纠正。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)图像显示及后处理技术</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.图像显示</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)FSE T<span class="sub">2</span>WI序列:矢状面图像中,清楚显示椎管的长轴,椎体和胸椎的后部、椎间盘、脊髓,</p>
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">
                        无明显运动伪影、血管搏动及脑脊液流动伪影。特点:胸髓被脑脊液包围,显示出高信号的脑脊液和中等信号的脊髓结构。这种对比有助于识别脊髓的形态和位置,以及是否有压迫或异常扩张。健康的椎体骨髓由于含有脂肪组织,呈现为稍高的信号强度。椎体的皮质骨由于缺乏水分,信号较低,使得椎体的轮廓清晰可见。椎间盘的髓核含有较多的水分,在T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI上表现为高信号,而环绕髓核的纤维环由于胶原蛋白含量高,水分含量低,因此呈现为低信号。横断面图像中,清晰显示全部胸椎椎体、椎间盘及两侧附件、椎旁软组织等结构。有助于观察椎间盘和后部结构(图7-74)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0210-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-74 胸椎矢状面T<span class="sub">2</span>WI图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)胸椎矢状面T<span class="sub">2</span>WI图像;(b)胸椎横断面T<span
                                class="sub">2</span>WI图像。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)FSE T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI序列:主要用来显示胸椎及胸髓的解剖结构。特点:脑脊液相对于神经的中等信号是低信号,由于红骨髓和黄骨髓的结合,椎体呈现稍高信号,正常椎间盘在T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI上呈中等信号,纤维环和终板呈低信号(图7-75)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0210-02.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-75 胸椎矢状面T<span class="sub">1</span>WI图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:T<span class="sub">1</span>WI矢状面图像显示健康受检者的正常解剖。</p>
                    </div>
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                <div class="page-bottom-left">192</div>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
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                    <p class="content">
                        (3)增强扫描:观察病变强化特征,利于定性。使用脂肪抑制技术,脂肪组织呈现低信号,由于对比剂在血管中聚集,清晰显示胸椎区域的血管结构。对于肿瘤、炎症或其他病理性改变,增强T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI能够突出显示这些区域,因为这些病变区域的血管渗透性增加,对比剂外渗到病变组织中,钆剂缩短了组织的T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>弛豫时间,增强了信号。占位性病变血供丰富,强化明显(图7-76)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0211-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图7-76 胸椎增强扫描图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)平扫脂肪抑制T<span class="sub">1</span>WI序列显示病灶呈低信号;(b)注射对比剂后,矢状面T<span
                                class="sub">1</span>WI病灶显示高信号。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (4)三维可变反转角快速自旋回波(3D-SPACE):能够提供亚毫米体素大小的图像,允许获得各向同性的三维数据,从而可以在任何平面上进行重建。胸椎侧弯受检者多平面的曲面重建(图7-77)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0211-02.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-77 胸椎侧弯受检者多平面的重建</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)胸椎冠状面曲面重建;(b)胸椎矢状面曲面重建。</p>
                    </div>
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">(5)胸椎及胸髓常见病变MRI表现(图7-78)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0212-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-78 胸椎及胸髓常见病变显示</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)T<span class="sub">1</span>WI增强显示胸椎多发转移瘤、骨质破坏;(b)矢状面T<span
                                class="sub">2</span>WI显示脊髓炎;(c)横断面T<span class="sub">2</span>WI显示胸椎椎管受压;(d)横断面T<span
                                class="sub">2</span>WI显示脊髓血管畸形。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.后处理技术</span> 常规序列扫描一般无须做后处理。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、腰椎及腰髓、骶尾椎磁共振检查</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)适应证</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)各种原因导致的椎管狭窄,退行性改变以及椎间盘突出。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)原发性、继发性骨肿瘤和椎旁肿瘤,椎管内占位病变、感染性疾病等。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)椎管、椎体先天性畸形及发育异常等。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)术后复查。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)检查方法</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.线圈</span> 相控阵脊柱线圈腰骶段。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.体位</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)仰卧位,头先进,双臂置于身体两侧,不能形成环路。腰骶椎矢状面与床面长轴平行,居中,臀部左右对称尽量紧贴线圈。使用膝关节支撑垫(楔形垫),让患者的腿弯曲,抬高膝关节,提</p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
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                </div>
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                    <p class="content">
                        高患者的舒适度和配合度的同时可以使腰骶椎与检查床更贴合。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)对椎体外伤等被动体位者,应采用受检者自然体位,并加以固定。驼背的受检者应根据具体情况采用侧卧、肩背部垫高等方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)定位中心对准脐上两指(约3cm),对应第3腰椎水平。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.扫描方位</span> 首先采用“3-plan”快速定位成像序列,同时获得横断面、矢状面、冠状面三个方位的定位像,然后在三平面定位像上设置不同方位的成像。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)矢状面:常规扫描方位。在冠状面定位像上设置矢状面,扫描基线平行于腰椎正中矢状面[图7-79(a)];在横断面定位像上调整扫描基线,使成像层面与正中矢状面平行[图7-79(b)];相位编码方向为上下方向;在矢状面上调整扫描视野。矢状面扫描一般采用奇数层(如13~17层),以便获得腰椎、骶尾正中矢状面,腰椎上下范围应包括T12~S2,左右范围应包括腰椎椎体及两侧附件,骶尾椎应包括L4以下所有的骶椎和尾椎。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0213-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-79 腰椎、骶尾椎矢状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">
                            注:(a)腰椎、骶尾椎矢状面在冠状面定位像上的设置;(b)腰椎、骶尾椎在横断面定位像上的设置;(c)腰椎、骶尾椎在矢状面定位像上的设置;(d)矢状面效果图。</p>
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                        MRI检查技术
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">(2)横断面:在矢状面和冠状面定位像设置横断面。①椎间盘病变:扫描基线平行于椎间盘,每个椎间盘设置3~5层,范围覆盖L<span
                            class="sub">1</span>~L<span
                            class="sub">5</span>之间的有病变的椎间盘[图7-80(a)];②椎体及椎管内病变:在矢状面和冠状面图像上扫描基线平行于椎体或垂直于病变,成像范围应全部包含病变区域,若病变在腰椎、骶尾椎的不同节段,应各节段分开扫描[图7-80(b)]。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0214-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-80 腰椎、骶尾椎横断面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)腰椎横断面在矢状面定位像上的设置;(b)骶尾椎横断面在矢状面定位像上的设置;(c)腰椎在横断面上的设置;(d)腰椎横断面效果图。
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)冠状面:在矢状面定位像上设置冠状面,腰椎扫描基线平行于病变区域或椎体[图7-81(a)];骶尾椎扫描基线平行于骶椎椎管冠状面,呈斜冠状面[图7-81(b)],范围包含骶尾骨前后缘。在横断面上扫描基线垂直于椎体正中矢状面[图7-81(c)];在冠状面图像上调整视野,腰椎上下范围应包括T12~S2,左右范围应包括腰椎椎体及两侧附件,骶尾椎应包括L4以下所有的骶椎和尾椎。
                    </p>
 
