zhongshujie
5 天以前 925c074662488e968218b4497b4a69205e1753f0
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<template>
    <div class="chapter" num="9">
        <!-- Page 165 (奇数页) -->
        <div class="page-box" page="165">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(165) > -1">
                <div class="page-header-left">
                    <div class="header-txt">口腔影像学</div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h1 class="firstTitle-l mb-70 pt-70">第八章 颌面部骨折</h1>
                    <div class="learnGoal">
                        <img class="learnImg img-h" src="../../assets/images/learnGoal.png" alt="" />
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold fc">素质目标</span></p>
                        <p class="content">
                            (1)崇德向善、诚实守信、爱岗敬业,具有精益求精的工匠精神。
                        </p>
                        <p class="content">
                            (2)具有敬佑生命、救死扶伤、甘于奉献、大爱无疆的医者精神。
                        </p>
                        <p class="content">
                            (3)具有良好的职业道德、社会职业感及团队精神。
                        </p>
                        <p class="center omit">........................</p>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold fc">知识目标</span></p>
                        <p class="content">
                            (1)掌握:牙外伤、骨折X片的观察要点,上下颌骨骨折类型及好发部位。
                        </p>
                        <p class="content">
                            (2)熟悉:牙槽突骨折,以及上、下颌骨骨折的临床表现及影像学表现。
                        </p>
                        <p class="content">
                            (3)了解:颧骨、颧弓骨折的影像学表现及临床表现。
                        </p>
                        <p class="center omit">........................</p>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold fc">能力目标</span></p>
                        <p class="content">
                            能回答牙外伤、牙槽突骨折,以及上、下颌骨骨折的临床表现及影像表现特点。
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="CaseStudy mb-30">
                        <div class="CaseStudy-title">案例导入</div>
                        <div class="CaseStudy-content">
                            <p class="content"><span class="bold fc">【案例】</span></p>
                            <p class="content">
                                患者,男性,18岁。上前牙外伤后牙齿变短半小时,患者半小时前骑自行车不慎摔倒,嘴唇先着地,伤后发现牙齿变短,不松动,疼痛明显。检查:11牙龈红肿,龈沟渗血,牙冠完整,内倾,但比邻牙短2mm,叩痛(++),松动(-)。
                            </p>
                            <p class="content"><span class="bold fc">【问题】</span></p>
                            <p class="content">1.患者需要做哪些检查?</p>
                            <p class="content">2.此患者的正确诊断是什么?</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="center mb-20">
                        <img class="g-pic" src="../../assets/images/0036_01.jpg" alt="" />
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        牙及颌骨外伤临床较常见,牙折位置不同,其治疗方法不同,颌骨骨折主要发生在上颌骨、下颌骨及颧骨,中、高位上颌骨骨折常伴有颅底骨折,可有脑脊液漏。下颌骨骨折移位明显,根据受力大小不同可发生多处骨折,诊断中应避免漏诊。颌面部骨折占全身骨折的3.2%~3.8%,通过影像检查可以确定骨折的部位、数量、性质等,对临床手术及预后起指导作用。
                    </p>
                </div>
                <div class="page-bottom-left">156</div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
        <!-- Page 166 (偶数页) -->
        <div class="page-box" page="166">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(166) > -1">
                <div class="page-header-right">
                    <span class="header-title">第八章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颌面部骨折</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">第一节 概论</h2>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、骨折的基本影像表现</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        <span
