zhongshujie
5 天以前 925c074662488e968218b4497b4a69205e1753f0
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<template>
    <div class="chapter" num="8">
        <div class="page-box" page="212">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(212) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <span class="header-right"></span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h1 class="firstTitle-l">实训A&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙体形态观察与测量</h1>
 
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【目的要求】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.通过观察离体牙、模型牙,掌握各类牙的解剖特点,能正确识别并区分各类离体牙、模型牙。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.掌握游标卡尺的使用方法和牙的测量方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.通过牙体测量,掌握牙体测量的方法、步骤及牙体各部位间的比例关系。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0218-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0218-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【实训用品】</p>
                    <p class="content">离体牙、模型牙、游标卡尺、记录笔、直尺和纸。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【步骤方法】</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.牙体形态识别</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在离体牙或模型牙上,根据各类牙的解剖形态特点,先辨认出切牙、尖牙、前磨牙和磨牙,再识别出各类牙的主要解剖标志。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(1)准确识别出切牙类的切缘、唇面发育沟、唇颈嵴、舌面窝、切嵴、近中边缘嵴、远中边缘嵴和舌隆突等解剖标志。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)准确识别出尖牙类的牙尖、唇面发育沟、唇轴嵴、唇颈嵴、舌面窝、牙尖嵴、舌轴嵴、近中边缘嵴、远中边缘嵴和舌隆突等解剖标志。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)准确识别出前磨牙类的颊尖、舌尖、每个牙尖的四条嵴(即三角嵴、近中牙尖嵴、远中牙尖嵴和轴嵴)、颊颈嵴、边缘嵴、<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面窝、中央沟、横嵴等解剖标志。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)准确识别出磨牙类的近远中颊尖、近远中舌尖、每个牙尖的四条嵴、颊颈嵴、近远中边缘嵴、中央沟、中央窝、颊舌沟、斜嵴等解剖特征。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.熟悉游标卡尺的使用和测量数据的读数</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右手持游标卡尺,左手持离体牙,然后移动游标卡尺上的滑动部分,依测量之距读写出测量资料。
                    </p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0218-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.牙体测量的主要项目和方法</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)牙体全长:从切缘或最高的牙尖顶至根尖顶之间的垂直距离(图A-1)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)冠长:从切缘或最高的牙尖顶至颈缘最突点之间的垂直距离(图A-2)。</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">实训A&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙体形态观察与测量</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0219-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图A-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;测量牙体全长</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0219-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图A-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;测量冠长</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)根长:从颈缘最突点至根尖顶之间的垂直距离(图A-3)。牙体全长与冠长之差即是根长。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)冠宽:牙冠近、远中面上最突出点(接触点)之间的水平距离(图A-4)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0219-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图A-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;测量根长</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0219-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图A-4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;测量冠宽</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(5)颈宽:牙冠唇(颊)面颈缘处与近、远中缘相交点之间的水平距离(图A-5)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(6)冠厚:牙冠唇(颊)面与舌面外形高点间的水平距离(图A-6)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0219-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图A-5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;测量颈宽</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0219-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图A-6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;测量冠厚</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(7)颈厚:牙冠唇(颊)面与舌面颈缘上最突点之间的水平距离(图A-7)。</p>
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                    <p class="content">(8)近、远中面颈曲度:邻面颈缘在唇(颊)侧和舌侧交点的连线与颈缘最凸点之间的垂直距离(图A-8)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0220-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图A-7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;测量颈厚</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0220-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图A-8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;测量颈曲度</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.测量结果</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)将测量结果记录下来,如表A-1。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表A-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;测量表举例(单位:mm)</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0220-03.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="content">(2)根据表A-1,上颌中切牙各项测量值的标志见图A-9。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0220-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图A-9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌中切牙各项测量值的标志(mm)</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【注意事项】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.牙体测量前需检查游标卡尺的零点读数,必要时应对测量值进行修正。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.测量时,卡住牙体的松紧要适度,注意保护游标卡尺的刀口。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.离体牙与标准模型牙不同,存在磨耗等现象,因此,牙体形态会有所改变。</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">实训A&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙体形态观察与测量</span>
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                    <p class="content">【思考题】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.前牙的唇舌面、后牙的颊舌面可以通过哪些特征来辨别?</p>