 
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0215-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-81 腰椎、骶尾椎冠状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)(b)腰椎、骶尾椎冠状面在矢状面定位像上的设置;(c)腰椎冠状面效果图;(d)骶尾椎冠状面效果图。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.扫描序列及参数选择</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)平扫序列:常规序列组合(表7-21),T<span class="sub">1</span>WI常用快速自旋回波序列,可选用T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>-FLAIR序列。T<span class="sub">2</span>WI多采用FSE或FRFSE序列。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-21 腰椎及骶尾椎常规扫描序列</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0215-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)脂肪抑制及特殊序列:根据病情及病变需要,可加扫相应的优势序列。骨髓病变或外伤受</p>
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                        MRI检查技术
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                    <p class="content">
                        检者,应加扫冠状面T<span class="sub">2</span>WI抑脂序列,以更好的显示病变。常规的T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI不需要脂肪抑制,当T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI发现异常高信号及骨髓病变或者软组织病变时,需要施加脂肪抑制技术。腰椎、骶尾椎磁场局部均匀性较好,常规的频率选择脂肪饱和技术可以达到满意的效果,图像的信噪比高而且时间增加不多,应作首选。对于腰椎术后有金属植入物的受检者,可选用STIR或DIXON技术。如脊柱侧弯受检者,可加扫3D
                        FSE序列,以显示更多的解剖细节和诊断信息。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)增强扫描:对于平扫疾病不明显或肿瘤占位定性不明确的,需要进行增强扫描,静脉注射MR钆对比剂,常规剂量0.1mmol/kg(0.2ml/kg)或遵药品使用说明书,以1.0~1.5ml/s速度静脉注射后,行横断面、矢状面、冠状面FSE
                        T<span class="sub">1</span>WI成像或各向同性的3D T<span class="sub">1</span>WI成像,更好地显示病变。由于T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI像上脂肪及对比剂增强区域均为高信号,为增加增强后病变与背景组织间的对比差异,增强前后T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI应采用脂肪抑制序列。扫描层面、层厚及层间隔与平扫一致。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)成像参数:因设备场强、机型等不同而有所不同,表7-22仅供参考。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-22 推荐腰椎及骶尾椎成像参数</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0216-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.腰椎骶尾椎常见伪影及解决方法</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)运动伪影:选择舒适的体位,检查前告知注意事项并采取受检者相对舒适的体位可以有效地减少运动伪影,对于不能很好配合的受检者,可以采取镇静等方式。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)金属物引起的磁化率伪影:检查前去除外源性的金属异物,对于体内有植入物的受检者,优先选择1.5T设备,增加接收带宽,使用新型的去金属伪影序列等方法减轻磁化率伪影。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)卷褶伪影:可以通过增加相位编码方向过采样及在成像视野外增加预饱和脉冲抑制组织信号等方法来纠正。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)图像显示及后处理技术</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.图像显示</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)FSE T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI序列:矢状面图像中,清楚显示椎管的长轴,腰椎、骶尾椎的后部、椎间盘、脊髓圆锥和马尾的解剖结构,无明显运动伪影、血管搏动及脑脊液流动伪影。特点:圆锥、马尾、终丝被高信号的脑脊液包围。健康的椎体骨髓由于含有脂肪组织,呈现为稍高的信号强度。椎体的皮质骨由于缺乏水分,信号较低,使得椎体的轮廓清晰可见。椎间盘的髓核含有较多的水分,在T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI上表现为高信号,而环绕髓核的纤维环由于胶原蛋白含量高,水分含量低,因此呈现为低信号。横断面图像中,清晰显示全部椎体、椎间盘及两侧附件、椎旁软组织等,有助于观察椎间盘和后部结构(图7-82)。
                    </p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0217-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-82 腰椎、骶尾椎T<span class="sub">2</span>WI图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)腰椎、骶尾椎矢状面T<span class="sub">2</span>WI图像;(b)腰椎横断面T<span
                                class="sub">2</span>WI图像。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)FSE T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI序列:主要用来显示腰椎机骶尾椎的解剖结构。特点:脑脊液相对于神经的中等信号是低信号,由于红骨髓和黄骨髓的结合,椎体呈现稍高信号,正常椎间盘在T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI像上呈中等信号,纤维环和终板呈低信号(图7-83)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0217-02.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-83 腰椎、骶尾椎矢状面T<span class="sub">1</span>WI图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:T<span class="sub">1</span>WI矢状面图像显示健康受检者的正常解剖。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)增强扫描:观察病变强化特征,利于定性。使用脂肪抑制技术,脂肪组织呈现低信号,由于对比剂在血管中聚集,清晰显示腰椎和骶尾椎区域的血管结构。对于肿瘤、炎症或其他病理性改变,增强T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI能够突出显示这些区域,因为这些病变区域的血管渗透性增加,对比剂外渗到病变组织中,钆剂缩短了组织的T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>弛豫时间,增强了信号。占位性病变血供丰富,强化明显(图7-84)。</p>
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                    <div class="header-txt">
                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0218-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图7-84 腰椎增强扫描图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)平扫T<span class="sub">1</span>WI序列显示L<span
                                class="sub">2</span>椎体右侧占位,病灶呈低信号;(b)注射对比剂后,矢状面T<span class="sub">1</span>WI病灶显示不均匀强化。
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(4)腰椎及骶尾椎常见病变MRI表现(图7-85)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0218-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-85 腰椎及骶尾椎常见病变显示</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)L<span class="sub">3</span>椎体骨折,马尾神经丛受挫;(b)马尾终丝脂肪瘤,T<span
                                class="sub">1</span>条状高信号;(c)T<span class="sub">2</span>WI矢状面显示骶管囊肿;(d)T<span
                                class="sub">2</span>冠状面显示椎管内转移瘤。</p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0219-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图7-85(续图)</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.后处理技术</span> 常规序列扫描一般无须做后处理。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、全脊柱及脊髓磁共振检查</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)适应证</p>
                    <p class="content">全脊柱磁共振检查用于评估脊柱和脊髓的先天性疾病、外伤及感染等。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)检查方法</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.线圈</span> 头颈联合线圈、相控阵脊柱线圈。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.体位</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)仰卧位,头先进,双臂置于身体两侧,不能形成环路。脊柱矢状面与床面长轴平行,居中,肩部左右对称,尽量紧贴线圈。使用膝关节支撑垫(楔形垫),让患者的腿弯曲,抬高膝关节,提高患者的舒适度和配合度的同时可以使腰骶椎与检查床更贴合。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)定位中心对准下颌角水平。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.扫描方位</span> 首先采用“3-plan”快速定位成像序列,同时获得矢、冠状2个方位的定位像,通常不可能在一个视野中覆盖整个脊柱,而是需要2个或者3个成像视野来覆盖整个脊柱,然后将图像融合成一个合成图像,然后在合成图像上设置不同方位的成像。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)矢状面:常规扫描方位。在冠状面定位像上设置矢状面,扫描基线平行于脊柱正中矢状面[图7-86(a)]相位编码方向为上下方向;在矢状面上调整扫描视野。矢状面扫描一般采用奇数层(如13~17层),以便获得脊柱正中矢状面,上下范围应包括所有的椎体,左右范围应包括椎体及两侧附件。
                    </p>
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0220-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-86 全脊柱矢状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)全脊柱在冠状面定位像上的设置;(b)全脊柱矢状面定位像上的设置;(c)全脊柱矢状面效果图。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)横断面:各节段分开扫描,同颈椎、胸椎、腰椎以及骶尾椎横断面定位方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)冠状面:各节段分开扫描,同颈椎、胸椎、腰椎以及骶尾椎冠状面定位方法。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.扫描序列及参数选择</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)平扫序列:常规序列组合(表7-23),T<span class="sub">1</span>WI常用快速自旋回波序列(FSE),可选用T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>-FLAIR序列。T<span class="sub">2</span>WI多采用FSE或FRFSE序列。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-23 全脊柱及脊髓常规扫描序列</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0220-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)脂肪抑制及特殊序列:根据病情及病变需要,可加扫相应的优势序列。骨髓病变或外伤受检者,应加扫T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI抑脂序列,以更好的显示病变。常规的T<span class="sub">1</span>WI不需要脂肪抑制,当T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI发现异常高信号以及骨髓病变或者软组织病变时,需要施加脂肪抑制技术。全脊柱成像范围大,优先选用DIXON抑脂技术。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)增强扫描:对于平扫疾病不明显或肿瘤占位定性不明确的,需要进行增强扫描,静脉注射MR钆对比剂,常规剂量0.1mmol/kg(0.2ml/kg)或遵药品使用说明书,以1.0~1.5ml/s速度静脉注射后,行横断面、矢状面、冠状面FSE
                        T<span class="sub">1</span>WI成像或各向同性的3D T<span class="sub">1</span>WI成像,更好地显示病变。</p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">
                        由于T<span class="sub">1</span>WI像上脂肪及对比剂增强区域均为高信号,为增加增强后病变与背景组织间的对比差异,增强前后T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI应采用脂肪抑制序列。扫描层面、层厚及层间隔与平扫一致。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)成像参数:因设备场强、机型等不同而有所不同,表7-24仅供参考。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-24 推荐全脊柱及脊髓成像参数</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0221-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.全脊柱及脊髓常见伪影及解决方法</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)运动伪影:选择舒适的体位,检查前告知注意事项可以有效地减少运动伪影,对于不能很好配合的受检者,可以采取镇静等方式。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)拼接伪影:在脊柱的扫描拼接中,由于某些因素(金属异物、参数不一致等)的干扰,上下两段的对比度不一致。可以通过图像滤过处理来加以改善。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)卷褶伪影:可以通过增大FOV,相位编码方向过采样以及在成像视野外增加预饱和脉冲抑制组织信号等方法来纠正。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)图像显示及后处理技术</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.图像显示</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)FSE T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI序列:矢状面图像中,清楚显示椎管的长轴,腰椎、骶尾椎的后部、椎间盘、脊髓圆锥和马尾的解剖结构,无明显运动伪影、血管搏动及脑脊液流动伪影。特点:圆锥、马尾、终丝被高信号的脑脊液包围。健康的椎体骨髓由于含有脂肪组织,呈现为稍高的信号强度。椎体的皮质骨由于缺乏水分,信号较低,使得椎体的轮廓清晰可见。椎间盘的髓核含有较多的水分,在T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI上表现为高信号,而环绕髓核的纤维环由于胶原蛋白含量高,水分含量低,因此呈现为低信号。横断面图像中,清晰显示全部椎体、椎间盘及两侧附件、椎旁软组织等结构。有助于观察椎间盘和后部结构[图7-87(a)]。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)FSE T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI序列:主要用来显示腰椎机骶尾椎的解剖结构。特点:脑脊液相对于神经的中等信号是低信号,由于红骨髓和黄骨髓的结合,椎体呈现稍高信号,正常椎间盘在T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI像上呈中等信号,纤维环和终板呈低信号[图7-87(b)]。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)增强扫描:观察病变强化特征,利于定性。使用脂肪抑制技术,脂肪组织呈现低信号,由于对比剂在血管中聚集,可以清晰显示腰椎和骶尾椎区域的血管结构。对于肿瘤、炎症或其他病理性改变,增强T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI能够突出显示这些区域,因为这些病变区域的血管渗透性增加,对比剂外渗到病变组织中,钆剂缩短了组织的T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>弛豫时间,增强了信号[图7-87(c)]。</p>
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0222-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图7-87 全脊柱图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)全脊柱矢状面T<span class="sub">2</span>WI图像;(b)全脊柱矢状面T<span
                                class="sub">1</span>WI图像;(c)全脊柱矢状面增强图像。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.后处理技术</span> 全脊柱MRI成像需要高级拼接软件。其主要技术要点是分别进行分段脊柱同层采集后,利用高级拼接软件将各段脊柱采集数据进行无缝拼接(图7-88)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0222-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图7-88 全脊柱高级拼接图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:利用全脊柱高级拼接软件,可以实现脊柱的整体显示。</p>
                    </div>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">五、臂丛神经磁共振检查</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)适应证</p>
                    <p class="content">1.臂丛神经损伤、肿瘤压迫、炎症性疾病的定位及定性诊断。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.非特异性的疼痛,感觉和运动障碍患者,电生理和常规MRI不能明确诊断,以排除/确诊周围神经病变。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)检查前准备</p>
                    <p class="content">1.仔细核对申请单,询问病史,确定有无MRI检查的禁忌证,如非磁共振兼容心脏起搏器植入。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.受检者进入检查室前去除随身携带的金属物品、电子设备;病床、轮椅禁止推入检查室。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.嘱受检者在检查过程中不要随意运动,不要咳嗽、吞咽,若有不适及时与检查人员沟通。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.检查前给受检者佩戴耳塞或耳机,保护听力,提高检查舒适度。</p>
                    <p class="content">5.增强受检者由护理人员预留静脉通道。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)检查方法</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.线圈及设备</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)线圈:头颈联合线圈、相控阵脊柱线圈颈段。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)扫描设备:3.0T磁共振扫描仪具备高信噪比、合适的空间分辨率及更快的扫描速度,推荐优先使用3.0T高场强磁共振扫描仪;1.5T磁共振扫描仪因其磁场强度较低,金属植入物相关伪影带来的图像失真相对3.0T磁共振扫描仪更小。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.体位</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)仰卧位,头先进,双臂置于身体两侧,不能形成环路。颈椎矢状面与床面长轴平行,居中,下颌收起,减少颈椎的过度弯曲,肩部尽量紧贴线圈,左右肩部对称,肩部可放置盐水袋/小米袋,以减少空气与软组织交界面的磁场不均匀性,用软垫固定头部,减少颈椎的左右运动。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)对颈椎外伤等被动体位者,应采用受检者自然体位,并加以固定。驼背的受检者应根据具体情况采用侧卧、臀部垫高等方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)定位中心对准线圈中心及下颌角水平。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.扫描方位</span> 首先采用“3-plan”快速定位成像序列,同时获得横断面、矢状面、冠状面三个方位的定位像,然后在三平面定位像上设置不同方位的成像。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(1)横断面:对于臂丛神经节前段,选择横断面扫描(图7-89)。在矢状面和冠状面定位像设置横断面,扫描范围C<span
                            class="sub">4</span>~T<span class="sub">2</span>。</p>
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0224-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-89 臂丛神经横断面定位设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)臂丛神经横断面在矢状面上的设置;(b)臂丛神经横断面在冠状面上的设置;(c)横断面显示臂丛神经节前段。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)斜冠状面:对于臂丛神经节后段,选择斜冠状面扫描。斜冠状面在T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI矢状面正中图像与横断面图像上进行定位。当颈、胸椎排列连线近似直线时,扫描基线大致与各椎体后缘平行。当颈、胸椎排列连线为曲线时,扫描定位线与C<span
                            class="sub">5</span>~C<span class="sub">6</span>椎体后缘连线平行。前后范围为椎体前缘至椎管后缘,上下范围从颅底到T<span
                            class="sub">3</span>以下,左右范围包括双侧肩关节(图7-90)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0224-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-90 臂丛神经斜冠状面定位设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)臂丛神经斜冠状面在矢状面上的设置;(b)臂丛神经斜冠状面在横断面上的设置;(c)斜冠状面显示臂丛神经节后段。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)矢状面:颈椎常规矢状面,同颈椎矢状面定位方法。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.扫描序列及参数选择</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)常规序列:常规序列组合(表7-25),矢状面、横断面、斜冠状面T<span class="sub">1</span>WI和T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI为常规成像序列。T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>加权一般采用SE或FSE,通过神经外膜周围脂肪和神经束周围脂肪,衬托出臂丛神经。脂肪抑制T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI是显示臂丛神经病变的主要序列,均匀的脂肪抑制可以更好地显示神经的高信号。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-25 臂丛神经常规扫描序列</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0224-03.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
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                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">(2)特殊序列:由于臂丛神经呈等低T<span class="sub">2</span>和等低T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>的信号,常规序列上对比不明显,为了更好地显示臂丛神经,逐渐开发了一些专用的序列。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)三维可变翻转角FSE序列:相较于常规的STIR有更高的图像信噪比和更高的空间分辨力,从而更好地显示神经的长轴、各神经分支复杂的空间关系、神经病变与周围组织的解剖关系。静脉注射钆对比剂后,背景小静脉和淋巴结的信号得到抑制,改善背景抑制效果,外周神经的对比更高,整体成像效果得到显著的增强。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">2)扩散张量成像(diffusion tensor
                        imaging,DTI):是一种选择性功能成像,利用周围神经内部水分子的各向异性特点进行成像,通过纤维束追踪技术显示神经形态结构。</p>
                    <p class="content">3)背景抑制扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging with background
                        suppression,DWIBS):利用神经髓鞘的存在造成神经组织内部水分子各向异性的特点进行DWI,神经内水分子扩散受限而形成高信号,在此基础上结合STIR等技术抑制背景信号,实现选择性地显示神经结构。在DWIBS图像上,神经纤维呈现明显的高信号,背景被抑制,因此图像具有很好的对比度,但由于弥散成像的原因,空间分辨率较差。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        4)水激发成像(water-excitation,WE):选择性水激发的梯度回波序列采用3D成像方法,使神经组织内的水被激发而产生信号,也是脂肪抑制技术的一种。现常用于臂丛神经成像的水激发成像技术主要有双回波稳态水激发(3D
                        dual echo steady state with water-exit,3D-DESSWE)、选择性水激发技术(principle of selective excitation
                        technique,PROSET)等。该技术主要不足有背景信号抑制不彻底特别是肌肉信号,其他液体或脉管组织信号抑制欠佳。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)脂肪抑制及增强扫描:由于颈部结构复杂,斜冠状面扫描,频率选择脂肪饱和法脂肪抑制效果往往不佳,T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI扫描脂肪抑制优先选用DIXON技术,而T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI扫描脂肪抑制可选用STIR或DIX-ON技术。增强扫描,静脉注射MR钆对比剂,常规剂量0.1mmol/kg(0.2ml/kg),以1.0~1.5ml/s速度静脉注射后,作斜冠状面T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI,5~10分钟后,补充扫描三维可变翻转角FSE序列,臂丛显影效果更佳。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)成像参数:因设备场强、机型等不同而有所不同,表7-26仅供参考。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-26 推荐臂丛神经成像序列参数</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0225-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.臂丛神经MRI常见伪影及解决方法</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)运动伪影:选择舒适的体位,检查前告知注意事项可以有效地减少运动伪影,在喉咽部和上胸椎段施加空间饱和带,可以减轻吞咽伪影和颈动脉搏动伪影。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)金属物引起的磁化率伪影:检查前去除外源性的金属异物,对于体内植入物受检者,优先选择1.5T设备,增加接收带宽,使用新型的去金属伪影序列等方法减轻磁化率伪影。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(四)图像显示及后处理技术</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.图像显示</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)T<span class="sub">2</span>WI序列:正常情况下,臂丛神经节段在STIR图像上常呈高信号,神经束在中线两侧的T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>高信号和大小对称,走行自然,近端至远端逐渐变细,不出现局限性变细或明显增粗,并可见伴行动脉(图7-91)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)FSE T<span class="sub">1</span>WI序列:在斜冠状面T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI图像上,与相邻的斜角肌相比,神经纤维束呈等信号,通过周围的脂肪层的衬托,仍能够很好地显示神经轮廓,斜角肌间隙三角内神经根和神经干多位于呈流空信号的锁骨下动脉的后方(图7-92)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0226-02.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-91 臂丛神经T<span class="sub">2</span>WI斜冠状面图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:T<span class="sub">2</span>WI图像臂丛神经显示高信号。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0226-03.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-92 臂丛神经T<span class="sub">1</span>WI斜冠状面图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:臂丛神经T<span class="sub">1</span>WI斜冠状面图像,在外周脂肪的衬托下,神经显示为中等信号。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)3D-STIR-SPACE序列:属于各向同性成像,能够立体显示高信号的臂丛神经三维结构,并且能够在任意平面重建,获得臂丛神经任意方位图像。重建的矢状面可在同一图像多个水平显示后根神经节的正常高信号和形态特征,可与同侧和对侧神经节相比较(图7-93)。
                    </p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
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                </div>
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                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0227-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-93 3D-STIR-SPACE显示臂丛神经</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)增强3D-STIR-SPACE立体显示高信号臂丛神经,背景和小静脉明显的抑制;(b)臂丛神经矢状面显示。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.后处理技术</span> 斜冠状面薄层或者三维图像需要后处理。将采集的原始图像沿臂丛神经走行方向进行多平面(MPR)、曲面(CPR)、最大密度投影(MIP)处理,重建出斜矢状面、斜冠状面多层面图像,从不同的方位和角度观察臂丛神经的位置、大小、形态(图7-94)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0227-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图7-94 臂丛神经后处理技术</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)增强STIR-SPACE序列臂丛神经CPR图;(b)STIR-SPACE序列臂丛神经MIP图。</p>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">六、腰骶丛神经磁共振成像</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0227-03.jpg" style="width:30%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)适应证</p>
                    <p class="content">1.观察神经根的解剖走行、形态、信号变化。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.腰椎间盘突出、神经根囊肿、肿瘤侵犯和外伤等腰骶丛神经根病变。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)检查前准备</p>
                    <p class="content">参见本节“五、臂丛神经磁共振检查”。</p>
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)检查方法</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.线圈及设备</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)线圈:相控阵脊柱线圈腰骶段、体部相控阵线圈。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)扫描设备:参见本节“五、臂丛神经磁共振检查”。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.体位</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)仰卧位,头先进,双臂置于身体两侧,不能形成环路。腰骶椎矢状面与床面长轴平行,居中,臀部左右对称尽量紧贴线圈。使用膝关节支撑垫(楔形垫),让患者的腿弯曲,抬高膝关节,提高患者的舒适度和配合度的同时可以使腰骶椎与检查床更贴合。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)对外伤等被动体位者,应采用受检者自然体位,并加以固定。驼背的受检者应根据具体情况采用侧卧、肩背部垫高等方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)定位中心对定位中心对准第3腰椎。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.扫描方位</span> 首先采用“3-plan”快速定位成像序列,同时获得横断面、矢状面、冠状面三个方位的定位像,然后在三平面定位像上设置不同方位的成像。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)横断面:横断面或斜轴位可对腰椎和骶尾椎分开定位,横断面扫描需要包括全部腰、骶尾椎椎体,或对可疑病变区域进行小范围的扫描。双侧应覆盖双侧股骨头,前后包括椎体前缘至椎管后缘(图7-95)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0228-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-95 腰骶丛神经横断面定位设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)腰骶丛神经横断面在矢状面上的设置;(b)腰骶丛神经横断面在冠状面上的设置;(c)腰骶丛神经横断面效果图。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)斜冠状面:显示腰骶丛神经则以斜冠状面为最佳。斜在T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI矢状面正中图像与横断面图像上进行定位。斜冠状面可兼顾腰丛和骶丛,当腰椎生理曲度变直时,扫描基线与椎体后缘平行;当存在生理曲度时,平行于L<span
                            class="sub">3</span>~L<span class="sub">5</span>椎体后缘连线进行扫描。前后范围为椎体前缘至棘突的前1/3,上下范围以L<span
                            class="sub">3</span>椎体为中心,包括T<span class="sub">12</span>至S<span class="sub">3</span>、S<span
                            class="sub">4</span>椎体,并覆盖椎间孔周围区域(图7-96)。为了抑制呼吸运动伪影,通常在椎体前施加空间预饱和。</p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0229-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-96 腰骶丛神经斜冠状面定位设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)腰骶丛神经斜冠状面在矢状面定位像上的设置;(b)腰骶丛神经斜冠状面在横断面定位像上的设置;(c)腰骶丛神经斜冠状面效果图。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)矢状面:腰椎、骶尾椎常规矢状面定位,同腰椎、骶尾椎矢状面定位方法。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.扫描序列及参数选择</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)常规序列:常规序列组合(表7-27),矢状面、横断面、斜冠状面T<span class="sub">1</span>WI和T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI为常规成像序列。T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI一般采用SE或FSE,通过神经外膜周围脂肪和神经束周围脂肪,衬托出腰骶丛神经。脂肪抑制T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI是显示腰骶丛神经病变的主要序列,均匀的脂肪抑制可以更好地显示神经的高信号。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-27 腰骶丛神经常规扫描序列</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0229-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)特殊序列:由于腰骶丛神经呈等低T<span class="sub">2</span>和等低T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>的信号,常规序列上对比不明显,为了更好地显示臂丛神经,逐渐开发了一些专用的序列。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)三维可变翻转角FSE序列:相较于常规的STIR具更高的图像信噪比和更高空间分辨力。从而更好地显示神经的长轴、各神经分支复杂的空间关系、神经病变与周围组织的解剖关系。静脉注射钆对比剂后,背景小静脉和淋巴结的信号得到抑制,背景抑制效果得到改善,外周神经的对比更高,整体成像效果得到显著的增强。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">2)扩散张量成像(diffusion tensor
                        imaging,DTI):是一种选择性功能成像,利用周围神经内部水分子的各向异性特点进行成像,通过纤维束追踪技术显示神经形态结构。</p>
                    <p class="content">3)背景抑制扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging with background
                        suppression,DWIBS):利用神经髓鞘的存在造成神经组织内部水分子各向异性的特点进行DWI,神经内水分子扩散受限而形成高信号,在此基础上结合STIR等技术抑制背景信号,实现选择性地显示神经结构。在DWIBS图像上,
                    </p>
 