                            class="bold fc">1.骨折线</span> 骨折线在X线片中主要表现为密度低的裂隙状影像;骨折线宽度的大小与断骨的裂开程度有关;骨折线的边界一般比较清晰,可呈直线状、锯齿状或不规则状影像。上颌骨骨折、颧骨骨折常易发生于骨缝连接处,因此应与正常骨缝区别。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        <span class="bold fc">2.异常致密线</span> 当骨折两断端重叠时可见。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        <span class="bold fc">3.游离碎骨片</span> 多见于粉碎性骨折,一般上颌骨前壁骨折常见。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        <span class="bold fc">4.压缩变形</span> 常发生于上颌骨、颧骨骨折,由外部力量过大压迫上颌窦变形所致。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        <span class="bold fc">5.骨小梁扭曲紊乱</span> 见于骨松质牙槽突骨折。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        <span class="bold fc">6.骨缝分离</span> 见于自然骨缝裂开,如颧额缝、颧颌缝。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、骨折线影像观察要点</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        <span class="bold fc">1.骨折的部位和数目</span> 观察骨折线的具体骨折部位,数量是单发还是多发,避免漏诊(图8-1-1)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        <span class="bold fc">2.骨折的类型</span> 有横形、斜形、纵形、粉碎性等。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        <span class="bold fc">3.骨折的移位</span> 与受力方向,肌肉走向,有无牙齿均有关系。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        <span class="bold fc">4.骨折线与牙的关系</span> 观察牙及牙胚是否在骨折线上,有无牙冠、根折或其他牙体牙髓病变。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        <span
                            class="bold fc">5.骨折线与营养管、正常骨缝影像的区别</span> 骨折线一般呈直线、锯齿状或不规则状,边缘没有连续性,正常骨缝和营养管有恒定位置,为均匀线状低密度影。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic openImgBox">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0177-01.jpg" style="width: 70%"
                            alt="图8-1-1 骨折线和骨折数目——下颌骨骨折(左下颌颏部及双侧髁突)" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">
                            图8-1-1 骨折线和骨折数目——下颌骨骨折(左下颌颏部及双侧髁突)
                        </p>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="page-bottom-right">157</div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
        <!-- Page 167 (奇数页) -->
        <div class="page-box" page="167">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(167) > -1">
                <div class="page-header-left">
                    <div class="header-txt">口腔影像学</div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、骨折的愈合</h3>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)骨折一期愈合</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        一期愈合又称直接愈合,当骨折达到解剖复位,骨折固定稳定时,在应力作用下,骨折修复仅限于骨内,而不需要外骨痂参与。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)骨折二期愈合</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        根据骨折局部组织学愈合特点,人为地将骨折二期愈合过程分为如下4期。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        <span class="bold fc">1.血肿形成</span> 外伤骨折后,骨断端髓腔内、骨膜下和周围软组织内出血,形成血肿,并凝成血块,一般在伤后4~5小时形成。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        <span
                            class="bold fc">2.血肿机化</span> 骨折后24~48小时,血浆渗出,炎症细胞浸润,骨折断端软骨外膜增生、增厚,骨折断端附近骨内、外膜深层的成骨细胞在伤后短期内即活跃增生,约一周后即开始形成与骨干平行的骨样组织,由远离骨折处逐渐向骨折处延伸、增厚,与毛细血管一起向血肿内生长,使血块机化。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        <span
                            class="bold fc">3.原始骨痂形成期</span> 骨折1周后,纤维血管组织替代机化血块,骨内、外膜形成内、外骨痂,即膜内化骨。而断端间的纤维组织则逐渐转化为软骨组织,纤维组织然后钙化、骨化,形成环状骨痂和腔内骨痂,即软骨内化骨,骨痂不断加强,达到临床愈合阶段。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        <span class="bold fc">4.骨痂改造塑形期</span> 骨折2周后,骨样组织不断有钙盐沉积,使基质钙化,逐渐形成骨组织,骨痂改建塑形,骨髓腔再通,恢复骨的原形。
                    </p>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">第二节 牙外伤</h2>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、牙脱位</h3>
                    <div class="img-rights w180 openImgBox">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0178-02.jpg" style="width: 100%" alt="图8-2-1 牙脱位(根尖片)"
                            active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图8-2-1 牙脱位(根尖片)</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        牙脱位是指外力使牙向𬌗面方向或根方自牙槽窝内脱出或嵌入。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)临床表现</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        牙外伤后,牙齿根据受力方向不同而向不同方向移位,可以向前或向后移位,也可以向切端或根方移位,严重时可以完全脱离正常位置而脱落。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)影像学表现</p>