                    <p class="content">2.前、后牙测量时,怎样选择测量参考点?怎样提高牙体测量的准确度?</p>
                    <p class="right-info">(刘建辉&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;任丽洁)</p>
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                    <h1 class="firstTitle-l">实训B&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;三倍牙牙体形态描绘</h1>
 
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">一、描绘三倍大右上颌中切牙牙体形态</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0222-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【目的要求】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.掌握三倍大右上颌中切牙牙体形态描绘的方法和步骤。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.通过描绘三倍大右上颌中切牙牙体形态,进一步掌握该牙的解剖形态特征,为雕刻牙体打好基础。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【实训用品】</p>
                    <p class="content">三倍大右上颌中切牙透明薄膜牙体线图、牙体模型、实训报告、铅笔、直尺。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【步骤方法】</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.描绘右上颌中切牙唇面牙体形态</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)描绘框架:根据表A-1尺寸,确定三倍大冠长(33.9mm)、根长(35.4mm)、冠宽(26.1mm),用铅笔画出三倍大右上颌中切牙唇面框架(图B-1A)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)描绘中线和冠根分界线(图B-1B)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)确定标志点:在外框上标出近、远中接触点及根尖点,近中接触点为近切1/5处,远中接触点为近切2/7处(图B-1C)。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (4)根据右上颌中切牙唇面外形特点,描绘出该牙唇面冠根外形轮廓线(图B-1D)。注意:唇面似梯形,切缘平直,近中缘长直,远中缘略突;近中切角近似直角,远中切角较圆钝,牙根粗壮而直,根尖略偏远中。
                    </p>
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                        <span class="header-title">实训B&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;三倍牙牙体形态描绘</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0223-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图B-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘右上颌中切牙唇面牙体形态</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.描绘右上颌中切牙舌面牙体形态</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;舌面与唇面牙体形态描绘方法相似(图B-2),不同之处在于注意描绘出近、远中边缘嵴的内侧轮廓线。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0223-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图B-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘右上颌中切牙舌面牙体形态</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.描绘右上颌中切牙近中面牙体形态</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)描绘框架:根据表A-1尺寸,确定三倍大冠长(33.9mm)、根长(35.4mm)、冠厚(21.6mm),用铅笔画出三倍大右上颌中切牙近中面框架(图B-3A)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)描绘中线和冠根分界线(图B-3B)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)确定标志点:在外框上标出唇面外形高点、舌面外形高点、切点、根尖点(图B-3C)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)根据右上颌中切牙近中面外形特点,描绘出该牙近中面冠根外形轮廓线(图B-3D)。注意:唇面较平,颈部有颈嵴;舌面颈1/3处有舌隆突;牙根较粗直。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0223-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图B-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘右上颌中切牙近中面牙体形态</p>
                    </div>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
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                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.描绘右上颌中切牙远中面牙体形态</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;远中面与近中面牙体形态描绘方法相似(图B-4),注意远中颈曲度较近中颈曲度小。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0224-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图B-4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘右上颌中切牙远中面牙体形态</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.描绘右上颌中切牙切端牙体形态</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)描绘框架:根据表A-1尺寸,确定三倍大冠宽(26.1mm)、冠厚(21.6mm),用铅笔画出三倍大右上颌中切牙切端框架(图B-5A)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)描绘中线:见(图B-5B)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)确定标志点:在外框上标出唇舌面外形高点、近远中邻接点(图B-5C)。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (4)根据右上颌中切牙切端外形特点,描绘出该牙切端外形轮廓(图B-5D)。注意:切缘较平,在牙体长轴的唇侧,并稍向远中舌侧扭转;舌面窄于唇面,舌隆突大而显著,近远中边缘嵴略内聚。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0224-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图B-5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘右上颌中切牙切端牙体形态</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">6.完成描绘</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各面形态初步完成后,对照透明牙线图进行检查、修改,直至准确无误(图B-6)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0224-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图B-6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌中切牙各面完成图</p>
                    </div>
 
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">实训B&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;三倍牙牙体形态描绘</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【注意事项】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.课前复习,熟知该牙解剖形态。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.严格按照尺寸描绘框架,标志点定位要准确无误。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.牙体轮廓线要平滑流畅,画面应清洁美观。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【思考题】</p>
                    <p class="content">各面的外形高点如何确定?</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">二、描绘三倍大右上颌第一磨牙牙体形态</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0225-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【目的要求】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.掌握三倍牙牙体形态描绘的方法和步骤。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.通过描绘三倍大右上颌第一磨牙牙体形态,进一步掌握该牙的解剖形态特征,为雕刻牙体打好基础。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【实训用品】</p>