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                        MRI检查技术
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                    <p class="content">
                        神经纤维呈现明显的高信号,背景被抑制,因此图像具有很好的对比度,但由于弥散成像的原因,空间分辨率较差。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        4)水激发成像(water-excitation,WE):选择性水激发的梯度回波序列采用3D成像方法,使神经组织内的水被激发而产生信号,这也是脂肪抑制技术的一种。现常用于腰骶丛神经成像的水激发成像技术主要有双回波稳态水激发(3D
                        dual echo steady state with water-exit,3D-DESSWE)、选择性水激发技术(principle of selective excitation
                        technique,PROSET)等。该技术主要不足有:背景信号抑制不彻底,特别是肌肉信号,其他液体或脉管组织信号抑制欠佳。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)脂肪抑制及增强扫描:对于大范围的斜冠状面扫描,频率选择脂肪饱和法脂肪抑制效果往往不佳,T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI扫描脂肪抑制优先选用DIXON技术,而T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI扫描脂肪抑制可选用STIR或DIXON技术。增强扫描,静脉注射MR钆对比剂,双倍剂量或遵药品使用说明书,以1.0~1.5ml/s速度静脉注射后,作斜冠状面T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI,5~10分钟后,补充扫描三维可变翻转角FSE序列,腰骶丛显影效果更佳。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)成像参数:因设备场强、机型等不同而有所不同,表7-28仅供参考。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-28 推荐腰骶丛神经成像序列参数</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0230-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.腰骶丛神经MRI常见伪影及解决方法</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)运动伪影:选择舒适的体位,检查前告知注意事项可以有效地减少运动伪影,在成像视野外施加空间饱和带,可以减轻腹部呼吸运动伪影和主动脉搏动伪影。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)金属物引起的磁化率伪影:检查前去除外源性的金属异物,对于体内有植入物的受检者,优先选择1.5T设备,增加接收带宽,使用新型的去金属伪影序列等方法减轻磁化率伪影。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)卷褶伪影:可以通过增大FOV,增加相位编码方向过采样,以及在成像视野外增加预饱和脉冲抑制组织信号等方法来纠正。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(四)图像显示及后处理技术</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.图像显示</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI序列:正常情况下,腰骶神经节段在STIR图像上常呈高信号,神经束在中线两侧的T2高信号和大小是对称,走行自然,近端至远端逐渐变细,不出现局限性变细或明显增粗,并可见伴行动脉(图7-97)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)FSE T<span class="sub">1</span>WI序列:在斜冠状面T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI图像上,与腰大肌相比,神经纤维束呈等信号,通过周围的脂肪层的衬托,仍能够很好地显示神经轮廓(图7-98)。</p>
 
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0231-01.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-97 腰骶丛神经T<span class="sub">2</span>WI斜冠状面图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:腰骶丛神经显示为高信号。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0231-02.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-98 腰骶丛神经T<span class="sub">1</span>WI斜冠状面图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:在外周脂肪的衬托下,神经显示为中等信号。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)3D-STIR-SPACE序列:属于各向同性成像,能够立体显示高信号的腰骶丛神经三维结构,并且能够在任意平面重建,获得腰骶丛神经任意方位图像。重建的矢状面可在同一图像多个水平显示后根神经节的正常高信号和形态他特征,可与同侧和对侧神经节相比较(图7-99)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0231-03.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-99 3D-STIR-SPACE显示腰骶丛神经</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)增强3D-STIR-SPACE立体显示高信号腰骶丛神经,背景和小静脉明显的抑制;(b)腰骶丛神经矢状面显示。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.后处理技术</span> 常规序列扫描一般无须做后处理。斜冠状面薄层或者三维图像需要后处理。将采集的原始图像沿腰骶丛神经走行方向进行多平面、曲面、最大密度投影处理,重建出斜矢状面、斜冠状面多层面图像,从不同的方位和角度观察腰骶丛神经的位置、大小、形态(图7-100)。
                    </p>
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0232-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-100 腰骶丛神经后处理技术</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)增强STIR-SPACE序列腰骶丛神经MPR图;(b)STIR-SPACE序列腰骶丛神经MIP图。</p>
                    </div>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">第四节 胸部磁共振检查</h2>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、肺、纵隔磁共振检查技术要点及要求</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)适应证</p>
                    <p class="content">1.肺部和纵隔肿瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.肺癌的分期。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.鉴别肺不张和肺部肿块。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.肺功能成像。</p>
                    <p class="content">5.胸膜及胸壁有无占位及转移病变。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0232-02.jpg" style="width:30%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)检查前准备</p>
                    <p class="content">1.询问病史,确定有无磁共振检查的禁忌证,仔细核对申请单。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        2.受检者进入检查室前去除随身携带金属物品和磁性物品(手机、手表、磁卡、钥匙、首饰、硬币等)、通信器材;铁质担架、推车、轮椅禁止推入检查室。如果条件允许,建议患者更衣。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.向受检者讲述检查过程,消除其恐惧心理,嘱受检者在检查过程中不要随意运动,若有不适及时与检查人员联系。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        4.婴幼儿、烦躁不安者及幽闭恐惧症者,可给予药物,如地西泮、水合氯醛等进行镇定,以提高检查成功率。急危重患者必须做磁共振检查时,应由临床医生陪同观察,发生紧急情况时,应迅速移至检查室外抢救。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">5.需要配合呼吸憋气的检查,在检查前对受检者进行呼吸训练,检查前给受检者佩戴棉团或耳</p>
 
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
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                    <p class="content">
                        机,保护听力,提高检查舒适度。</p>
                    <p class="content">6.增强检查或血管造影者提前由护理人员开通静脉通道。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)检查方法</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.线圈</span> 体部、心脏相控阵线圈。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.体位</span> 仰卧位,头先进或足先进。定位中心对准线圈中心及第5肋间水平连线。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.扫描方位</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)横断面扫描:以冠状面、矢状面作为定位像,定位线垂直于胸部矢状轴,并在横断面定位像上调整大小及位置,上缘包括肺尖,下缘包括两侧膈肌,中心位于肺门水平;横断面上视野包括整个胸部,注意编码为左右方向时,需要加过采样,以防止左右两手臂的卷褶伪影(图7-101)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0233-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-101 肺、纵隔横断面定位及成像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)(b)肺、纵隔横断面扫描定位;(c)肺、纵隔横断面T<span class="sub">2</span>WI图像。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)冠状面扫描:以横断面、矢状面作为定位像,定位线平行于胸部左右长轴,前缘包括前胸壁,后缘达脊柱棘突;冠状面上定位视野中心位于肺门水平,上缘包括肺尖,下缘包括隔顶;横断面上定位框包括左右两侧胸壁,前缘包括前胸壁,后缘达脊柱棘突水平(图7-102)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0233-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-102 肺、纵隔冠状面定位及成像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)(b)肺、纵隔冠状面扫描定位;(c)肺、纵隔冠状面T<span class="sub">2</span>WI成像。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.扫描序列</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)平扫序列:冠状面单次激发T<span class="sub">2</span>WI、横断面快速自旋回波T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI脂肪抑制呼吸门控(呼吸导航)序列、梯度回波T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI屏气采集序列容积扫描,必要时加矢状面扫描。</p>
 
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                        MRI检查技术
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                    <p class="content">(2)增强扫描序列:轴面、冠状面、矢状面梯度回波FS-T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI屏气采集序列三期扫描,在设备性能支持的情况下,轴面可采用三维T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI梯度回波序列行动态多期扫描。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.技术参数</span> 层厚5.0~8.0mm,层间隔≤层厚×20%,FOV(360~400)mm×(360~400)mm,矩阵≥320×256。如采用三维梯度回波T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI容积扫描,层厚2.0~4.0mm,呼吸屏气采集。静脉注射钆对比剂,流率2~3ml/s,剂量0.1mmol/kg,然后注射等量生理盐水,推荐肺、纵隔MR成像参数(表7-29)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-29 肺、纵隔序列参数表</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0234-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:因设备场强、机型等有所不同,本表仅供参考。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">6.图像要求</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)显示完整肺及纵隔结构。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)呼吸运动伪影、血管搏动伪影及并行采集伪影不影响影像诊断。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)三维T<span class="sub">1</span>WI容积扫描可重建MPR像,必要时可行时间-信号强度曲线分析。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、心脏磁共振检查技术要点及要求</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)适应证</p>
                    <p class="content">1.先天性心脏病。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.缺血性心肌病。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.非缺血性心肌病。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.心脏瓣膜病变。</p>
                    <p class="content">5.心包病变。</p>
                    <p class="content">6.主动脉病变。</p>
                    <p class="content">7.心脏肿瘤。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)检查前准备</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0234-02.jpg" style="width:30%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">建议检查之前控制心率小于75次/分,以保证心脏MRI的成像质量和诊断效果;放置电极前,注意局部皮肤清洁,以最大程度获取心电信号和减少干扰。</p>
                    <p class="content">其他准备工作同肺、纵隔磁共振检查。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)检查方法</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.线圈</span> 心脏、体部相控阵线圈。</p>
 
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
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                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.体位</span> 仰卧位,头先进或足先进,心脏扫描时间较长,患者双手可垂直放于身体两侧。定位中心对准线圈中心及两侧锁骨中线第五肋间水平连线。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.扫描方位</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)心脏二腔心面:扫描层面经过左室心尖至二尖瓣口并平行于室间隔(图7-103)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0235-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-103 两腔心定位像及两腔心</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)两腔心定位像;(b)心脏两腔心。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)四腔心平面:以两腔心平面作为参考平面,以二尖瓣中点与左心室心尖连线作为切线进行扫描(图7-104)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0235-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-104 四腔心定位像及四腔心平面</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)四腔心定位像;(b)四腔心平面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)心脏短轴面(左室短轴面):垂直于四腔心面的左心室长轴(图7-105)。</p>
 
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0236-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-105 两腔心定位像及心脏短轴面</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)两腔心定位像;(b)心脏短轴面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(4)左室流出道面(心脏三腔心面):层面经过主动脉瓣口、二尖瓣口及左心室(图7-106)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0236-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-106 左室流出道定位像及左室流出道平面</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)左室流出道定位像;(b)左室流出道。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(5)其他:胸部轴面、胸部冠状面、右室流出道、主动脉弓面、主动脉瓣面、肺动脉瓣面。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.扫描序列</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)平扫序列:黑血序列和亮血序列为必选序列,电影亮血序列为可选序列。黑血序列主要采用双反转T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI黑血序列及三反转FS-T<span class="sub">2</span>WI黑血序列,可在某一方位加扫双反转T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI黑血序列。亮血序列主要采用平衡稳态自由进动梯度回波序列,选用单时相成像显示心脏形态,多时相电影成像显示心脏的运动功能(表7-30)。</p>
 
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-30 心脏MR成像序列</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0237-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)增强扫描序列:心肌灌注成像采用反转恢复(inversion recovery,IR)-回波平面成像脉冲序列T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI进行多时相扫描;心肌延迟强化成像选择相位敏感反转恢复序列或IR-梯度回波脉冲序列T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI进行扫描。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.技术参数</span> 层厚5.0~8.0mm,无间距扫描或层间隔≤层厚×20%,FOV(300~400)mm×(300~400)mm,TR、TE等与序列特征对应。采用心电门控、外周门控及呼吸门控技术。心功能分析采集短轴面电影图像,扫描范围覆盖完整左心室,从心尖到心底(即二尖瓣口),层厚8.0mm,无间距扫描,每个RR间期采集20~30个时相。首过灌注增强对比剂剂量为0.10~0.15mmol/kg,注射流率为3ml/s,每期的扫描时间控制在一个RR间期。心肌延迟强化扫描需补充对比剂0.05mmol/kg,扫描延迟时间10~15分钟,推荐心脏MR成像参数,见表7-31。
                    </p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-31 心脏MR序列参数表</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0237-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:因设备场强、机型等有所不同,本表仅供参考。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">6.图像要求</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)平扫:无严重呼吸运动伪影、心脏血管搏动伪影及磁敏感伪影,清晰显示心肌、心腔、瓣膜、心包、血管壁、血管腔等结构。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)功能电影成像:可显示心脏的全心功能和心肌局部功能。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)心肌灌注成像:短轴面成像方位角度标准,无呼吸运动和心脏搏动伪影。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)心肌延迟强化成像:以短轴面、四腔心面和三腔心面为主,成像方位角度标准,正常心肌</p>
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">
                        信号显示准确(低信号),无明显呼吸运动及心脏血管搏动伪影。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、胸部大血管对比增强MRA技术要点及要求</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0238-01.jpg" style="width:30%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)适应证</p>
                    <p class="content">1.先天性心脏病。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.主动脉瘤。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.主动脉夹层等大血管病变。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.肺血管畸形。</p>
                    <p class="content">5.肺栓塞。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)检查前准备</p>
                    <p class="content">参见本节“一、肺、纵隔磁共振检查技术要点及要求”。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)检查方法</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.线圈</span> 心脏、体部相控阵线圈。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.体位</span> 仰卧位,头先进或足先进。定位中心对准第五肋间水平连线。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.扫描方位及序列</span> 扫描冠状面,采用快速或超快速三维梯度回波序列等。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.成像方位</span> 一般取冠状面,范围包括心脏前缘、降主动脉后缘。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0238-02.jpg" style="width:30%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.技术参数</span> TR、TE均为最短,反转角20°~45°,激励次数0.5次或1.0次,层厚5.0~8.0mm,无间距扫描,FOV(400~480)mm×(400~480)mm,矩阵≥192×288,三维块厚及层数以覆盖心脏大血管为准,即包含心脏前缘及降主动脉后缘,脂肪抑制,扫描时间14~25秒/时相,至少扫描2个时相(动脉期和静脉期)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">6.图像要求</span></p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0238-03.jpg" style="width:30%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(1)显示心脏大血管动脉像及静脉像。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)靶血管对比剂处于峰值浓度,图像清晰。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)无明显运动伪影。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)提供MIP重组多角度旋转三维血管图。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">7.图像后处理</span> 分期作MIP、MPR重建等处理,分别得到心脏大血管、静脉循环中不同影像(图7-107)。
                    </p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
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                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0238-04.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图7-107 胸部大血管MRA图像</p>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、乳腺磁共振检查技术要点及要求</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)适应证</p>
                    <p class="content">1.乳腺肿块的诊断与鉴别。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.乳腺癌术前评估。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.乳腺癌高危人群筛查。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.磁共振检查引导下穿刺定位活检。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)检查前准备</p>
                    <p class="content">参见本节“一、肺、纵隔磁共振检查技术要点及要求”。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)检查方法</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.线圈</span> 乳腺专用相控阵线圈、多通道阵列线圈。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.体位</span> 俯卧位,头先进或足先进,双侧乳房自然悬垂于乳腺线圈中央。摆位时需保证全部乳腺组织位于线圈内,皮肤与乳腺无褶皱,双侧乳腺对称,乳头与地面垂直,胸骨中线位于线圈中线上,定位中心对准线圈中心及两侧乳头连线。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.扫描方位</span> 横断面为主,辅以斜矢状面扫描。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)横断面扫描:以冠状面、矢状面作为定位像,平行于乳腺体中心定位(图7-108)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0239-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图7-108 乳腺横断面成像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)(b)乳腺矢状面、冠状面扫描定位;(c)乳腺横断面T<span class="sub">2</span>压脂。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)斜矢状面扫描:以横断面、冠状面作为定位像,平行于乳腺头定位(图7-109)。</p>
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                        MRI检查技术
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                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0240-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图7-109 乳腺斜矢状面成像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)(b)乳腺横断面、冠状面扫描定位;(c)乳腺斜矢状面T<span class="sub">2</span>压脂。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.扫描序列</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)平扫序列:轴面FS-T<span class="sub">2</span>WI(STIR)、三维梯度回波序列T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI或快速自旋回波序列T<span class="sub">1</span>WI、DWI,必要时加扫矢状面FS-T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)增强扫描方式及序列:对比剂选用Gd-DTPA,注射速率0.1mmol/kg,采用压力注射器以2~3ml/s的速率经肘静脉注入,注射完对比剂后以相同速率注入15ml生理盐水冲管。轴面三维FS-T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI梯度回波序列多期动态扫描,每期60~90秒,注药后总扫描时间≥6分钟。增强延迟扫描时长推荐7分钟,不低于5分钟。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.技术参数</span> 二维序列层厚4.0~6.0mm,层间隔为层厚×(10%×20%);三维序列层厚≤2.0mm,无层间隔或重叠扫描,FOV(300~400)mm×(300~400)mm(双侧),尽量包括双侧腋下区,矩阵≥256×320。钆对比剂剂量为0.1mmol/kg,注射流率为2~3ml/s,再以相同流率注射20~30ml生理盐水。推荐乳腺MR成像参数,见表7-32。
                    </p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-32 乳腺序列参数表</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0240-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:因设备场强、机型等不同而有所不同,本表仅供参考。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">6.图像要求</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)乳腺结构清晰显示,脂肪抑制均匀、完全。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)无明显运动伪影、磁敏感伪影。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)三维T<span class="sub">1</span>WI梯度回波多期动态增强扫描序列扫描要求提供增强减影图像、T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>灌注时间-信号强度曲线分析结果以及MPR、MIP重组多期增强血管图像。</p>
 