                    <p class="content">牙齿从牙槽窝脱出,有低密度影(图8-2-1)。</p>
                </div>
                <div class="page-bottom-left">158</div>
            </div>
        </div>
        <!-- Page 168 (偶数页) -->
        <div class="page-box" page="168">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(168) > -1">
                <div class="page-header-right">
                    <span class="header-title">第八章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颌面部骨折</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、牙折</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        牙折是指由外力所致的牙齿折断。根据外力大小、方向不同,牙折的部位和程度不同。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)临床表现及分类</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        按照牙折线方向分为水平、垂直、斜行折断,按照解剖部位可分为冠折、根折、冠根联合折。X线片显示为不整齐的线状密度减低的影像,牙体组织的连续性中断。一般陈旧性牙折,因外伤时间较长,两断面吸收变平滑,X线片显示明显整齐较宽的线状透射影像(图8-2-2)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic openImgBox">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0179-01.jpg" style="width: 80%" alt="图8-2-2 牙折" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图8-2-2 牙折</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">
                            (a)21牙冠折断;(b)11牙冠、21牙冠缺损,21牙颈部折断;(c)牙根折断。
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)病史采集</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1.了解牙折时间,牙折时间不同,其影像表现和临床表现有区别。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        2.根据具体情况,结合外伤牙齿是否有牙髓病和根尖周病的病史进行问诊。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(三)检查要点</p>
                    <p class="content">1.牙折的部位,冠折牙齿是否伴有根折。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.牙髓是否暴露,是否有明显出血。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.牙龈软组织是否肿胀、疼痛、撕裂。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.牙的松动情况。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        5.陈旧性牙折,诊断不明确的病牙,应通过牙髓活力测试和叩诊等检查牙髓和根尖周组织的情况。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        6.X线检查主要判断是否有牙槽骨折、根折,受伤牙根尖孔是否形成,根尖周组织是否有病变等。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(四)诊断要点</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1.外伤所造成的牙折,牙体已有明显折裂或松动,辅以X线检查,根据病因、病史、临床表现等诊断比较容易。
                    </p>
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                    <div class="header-txt">口腔影像学</div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">
                        2.后牙不完全的折裂或隐裂通常发生在牙尖比较锐利情况下,上颌磨牙的裂纹多发生于𬌗面的近中舌侧;下颌磨牙的裂纹常与𬌗面近远中向的裂沟方向大致一致。临床上用探针插入裂隙后,加压或左右摆动可引起疼痛,叩诊折裂牙尖时,患牙有明显疼痛;用碘酊涂布,用光照射可见色素下渗。临床表现为咀嚼痛、冷热温度敏感,严重时有牙髓病或根尖周病症状。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(五)治疗原则</p>
                    <p class="content">根据牙折时间部位的不同,治疗方法有所不同。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1.外伤后时间不久,经判断牙髓有活力,可根据如下不同情况进行治疗。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(1)如仅有牙釉质微小折裂可予磨光。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)冠部折裂,牙本质暴露者未露牙髓,可根据其临床症状,采用脱敏、树脂充填或全瓷牙冠修复。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)冠部折裂,牙髓暴露,如果患牙根尖尚未形成,应尽可能保留活髓,采用活髓切断术,待根尖形成后再考虑做根管治疗及牙冠的修复。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (4)冠部折裂,牙髓暴露,根尖已形成的前牙可采用根管治疗,然后用桩冠修复。如为后牙,根管治疗后再用全瓷牙冠修复。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (5)根折在牙颈部的单根牙,可在根管治疗后用桩冠修复。根折在牙颈部的后牙一般需拔除。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (6)根折在牙根中部者,根据具体情况,可保留做根管治疗或拔除(图8-2-3)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (7)根折在根尖部者,降低咬𬌗关系后,定期复查,一般可以愈合。如牙髓坏死,用根管治疗(图8-2-4)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(8)冠、根均折断者,如牙齿松动明显应予拔除。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (9)如伴有软组织损伤及牙槽骨折断等情况,应给予骨折固定及清仓缝合处理。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(10)牙松动明显,应给予钢丝结扎或夹板固定。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        2.陈旧性牙折,牙髓一般已坏死,牙根有吸收并伴有根尖周病,应根据具体情况做根管治疗,后期可以做冠修复(图8-2-5)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="img-box openImgBox">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img src="../../assets/images/0180-04.jpg" style="width: 80%" alt="图8-2-3 根中牙折"