                    <p class="content">三倍大右上颌第一磨牙透明薄膜牙体线图、牙体模型、实训报告、铅笔、直尺。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【步骤方法】</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表B-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;三倍大上颌第一磨牙各部位尺寸(单位:mm)</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0225-02.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.描绘三倍大右上颌第一磨牙颊面牙体形态</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)描绘框架:根据表B-1尺寸,确定冠长(21.0mm)、根长(37.5mm)、冠宽(32.0mm)。用铅笔画出三倍大右上颌第一磨牙颊面框架(图B-7A)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)描绘中线和冠根分界线(图B-7B)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)确定标志点:确定近中接触点、远中接触点、近中颊尖、远中颊尖、近中颊根根尖点、远中颊根根尖点(图B-7C)。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (4)根据右上颌第一磨牙颊面外形特点,绘出颊面冠根外形轮廓线(图B-7D)。注意:近中缘长直,远中缘短突;颈线中份突向根方;颊尖锐利,颊沟长,末端有点隙;近中颊根根尖偏远中,远中颊根根尖较直。
                    </p>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0226-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图B-7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘右上颌第一磨牙颊面形态</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.描绘舌面形态</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;舌面与颊面牙体形态描绘方法大致相同(图B-8)。注意:舌尖形态低而圆钝,舌根较粗壮。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0226-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图B-8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘右上颌第一磨牙舌面形态</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.描绘近中面形态</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)描绘框架:根据表B-1尺寸,确定冠长(21.0mm)、根长(37.5mm)、冠厚(35.5mm),用铅笔画出三倍大右上颌第一磨牙近中面框架(图B-9A)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)描绘中线和冠根分界线(图B-9B)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)确定标志点:在外框上标出颊面外形高点、舌面外形高点、近中颊尖、近中舌尖、近中颊根根尖、舌根根尖位置(图B-9C)。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (4)根据右上颌第一磨牙近中面外形特点,绘出近中面冠根外形轮廓线(图B-9D)。注意:颊尖较高而锐利,舌尖低而圆钝;颊缘直,舌缘圆突;颊根的颊舌径比舌根的大,两根分开相距较远。</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">实训B&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;三倍牙牙体形态描绘</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0227-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图B-9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘右上颌第一磨牙近中面牙体形态</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.描绘远中面形态</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;远中面与近中面牙体形态描绘方法大致相同(图B-10)。注意:远中颊尖略低于近中颊尖,远中舌尖最低,远中面较近中面小而圆突。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0227-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图B-10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘右上颌第一磨牙远中面牙体形态</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.描绘<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                                alt="" />面形态</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)描绘框架:根据表B-1尺寸,确定冠宽(32.0mm)、冠厚(35.5mm),用铅笔画出三倍大右上颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面框架(图B-11A)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)描绘中线(图B-11B)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)确定标志点:在外框上标出颊舌面外形高点、近远中邻接点(图B-11C)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)根据右上颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面外形特点,描绘出该牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面外形轮廓(图B-11D)。注意:<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面外形轮廓呈斜方形,近中颊<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />角及远中舌<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />角为锐角,远中颊<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />角及近中舌<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />角为钝角;颊沟将颊侧缘平分为近、远中两部分;远中舌沟将近远舌尖分隔,其中近中舌尖约占舌面的2/3,远中舌尖约占舌面的1/3。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0227-12.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图B-11&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘右上颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面牙体形态</p>
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                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">6.完成描绘</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各面形态初步完成后,对照透明牙线图进行检查、修改,直至准确无误(图B-12)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0228-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图B-12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一磨牙各面完成图</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【注意事项】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.课前复习,熟知该牙解剖形态。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.牙体轮廓线要平滑清晰,不要反复描绘。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.上颌第一磨牙有3个牙根,在描绘时应注意3个牙根的不同形态。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.上颌第一磨牙有多个牙尖,注意牙尖的大小顺序和窝、沟、嵴的走向。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【思考题】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.上颌第一磨牙的解剖特点是什么?</p>
                    <p class="content">2.描绘时如何确定斜嵴的位置?</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">三、描绘三倍大右下颌第一磨牙牙体形态</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0228-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【目的要求】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.掌握三倍牙牙体形态描绘的方法和步骤。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.通过描绘三倍大右下颌第一磨牙牙体形态,进一步掌握该牙的解剖形态特征,为雕刻牙体打好基础。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【实训用品】</p>
                    <p class="content">三倍大右下颌第一磨牙透明薄膜牙体线图、牙体模型、实训报告、铅笔、直尺。</p>
 