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">第五节 腹部磁共振检查</h2>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0241-01.jpg" style="width:30%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、肝、胆、胰、脾磁共振检查</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)适应证</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1.肝胆疾病,MRI能够清晰显示肝的解剖结构和血流动力学特征,特别适用于肝癌、肝血管瘤、肝囊肿等疾病的诊断与鉴别诊断。此外,MRI对于胆道梗阻、胆囊炎、胆结石等疾病的诊断具有显著优势,尤其是磁共振胆胰管成像(MRCP)技术,能够无创、清晰地显示胆道系统的形态与病变。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        2.胰腺、脾疾病,MRI能够准确评估胰腺炎、胰腺癌、胰腺囊肿等病变的范围、程度及与周围组织的关系,为临床决策提供重要依据。此外,MRI对于脾大、脾肿瘤、脾外伤等疾病的诊断同样具有重要意义。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)检查前准备</p>
                    <p class="content">1.询问病史,确定有无MRI检查的禁忌证,仔细核对申请单。肝、胆、胰、脾磁共振常规检查要求受检者在空腹状态下进行,通常需保持空腹6小时以上。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        2.受检者进入检查室前,需去除随身携带的金属物品和磁性物品、通信器材;铁质担架、轮椅禁止推入检查室。向受检者详细说明检查流程,以缓解其紧张情绪,并叮嘱受检者在检查过程中保持静止,避免随意移动。如遇任何不适,请立即告知检查人员。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        3.对受检者进行呼吸及屏气训练。指导受检者练习规律性呼吸和呼气末屏气,无论采用呼吸触发技术还是膈肌导航技术,均要求受检者保持均匀且相对缓慢的呼吸。在肝脏MRI检查过程中,屏气训练尤为重要。鉴于个体在年龄、体质等方面的差异,屏气持续时间和在不同呼吸状态下的屏气难易程度存在显著个体差异。部分受检者可能在吸气末期更易保持屏气,而另一些受检者则在呼气末期屏气更为稳定。需要注意的是,在对受检者进行屏气训练时,应指导其在每次屏气时均处于呼吸周期的同一阶段,避免在吸气末期和呼气末期交替屏气,以确保检查层面的一致性。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">4.检查前给受检者佩戴棉团或耳机,保护听力,提高检查舒适度。</p>
                    <p class="content">5.行增强检查的受检者应提前由护理人员开通静脉通道。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)检查方法</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.线圈</span> 腹部相控阵线圈(图7-110)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0241-02.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图7-110 腹部相控阵线圈</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.体位</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)仰卧位,足部或头部先进均可,确保人体长轴与床面长轴保持一致。双手上举,自然放置于头部两侧,但需避免双手交叉形成环路。对于无法上举</p>
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                        MRI检查技术
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">
                        的情况,可将双手置于身体两侧,应尽量贴近身体。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)肝、胆、胰、脾MRI检查需采用呼吸门控扫描技术,观察腹部呼吸最显著的位置,并外加呼吸门控装置。在呼吸门控软管的上下缘应放置软垫,以防止线圈直接压迫软管。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)将肝脏上下方向的中点对准线圈上下方向的中点,通常以剑突下缘作为中心参考点。此外,还需确保线圈的中点与主磁体的中心相吻合。调整床面位置,使定位灯准确对准线圈中心,随后锁定位置并将床面推进磁体中心。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.扫描方位</span> 定位完成后,首先采用三平面定位梯度回波序列(3-plan)快速扫描,同时获得横断面、矢状面、冠状面三个方位的定位像,再通过三平面定位像制订扫描计划。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)冠状面:常规扫描方位,以矢状面和横断面作为定位像,扫描范围包括肝脏前后缘(图7-111),需观察以确定有无梗阻及梗阻部位。定位线可任意方向多层定位,单层扫描时间2s,间隔5~6s后再行呼气末扫描,以免连续扫描出现饱和现象。当有梗阻时,在梗阻水平进行薄层横断面加脂肪抑制扫描,使用呼吸触发技术,扫描范围包括梗阻点的上下范围。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0242-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-111 肝、胆、胰、脾冠状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)肝、胆、胰、脾冠状面在矢状面上的设置;(b)肝、胆、胰、脾冠状面在横断面上的设置;(c)肝、胆、胰、脾冠状面在冠状面上的设置。
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)横断面:常规扫描方位采用冠状面和矢状面作为定位像,扫描范围自肝顶延伸至十二指肠。需合理调整扫描范围,确保涵盖整个病变区域(图7-112)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0242-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-112 肝、胆、胰、脾横断面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)肝、胆、胰、脾横断面在冠状面上的设置;(b)肝、胆、胰、脾横断面在矢状面上的设置;(c)肝、胆、胰、脾横断面在横断面上的设置。
                        </p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">(3)MRCP检查定位:在横断面图像上找到有胰腺的层面,定斜冠状面3D-MRCP序列,定位线平行于胰管走行方向(图7-113),最后进行胰胆管裁剪重建。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0243-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-113 3D-MRCP定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)3D-MRCP在横断面上的设置;(b)3D-MRCP在矢状面上的设置;(c)3D-MRCP在横断面上的设置。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.扫描序列及参数选择</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)平扫序列:常规序列组合(表7-33),包括冠状面T<span class="sub">2</span>WI、横断面T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI序列、同/反相位序列、T<span class="sub">2</span>WI脂肪抑制序列、DWI序列、2D/3D MRCP序列。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-33 肝、胆、胰、脾常规扫描序列</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0243-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)特殊序列</p>
                    <p class="content">1)体素内不相干运动扩散加权成像(intravoxel incoherent
                        motion,IVIM):与传统DWI仅能通过单指数模型计算组织的表观扩散系数(ADC)不同,IVIM通过采集更多b值的DWI图像并应用双指数模型,能够分别计算出组织的ADC值、真性扩散系数(D),以及灌注相关参数(D<span
                            class="super">∗</span>)。IVIM计算的D值不受微循环灌注的影响,因此相较于ADC值,能更准确地反映组织内水分子的真实扩散情况;而灌注相关参数D<span
                            class="super">∗</span>值和f值则可在无须药物增强的情况下,无创地反映组织内的微循环灌注状况。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)扩散峰度成像(DKI):由于真实人体局部组织结构复杂,水分子扩散并不遵循高斯分布。DKI基于非高斯分布模型,采用更高b值,能更真实地反映水分子扩散受限的程度。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)多期增强扫描:肝、胆、胰、脾的MRI检查尤其是局灶病变的检查,对于平扫疾病不明显或肿瘤占位定性不明确的,需要进行增强扫描,可选用肝胆特异性对比剂,对比剂常规剂量</p>
 
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                        MRI检查技术
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                    <p class="content">
                        0.1mmol/kg,速率2~3ml/s,多期增强扫描首选序列为三维容积内插扰相GRE序列。多期增强扫描至少应包括以下时相:包括横断面多期动态增强(DCE-MRI)序列、冠状面增强补充序列、肝胆期增强序列(横断面+冠状面)。如设备条件允许,动脉期最好扫描双动脉期(即动脉早期和晚期)或多动脉期。部分病例根据需要可延迟至6~10分钟。肝脏MRI多期增强扫描应常规施加脂肪抑制技术。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(4)成像参数:因设备场强、机型等不同而有所不同,表7-34仅供参考。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-34 肝、胆、胰、脾常规平扫及增强序列参数</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0244-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(四)图像显示技术</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.图像显示</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)TSE T<span class="sub">2</span>WI序列(图7-114):胆汁在该序列中呈现高信号强度,而肝实质则呈现为低信号强度。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0244-02.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图7-114 肝脏T<span class="sub">2</span>WI显示</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)横断面3D T<span class="sub">1</span>WI
                        mDIXON序列(图7-115):通过一次扫描即可生成4种对比图像。①同相位(in-phase,IP)与反相位(out-phase,OP):用于鉴别组织内脂肪含量,如脂肪肝或含脂病变(如肝腺瘤);②水相(water,W)与脂相(fat,F):清晰显示水成分(如胆管、血管)和脂肪结构的分离,提高病灶检出率。该序列属于T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>加权像,扫描时间短(约11秒),适合屏气完成,从而减少呼吸运动伪影。</p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
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                </div>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0245-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-115 肝脏mDIXON序列IP OP显示</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">(a)IP;(b)OP。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)DWI序列(图7-116):有助于肝脏局灶病变的检出。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0245-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-116 不同b值的磁共振表现</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">注:(a)b50;(b)b800。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(4)3D-MRCP显示(图7-117):MRCP序列能够清晰地显示胰胆管系统的形态和结构。通过采用特殊的磁共振成像技术,尤其是重T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>加权脉冲序列,使得胆汁和胰液等静态或缓慢流动的液体在影像上呈现为高信号,而周围的实质性器官如肝脏、胰腺等则呈现为低信号。这种成像方式能够突出显示胰胆管系统,帮助医生直观地观察到胰胆管的形态、走行。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0245-03.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-117 胆道梗阻受检者的MRCP</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:按照常规定位得到的MRCP,可见胆总管结石并胆系扩张。</p>
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                    <p class="content">
                        (5)多期动态增强扫描(图7-118):能有效提升病灶检出率与定位精度,尤其在发现隐匿性病灶和评估炎症性疾病方面;有助于鉴别病变性质与血供特征,如通过强化模式区分良、恶性肿瘤,并评估血供状态;动态监测疾病进展与治疗反应,如区分胰腺炎类型和评估肝硬化纤维化程度,以及追踪治疗效果;揭示并发症与血管异常,如诊断血管病变和识别肝脓肿、胆道梗阻等并发症。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0246-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图7-118 多期动态强化图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)可见长T<span class="sub">2</span>信号,不同期相强化后;(b)动脉期横断面T<span
                                class="sub">1</span>WI病灶显示结节状、不规则明显强化;(c)(d)门脉期及延迟期逐渐向内填充;(e)肝胆特异期大部分与肝实质呈等信号,中心区域无强化呈低信号。
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(6)胰腺癌横断面图像显示(图7-119):横断面T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>图像中见胰头肿块占位,增强扫描呈轻度不均匀强化,与肠系膜上静脉局部分界欠清,管腔略狭窄。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0246-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-119 胰头横断面T<span class="sub">2</span>WI、动态强化图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)T<span class="sub">2</span>WI可见胰头处占位;(b)(c)(d)多期T<span
                                class="sub">1</span>WI抑脂序列见不均匀强化。</p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
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                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0247-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图7-119(续图)</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.后处理技术</span> 将所得原始图像进行最大密度投影(maximum intensity
                        projection,MIP),产生三维解剖图。重建后MIP图可作任意方位、方位裁剪旋转(图7-120),一般保留左右肝管、胆囊、肝总管、胆总管、胰管和十二指肠大乳头部位图像,以方便临床查看及作出手术方案治疗。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0247-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图7-120 MRCP的MIP多角度裁剪旋转</p>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、肾脏磁共振检查</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)适应证</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.肾脏肿瘤</span> 包括肾癌、肾盂癌及肾母细胞瘤等多种类型。MRI检查能够提供极为清晰的肿瘤形态、大小、边界及与周围组织之间的相互关系,这些详细信息对于早期发现肿瘤、准确定位肿瘤位置及进行定性诊断具有至关重要的作用,从而为后续的治疗方案制订和病情监控提供可靠的依据。
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                        MRI检查技术
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.肾脏感染性疾病</span> 如肾脓肿、肾结核等。MRI检查能够详细显示病灶的具体范围、形态及内部的成分构成,这些信息对于临床医生进行准确诊断和制订科学的治疗方案具有非常重要的参考价值,有助于提高治疗效果和受检者的康复率。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.肾脏血管性疾病</span> 如肾动脉狭窄、肾静脉血栓等。MRI检查能够清晰地展示血管的结构细节,评估血管狭窄的具体程度及血流动力学的变化情况,这些数据对于指导临床治疗方案的制订和预后评估具有重要意义,有助于优化治疗过程和改善受检者预后。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.肾脏先天发育异常</span> 包括肾囊肿、多囊肾、马蹄肾等不同类型。MRI检查能够准确显示肾脏的形态、结构及功能方面的异常情况,为临床医生进行准确诊断和制订有效的治疗方案提供了强有力的支持,有助于提高治疗的成功率和受检者的生存质量。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.肾移植后的监测和评估</span> MRI检查能够全面观察移植肾的形态、结构及功能状态,及时发现并处理可能出现的并发症,对于提高移植肾的存活率和改善受检者的生活质量具有非常重要的意义,有利于确保移植手术的长期效果和受检者的整体健康。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)检查前准备</p>
                    <p class="content">1.询问病史,确定有无MRI检查的禁忌证,仔细核对申请单。肾脏MRI检查前的准备同肝脏MRI检查,一般要求空腹6小时以上。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.受检者进入检查室前去除随身携带的金属物品和磁性物品、通信器材;铁质担架、轮椅禁止推入检查室。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.向受检者详细说明检查流程,以缓解其紧张情绪,并叮嘱受检者在检查过程中保持静止,避免随意移动,平静有规律呼吸。如遇任何不适,请立即告知检查人员。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.检查前给受检者佩戴棉团或耳机,保护听力,提高检查舒适度。</p>
                    <p class="content">5.行增强检查的受检者提前由护理人员开通静脉通道。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)检查方法</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.线圈</span> 腹部相控表面线圈。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.体位</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)仰卧位,足或头先进均可,人体长轴与床面长轴一致。双手上举,自然放置于头部两侧,但双手不要交叉为环路。不能上举的,可置于身体两侧,应尽量贴近身体。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)肾脏MRI检查需采用呼吸门控扫描技术,观察腹部呼吸最显著的位置,并外加呼吸门控装置。在呼吸门控软管的上下缘应放置软垫,以防止线圈直接压迫软管。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)线圈放于床中心,正中矢状面对准线圈竖中心,剑突与肚脐连线中点对准表面线圈中心。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.扫描方位</span> 定位完成后,采用三平面定位梯度回波序列(3-plan)快速扫描,同时获得横断面、矢状面、冠状面三个方位的定位像,再通过三平面定位像制订扫描计划。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(1)横断面扫描:用冠状面图像定位,平扫FSE T<span class="sub">2</span>WI加脂肪抑制、SE T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI序列或屏气2D FSPGR序列,相位编码方向为左右方向(图7-121)。</p>
 
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0249-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图7-121 肾脏横断面成像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)(b)肾脏横断面扫描定位;(c)肾脏横断面T<span class="sub">1</span>WI图像。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)冠状面扫描:取横断面图像定位,选择有肾脏的层面,定位线包括整个肾脏。相位编码方向为左右向并加“无相位卷褶”技术(图7-122)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0249-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图7-122 肾脏冠状面成像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)(b)肾脏冠状面扫描定位;(c)肾脏冠状面T<span class="sub">2</span>WI图像。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.扫描序列及参数选择</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)平扫序列:常规序列组合(表7-35),以快速自旋回波序列为主,包括冠状面T<span class="sub">2</span>WI、横断面T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI及T<span class="sub">2</span>WI,增强序列建议横断面T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI序列加脂肪抑制。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-35 肾脏MR成像序列</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0249-03.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)特殊序列:根据病情及病变需要,可加扫相应的优势序列。动脉自旋标记(ASL)技术是一种非侵入性的灌注测量方法,利用动脉血中自由水质子作为内源性示踪剂。通过在感兴趣区域上游施加射频脉冲来标记动脉血中的水质子,随后经过一段特定的反转时间(TI),标记的水质子与组织中的水交换,导致组织的T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>值或磁化率发生变化。通过采集标记后的影像和未标记的对照影像,并将两者进行对比,可以得到灌注影像。影像的信号强度与灌注强度成正比。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)增强扫描:肾脏病变常需做增强扫描,目前,多期增强扫描通常采用三维容积内插快速GRE序列,如LAVA(GE公司)、VIBE(西门子)、e-THRIVE(飞利浦)、QUICK-3D(联影)等,增强序列以屏气扰相GRE
                        T<span class="sub">1</span>WI脂肪抑制横断面多期动态增强扫描为主,加做屏气冠状面GRE T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI脂肪抑制序列,扫描层厚一般为3~5mm。肾脏MRI动态增强的扫描时相及命名与上腹部(如肝脏)略有差异,具体分为皮髓质期、实质期及排泄期(延迟期),其增强扫描的采集时间点分别为开始注射对比剂后30秒、60~70秒及3~5分钟。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        多期增强扫描对于肾脏局灶病变的检出与诊断至关重要。多数肾脏实性肿块仅依靠平扫往往难以做出明确诊断,通常需依赖增强扫描。例如,透明细胞癌在皮髓质期明显高强化,且呈现快进快出的强化模式;乳头状癌则多表现为缺乏血供,在各期常呈现明显的低强化。增强扫描还能更清晰地显示肾脏肿瘤静脉内栓子,尤其是下腔静脉内癌栓的位置及其对血管壁的侵犯情况,同时有助于鉴别癌栓与血栓。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(4)成像参数:参照肝、胆、胰、脾MRI扫描,相位编码方向注意防止卷积伪影。因设备场强、机型等不同而有所不同,具体参数如表7-36所示。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-36 肾脏常规平扫序列参数</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0250-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(四)图像显示及后处理技术</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.图像显示</span> 肾癌横断面图像显示(图7-123):T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI高信号、T<span class="sub">2</span>WI抑脂显示高信号,增强可见肿块不均匀明显强化。</p>
 