                                active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图8-2-3 根中牙折</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img src="../../assets/images/0180-05.jpg" style="width: 85%" alt="图8-2-4 根尖牙折"
                                active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图8-2-4 根尖牙折</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img src="../../assets/images/0180-06.jpg" style="width: 80%" alt="图8-2-5 陈旧性牙折"
                                active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图8-2-5 陈旧性牙折</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        3.后牙隐裂,如果没有牙髓炎症状,可顺隐裂制洞;未穿髓者可予充填,已穿髓而髓室底尚未折裂,可行牙髓根管治疗,再用人造牙冠修复。对于隐裂的牙齿,在修复时,应注意降低咬𬌗,以防止再折裂。
                    </p>
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                <div class="page-header-right">
                    <span class="header-title">第八章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颌面部骨折</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">
                        4.牙根折裂是指既无外伤史和牙体疾病病史,发生在后牙牙根的特殊类型折断。多为咬合力过大、牙周炎、根发育缺陷、牙内吸收等原因造成(图8-2-6)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic openImgBox">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0181-02.jpg" style="width: 80%" alt="图8-2-6 牙根折裂" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图8-2-6 牙根折裂</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">(a)根尖片;(b)全景片。</p>
                    </div>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">第三节 牙槽突骨折</h2>
                    <p class="content">
                        牙槽突骨折以上、下颌前牙区较多见,也可上、下颌同时发生,多为牙齿、牙槽突和周围软组织合并损伤。牙槽突是支持和保护牙齿的骨组织,分为上颌牙槽突和下颌牙槽突,由骨松质构成,容易吸收和改建。上颌牙槽突与鼻腔底和上颌窦底相毗邻,下颌骨较为坚厚,其牙槽突也较上颌牙槽突牢固,仅切牙区和尖牙区牙槽突内外板较薄。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、临床表现</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        牙槽突骨折可以是线型的,也可以是粉碎性的,有时为单纯的外骨板或内骨板折断,有时是一段牙槽骨完全折断。常伴有牙齿损伤(牙折或牙脱位),以及软组织撕裂。摇动外伤区1颗牙齿时,骨折牙槽段上其他几颗牙整体一起移动,可导致咬合关系错乱。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、影像学表现</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        牙片、曲面断层片、CBCT均可显示骨折位置,X线片因后部颈椎重叠影像的影响,有时会干扰诊断,CBCT可更好显示牙槽突局部骨折(图8-3-1~图8-3-3)。
                    </p>
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                    <div class="header-txt">口腔影像学</div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic openImgBox">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0182-01.jpg" style="width: 80%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图8-3-1 牙槽突骨折——上颌</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic openImgBox">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0182-02.jpg" style="width: 80%" alt="图8-3-2 牙槽突骨折——下颌(全景)"
                            active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图8-3-2 牙槽突骨折——下颌(全景)</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic openImgBox">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0182-03.jpg" style="width: 80%"
                            alt="图8-3-3 牙槽突骨折固定——下颌(CBCT,与上图同一患者)" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">
                            图8-3-3 牙槽突骨折固定——下颌(CBCT,与上图同一患者)
                        </p>
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                <div class="page-header-right">
                    <span class="header-title">第八章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颌面部骨折</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">第四节 上、下颌骨骨折</h2>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、下颌骨骨折</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        下颌骨位置较突出,是颌面部容易损伤的部位,骨折时一般会出现软组织撕裂、肿胀,局部疼痛明显,还会有局部出血和张口受限等症状。下颌骨的解剖生理特点是有咀嚼肌的附着,骨折时会有一些特殊的临床表现。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)临床表现</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        <span