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">实训B&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;三倍牙牙体形态描绘</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【步骤方法】</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表B-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;三倍大下颌第一磨牙各部位尺寸(单位:mm)</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0229-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.描绘三倍大右下颌第一磨牙颊面牙体形态</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)描绘框架:根据表B-2尺寸,确定冠长(26.0mm)、根长(32.0mm)、冠宽(35.0mm)。用铅笔画出三倍大右下颌第一磨牙颊面框架(图B-13A)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)描绘中线和冠根分界线(图B-13B)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)确定标志点:确定近中接触点、远中接触点、近中颊尖、远中颊尖、远中尖、近中根根尖、远中根根尖(图B-13C)。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (4)根据右下颌第一磨牙颊面外形特点,绘出颊面冠根外形轮廓线(图B-13D)。注意:近中颊尖与远中颊尖约等大,均占冠宽的2/5,远中尖占冠宽的1/5,据此可定出三个颊尖的分界点,此亦为颊沟与远中颊沟的位置。颊沟较长,远颊沟短,近中缘长直,远中缘短突,颈曲线大致水平,有两个牙根。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0229-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图B-13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘右下颌第一磨牙颊面形态</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.描绘舌面形态</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;舌面与颊面牙体形态描绘方法大致相同(图B-14)。注意:舌尖形态高而尖,两个舌尖大小近似相等,舌沟紧靠中线,近中缘长直,远中缘短突,可见两个牙根。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0229-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图B-14&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘右下颌第一磨牙舌面形态</p>
                    </div>
 
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.描绘近中面形态</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)描绘框架:根据表B-2尺寸,确定冠长(26.0mm)、根长(32.0mm)、冠厚(33.0mm),用铅笔画出三倍大右下颌第一磨牙近中面框架(图B-15A)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)描绘中线和冠根分界线(图B-15B)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)确定标志点:在外框上标出颊面外形高点、舌面外形高点、近中颊尖、近中舌尖、近中根根尖、远中根根尖位置(图B-15C)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)根据右下颌第一磨牙近中面外形特点,绘出近中面冠根外形轮廓线(图B-15D)。注意:颊尖短而圆钝,舌尖长而锐利;颊缘直,舌缘圆突。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0230-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图B-15&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘右下颌第一磨牙近中面牙体形态</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.描绘远中面形态</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;远中面与近中面牙体形态描绘方法大致相同(图B-16)。注意:远中面较近中面小而圆突。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0230-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图B-16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘右下颌第一磨牙远中面牙体形态</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.描绘<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                                alt="" />面形态</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)描绘框架:根据表B-2尺寸,确定冠宽(35.0mm)、冠厚(33.0mm),用铅笔画出三倍大右下颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面框架(图B-17A)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)描绘中线(图B-17B)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)确定标志点:在外框上标出颊舌面外形高点、近远中邻接点(图B-17C
                        )。其中,近中接触区在冠厚的1/3处,偏颊侧;远中接触区在冠厚的1/2处,即靠近中线;颊侧外形高点在冠宽的中部略偏近中,舌侧在冠宽的中部。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)根据右下颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面外形特点,描绘出该牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面外形轮廓(图B-17D)。注意:<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面外形轮廓呈圆长方形,颊<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />边缘嵴长于舌<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />边缘嵴;近中边缘嵴较远中边缘嵴长而直;有5条发育沟,分别为颊沟、远颊沟、舌沟、近中沟、远中沟,且5条发育沟呈“大”字形。</p>
 
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">实训B&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;三倍牙牙体形态描绘</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0231-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图B-17&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘右下颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面牙体形态</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">6.完成描绘</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;各面形态初步完成后,对照透明牙线图进行检查、修改,直至准确无误(图B-18)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0231-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图B-18&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第一磨牙各面完成图</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【注意事项】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.课前复习,熟知该牙解剖形态。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.牙体轮廓线要光滑流畅,不要反复描绘。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.下颌第一磨牙有5个牙尖,注意5个牙尖的大小顺序和窝、沟、嵴的走向。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.下颌第一磨牙有2个牙根,在描绘时应注意2个牙根的不同形态。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【思考题】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.下颌第一磨牙的解剖特点是什么?</p>
                    <p class="content">2.描绘时如何确定牙尖的大小和位置?</p>
                    <p class="right-info">(刘晓宇&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;任丽洁)</p>
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                <div class="footer-container">215</div>
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                    <span class="header-right"></span>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h1 class="firstTitle-l">实训C&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准放大三倍石膏牙牙体雕刻</h1>
 
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">一、标准放大三倍右上颌中切牙石膏牙雕刻</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0232-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【目的要求】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.通过对右上颌中切牙牙体外形的雕刻,牢固掌握该牙的解剖形态。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.熟悉上颌中切牙雕刻的方法、步骤及操作技术,能熟练地正确运用雕刻工具。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【实训用品】</p>
                    <p class="content">石膏块(71mm×27mm×22mm)、三倍大牙体线图(图B-6)、三倍大牙体浮雕图(图C-1)、切削刀、雕刻刀(图C-2)、直尺、垫板、铅笔、水杯。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0232-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图C-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌中切牙三倍牙体浮雕图</p>
                    </div>
 