 
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0251-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-123 肾癌横断面T<span class="sub">2</span>WI、T<span
                                class="sub">2</span>WI抑脂图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)T<span class="sub">2</span>WI可见肾下极处占位;(b)T<span
                                class="sub">2</span>WI抑脂序列见不均匀高信号;(c)(d)(e)多期T<span class="sub">1</span>WI抑脂序列见不均匀强化。
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.图像后处理技术</span> 动态增强扫描可清晰地反映对比剂在肾脏皮质、髓质及集合系统中的聚集过程,可通过T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>增强灌注时间-信号强度曲线分析来测定肾小球滤过率,从而评估肾脏功能。目前临床工作中,通过抽血采样检测并计算得出的肾小球滤过率,代表了两侧肾脏的总肾功能,而借助数学模型则可以对单个肾脏的功能进行深入分析,这为临床决策提供了更具针对性的指导意义。其余序列一般无须后处理。
                    </p>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">第六节 盆腔磁共振检查</h2>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、前列腺磁共振检查</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0251-02.jpg" style="width:30%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)适应证</p>
                    <p class="content">1.前列腺增生、前列腺炎、前列腺癌等相关疾病。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.前列腺病变的定位及定性诊断。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.前列腺癌的术前分期、术后随访。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)检查前准备</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1.盆腔MRI检查前,一般要求禁食4小时以上,必要时行清洁灌肠;对于前列腺MRI扫描,检查时膀胱内保留中等量尿液并保持浅慢呼吸。使用直肠内线圈时则需提前一天只进食流食,以保证直</p>
 
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                        MRI检查技术
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                    <p class="content">
                        肠内清洁。若受检者盆腔有严重积液,可改在中低场强MRI检查,或多源射频发射系统的MRI检查,在腹部加用电解质垫。前列腺MRI检查前半小时嘱患者排空大便以防止肠道气体干扰。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        2.关于受检者的呼吸训练,与腹部MRI检查相比,多数情况下,呼吸运动对于前列腺部位的MRI扫描影响不大,无须进行呼吸控制。检查前嘱咐患者保持平静呼吸状态,降低盆腔的呼吸运动伪影对图像质量的影响。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)检查方法</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.线圈</span> 可以选择腹部线圈(图7-124),有条件的话也可以使用直肠内线圈。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0252-01.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图7-124 腹部线圈</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.体位</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)受检者仰卧位,头先进或足先进,身体正中矢状线与检查床中线重合,双臂上举或置于胸前,双手不交叉。必要时下腹部用海绵垫压迫或腹带缠绕以减轻呼吸运动伪影。佩戴耳塞进行听力保护。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)采用体部相控阵线圈,线圈中心置于耻骨联合上缘。扫描定位线纵向与身体长轴中心重叠,横向对准线圈中心。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)驼背的受检者应根据具体情况采用侧卧、臀部垫高等方法。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.扫描方位</span> 定位完成后,首先采用三平面定位梯度回波序列(3-plan)快速扫描,同时获得横断面、矢状面、冠状面三个方位的定位像,再通过三平面定位像制订扫描计划。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)横断面:在冠状面和矢状面定位像上定位,需薄层、小FOV、高分辨率扫描。在矢状面图像上找到显示前列腺结构最好的层面,扫描基线垂直于前列腺上下长轴;在冠状面图像上调整角度,两侧对称扫描。扫描范围包括全前列腺、精囊腺及病变组织,如观察转移性病变需加大扫描范围,序列包括整个盆腔。添加上下饱和带,减小血管搏动伪影。频率编码方向为前后方向,相位编码方向为左右方向(图7-125)。
                    </p>
 
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0253-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-125 前列腺横断面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)前列腺横断面在矢状面定位像上的设置;(b)前列腺横断面在冠状面定位像上的设置。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)矢状面:在横断面和冠状面定位像上定位。在冠状面定位像上找到显示前列腺结构最好的层面,扫描基线平行于前列腺上下长轴,扫描范围包括全前列腺及病变组织;在横断面定位像上调整扫描中心置于前列腺中心,两侧对称扫描。添加上下饱和带,减小血管搏动伪影。频率编码方向为前后方向,相位编码方向为上下方向(图7-126)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0253-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-126 前列腺矢状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)前列腺矢状面在横断面定位像上的设置;(b)前列腺矢状面在冠状面定位像上的设置。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)冠状面:在横断面和矢状面定位像上定位。在矢状面图像上找到显示前列腺结构最好的层面,扫描基线平行于前列腺上下长轴,扫描范围包括全前列腺及病变组织;在横断面定位像上调整扫描中心置于前列腺中心,双侧对称扫描。添加上下饱和带,减小血管搏动伪影。频率编码方向为上下方向,相位编码方向为左右方向(图7-127)。
                    </p>
 
 
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                    <div class="header-txt">
                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0254-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-127 前列腺冠状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)前列腺冠状面在横断面定位像上的设置;(b)前列腺冠状面在矢状面定位像上的设置。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.扫描序列及参数选择</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)平扫序列:常规序列组合(表7-37),平扫序列至少包括自旋回波T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI(脂肪抑制和非脂肪抑制)、T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI(非脂肪抑制)和DWI选择平面回波(EPI)序列,T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI脂肪抑制序列能清晰显示前列腺外周带中的病变信号,T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI非脂肪抑制序列更能清晰地显示前列腺包膜。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-37 前列腺常规平扫序列</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0254-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)特殊序列:根据病情及病变需要,可加扫相应的优势序列。在前列腺中,3D<span
                            class="super">1</span>H-MRS可通过对TE值的合理选择来检测到主要代谢物枸橼酸盐(Cit)、总胆碱(Cho)、肌酸(Cre)。如枸橼酸盐的波峰位于2.6~2.7ppm处,其谱峰形状会随着TE值的变化而变化。因此,选择合适的TE值可以优化对枸橼酸盐和其他代谢物的检测,从而有助于鉴别前列腺癌和前列腺增生。MRS虽然能无创性地提供活体组织代谢的生化信息,但同时考虑到MRS对设备匀场要求高,扫描时间长,易受运动伪影影响,可重复性低。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        弥散加权成像也是前列腺MRI重要的诊断序列之一,通常高b值DWI显示前列腺癌更敏感,但b值越高则图像信噪比越低。实际扫描中建议1.5T设备b值≥1000s/mm<span
                            class="super">2</span>,3.0T设备b值≥1500s/mm<span
                            class="super">2</span>,在保证信噪比的情况下尽量使用高b值进行扫描。可扫描2~3个b值甚至更多,多b值扫描可以提</p>
 
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                <div class="page-header-right">
                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">
                        高ADC值的准确性,更有利于前列腺癌的鉴别诊断。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)增强扫描:对于平扫疾病不明显或肿瘤占位定性不明确的,需要进行动态增强扫描,对比剂常规剂量0.1~0.2mmol/kg,以2~3ml/s速度静脉注射,后以同样的速率注射等量生理盐水。采用横断面快速梯度回波三维容积T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI序列进行动态增强扫描。先平扫蒙片,然后注射对比剂,启动增强扫描,得到动脉期、静脉期、延迟期等图像,延迟期要求达3~5分钟。动态增强扫描完成后生成时间-信号强度曲线分析,对前列腺的良、恶性病变进行鉴别诊断。在横断面动态增强扫描后可行冠状面、矢状面的延迟扫描,观察病变的延迟流出情况,更有利于前列腺癌的诊断与评估。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(4)成像参数:因设备场强、机型等不同而有所不同,表7-38仅供参考。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-38 前列腺常规平扫序列</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0255-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(四)图像显示及后处理技术</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.图像显示</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)T<span class="sub">1</span>WI序列:难以区分前列腺的分带结构,主要用于观察出血、转移情况(图7-128)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0255-02.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图7-128 前列腺T<span class="sub">1</span>WI图像</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI序列:小视野、高分辨、不抑脂,主要用来显示前列腺的解剖结构,评估腺体内的异常,评估精囊、包膜及神经血管束侵犯情况(图7-129)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)大范围T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI脂肪抑制序列:行前列腺扫描时至少有一个大视野扫描序列,用于观察全盆腔内的转移情况(图7-130)。</p>
 
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                    <div class="header-txt">
                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0256-01.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图7-129 前列腺T<span class="sub">2</span>WI图像</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0256-02.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图7-130 大视野T<span class="sub">2</span>WI脂肪抑制盆腔图像</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(4)高b值DWI序列:在保证信噪比的情况下,建议使用尽量高的b值扫描。高b值扩散权重增大,T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>透视效应下降,前列腺癌与正常腺体间对比更清晰(图7-131)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0256-03.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-131 前列腺癌的磁共振图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:前列腺右侧外周带DWI及ADC可见扩散受限。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(5)增强扫描:动态增强扫描观察病变强化特征,利于定性(图7-132)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0256-04.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图7-132 前列腺癌癌强化图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">
                            注:(a)动脉期,前列腺中央叶左侧早期强化;(b)延迟期,前列腺中央叶左侧与正常组织对比下降,呈低信号强度;(c)时间-信号强度曲线,其中1为病变曲线,表现为前列腺癌典型的强化曲线,快速、早期、明显强化;2为对照曲线。
                        </p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.后处理技术</span> 常规序列扫描一般无须做后处理,多期动态扫描,可以获得TIC曲线(即时间-信号强度曲线)。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、子宫磁共振检查</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)适应证</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.子宫病变</span> 如子宫肌瘤、子宫内膜癌、子宫颈癌、子宫腺肌病等各类子宫、宫颈病变。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.卵巢病变</span> 如子宫内膜异位性囊肿、单纯性卵巢囊肿、浆液性及黏液性囊肿、恶性卵巢肿瘤等。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.恶性肿瘤</span> 子宫及宫颈恶性肿瘤术前分期、术后随访。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)检查前准备</p>
                    <p class="content">1.检查前应尽量排气、排便,减少肠道内气体和内容物对图像质量的影响。增强MRI受检者提前由护理人员开通静脉通道。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.建议适度充盈膀胱,更有利于观察子宫与膀胱壁的关系及膀胱壁的受侵情况。膀胱过度充盈会引起伪影,以及压迫子宫,可让患者检查前20分钟排尿。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        3.女性盆腔MRI检查应避开月经期(子宫内膜会随着生理周期的变化而变化,月经早期血块会对图像造成相应的伪影),在月经干净后的3~7天进行MRI检查为宜(建议)。带有金属节育环的患者取环3天后进行MRI检查,避免因取环引起的子宫内膜损伤所导致的异常信号影响诊断。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)检查方法</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.线圈</span> 同前列腺磁共振检查。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.体位</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)受检者仰卧位,头先进或足先进,身体正中矢状线与检查床中线重合,双臂上举或置于胸前,双手不交叉。必要时下腹部用海绵垫压迫或腹带缠绕,以减轻呼吸运动伪影。佩戴耳塞进行听力保护。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)采用体部相控阵线圈,线圈中心置于耻骨联合上缘。扫描定位线纵向与身体长轴中心重叠,横向对准线圈中心。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)驼背的受检者应根据具体情况采用侧卧、臀部垫高等方法。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.扫描方位</span> 定位完成后,首先采用三平面定位梯度回波序列(3-plan)快速扫描,同时获得横断面、矢状面、冠状面三个方位的定位像,再通过三平面定位像制订扫描计划。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)横断面:在冠状面和矢状面定位像上定位。在矢状面图像上,找到显示子宫最好的层面,如需了解宫颈病变,扫描基线垂直于宫颈长轴;如需了解子宫内膜病变,定位线垂直于子宫内膜长轴。在冠状面图像上调整角度,两侧对称扫描。扫描范围上至子宫上缘,下至耻骨联合,如观察转移性病变需加大扫描范围,包括整个盆腔。添加上下饱和带,减小血管搏动伪影。频率编码方向为前后方向,相位编码方向为左右方向(图7-133)。
                    </p>
 
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                    <div class="header-txt">
                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0258-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-133 子宫横断面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)子宫横断面在矢状定位像上的设置;(b)子宫横断面在冠状定位像上的设置。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)矢状面:在横断面和冠状面定位像上定位。在横断面图像上,扫描基线沿着宫底与宫颈连线调整角度,平行于子宫全长;在冠状面图像上,平行于人体中线。扫描范围包括子宫、附件及病变组织。添加上下饱和带,减小血管搏动伪影。频率编码方向为前后方向,相位编码方向为头足方向(图7-134)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0258-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-134 子宫矢状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)子宫矢状面在横断面定位像上的设置;(b)子宫矢状面在冠状面定位像上的设置。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)冠状面:在横断面和矢状面定位像上定位。在矢状面图像上,找到显示子宫全长最好的层面,如需了解宫颈病变,扫描基线平行于宫颈长轴;如需了解子宫内膜病变,定位线平行于子宫内膜长轴;在横断面上找到显示子宫最大的层面,定位线平行于当前子宫内膜长轴。扫描范围包括整个子宫及两侧附件,需包括全部病变组织。添加上下饱和带,减小血管搏动伪影。频率编码方向为头足方
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">
                        向,相位编码方向为左右方向(图7-135)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0259-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-135 子宫冠状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)子宫冠状面在横断面定位像上的设置;(b)子宫冠状面在矢状面定位像上的设置。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.扫描序列及参数选择</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)平扫序列:常规扫描序列见表7-39。在子宫扫描中,T<span class="sub">1</span>WI序列能够显示组织的解剖结构;T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI序列是评估子宫肌层浸润深度的关键序列,能够清晰地显示子宫内膜、结合带、子宫肌层和浆膜层的层次结构。子宫、宫颈及阴道MRI检查以矢状面、横断面为主,辅以冠状面;子宫附件MRI检查以冠状面、横断面为主。
                    </p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-39 子宫常规扫描序列</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0259-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)特殊序列:根据病情及病变需要,可加扫相应的优势序列。由于个体差异,子宫的形态和在骨盆内的位置均不同,根据子宫位置可分为前位子宫和后位子宫,如果再考虑到子宫的倾斜和屈曲角度,又可分为前倾前曲位、前倾后屈位、后倾前屈位、后倾后屈位。在女性盆腔扫描时,应熟悉解剖组织结构及形态特征,仔细阅读受检者的申请单,明确临床医生的目的,了解重点在哪里,根据子宫的形态位置和病变位置,确定平行或垂直于病变。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)增强扫描:对于平扫疾病不明显或肿瘤占位定性不明确的,需要进行动态增强扫描,对比剂常规剂量0.1~0.2mmol/kg,以2~3ml/s速度静脉注射,后以同样的速率注射等量生理盐水。采用
                    </p>
 
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">
                        横断面快速梯度回波三维容积T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI序列进行动态增强扫描。先平扫蒙片,然后注射对比剂,启动增强扫描,得到动脉期、静脉期、延迟期等图像,延迟期要求达3~5分钟。动态增强扫描完成后生成时间-信号强度曲线分析,对子宫内膜的良恶性病变进行鉴别诊断。在横断面动态增强扫描后可行冠状面、矢状面的延迟扫描,观察病变的延迟流出情况,更有利于子宫内膜癌的诊断与评估。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(4)成像参数:因设备场强、机型等不同而有所不同,表7-40仅供参考。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-40 子宫常规平扫序列参数</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0260-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(四)图像显示及后处理技术</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.图像显示</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)T<span class="sub">1</span>WI序列:能够显示组织的解剖结构,对于评估子宫及附件的大体形态和位置关系非常有帮助(图7-136)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0260-02.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图7-136 子宫T<span class="sub">1</span>WI图像</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)矢状面:在子宫扫描中,矢状面是显示子宫全景较为理想的方位。矢状面T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI序列是评估子宫肌层浸润深度的关键序列,该序列采用抑脂或不抑脂均可,能够清晰地显示子宫内膜、结合带、子宫肌层和浆膜层的层次结构(图7-137)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(3)冠状面:是显示卵巢及子宫附件较为理想的方位(图7-138)。</p>
 