                            class="bold fc">1.骨折段移位</span> 下颌骨骨折后,有多种因素可以影响骨折段的移位方向,其中以咀嚼肌对颌骨的牵拉为主要原因,其他因素还包括外力的方向、骨折的部位、骨折线的方向和骨折段上是否有牙存留等多种因素。不同部位骨折后的移位情况是完全不相同的,下颌骨一般容易发生骨折的位置主要是正中颏部、颏孔区、下颌角、髁状突等(图8-4-1)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic openImgBox">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0183-01.jpg" style="width: 40%" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图8-4-1 下颌骨易发骨折示意图</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        <span
                            class="bold fc">2.咬合错乱</span> 咬合错乱是颌骨骨折中最常见体征。下颌骨骨折后,骨折段一般会有移位,虽然有时即使只有轻度移位,但也可出现明显的咬合错乱。在正常情况下,上、下颌牙牙齿咬合,都有正常的咬合关系。而在颌骨骨折后,患者因颌骨移位失去了原有的咬合关系,自觉症状是上、下牙咬不上,咬合无力或咬合疼痛明显。临床检查见咬合错乱,多数牙无接触关系,或有部分接触,咬合不良。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        <span
                            class="bold fc">3.牙龈及黏膜撕裂</span> 下颌体部的骨折常伴有骨折处的牙龈和黏膜撕裂,局部出血明显,可以看到骨断端,为开放性骨折,同时可伴发牙折、牙脱位或牙缺失等情况。骨折线两侧的牙常发生松动、移位。
                    </p>
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                    <div class="header-txt">口腔影像学</div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">
                        <span
                            class="bold fc">4.局部软组织肿胀、出血</span> 骨折后均伴有局部出血,血液可从创口处流出,也可积聚在组织内形成血肿。外伤导致下牙槽血管发生断裂,血液可渗至口底蜂窝组织内,形成口底血肿,严重时会影响呼吸。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        <span class="bold fc">5.感觉异常</span> 下颌骨骨折后,可因骨折端活动或摩擦,发生剧烈疼痛。如伴发下牙槽神经损伤或断裂,则出现同侧下唇麻木症状。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        <span
                            class="bold fc">6.骨折段异常动度</span> 正常情况下,下颌骨运动是全下颌骨整体和协调的生理运动。当下颌骨骨折后,则可出现分段的不协调的异常动度,尤其在有开放性创口时,检查更容易发现。有时可能检查出骨折端间的异常摩擦感、摩擦音。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        <span
                            class="bold fc">7.功能障碍</span> 下颌骨骨折患者可出现的功能障碍主要是张口受限,还会影响咀嚼、吞咽和呼吸等功能。由于疼痛、骨折段移位和咬合错乱等症状,限制了正常的下颌骨运动,影响咀嚼、进食和吞咽。局部水肿、血肿和涎液增多等症状,可影响正常呼吸,严重者可发生窒息。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)影像学表现</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        <span
                            class="bold fc">1.颏部骨折</span> 下颌骨正中颏部骨折,常表现为下颌骨颏部下颌缘骨质不连续,可以是单发的、多发的线形骨折或粉碎性骨折。单发的正中颏部线形骨折时,由于骨折线两侧肌的牵拉力量相等,方向相对,常无明显移位或不发生移位(图8-4-2)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        如为颏部双发骨折,两骨折线之间的颏部骨折段可因颏舌骨肌、颏舌肌、下颌舌骨肌和二腹肌前腹的牵拉,而向后下方移位(图8-4-3)。如为颏部粉碎性骨折或伴有骨质缺损,两侧骨折段由于下颌舌骨肌的牵引,而向中线方向移位,使下颌骨前端变窄。后两种情况,都可使舌后退,有引起呼吸困难,甚至发生窒息的可能,正中颏部骨折常伴有髁状突骨折。
                    </p>
                    <div class="img-box openImgBox">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img src="../../assets/images/0184-01.jpg" style="width: 100%" alt="图8-4-2 颏部骨折示意图(无明显移位)"
                                active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图8-4-2 颏部骨折示意图(无明显移位)</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img src="../../assets/images/0184-02.jpg" style="width: 75%" alt="图8-4-3 颏部骨折示意图(后下方移位)"
                                active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图8-4-3 颏部骨折示意图(后下方移位)</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        <span
                            class="bold fc">2.颏孔区骨折</span> 骨折一般位于下颌第一前磨牙和第一磨牙之间,颏孔区骨折后,相当于将下颌骨分成大小不等的前后两段。前骨折段与健侧下颌骨保持连续性,由于受降颌肌群的牵拉,可向下、后方移位,同时又受对侧翼外肌的作用而微偏向患侧;后骨折段因受所附着的升颌肌群的牵拉而向上移位,同时也受翼外肌的作用而稍向内偏移,如上、下颌都有牙,则向上移位至上、下牙接触为止。因此,在临床表现方面出现咬合错乱。但是,骨折段的移位有时还与骨折线的方向和倾斜度有一定关系,如果骨折线方向与肌牵拉方向相抵触,则骨折段移位受阻,而不发生移位。颏孔区骨折的移位特点,可以表现在尖牙区、前磨牙区和磨牙区下颌骨体部骨折后两骨折段的移位情况。如为双侧颏孔区骨折,两侧后骨折段因受升颌肌群牵拉,向上方移位,而两骨折线之间的前骨折段则受降颌肌群的牵拉,而向下后方移位,使颏部明显后缩,舌体也随之后退而影响呼吸。严重时可引起窒息。
                    </p>
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                    <span class="header-title">第八章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颌面部骨折</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">