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">实训C&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准放大三倍石膏牙牙体雕刻</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0233-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图C-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切削刀、雕刻刀</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【步骤方法】</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.雕刻器械的握持方法</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)握笔式:以拇指、示指和中指握持雕刻刀,同时环指或小指置于石膏块上作支点,主要用于精细雕刻,是最常用的一种握持方法(图C-3)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0233-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图C-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;握笔式</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)横握式:以右手第二、三、四、五指握住刀柄,右手拇指置于刀背,刀口向外、刃部对着雕刻物,左手握稳所雕刻的石膏块,并用示指顶着雕刻物作支点,用左手拇指按压在右手拇指上用力推动切削刀沿斜面进行切割。此法多用于切削大块石膏,即粗雕(图C-4)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(3)按切式:以右手握刀柄,右手中指作为支点,同时左手示指按压刀背切割所雕刻的石膏块,该法多用于大面积的切削(图C-5)。</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
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                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0234-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图C-4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;横握式</p>
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                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0234-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图C-5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;按切式</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.雕刻步骤</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)描绘近远中面初步形态:先确定石膏块近远中面和唇舌面的位置,再参照三倍大牙体线图(图B-6),按实训B的方法,在石膏块的近远中面上描绘冠根分界线、中线,标出唇舌面外形高点、近远中面邻接点,确定切缘的位置,绘出近、远中面牙体外形轮廓线(图C-6)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)初步形成近远中面外形:用切削刀沿着近、远中面的外形轮廓线,将轮廓线以外的多余部分石膏垂直切除,形成邻面的大致轮廓(图C-7)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0234-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图C-6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘近远中面初步形态</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0234-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图C-7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;初步形成近远中面外形</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)描绘唇、舌面初步形态:参照三倍大牙体线图,在石膏块的唇、舌面描绘出冠根分界线、中线,转移近、远中面邻接点的位置,描绘出唇、舌面的外形轮廓线(图C-8)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(4)初步形成唇、舌面外形:用切削刀将唇、舌面外形轮廓线以外的多余石膏垂直切除,形成唇、舌面的大致轮廓(图C-9)。</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">实训C&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准放大三倍石膏牙牙体雕刻</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0235-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图C-8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘唇、舌面初步形态</p>
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                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0235-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图C-9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;初步形成唇、舌面外形</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (5)描绘各轴面最突出部分:用铅笔在浮雕图(图C-1)各轴面上描绘出最突出的部分,而后将其准确转移至石膏棒各轴面上(图C-10),注意:所描绘的线必须经过各轴面的外形高点。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0235-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图C-10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘各轴面最突出部分</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(6)描绘第一次1/2等分线:在石膏棒各轴面最突出部分与外形边缘间用铅笔描绘出第一次1/2等分线(图C-11)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0235-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图C-11&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘第一次1/2等分线</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(7)切除多余部分:用切削刀切除各轴面角处的多余石膏,即切除相邻两条等分线之间所夹持的石膏(图C-12)。</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
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                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0236-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图C-12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;第一次1/2等分线切除后</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(8)描绘第二次1/2等分线:在各轴面最突出部分与第一次1/2等分线间,以及相邻两条等分线之间描绘第二次1/2等分线(图C-13)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0236-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图C-13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘第二次1/2等分线</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(9)多面体成形:用切削刀切除相邻两条第二次1/2等分线之间所夹持的多余石膏,形成多面体(图C-14)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0236-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图C-14&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;多面体成形</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(10)牙颈成形</p>
                    <p class="content">1)描绘并勾勒牙颈线:参照图B-6,用铅笔在石膏棒上准确描绘牙颈线,并与透明牙线图比对,合格后再用雕刻刀沿牙颈线勾勒一周,注意深度应适宜。</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">实训C&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准放大三倍石膏牙牙体雕刻</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">2)形成浅台阶:在牙颈线根方1mm处画一条与其弧度一致的线,用雕刻刀沿该线从根方向冠方顺着牙颈线方向轻轻切削,形成浅台阶。</p>
                    <p class="content">3)消除台阶:在牙颈线冠方1mm处同样画一条与其弧度一致的线,用雕刻刀沿该线从冠方向根方顺着牙颈线方向轻轻切削,消除台阶。</p>
                    <p class="content">4)形成牙颈线:用雕刻刀轻轻勾勒出清晰的牙颈线(图C-15)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(11)四面成形:参照图C-1,用雕刻刀进一步修整牙冠和牙根,使各轴面外形与图形的轮廓一致,并流畅衔接(图C-15)。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (12)切缘成形:参照图C-1的唇、舌面和切端形态,用雕刻刀进行修整,使切端形态与各面流畅衔接,并参照浮雕图上的唇、舌、切端发育沟的位置及形态,用雕刻刀形成由深逐渐变浅的发育沟(图C-16)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0237-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图C-15&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙颈成形及四面成形</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0237-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图C-16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切缘成形</p>