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0261-01.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图7-137 子宫矢状面T<span class="sub">2</span>WI抑脂图像</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0261-02.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图7-138 子宫冠状面T<span class="sub">2</span>WI图像</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(4)DWI序列:相对于FSE T<span class="sub">2</span>WI、T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI序列,DWI对占位病灶良、恶性鉴别有重要作用(图7-139)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0261-03.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图7-139 子宫横断面DWI图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:DWI图像显示宫颈前后唇占位病变呈高信号。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(5)增强扫描:观察病变强化特征,利于定性(图7-140)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0261-04.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图7-140 子宫宫颈癌强化图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">
                            注:(a)动脉期增强图像可见宫颈不均匀强化;(b)延迟期图像可见宫颈占位性病变强化程度减低;(c)矢状面延迟期图像可见子宫肌层明显强化,结合带强化程度低。</p>
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.后处理技术</span> 常规序列扫描一般无须做后处理。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、膀胱磁共振检查</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)适应证</p>
                    <p class="content">1.了解膀胱的形态学变化及有无病变。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.对膀胱病变的定位及定性诊断。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.明确膀胱肿瘤的性质及其扩散、转移、浸润范围,确定肿瘤分期,为治疗提供依据。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.随访观察疾病的动态变化、疗效及复发情况。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)检查前准备</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1.适度充盈膀胱不仅能清晰地显示膀胱壁的固有肌层结构,还有利于观察膀胱壁与邻近脏器的关系及膀胱壁的受侵情况。膀胱最佳充盈量为300ml,受检者可在检查前1~2小时排尿,或在检查前30分钟内开始饮用500~1000ml水。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">2.建议在经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术、膀胱组织活检或膀胱内化疗等术前或术后2周后进行磁共振检查。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.建议在膀胱镜检查或去除导尿管2~3天后再进行磁共振检查。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)检查方法</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.线圈</span> 参见本节“一、前列腺磁共振检查”。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.体位</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)受检者仰卧位,头先进或足先进,身体正中矢状线与检查床中线重合,双臂上举或置于胸前,双手不交叉。必要时可在下腹部用海绵垫压迫或腹带缠绕以减轻呼吸运动伪影。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)采用体部相控阵线圈,线圈中心置于耻骨联合上缘上3~5cm处。扫描定位线纵向与身体长轴中心重叠,横向对准线圈中心。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.扫描方位</span> 定位完成后,首先采用三平面定位梯度回波序列(3-plan)快速扫描,同时获得横断面、矢状面、冠状面三个方位的定位像,再通过三平面定位像制订扫描计划。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)横断面:在冠状面和矢状面定位像上定位。在矢状面图像上找到显示膀胱结构最好的层面,扫描基线垂直于膀胱上下长轴;在冠状面图像上调整角度,两侧对称扫描。扫描范围包括膀胱及近端尿道,如观察转移性病变需加大扫描范围,包括整个盆腔。添加上下饱和带,减小血管搏动伪影。频率编码方向为前后方向,相位编码方向为左右方向(图7-141)。
                    </p>
 
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0263-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-141 膀胱横断面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)膀胱横断面在矢状定位像上的设置;(b)膀胱横断面在冠状定位像上的设置。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)矢状面:在横断面和冠状面定位像上定位。在冠状面定位像上,找到显示膀胱结构最好的层面,扫描基线平行于膀胱上下长轴,扫描范围包括膀胱及近端尿道,当病变范围较大时,根据病变大小适当加大扫描范围;在横断面定位像上,调整扫描中心置于膀胱中心,两侧对称扫描。添加上下饱和带,减小血管搏动伪影。频率编码方向为前后方向,相位编码方向为头足方向(图7-142)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0263-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-142 膀胱矢状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)膀胱矢状面在横断面定位像上的设置;(b)膀胱矢状面在冠状定位像上的设置。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)冠状面:在横断面和矢状面定位像上定位。在矢状面定位像上,找到显示膀胱结构最好的层面,扫描基线平行于膀胱上下长轴,扫描范围包括膀胱及近端尿道,当病变范围较大时,根据病变大小适当加大扫描范围;在横断面定位像上,调整扫描中心置于膀胱中心,双侧对称扫描。添加上下饱和带,减小血管搏动伪影。频率编码方向为头足方向,相位编码方向为左右方向(图7-143)。
                    </p>
 
 
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0264-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-143 膀胱冠状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)膀胱冠状面在横断面定位像上的设置;(b)膀胱冠状面在矢状面定位像上的设置。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.扫描序列及参数选择</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)平扫序列:常规序列组合(表7-41)平扫序列至少包括自旋回波T<span class="sub">2</span>WI(脂肪抑制和非脂肪抑制)和T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI(非脂肪抑制),T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI非脂肪抑制序列更有利于显示腹膜等细微结构,对于肿瘤病变的分期、术式选择都是重要的影像学依据。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-41 膀胱常规平扫序列</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0264-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)特殊序列:根据病情及病变需要,可加扫相应的优势序列。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)增强扫描:对于平扫疾病不明显或肿瘤占位定性不明确的,对比剂常规剂量0.1~0.2mmol/kg,以0.5~1.0ml/s速度静脉注射后,做横断面、矢状面、冠状面FSE T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI成像。由于T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI像上脂肪及对比剂增强区域均为高信号,为增加增强后病变与背景组织间的对比差异,增强前后T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI应采用脂肪抑制序列。因对比剂在注射后3分钟左右即可进入膀胱,而后逐渐填充于整个膀胱,膀胱内尿液因含对比剂而呈高信号。为了减轻对比剂对图像的影响,动态增强扫描尽量控制在3分钟内完成。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(4)成像参数:因设备场强、机型等不同而有所不同,表7-42仅供参考。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-42 膀胱常规平扫序列参数</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0264-03.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(四)图像显示及后处理技术</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.图像显示</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)T<span class="sub">1</span>WI序列:主要用来显示膀胱的形态、大小、位置及结构变化(图7-144)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0265-02.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-144 膀胱T<span class="sub">1</span>WI图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:横断面T<span class="sub">1</span>WI图像显示膀胱占位病变呈等信号。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)T<span class="sub">2</span>WI抑脂序列:主要用来观察解剖、淋巴结、病变浸润深度及周围侵犯情况(图7-145)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0265-03.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-145 膀胱T<span class="sub">2</span>WI图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:横断面脂肪抑制T<span class="sub">2</span>WI图像显示膀胱右后壁占位性病变,形态不规则。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)DWI序列:相较于FSE T<span class="sub">2</span>WI、T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI序列,DWI对肿瘤病灶的鉴别更重要(图7-146)。</p>
 
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0266-01.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图7-146 膀胱DWI图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:横断面DWI图像显示膀胱占位病变呈高信号。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(4)增强扫描序列:膀胱壁黏膜层因血供丰富,早期强化程度高于肌层,延迟期膀胱腔内尿液因含对比剂而呈明显高信号(图7-147)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0266-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-147 膀胱肿瘤动态增强的MRI图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)蒙片;(b)动脉期增强图像,膀胱壁及膀胱占位均早期强化;(c)延迟期增强图像,尿液因含对比剂呈高信号。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.后处理技术</span> 常规序列扫描一般无须做后处理。</p>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">第七节 四肢关节磁共振检查</h2>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、肩关节磁共振检查</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)适应证</p>
                    <p class="content">1.肩关节骨质外伤、炎症、结核、退行性病变。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.肩关节周围肌肉炎症、创伤及肿瘤。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.肩关节软骨、肌腱、滑膜、韧带、关节囊病变及治疗期观察和随访。</p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
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                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">4.不明原因的肩关节疼痛不适。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)检查前准备</p>
                    <p class="content">1.受检者进入检查室前去除随身携带的金属物品和磁性物品、通信器材;铁质担架、轮椅禁止推入检查室。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.向受检者详细说明检查流程,以缓解其紧张情绪,并叮嘱受检者在检查过程中保持静止,避免随意移动,平静有规律呼吸。如遇任何不适,请立即告知检查人员。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.检查前给受检者佩戴棉团或耳机,保护听力,提高检查舒适度。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)检查方法</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.线圈</span> 肩关节专用线圈(图7-148)或表面柔线圈。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0267-01.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图7-148 肩关节专用线圈</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.体位</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)仰卧位,头先进,患侧尽量靠近主磁场中心。患侧肩部放松,自然放置于身侧;中立位(拇指朝上)或外旋位(掌心向上,推荐),尽量避免内旋位(掌心向下),身体与床体保持一致,线圈中心置于肱骨头(或关节盂)位置。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)患侧肩关节置于线圈内,定位中心位于肱骨头。患侧手臂用软垫适当抬高,使之与肩持平,可提高舒适度;健侧手臂使用软垫适当抬高,使患侧肩关节紧贴线圈;双侧手臂应使用软垫隔开,不能与磁体孔壁和身体接触;患侧手臂应与胸廓保持一定的距离,可有效减轻胸廓运动伪影的影响。在患侧掌心、患侧胸廓和肘部使用沙袋适度压迫,可有效减轻运动伪影。受检者保持舒适放松的状态是完成整个检查的关键。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)对肩关节骨折等强迫体位者,应采用受检者自然体位,并加以固定。驼背的受检者应根据具体情况采用侧卧、臀部垫高等方法。对意识不清者应将头转向一侧,以防止呕吐物堵塞呼吸道,同时需医护人员陪同。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.扫描方位</span> 定位完成后,首先采用三平面定位梯度回波序列(3-plan)快速扫描,同时获得横断面、矢状面、冠状面3个方位的定位像,再通过三平面定位像制订扫描计划。若定位图像解剖显示不清,进行二次定位扫描。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(1)横断面:采用三方位定位,在矢状面及冠状面定位图上,扫描基线倾斜角度与肱骨长轴垂</p>
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
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                    <p class="content">
                        直,上缘起于肩峰,下缘位于肱骨颈静脉下缘,外缘包括肩部软组织;可在肺野一侧添加饱和带,抑制血管搏动伪影及呼吸运动伪影;相位编码方向为前后方向(图8-149)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0268-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-149 肩关节横断面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)肩关节横断面在冠状面定位像上的设置;(b)肩关节横断面在矢状面定位像上的设置。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)斜矢状面:采用三方位定位,在横断面定位图上,定位线垂直于冈上肌腱走行方向,扫描应包含完整的肩关节解剖区域;在冠状面定位图上,扫描基线倾斜角度与肱骨长轴平行;饱和带使用方法和作用同前;相位编码方向为上下方向(图7-150)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0268-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-150 肩关节斜矢状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)肩关节斜矢状面在横断面定位像上的设置;(b)肩关节斜矢状面在冠状面定位像上的设置。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)斜冠状面:采用三方位定位,在横断面定位图上,定位线平行于冈上肌腱走行方向,全肩关节及周围部分软组织;矢状面定位图上,扫描基线倾斜角度与肱骨长轴平行;饱和带使用方法和作用同前;相位编码方向为上下方向(图7-151)。
                    </p>
 
 
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0269-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-151 肩关节斜冠状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)肩关节斜冠状面在横断面定位像上的设置;(b)肩关节斜冠状面在矢状面定位像上的设置。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.扫描序列及参数选择</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)平扫序列:即常规扫描序列见表7-43,以快速自旋回波序列为主,是基本扫描序列,信噪比高,伪影少,对解剖结构的显示是梯度回波序列不可比拟的。扫描序列包括斜冠状面T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI序列、斜冠状面T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI抑脂序列、横断面PDWI抑脂序列、斜矢状面PDWI抑脂序列,添加饱和带可减轻血管搏动及呼吸运动伪影,使用的FS抑脂技术需添加局部匀场。
                    </p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-43 肩关节常规扫描序列</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0269-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)特殊序列:根据病情及病变需要,可加扫相应的优势序列。在患者配合程度欠佳的情况下,可以使用基于K空间螺旋桨式填充的采集成像技术(该技术在不同厂家的名称有所不同,如西门子为blade刀锋,GE为Propeller螺旋桨,飞利浦为Multivane风车技术),可以有效消除运动伪影,提高分辨率及图像的对比度。同时,斜冠状面定位时的定位角度不宜超过45°,以免所得图像倒置。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        肩部最重要的MRI图像伪影是冈上肌腱的“魔角效应”。“魔角效应”是指当紧密排列的胶原结构(如肌腱、韧带和关节软骨深层)长轴和主磁场之间成55°(魔角)时,该结构的T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>值显著增高。肩关节斜冠状面序列需避免使用PDWI序列,以免出现“魔角效应”造成信号虚高及范围扩大。正常情况下,在紧密排列的胶原中,氢质子运动受限并按静电引力方向排列(dipolar-dipolar
                        interaction),导致T<span class="sub">2</span>弛豫过程非常短(T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>值约250毫秒),MRI中无信号;若处于魔角状态,各氢质子间因静电引力最小而出现排列变化,致使T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>弛豫过程明显延长(T<span class="sub">2</span>值可达22毫秒),MRI中可出现信号。延</p>
 
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                        MRI检查技术
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                    <p class="content">
                        长序列TE值是减轻“魔角效应”的一种方法,若SE序列TE值40毫秒以上、FSE序列TE值70毫秒以上,梯度回波序列TE值30毫秒以上时,“魔角效应”明显减轻。在肩关节,斜冠状面FSE
                        T<span class="sub">2</span>WI(TE值大于70毫秒)可不考虑冈上肌腱的“魔角效应”,但T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI、PDWI和T<span class="sub">2</span><span class="super">∗</span>WI均受其影响。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(3)增强扫描:对于肩关节滑膜炎、感染性病变和肿瘤性病变中平扫疾病不明显或肿瘤占位定性不明确的,需要进行增强扫描。一般推荐补充扫描任意一个方位的抑脂T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI后静脉注射钆对比剂0.1mmol/kg,注射后立即行斜冠状面、斜矢状面和横断位扫描,通常采用脂肪饱和SE或FSE T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI,层厚、层间距和扫描矩阵同平扫。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)成像参数:因设备场强、机型等不同而有所不同,表7-44仅供参考。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-44 肩关节常规平扫成像参数</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0270-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(四)图像显示及后处理技术</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.图像显示</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI斜冠状面序列:有利于肩袖病变及关节盂唇病变(上方盂唇和下方盂唇)的诊断,显示骨质及周围软组织占位病变,结合T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI及PDWI序列鉴定病变性质(图7-152)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI斜冠状面抑脂序列:有利于肩袖病变及关节盂唇病变(上方盂唇和下方盂唇)的诊断,显示肩胛下肌腱及冈下肌腱、冈上肌腱,显示关节周围肿块(图7-153)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0270-02.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图7-152 肩关节T<span class="sub">1</span>WI图像</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0270-03.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-153 肩关节PDWI冠状面抑脂序列</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:左锁骨肩峰端骨折并周围软组织损伤。</p>
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                    <p class="content">(3)T<span class="sub">2</span>WI或PDWI矢状面抑脂序列:是观察肩峰形态的最佳位置,显示肩袖的完整形态及信号改变(图7-154)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0271-01.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-154 肩关节PDWI矢状面抑脂序列</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:左锁骨肩峰端骨折并周围软组织损伤。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(4)T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI横断面抑脂序列:是观察盂唇病变(前方盂唇和后方盂唇)的最佳位置,显示冈上肌腱的走行(图7-155)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0271-02.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图7-155 T<span class="sub">2</span>WI横断面抑脂序列</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(5)增强扫描:观察病变强化特征,利于定性。占位性病变血供丰富,强化明显(图7-156)。</p>
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
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                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0272-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-156 肩关节转移瘤强化图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)平扫T<span
                                class="sub">1</span>WI抑脂序列显示病灶呈低信号;(b)(c)(d)强化后,横断面、矢状面、冠状面T<span
                                class="sub">1</span>WI病灶显示高信号。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.后处理技术</span> 常规序列扫描一般无须做后处理。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、腕关节磁共振检查</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)适应证</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.外伤</span> 发现骨折、骨髓水肿、软组织病变,评估关节软骨、肌腱韧带及神经病变等。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.肿瘤</span> 评估各种良恶性(肿瘤)占位病变的性质、范围及血供,以及周围组织器官的受累情况。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.感染</span> 评估受累关节的骨、软骨及滑膜病变特点,鉴别化脓性感染、结核性关节炎、退行性关节炎及风湿免疫性关节炎等。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)检查前准备</p>
                    <p class="content">参见本节“一、肩关节磁共振检查”。</p>
                </div>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
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                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)检查方法</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.线圈</span> 使用柔性线圈或手腕关节线圈(图7-157)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0273-01.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图7-157 手腕关节线圈</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.体位</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)可采取仰卧位或俯卧位。仰卧位:头先进,身体与床体保持一致,患侧置于体旁的一侧,掌心向内,身体尽量向对侧移,使扫描部位尽量靠近主磁场中心,用海绵垫固定,此体位由于偏离磁场中心,信噪比较低。俯卧位:患侧上举置于头上,掌心向下,扫描部位尽量靠近线圈中心,用海绵垫固定,此体位扫描部位靠近磁场中心,信噪比较高,但对于患者不舒适,容易产生运动伪影。定位中心:桡骨茎突水平。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)部分患者因外伤前臂无法伸直,可以使肘关节屈曲,将腕关节置于腹部进行检查,但此时线圈必须被支起与腹壁分离,以防止呼吸运动产生伪影。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.扫描方位</span> 定位完成后,首先采用三平面定位梯度回波序列(3-plan)快速扫描,同时获得横断面、矢状面、冠状面三个方位的定位像,再通过三平面定位像制订扫描计划。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)横断面:采用三方位定位,在冠状面及矢状面定位图像上,扫描基线十字中心位于腕关节中心,纵轴线平行于桡骨长轴;在横断面图像上调正图像,扫描范围包括腕关节及周围软组织,为减少血管伪影,可在尺桡骨近端添加饱和带;相位编码方向为前后方向(图7-158)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0273-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-158 腕关节横断面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)腕关节横断面在矢状面定位像上的设置;(b)腕关节横断面在冠状面定位像上的设置。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)矢状面:采用三方位定位,在横断面定位图上,扫描基线垂直于尺骨和桡骨骨茎突连线;在冠状面定位图上,扫描基线平行于桡骨长轴;在矢状面定位图上调正图像,扫描范围包括腕关节及周围软组织,为减少血管伪影,可在尺桡骨近端添加饱和带;相位编码方向为上下方向(图7-159)。
                    </p>
 