                        <span
                            class="bold fc">3.下颌角部骨折</span> 多发生在第三磨牙远中,将下颌骨分成前长后短的两个骨折段。如果骨折线在下颌角或其稍上方,前后两骨折段都有咬肌和翼内肌附着,则可不发生移位(图8-4-4)。如骨折线在升颌肌群附着处之前,则前骨折段受降颌肌群的牵拉,向下后移位;而后骨折段因升颌肌群的牵拉,向上内侧移位(图8-4-5)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="img-box openImgBox">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img src="../../assets/images/0185-01.jpg" style="width: 80%" alt="图8-4-4 下颌角部骨折示意图(无移位)"
                                active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图8-4-4 下颌角部骨折示意图(无移位)</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img src="../../assets/images/0185-02.jpg" style="width: 80%" alt="图8-4-5 下颌角部骨折示意图(移位)"
                                active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图8-4-5 下颌角部骨折示意图(移位)</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        <span
                            class="bold fc">4.髁状突骨折</span> 是指从乙状切迹到下颌升支后缘部位骨折,髁状突骨折多发生于颈部。骨折后的髁状突,常因其所附着的翼外肌的牵拉而向前内方移位。同时,下颌升支部受咬肌、翼内肌和颞肌的牵拉而向上移位,使健侧牙及前牙形成开𬌗。双侧髁状突发生骨折时,两侧同时有骨折段移位,开𬌗更为明显。因髁状突是生长中心,如果是儿童,面部生长发育会受到影响。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        <span
                            class="bold fc">5.多发骨折</span> 下颌骨发生多发骨折时,骨折段的移位一般没有一定的规律。有肌附着的骨折段一般向肌牵拉方向发生移位(图8-4-6);无肌附着或原附着肌也损伤断裂时,则骨折段常随外力方向或重力发生移位(图8-4-7、图8-4-8),尤其在火器性损伤造成粉碎性骨折时移位更为明显。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic openImgBox">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0185-05.jpg" style="width: 95%" alt="图8-4-6 多发性骨折"
                            active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图8-4-6 多发性骨折</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">(a)CT三维重建;(b)全景。</p>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="page-bottom-right">165</div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
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            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(175) > -1">
                <div class="page-header-left">
                    <div class="header-txt">口腔影像学</div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic openImgBox">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0186-01.jpg" style="width: 60%" alt="图8-4-7 下颌骨骨折——全景(右下颌颈部及左侧髁突)"
                            active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">
                            图8-4-7 下颌骨骨折——全景(右下颌颈部及左侧髁突)
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic openImgBox">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0186-02.jpg" style="width: 60%" alt="图8-4-8 下颌骨骨折——全景(左下颌体部粉碎性)"
                            active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">
                            图8-4-8 下颌骨骨折——全景(左下颌体部粉碎性)
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(三)临床诊断</p>
                    <p class="content">根据外伤史、临床表现、影像学表现作出诊断。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、上颌骨骨折</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        上颌骨骨折指上颌骨在遭受来自正前方、下方或侧方打击力时,可以发生骨折。上颌骨位于人体面中部的中央,位置较为显著,是面中部容易发生骨折的部位之一。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)临床表现</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        <span class="bold fc">1.骨折段移位</span> 有异常动度,上颌骨肌附着为表情肌,较薄,力量小,因此骨折移位主要是和受力方向相关,而肌牵拉影响较小。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        <span class="bold fc">2.咬合错乱</span> 因骨折移位,上、下颌牙齿咬合移位。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        <span class="bold fc">3.面部肿胀、畸形</span> 骨折波及上颌窦可引起鼻出血。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        <span class="bold fc">4.眶周皮下瘀血</span> 骨折波及眶底,可引起眼球运动障碍、复视。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        <span class="bold fc">5.面部、上唇麻木</span> 骨折在眶下孔位置,骨片压迫眶下神经,引起麻木(图8-4-9)。
                    </p>