                        </div>>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(13)精修完成</p>
                    <p class="content">1)润饰牙体表面:用雕刻刀的刀勺、刀刃及刀背润饰牙体表面,使各面流畅衔接。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)勾勒牙颈线:用雕刻刀勾勒牙颈线,使其清晰流畅。</p>
                    <p class="content">3)检查流畅性:参照浮雕图检查各轴面的外形高点、邻接点、凹凸衔接程度。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【注意事项】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.熟知上颌中切牙的解剖形态,严格按比例进行雕刻。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.唇、舌面外形高点及近远中邻接点要准确清晰地标示,并保留至牙体雕刻完成。3.使用雕刻器械应有稳定的支点,以防雕刻刀滑脱误伤手和石膏牙。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.雕刻时应在垫板上操作,以免损坏桌面。雕刻过程中产生的碎屑应用毛刷清除。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【思考题】</p>
                    <p class="content">上颌中切牙如何区分左右?</p>
 
 
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                    <p class="titleQuot-1">二、标准放大三倍右上颌第一磨牙石膏牙雕刻</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0238-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【目的要求】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.通过标准放大三倍右上颌第一磨牙石膏牙的雕刻,进一步掌握该牙的解剖形态。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.熟悉标准放大三倍右上颌第一磨牙牙体形态描绘及石膏牙雕刻的方法、步骤,学会正确使用雕刻工具。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【实训用品】</p>
                    <p class="content">石膏块(60mm×35mm×37mm)、切削刀、雕刻刀、直尺、垫板、铅笔、水杯、三倍大牙体线图(图B-12)、三倍大牙体浮雕图(图C-17)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0238-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图C-17&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一磨牙三倍牙体浮雕图</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【步骤方法】</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.描绘近远中面初步形态</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;先确定石膏块近远中面和颊舌面的位置,再参照三倍大牙体线图(图B-12),按实训B的方法,在石膏块的近、远中面上描绘冠根分界线、中线,标出近远中面邻接点、颊舌面外形高点,确定<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面上近中颊尖、远中颊尖、近中舌尖、远中舌尖的位置,绘出近、远中面的牙体外形轮廓线(图C-18),并与透明线图对比。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.形成近远中面初步外形</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用切削刀沿着近远中面的外形轮廓线,将轮廓线以外的多余部分石膏垂直切除,形成邻面的大致轮廓(图C-19)。切削时注意先将舌侧牙尖的位置转移到各轴面,切割后在<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面描绘舌侧牙尖的位置,通过切削形成舌侧牙尖高度。</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">实训C&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准放大三倍石膏牙牙体雕刻</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="image-row">
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                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0239-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图C-18&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘近远中面初步形态</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0239-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图C-19&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成近远中面初步外形</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.描绘颊舌面初步形态</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;参照线图(图B-12),在石膏块的颊舌面描绘冠根分界线、中线,转移近、远中面邻接点的位置,描绘颊舌面外形轮廓线(图C-20)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.形成颊舌面初步外形</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用切削刀将颊舌面外形轮廓线以外的多余石膏切除,形成颊舌面的大致轮廓(图C-21)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0239-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图C-20&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘颊舌面初步形态</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0239-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图C-21&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成颊舌面初步外形</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.描绘各轴面最突出部分</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用铅笔在浮雕图(图C-17)各轴面上描绘出最突出的部分,而后将其准确转移至石膏各轴面上(图C-22),注意:所描绘的线必须经过各轴面的外形高点。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0239-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图C-22&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘各轴面最突出部分</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">6.描绘第一次1/2等分线</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在石膏各轴面最突出部分与外形边缘间用铅笔描绘出第一次1/2等分线(图C-23)。
                    </p>
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                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0240-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图C-23&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘第一次1/2等分线</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">7.切除多余部分</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用切削刀切除各轴面角处多余的石膏,即切除相邻两条等分线之间所夹持的石膏(图C-24)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0240-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图C-24&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;第一次1/2等分线切削后</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">8.描绘第二次1/2等分线</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在各轴面最突出部分与第一次1/2等分线间,以及相邻两条等分线之间描绘第二次1/2等分线(图C-25)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0240-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图C-25&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘第二次1/2等分线</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">9.多面体成形</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用石膏切刀切除相邻两条第二次1/2等分线之间所夹持的多余石膏,形成多面体(图C-26)。
                    </p>
 