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0274-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-159 腕关节矢状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)腕关节矢状面在横断面定位像上的设置;(b)腕关节矢状面在冠状面定位像上的设置。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)冠状面:采用三方位定位,在横断面定位图上,扫描基线平行于桡尺骨茎突连线;在矢面定位图上,扫描基线平行桡骨长轴连线,扫描范围包括腕关节及周围软组织;在冠状面定位图上调正图像,为减少血管伪影,可在尺桡骨近端添加饱和带;相位编码方向为上下方向(图7-160)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0274-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-160 腕关节冠状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)腕关节冠状面在横断面定位像上的设置;(b)腕关节冠状面在矢状面定位像上的设置。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.扫描序列及参数选择</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)平扫序列:常规序列组合(表7-45),常规T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI可作解剖成像,作用为确定关节、肌肉、韧带的结构关系。T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI抑脂序列对骨髓病变、软组织病变及周边累及情况显示清晰。相比其他序列,PDWI序列可更直观显示关节面软骨受损情况。因扫描时间过长而引起的层面内运动伪影,可以使用基于K空间螺旋桨式填充的采集成像技术,有效消除运动伪影,提高分辨率及图像的对比度。
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-45 腕关节常规平扫序列</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0275-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)特殊序列:根据病情及病变需要,可加扫相应的优势序列。如腕管综合征在横断T<span class="sub">1</span>WI、T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI序列可以清晰显示神经信号,该病通常不使用抑脂序列。若怀疑血管瘤需要加扫GRE序列。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)增强扫描:对于平扫疾病不明显或肿瘤占位定性不明确的,需要进行增强扫描,对比剂常规剂量0.1~0.2mmol/kg,以0.5~1.0ml/s速度静脉注射后,做横断面、矢状面、冠状面FSE
                        T<span class="sub">1</span>WI成像。由于T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI像上脂肪及对比剂增强区域均为高信号,为增加增强后病变与背景组织间的对比差异,增强前后T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI应采用抑脂序列。扫描层面、层厚及间隔与平扫一致。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)成像参数:因设备场强、机型等不同而有所不同,表7-46仅供参考。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-46 腕关节常规平扫成像参数</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0275-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(四)图像显示及后处理技术</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.图像显示</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)T<span class="sub">2</span>WI抑脂序列:主要用来发现病变,可更直观显示骨、韧带、肌肉及软组织损伤情况(图7-161)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0275-03.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-161 腕关节三角纤维软骨复合体损伤(TFCC)</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:MR显示T<span class="sub">2</span>WI抑脂序列可见TFCC片状高信号。</p>
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">(2)T<span class="sub">1</span>WI序列:主要用来显示腕关节的解剖结构,作用为确定关节、肌肉、韧带的结构关系(图7-162)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0276-01.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图7-162 腕关节T<span class="sub">1</span>WI MR图像</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)PDWI抑脂序列:相比其他序列,质子加权序列可更直观显示关节面软骨受损情况(图7-163)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0276-02.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图7-163 腕关节PDWI图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:脂肪已压掉,关节软骨变显示更清晰。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.后处理技术</span> 常规序列扫描一般无须做后处理。</p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、髋关节磁共振检查</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)适应证</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.外伤</span> 骨折、隐匿性骨折、骨髓水肿、肌肉水肿等。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.炎症</span> 骨关节炎、各种化脓性炎、滑膜炎、结核等。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.占位病变</span> 各种良恶性病变性质、范围等。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.发育异常</span> 髋关节发育不良的术前评估及髋关节术后的随访评估。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.撞击综合征</span> 不同种类的髋关节撞击症,髋臼盂唇和/或软骨损伤,大转子疼痛综合征及肌肉肌腱损伤。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)检查前准备</p>
                    <p class="content">参见本节“一、肩关节磁共振检查”。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)检查方法</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.线圈</span> 采用脊柱线圈,增加腹部线圈(图7-164)可以获得更高分辨率和信噪比的图像。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0277-01.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图7-164 多通道相控阵体部线圈</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.体位</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)取仰卧位,对于大部分患者,头先进或者足先进均可,足先进可有效减轻空间幽闭患者的不适感。使用体部线圈配合脊柱线圈,摆放线圈时,中心十字对准骼前上棘与耻骨联合连线中点下2.5cm水平。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)双足保持对称且舒适的姿势。如有需要,可让患者足尖并拢,以使股骨颈有较好的显示,但足尖并拢较难长时间保持,可使用束缚带固定两足。此外,下腹部呼吸运动、肠道蠕动、膀胱内留存大量尿液都会对髋关节图像造成影响,可适当在腹部加压(下腹压沙袋、线圈束缚带束紧)、排尿。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(3)尽量不要将双臂放在身体两侧,如有可能,双臂抱于胸前,以防产生卷褶伪影。注意双臂</p>
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                        MRI检查技术
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                    <p class="content">
                        抱于胸前时,双手之间要使用绝缘垫,以免产生电流回路。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.扫描方位</span> 定位完成后,首先采用三平面定位梯度回波序列(3-plan)快速扫描,同时获得横断面、矢状面、冠状面3个方位的定位像,再通过三平面定位像制订扫描计划。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)横断面:在矢状面和冠状面上定位,在冠状面上找到股骨头显示最好的层面,调整定位线使其平行于两侧股骨头中点连线,双侧髋关节对称扫描。扫描范围上至股骨上部髋臼上缘,下至股骨大粗隆,根据需求适当调整扫描范围,需包括整个病变范围;若手未置于胸前,可施加过采样,防止发生卷褶伪影;若采用SPIR/SPAIR方式抑脂,需要施加局部匀场,匀场范围包括整个扫描范围,尽量少包空气;相位编码方向为前后方向(图7-165)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0278-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-165 髋关节横断面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)髋关节横断面在矢状面定位像上的设置;(b)髋关节横断面在冠状面定位像上的设置。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)冠状面:在横断面和矢状面上定位,在横断面上找到股骨头显示最好的层面,定位线平行于双侧股骨头中点连线,在矢状面上调整定位线,使其平行于股骨长轴。扫描范围前至耻骨联合,后至骶髂关节,根据需求合理调整扫描范围,需包括整个病变范围;有时为观察股骨头细微结构或者小范围的股骨头坏死可扫描小FOV的冠状面图像;添加饱和带,可有效改善血管搏动和呼吸运动等伪影,但会增加扫描时间;相位编码方向为左右方向(图7-166)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0278-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-166 髋关节冠状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)髋关节冠状面在横断面定位像上的设置;(b)髋关节冠状面在矢状面定位像上的设置。</p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.扫描序列及参数选择</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)平扫序列:常规序列组合(表7-47),成像方位以横断面、冠状面为主,成像序列通常包括T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI序列和T<span class="sub">2</span>WI抑脂序列。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-47 髋关节常规平扫序列</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0279-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)特殊序列:根据检查需求可选择单髋关节MRI平扫,其成像范围上界为髂骨翼中部,下界为股骨小转子下方。基本成像序列包括横断面、斜冠状面、斜矢状面抑脂PDWI和斜冠状面T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI。斜冠状面通常根据横断面图像进行定位,扫描线垂直于髋臼前后缘连线。斜矢状面根据斜冠状面定位,扫描线平行于股骨颈长轴。若怀疑股骨头缺血性坏死,应进行T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI斜矢状面扫描。在冠状面上,扫描线平行于股骨颈长轴。如需评估骨和软骨结构的更细微改变,可采用三维序列辅助检查,帮助识别盂唇撕裂和其他病变。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(3)增强扫描:对于平扫疾病不明显或肿瘤占位定性不明确的,需要进行增强扫描。在增强检查前,须至少有1个方位的抑脂T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI,对比剂常规剂量0.1~0.2mmol/kg,以0.5~1.0ml/s速度静脉注射。在注射对比剂后,进行横断面、冠状面抑脂T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI扫描,保证至少有1个序列与平扫T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI的方位相同,层面、层厚及与髋关节平扫一致。同时,增强扫描也可以采用3D容积扫描序列,一次扫描采集整个髋关节数据,然后重建冠状面、矢状面图像。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(4)成像参数:因设备场强、机型等不同而有所不同,表7-48仅供参考。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-48 髋关节常规平扫成像参数</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0279-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(四)图像显示及后处理技术</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.图像显示</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI抑脂序列:此序列对损伤及骨髓病变比较敏感,如对股骨头缺血坏死、肿瘤、髋臼唇损伤等的诊断有极大帮助(图7-167)。</p>
 
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                        MRI检查技术
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                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-167 股骨头坏死T<span class="sub">2</span>WI抑脂图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:T<span class="sub">2</span>WI抑脂序列可见左侧股骨头承重部位片状高信号。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)T<span class="sub">1</span>WI序列:观察股骨头坏死、骨病变、出血性病变、肌肉脂肪变形等。T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI中骨髓呈高信号,而大部分病变呈低信号,可形成明显的对比(图7-168)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0280-02.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-168 股骨头坏死T<span class="sub">1</span>WI图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:T<span class="sub">1</span>WI可见左侧股骨头承重部位等低混杂信号,并见双轨征。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)单髋关节扫描:盂唇撕裂病例,在左髋关节冠状面及矢状面PDWI抑脂可见上外侧盂唇内及周围高信号影(图7-169)。</p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0281-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-169 髋关节盂唇撕裂MRI图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)左髋冠状面;(b)左髋矢状面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.后处理技术</span> 常规序列扫描一般无须做后处理。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、膝关节磁共振检查</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)适应证</p>
                    <p class="content">1.外伤性病变,发现隐匿性骨折、韧带撕裂、半月板损伤及关节软骨损伤,了解相邻软组织及神经的情况。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.评估关节的结构和功能,制订手术计划;手术后,用于评估手术效果和恢复情况。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.感染性病变,鉴别化脓性感染、结核性关节炎、风湿免疫性关节炎等。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.评估肿瘤的范围、性质、血供及周围组织受累情况。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)检查前准备</p>
                    <p class="content">参见本节“一、肩关节磁共振检查”。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)检查方法</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.线圈</span> 膝关节专用线圈(图7-170)或大号柔性线圈。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.体位</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)取仰卧位,足先进,线圈中心对准髌骨下缘,为使摆位准确,可先使髌骨下缘对准线圈中心线,然后激光定位灯对准线圈中心线。使用膝关节专用线圈摆位时,要在导轨上滑动线圈,以使其尽可能地靠近检查床的中心位置并将定位辅助装置(沙袋、线圈专用海绵垫等)置于所需位置,以患者两条腿都处于舒适位置且能固定检查部位为准,健侧腿下方也要放置辅助装置。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)患者平躺,足尖向前,建议屈膝扫描观察前交叉韧带的拉伸状态,可在线圈下垫一沙袋。使用柔性线圈时,要在膝关节下方小腿两侧和前方加沙袋固定。</p>
 
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                        MRI检查技术
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                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0282-01.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图7-170 膝关节专用线圈</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.扫描方位</span> 定位完成后,首先采用三平面定位梯度回波序列(3-plan)快速扫描,同时获得横断面、矢状面、冠状面3个方位的定位像,再通过三平面定位像制订扫描计划。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)横断面:常规扫描方位,以矢状面和冠状面作为定位像。冠状面上平行于股骨内外髁下缘连线,矢状面上平行于关节间隙,在横断面定位像上调整视野,使膝关节横断图像位于视野正中;相位编码方向为左右方向(图7-171)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0282-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-171 膝关节横断面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)膝关节横断面在矢状面定位像上的设置;(b)膝关节横断面在冠状面定位像上的设置。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)矢状面:采用三方位定位,在横断面定位图上,扫描基线垂直于股骨内外侧髁后缘连线;在冠状面定位像上,扫描基线与股骨和胫骨长轴连线平行;在矢状面定位像上调正图像,扫描范围包括全部膝关节及周围软组织;相位编码方向为上下方向(图7-172)。
                    </p>
 
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0283-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-172 膝关节矢状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)膝关节矢状面在横断面定位像上的设置;(b)膝关节矢状面在冠状面定位像上的设置。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)冠状面:采用三方位定位,在横断面图像上,定位线平行于股骨内外侧髁后缘连线;在矢状面上,定位线平行于股骨及胫骨连线,前缘包括至少半个髌骨,后缘包括全部膝关节及病变;冠状面调正图像;相位编码方向为上下方向(图7-173)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0283-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-173 膝关节冠状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)膝关节冠状面在横断面定位像上的设置;(b)膝关节冠状面在矢状面定位像上的设置。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.扫描序列及参数选择</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)平扫序列:常规扫描序列见表7-49。膝关节磁共振常规扫描4个序列,两种对比权重,分别为T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI及PDWI,T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>-SAG、PD-SAG、PD-COR、PD-TRA。主方位为矢状面,用于诊断韧带、软骨及半月板病变,冠状面主要用于评估半月板撕裂及侧副韧带病变,横断面主要用于显示髌骨后缘软骨。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">常规扫描基本是使用FSE序列,很少使用GRE序列,因为GRE序列对于韧带、半月板等组织</p>
 
 
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                    <p class="content">
                        显示效果一般,信噪比较低。随着磁共振硬件性能的提升及各种加速技术的发展,FSE不仅能很快完成扫描,图像质量也优于GRE序列。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-49 膝关节常规平扫序列</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0284-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)特殊序列:膝关节前交叉韧带损伤及撕裂扫描,常规膝关节矢状面扫描,定位线垂直于股骨内外侧髁后缘连线,能保证半月板及骨质不会变形。但是膝关节前交叉韧带在关节腔内为斜形,因此常规定位对于正矢状面显示欠佳。采用将定位线向内旋转15°的方式,可以更好地显示前交叉韧带(图7-174)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0284-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-174 前交叉韧带定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)正常膝关节矢状面定位;(b)斜矢状面定位。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        在正常扫描的骨关节序列中,大部分关节软骨都显示较清晰,但是为了更精准地评估软骨情况,部分影像系统中的三维梯度回波序列(如3D-WATSc、3D-Medic等),扫描层厚较薄,对软骨的显示更清晰(图7-175)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)增强扫描:对于平扫疾病不明显或肿瘤占位定性不明确的,需要进行增强扫描,对比剂常规剂量0.1~0.2mmol/kg,以0.5~1.0ml/s速度静脉注射后,做横断面、矢状面、冠状面FSE
                        T<span class="sub">1</span>WI成像。由于T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI像上脂肪及对比剂增强区域均为高信号,为增加增强后病变与背景组织间的对比差异,增强前后T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI应采用抑脂序列。扫描层面、层厚及膝关节与平扫一致。同时,增强扫描也可以采用3D容积扫描序列,一次扫描采集整个膝关节数据,然后重建冠状面、矢状面图像。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(4)成像参数:因设备场强、机型等不同而有所不同,表7-50仅供参考。</p>
 