                </div>
                <div class="page-bottom-left">166</div>
            </div>
        </div>
        <!-- Page 176 (偶数页) -->
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            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(176) > -1">
                <div class="page-header-right">
                    <span class="header-title">第八章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颌面部骨折</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic openImgBox">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0187-01.jpg" style="width: 40%" alt="图8-4-9 骨片压迫眶下神经"
                            active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图8-4-9 骨片压迫眶下神经</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)影像学表现</p>
                    <p class="content">根据骨折部位不同分为三型(图8-4-10)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic openImgBox">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0187-02.jpg" style="width: 80%" alt="图8-4-10 上颌骨骨折分型示意图"
                            active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图8-4-10 上颌骨骨折分型示意图</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        <span class="bold fc">1.勒福Ⅰ型(Le…FortⅠ型)骨折</span> 即牙槽突基部水平骨折,骨折线经梨状孔下缘、牙槽突基部,绕颧牙槽嵴和上颌结节向后至翼突。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        <span
                            class="bold fc">2.勒福Ⅱ型(Le…FortⅡ型)骨折</span> 即上颌中央锥形骨折,骨折线从鼻根部向两侧,经泪骨、眶下缘、颧上颌缝,绕上颌骨外侧壁向后至翼突(图8-4-11)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        <span
                            class="bold fc">3.勒福Ⅲ型(Le…FortⅢ型)骨折</span> 即高位水平骨折,骨折线经鼻额缝,通过眼眶部,再经颧额缝向后下至翼突,形成颅面分离现象(图8-4-12)。
                    </p>
                </div>
                <div class="page-bottom-right">167</div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
        <!-- Page 177 (奇数页) -->
        <div class="page-box" page="177">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(177) > -1">
                <div class="page-header-left">
                    <div class="header-txt">口腔影像学</div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic openImgBox">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0188-01.jpg" style="width: 100%" alt="图8-4-11 上颌骨骨折勒福Ⅱ型"
                            active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图8-4-11 上颌骨骨折勒福Ⅱ型</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">
                            (a)CT轴位影像;(b)三维CT正面观影像。
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic openImgBox">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0188-02.jpg" style="width: 100%" alt="图8-4-12 上颌骨骨折勒福Ⅲ型"
                            active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图8-4-12 上颌骨骨折勒福Ⅲ型</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">
                            (a)CT轴位影像;(b)三维CT侧面观影像;(c)三维CT颅底观影像。
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(三)临床诊断</p>
                    <p class="content">根据病史、临床表现、影像学表现作出诊断。</p>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">第五节 颧骨、颧弓骨折</h2>
                    <p class="content">
                        颧骨、颧弓是面中部的重要骨骼,其位置突出,受到外力撞击容易发生骨折,一般伴发上颌骨骨折。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、临床分类</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        颧骨、颧弓临床分类:无移位骨折;颧弓骨折;颧骨向内下移位,不伴转位;向内转位;向外转位;复杂性骨折。
                    </p>
                </div>
                <div class="page-bottom-left">168</div>
            </div>
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        <!-- Page 178 (偶数页) -->
        <div class="page-box" page="178">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(178) > -1">
                <div class="page-header-right">
                    <span class="header-title">第八章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颌面部骨折</span>