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">实训C&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准放大三倍石膏牙牙体雕刻</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0241-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图C-26&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;多面体成形</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">10.四面成形</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;参照浮雕图(图C-17),用雕刻刀进一步修整牙冠和牙根,使各轴面外形与图形的轮廓一致,并流畅衔接(图C-27)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0241-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图C-27&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四面成形及牙颈成形</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">11.牙颈成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)描绘并勾勒牙颈线:参照线图(图B-12),用铅笔在石膏上准确描绘牙颈线,并与透明牙线图比对,合格后再用雕刻刀沿牙颈线勾勒一周,注意深度应适宜。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)形成浅台阶:在牙颈线根方1mm处画一条与其弧度一致的线,用雕刻刀沿该线从根方向冠方顺着牙颈线方向轻轻切削,形成浅台阶。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)消除台阶:在牙颈线冠方1mm处同样画一条与其弧度一致的线,用雕刻刀沿该线从冠方向根方顺着牙颈线方向轻轻切削,消除台阶。</p>
 
                    <div class="floatPic-40">
                        <img class="openImgBox t100" src="../../assets/images/0241-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图C-28&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面成形</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(4)形成牙颈线:用雕刻刀轻轻勾勒出清晰的牙颈线(图C-27)。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">12.</span><img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" /><span
                            class="bold">面成形</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;参照线图(图B-12),确定各个牙尖、主三角嵴、沟、窝的位置,在石膏牙上准确描绘出近中沟、颊沟、远中舌沟,并用雕刻刀勾勒,形成窝、沟、点隙结构,注意主沟不宜过深;描绘出三角嵴走向,按照由两个斜面构成一个三角嵴的原则,用雕刻刀形成三角嵴,注意近中舌尖与远中颊尖的三角嵴在<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面中央斜行相连,构成斜嵴;参考浮雕图,正确描绘副沟,并用雕刻刀的刀尖勾勒副沟形态,注意副沟的长度应适宜,深度浅于主沟,弧度应自然、生动、流畅(图C-28)。</p>
 
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">13.修整完成</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用雕刻刀润饰牙表面,使各面衔接流畅,再次用雕刻刀勾勒出清晰牙颈线(图C-29)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0242-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图C-29&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;修整完成</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【注意事项】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.熟悉右上颌第一磨牙的解剖形态,严格按比例进行雕刻。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.冠部整体形态应呈斜方形,颊舌径大于近远中径,颊面由近中向远中舌侧倾斜。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.雕刻斜嵴时,应注意斜嵴的连接位置不是在远中颊尖与近中舌尖的对角线上,而是在两三角嵴连接处略偏向远中。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.各牙尖的三角嵴走向并非向<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面中心点处集中,应按嵴的方向和沟的位置关系雕刻嵴的各个斜面,同时应确保近远中边缘嵴的宽度。</p>
                    <p class="content">5.四个牙尖顶在<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面的定位要正确,即从轴面外形高点处向<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />缘的聚拢程度应适当。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【思考题】</p>
                    <p class="content">上颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面是什么形态?有何特点?</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">三、标准放大三倍右下颌第一磨牙石膏牙雕刻</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0242-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【目的要求】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.通过标准放大三倍右下颌第一磨牙石膏牙的雕刻,进一步掌握该牙的解剖形态,为后续学科学习打下基础。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.熟悉右下颌第一磨牙石膏牙雕刻的方法、步骤及操作技术。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【实训用品】</p>
                    <p class="content">石膏块(60mm×37mm×35mm)、切削刀、雕刻刀、直尺、垫板、铅笔、水杯、三倍大牙体浮雕图(图C-30)、三倍大牙体线图(图B-18)。</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">实训C&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准放大三倍石膏牙牙体雕刻</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0243-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图C-30&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第一磨牙三倍牙体浮雕图</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【步骤方法】</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.描绘近远中面初步形态</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;先确定石膏块近远中面和颊舌面的位置,再参照三倍大牙体线图(图B-18),按实训B的方法,在石膏块的近远中面上描绘冠根分界线、中线,标出近远中面邻接点、颊舌面外形高点,确定<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面上近中颊尖、远中颊尖、远中尖、近中舌尖、远中舌尖的位置,绘出近、远中面的牙体外形轮廓线(图C-31),并与透明线图对比。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.形成近远中面初步外形</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用切削刀沿着近远中面的外形轮廓线,将轮廓线以外的多余部分石膏垂直切除,形成邻面的大致轮廓(图C-32)。切削时注意先将颊侧牙尖的位置转移到各轴面,切割后在<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面恢复颊侧牙尖的位置,形成颊侧牙尖高度。</p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0243-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图C-31&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘近远中面初步形态</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0243-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图C-32&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成近远中面初步外形</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.描绘颊舌面初步形态</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;参照线图(图B-18),在石膏块的颊舌面恢复冠根分界线、中线,转移近、远中面邻接点的位置,描绘颊、舌面外形轮廓线(图C-33)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.形成颊舌面初步外形</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用切削切刀将颊、舌面外形轮廓线以外的多余石膏切除,形成颊、舌面的大致轮廓(图C-34)。
                    </p>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0244-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图C-33&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘颊舌面初步形态</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0244-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图C-34&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成颊舌面初步外形</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.描绘各轴面最突出部分</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用铅笔在浮雕图(图C-30)各轴面上描绘出最突出的部分,而后将其准确转移至石膏牙各轴面上(图C-35),注意所描绘的线必须经过各轴面的外形高点。