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0285-01.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图7-175 3D-WATSc序列显示软骨</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-50 膝关节常规平扫成像参数</p>
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                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(四)图像显示及后处理技术</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.图像显示</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)冠状面T<span class="sub">1</span>WI:解剖成像作用为确定关节、肌肉、韧带的结构关系(图7-176)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0285-03.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图7-176 膝关节T<span class="sub">1</span>WI图像</p>
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                        (2)PDWI抑脂序列:有利于显示关节面软骨的损伤与退变情况。矢状面是膝关节扫描最重要的方位,也是对诊断最有价值的方位,可以直观地观察前后交叉韧带和半月板的损伤与退变情况(图7-177)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0286-01.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图7-177 膝关节PDWI抑脂图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:髌骨见片状高信号,临近关节软骨变薄。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI抑脂序列:对骨损伤、骨髓水肿,以及韧带损伤的显示优于PDWI,可以更清晰地观察内外侧副韧带,同时辅助诊断交叉韧带和半月板病变(图7-178)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(4)横断位:有利于显示髌骨后缘关节面软骨的病变(图7-179)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0286-02.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-178 膝关节T<span class="sub">2</span>WI抑脂序列图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:内侧半月板后角见斑片状信号增高并达关节囊缘。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0286-03.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图7-179 膝关节横断面T<span class="sub">2</span>WI抑脂序列图像</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.后处理技术</span> 常规序列扫描一般无须做后处理。</p>
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                <div class="page-header-right">
                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">五、踝关节磁共振检查</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)适应证</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.外伤性病变</span> 发现隐匿性骨折,评价关节软骨、跟腱的情况。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.感染性病变</span> 鉴别化脓性感染、结核性关节炎、退行性关节炎等。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.肿瘤</span> 评估肿瘤的范围、性质、血供及周围组织受累情况。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)检查前准备</p>
                    <p class="content">参见本节“一、肩关节磁共振检查”。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)检查方法</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.线圈</span> 踝关节专用线圈或小号柔性线圈(图7-180)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0287-01.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图7-180 踝关节专用线圈</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.体位</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)取仰卧位,足先进,尽可能地将踝关节靠近检查床的中心位置,使用小号柔性线圈或者踝关节专用线圈,线圈中心对准内外踝连线,为使摆位准确,可先使内、外踝对准线圈中心线,然后激光定位灯对准线圈中心线,进床扫描。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)使用踝关节专用线圈摆位时,将定位辅助装置(沙袋、线圈专用海绵垫等)置于所需位置,让患者体位更加舒适,以使患者长时间配合检查姿势。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)使用小号柔性线圈扫描时,患者平躺,足尖向前,在被检测踝关节上方小腿两侧和前方加沙袋固定。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.扫描方位</span> 定位完成后,首先采用三平面定位梯度回波序列(3-plan)快速扫描,同时获得横断面、矢状面、冠状面三个方位的定位像,再通过三平面定位像制订扫描计划。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)横断面:在矢状面和冠状面上定位,定位线平行于胫骨下缘关节面,在冠状面上调正图像,扫描范围上至胫腓关节,下至跟骨下缘,合理调整扫描范围,需包括整个病变范围;相位编码方向为左右方向(图7-181)。
                    </p>
 
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0288-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-181 踝关节横断面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)踝关节横断面在矢状面定位像上的设置;(b)踝关节横断面在冠状面定位像上的设置。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)矢状面:采用三方位定位,在横断面定位图上,定位线垂直于内外踝的连线;在冠状面上,定位线平行于胫腓骨干;矢状面调正图像,扫描范围包括内、外踝,合理调整扫描范围,矢状面扫描时FOV一定足够大,包全整个跟腱;相位编码方向为上下方向(图7-182)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0288-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-182 踝关节矢状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)踝关节矢状面在横断面定位像上的设置;(b)踝关节矢状面在冠状面定位像上的设置。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)冠状面:采用三方位定位,在横断面定位图上,定位线垂直于内外踝的连线;在矢状面图上,定位线平行于胫腓骨干;冠状面调正图像,扫描范围包括整个踝关节,合理调节扫描范围,需包括整个病变范围;相位编码方向为上下方向(图7-183)。
                    </p>
 
 
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0289-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-183 踝关节冠状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)踝关节冠状面在横断面定位像上的设置;(b)踝关节冠状面在矢状面定位像上的设置。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.扫描序列及参数选择</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)平扫序列:常规序列组合(表7-51),PDWI FS序列有利于显示关节面软骨的损伤与退变情况,辅助诊断踝关节部分韧带的病变,T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI FS序列对骨损伤、骨髓水肿,以及韧带损伤的显示优于PDWI FS。T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI解剖成像,作用为确定关节肌肉韧带的结构关系。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-51 踝关节常规平扫序列</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0289-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)特殊序列:根据病情及病变需要,可加扫相应的优势序列。冠状面PDWI
                        FS序列有利于显示关节面软骨的损伤与退变情况,是诊断胫距关节的软骨病变的最佳方位,矢状面PDWI FS序列有利于显示关节面软骨的损伤、退变,以及肌腱损伤。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)增强扫描:对于平扫疾病不明显或肿瘤占位定性不明确的,需要进行增强扫描,对比剂常规剂量0.1~0.2mmol/kg,以0.5~1.0ml/s速度静脉注射后,做横断面、矢状面、冠状面FSE
                        T<span class="sub">1</span>WI成像。由于T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI像上脂肪及对比剂增强区域均为高信号,为增加增强后病变与背景组织间的对比差异,增强前后T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI应采用抑脂序列。扫描层面、层厚及间隔与平扫一致。</p>
                    <p class="content">因为T<span class="sub">1</span>WI
                        FS序列的特点是关节软骨会呈高信号改变,所以针对软骨的病变不推荐使用抑脂序列进行增强扫描。同理,针对临近皮下脂肪的病变,推荐使用抑脂序列进行增强扫描。同时,增强扫描也可以采用3D容积扫描序列,一次扫描采集整个踝关节数据,然后重建冠状面、矢状面图像。
                    </p>
 
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">(4)成像参数:因设备场强、机型等不同而有所不同,表7-52仅供参考。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-52 踝关节常规平扫序列参数</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0290-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(四)图像显示及后处理技术</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.图像显示</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)PDWI抑脂矢状面:有利于显示关节面软骨的损伤、退变,以及肌腱损伤。矢状面观察韧带一般,但对诊断软骨病变和肌腱有优势(图7-184)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)T<span class="sub">1</span>WI序列:解剖成像,作用为确定关节、肌肉、韧带的结构关系(图7-185)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0290-02.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-184 踝关节跟腱断裂PDWI图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:矢状面PDWI可见跟腱不连续,周围可见大片水肿。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0290-03.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图7-185 踝关节T<span class="sub">1</span>WI图像</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)横断面T<span class="sub">2</span>WI
                        FS序列:是踝关节扫描中最重要的方位,相较于其他方位,可以为韧带和肌腱损伤提供更多的信息(图7-186)。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.后处理技术</span> 常规序列扫描一般无须做后处理。</p>
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                <div class="page-header-right">
                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0291-01.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图7-186 踝关节跟腱断裂横断面T<span class="sub">2</span>WI抑脂图像</p>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">六、四肢长骨和软组织磁共振检查</h3>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(一)适应证</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.长骨外伤与感染</span> 发现隐匿性骨折、水肿;鉴别感染性病变,如化脓性感染、结核性感染等。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.肿瘤性病变</span> 评估骨质及肌肉肿瘤的范围、性质、血供及周围组织受累情况。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.肌肉病变</span> 各种肌病。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(二)检查前准备</p>
                    <p class="content">参见本节“一、肩关节磁共振检查”。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(三)检查方法</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.线圈</span> 使用柔性线圈或脊柱线圈(图7-187)。</p>
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0291-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图7-187 柔性线圈</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.体位</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)上肢:仰卧位,头先进,身体与床体保持一致,让被检者处于最为舒适的体位,并使上肢长骨尽量靠近主磁场及线圈的中心,必要时可向患侧倾斜身体,上肢用海绵垫或绷带或沙袋稍加固定,注意保护听力。将患侧手臂用软垫垫平,用软垫或沙袋固定,避免出现运动伪影。扫描体位可根据受检者的实际情况调整。定位中心:上肢长骨中点。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)下肢:仰卧位,足先进,身体与床体保持一致,两腿并拢,让被检者处于最为舒适的体位,并使下肢长骨尽量靠近主磁场及线圈的中心,双手置于身体两侧,下肢长骨用海绵垫或绷带或沙袋稍加固定,注意保护听力。或以病变为中心,覆盖病变范围及近病变端关节,并用软垫或沙袋固定,避免出现运动伪影,扫描体位可根据受检者的实际情况调整。定位中心:下肢长骨中点。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.扫描方位</span> 定位完成后,首先采用三平面定位梯度回波序列(3-plan)快速扫描,同时获得横断面、矢状面、冠状面3个方位的定位像,再通过三平面定位像制订扫描计划。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(1)上肢</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)横断面:采用三方位定位,在冠状面及矢状面定位像上,定位线垂直于被检侧肱骨/尺桡骨长轴;横断面调正图像,需包括整个病变范围及上下两个关节;相位编码方向为前后方向(图7-188)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0292-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-188 上肢长骨横断面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)上肢长骨横断面在矢状面定位像上的设置;(b)上肢长骨横断面在冠状面定位像上的设置。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        2)矢状面:采用三方位定位,在冠状面定位像上,定位线平行于肱骨/尺桡骨的长轴,横断面与人体矢状面平行;矢状面调正图像,需包括整个病变范围,在FOV近心端添加饱和带;相位编码方向为上下方向(图7-189)。
                    </p>
 
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0293-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-189 上肢长骨矢状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)上肢长骨矢状面在横断面定位像上的设置;(b)上肢长骨矢状面在冠状面定位像上的设置。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        3)冠状面:采用三方位定位。在矢状面上,定位线平行于肱骨/尺桡骨长轴,横断面平行于人体冠状面;冠状面调正图像,需包括整个病变范围,在FOV近心端添加饱和带;相位编码方向为上下方向(图7-190)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0293-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-190 上肢长骨冠状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)上肢长骨冠状面在横断面定位像上的设置;(b)上肢长骨冠状面在冠状面定位像上的设置。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)下肢</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)横断面:用三方位定位。在冠状面及矢状面定位图上,定位线垂直于被检侧股骨/胫腓骨长轴;横断面调正图像,并调整扫描范围,需包括整个病变范围及上下关节;相位编码方向为前后方向(图7-191)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        2)矢状面:采用三方位定位。在冠状面定位图上,定位线平行于股骨/胫腓骨长轴,横断面与人体矢状面平行;矢状面调正图像,并包含全部病变范围,在FOV近心端添加饱和带;相位编码方向</p>
 
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
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                    <p class="content">
                        为上下方向(图7-192)。</p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0294-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-191 下肢长骨横断面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)下肢长骨横断面在矢状面定位像上的设置;(b)下肢长骨横断面在冠状面定位像上的设置。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0294-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-192 下肢长骨矢状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)下肢长骨矢状面在横断面定位像上的设置;(b)下肢长骨矢状面在冠状面定位像上的设置。</p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
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                    <p class="content">
                        3)冠状面:采用三方位定位,在矢状面定位图上,定位线平行于单侧股骨/胫腓骨,横断面与人体冠状面平行;矢状面调正图像,包括整个病变范围,在FOV近心端添加饱和带(图7-193)。</p>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0295-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-193 下肢长骨矢状面定位线的设置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)下肢长骨矢状面在横断面定位像上的设置;(b)下肢长骨矢状面在冠状面定位像上的设置。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.扫描序列及参数选择</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)平扫序列:即常规扫描序列(表7-53),以快速自旋回波序列为主,是基本扫描序列,其信噪比高,扫描序列通常包括矢状、冠状及横断面T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>WI抑脂序列,对骨髓病变、软组织病变及病变周围累及情况显示清晰。以一个显示病变较好的体位行T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI序列扫描,用于解剖成像,作用为确定关节、肌肉、韧带的结构关系。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-53 四肢长骨常规扫描序列</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0295-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)特殊序列:根据病情及病变需要,可加扫相应的优势序列。小范围时推荐使用FS序列,使用FS抑脂序列时,添加局部匀场;大范围扫描时,抑脂应使用STIR序列或DIXON序列,如抑脂不均匀,可使用STIR序列代替,但增强不能使用STIR序列扫描。小FOV、薄层、高分辨率扫描,可根据病变性质和部位选择以横断面为主(冠状面和矢状面为辅)或相反。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)增强扫描:对于平扫疾病不明显或肿瘤占位定性不明确的,需要进行增强扫描,对比剂常规剂量0.1~0.2mmol/kg,以0.5~1.0ml/s速度静脉注射后,做横断面、矢状面、冠状面FSE
                        T<span class="sub">1</span>WI </p>
 
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                        MRI检查技术
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                    <p class="content">
                        成像。由于T<span class="sub">1</span>WI像上脂肪及对比剂增强区域均为高信号,为增加增强后病变与背景组织间的对比差异,增强前后T<span
                            class="sub">1</span>WI应采用抑脂序列。扫描层面、层厚及间隔与平扫一致。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)成像参数:因设备场强、机型等不同而有所不同,表7-54仅供参考。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表7-54 四肢长骨常规平扫成像参数</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0296-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
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                    <p class="titleQuot-1">(四)图像显示及后处理技术</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.图像显示</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)T<span class="sub">2</span>WI抑脂序列:主要用来发现病变。对骨髓病变、软组织病变及病变周围累及情况显示清晰(图7-194)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)T<span class="sub">1</span>WI序列:主要用来显示四肢长骨的解剖结构。用于确定病变与关节、肌肉、韧带的结构关系(图7-195)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0296-02.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-194 骨髓炎MR T<span class="sub">2</span>WI抑脂图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:T<span
                                class="sub">2</span>WI抑脂序列见右侧胫骨病变呈大片状高低混杂信号,邻近骨膜及周围软组织亦见条片状高信号。</p>
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                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0296-03.jpg" style="width:50%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-195 骨髓炎MR T<span class="sub">1</span>WI图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:T<span class="sub">1</span>WI可见右侧胫骨骨质内点片状低信号。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)DWI序列:相比于FSE T<span class="sub">1</span>WI、T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>抑脂序列,DWI对弥散受限病灶最敏感(图7-196)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)增强扫描:观察病变强化特征,利于定性。占位性病变血供丰富,强化明显(图7-197)。</p>
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                <div class="page-header-right">
                    <span class="header-title">第七章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各部位磁共振检查</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
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                        <img src="../../assets/images/0297-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图7-196 右股骨中上段转移瘤的MR表现</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)T<span class="sub">1</span>WI;(b)DWI。</p>
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                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0297-02.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图7-197 上臂转移瘤强化图像</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">注:(a)平扫T<span
                                class="sub">1</span>WI抑脂序列显示病灶呈低信号;(b)(c)(d)强化后,横断面、矢状面、冠状面T<span
                                class="sub">1</span>WI抑脂病灶显示高信号。</p>
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                        MRI检查技术
                    </div>
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.后处理技术</span> 常规序列扫描一般无须做后处理。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0023-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
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                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">磁共振成像新技术</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">近年来,磁共振成像技术在各部位检查中不断引入创新技术,极大地提升了诊断能力和临床应用价值。例如,磁共振指纹识别技术(MRI finger
                        printing)是一种新兴的成像方法,它通过同时采集多种磁共振参数(如T<span class="sub">1</span>、T<span
                            class="sub">2</span>、质子密度等)的综合信号,利用机器学习算法对这些信号进行分析和匹配,从而快速、准确地识别组织的特性。这种技术能够在一次扫描中提供多参数的定量信息,减少了多次扫描的时间和复杂性,尤其在肿瘤、神经系统疾病和心血管疾病的早期诊断中展现出巨大潜力。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        此外,超极化磁共振成像技术也在不断发展。通过将某些气体(如超极化氙气)引入体内,可以显著增强磁共振信号强度,从而实现对生理过程和代谢活动的实时监测。例如,在肺部成像中,超极化氙气可以清晰地显示肺部的通气和灌注情况,为肺部疾病的诊断提供了全新的视角。
                    </p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img src="../../assets/images/0298-01.jpg" style="width:80%" alt="" active="true" />
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                    <p class="right-info">(李三凤 于汉奎 袁宪顺 徐隆基 常莹 刁瑞圆 向正东)</p>
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