                    <img class="header-img" src="../../assets/images/pageHeader.png" alt="" />
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、临床表现及影像学表现</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        <span
                            class="bold fc">1.颧骨、颧弓骨折后骨折块移位</span> 骨折移位大小主要取决于外力作用的方向,多发生内陷移位,也可以向下移位、局部塌陷。伤后早期,可见颧骨、颧弓部凹陷。随后由于局部肿胀,凹陷畸形并从表面看不明显,易被误认为单纯软组织损伤。待数日后肿胀消退,又出现明显局部塌陷(图8-5-1、图8-5-2)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="img-box openImgBox">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img src="../../assets/images/0189-01.jpg" style="width: 70%" alt="图8-5-1 正常颧弓——颧弓位"
                                active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图8-5-1 正常颧弓——颧弓位</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img src="../../assets/images/0189-02.jpg" style="width: 85%" alt="图8-5-2 颧弓骨折——颧弓位"
                                active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图8-5-2 颧弓骨折——颧弓位</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        <span class="bold fc">2.张口受限</span> 由于骨折块发生内陷移位,压迫颞肌和咬肌,阻碍喙突运动,导致张口受限和张口明显疼痛。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        <span
                            class="bold fc">3.复视</span> 颧骨构成眶外侧壁和眶下缘的大部分,颧骨骨折移位后,可引起眼球移位、外展肌渗血和局部水肿,如果撕裂的眼下斜肌嵌入骨折线中,限制眼球运动,会引起复视(图8-5-3、图8-5-4)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="img-box openImgBox">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img src="../../assets/images/0189-03.jpg" style="width: 85%" alt="图8-5-3 颧骨骨折(华特位)"
                                active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图8-5-3 颧骨骨折(华特位)</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img src="../../assets/images/0189-04.jpg" style="width: 70%" alt="图8-5-4 颧骨骨折(三维CT重建)"
                                active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图8-5-4 颧骨骨折(三维CT重建)</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
 
                    <p class="content">
                        <span class="bold fc">4.出血、瘀斑</span> 颧骨眶壁有闭合性骨折时,眶周皮下、眼睑和结膜下可有出血性瘀斑,如果伴有上颌骨骨折,可有鼻腔出血症状。
                    </p>
                </div>
                <div class="page-bottom-right">169</div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
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            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(179) > -1">
                <div class="page-header-left">
                    <div class="header-txt">口腔影像学</div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="knowledgeExpansion">
                        <img class="knowledgeExpansion-img" src="../../assets/images/knowledgeExpansion.png" alt="">
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">脑脊液漏</span></p>
                        <p class="quotation">
                            脑脊液漏(cerebrospinal fluid
                            leak)是指脑脊液从硬脑膜或蛛网膜的破损处异常漏出,导致脑脊液通过鼻腔、外耳道或其他部位流出体外的现象。脑脊液漏可能由外伤、手术、自发性因素或先天缺陷引起,需及时诊治以避免严重并发症(如颅内感染、脑疝等)。
                        </p>
                        <p class="quotation">
                            脑脊液漏的临床表现包括脑脊液鼻漏或耳漏,清水样液体从鼻腔或外耳道持续或间歇流出,低头或用力时加重。伴有头痛,直立时加重(低颅压性头痛),平卧缓解。另外,还有耳鸣、听力下降、嗅觉异常、恶心、颈部僵硬等症状。
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodyPic">
                        <img src="../../assets/images/0190-02.jpg" style="width: 80%" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="right-info">(安厚鹏)</p>
                </div>
                <div class="page-bottom-left">170</div>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>
</template>
 
<script>
export default {
    name: "chapterEight",
    props: {
        showPageList: {
            type: Array,
        },
        resourceList: {
            type: Object,
        },
    },
};
</script>
 
<style lang="less" scoped>
.imgdescript {
    font-weight: 600;
}
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