                    </p>
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0244-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图C-35&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘各轴面最突出部分</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">6.描绘第一次1/2等分线</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在石膏牙各轴面最突出部分与外形边缘间用铅笔描绘出第一次1/2等分线(图C-36)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0244-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图C-36&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘第一次1/2等分线</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">7.切除多余部分</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用切削刀切除各轴面角处多余的石膏,即切除相邻两条等分线之间所夹持的石膏(图C-37)。
                    </p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">实训C&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准放大三倍石膏牙牙体雕刻</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0245-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图C-37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;第一次1/2等分线切削后</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">8.描绘第二次1/2等分线</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在各轴面最突出部分与第一次1/2等分线间,以及相邻两条等分线之间描绘第二次1/2等分线(图C-38)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0245-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图C-38&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘第二次1/2等分线</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">9.多面体成形</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用切削刀切除相邻两条第二次1/2等分线之间所夹持的多余石膏,形成多面体(图C-39)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0245-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图C-39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;多面体成形</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">10.四面体成形</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;参照浮雕图(图C-30),用雕刻刀形成牙根外形,修整各轴面外形,使其与图形的轮廓一致,并流畅衔接(图C-40)。
                    </p>
 
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
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                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0246-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图C-40&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四面体成形</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">11.牙颈成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)描绘并勾勒牙颈线:参照线图(图B-18),用铅笔在石膏上准确描绘牙颈线,并与透明牙线图比对,合格后再用雕刻刀沿牙颈线勾勒一周,注意深度应适宜。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)形成浅台阶:在牙颈线根方1mm处画一条与其弧度一致的线,用雕刻刀沿该线从根方向冠方顺着牙颈线方向轻轻切削,形成浅台阶。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)消除台阶:在牙颈线冠方1mm处同样画一条与其弧度一致的线,用雕刻刀沿该线从冠方向根方顺着牙颈线方向轻轻切削,消除台阶。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)形成牙颈线:用雕刻刀轻轻勾勒出清晰的牙颈线(图C-41)。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">12.</span><img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" /><span
                            class="bold">面成形</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;参照线图(图B-18),确定各个牙尖、主三角嵴、沟、窝的位置,在石膏牙上准确描绘出呈“大”字形的5条发育沟,即近中沟、颊沟、远颊沟、舌沟、远中沟,并用雕刻刀勾勒,形成窝、沟、点隙结构,注意主沟不宜过深;描绘出三角嵴走向,按照由两个斜面构成一个三角嵴的原则,用雕刻刀形成三角嵴;参考浮雕图,正确描绘副沟,并用雕刻刀的刀尖勾勒副沟形态,注意副沟的长度应适宜,深度浅于主沟,弧度应自然、生动、流畅(图C-42)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0246-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图C-41&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙颈成形</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0246-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图C-42&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面成形</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">13.修整完成</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用雕刻刀润饰牙表面,使各面衔接流畅,再次用雕刻刀勾勒出清晰牙颈线(图C-43)。
                    </p>
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                        <span class="header-title">实训C&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准放大三倍石膏牙牙体雕刻</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0247-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图C-43&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;修整完成</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【注意事项】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.冠部整体形态应呈长方形,近远中径大于颊舌径,颊面宽于舌面。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.牙冠应向舌侧倾斜,颊尖应低而圆钝,舌尖则高耸锐利。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.五个牙尖顶在<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面的定位要正确,各牙尖三角嵴的长、宽比例要适当,窝沟的深度要合适。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.雕刻<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面窝沟时,要确保适当的边缘嵴厚度。</p>
                    <p class="content">5.注意近中颊尖、远中颊尖和远中尖之间的大小比例分配。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【思考题】</p>
                    <p class="content">下颌第一磨牙牙根分布与上颌第一磨牙相比有什么不同?</p>
                    <p class="right-info">(路文博&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;任丽洁)</p>
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                <div class="footer-container">231</div>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h1 class="firstTitle-l">实训D&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准一倍石膏牙牙冠雕刻</h1>
 
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">一、标准一倍右上颌中切牙石膏牙牙冠雕刻</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0248-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【目的要求】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.通过标准一倍右上颌中切牙石膏牙牙冠的雕刻,熟练掌握其牙冠的解剖形态和特点。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.掌握标准一倍右上颌中切牙石膏牙牙冠的雕刻方法、步骤。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.掌握石膏牙雕刻工具的使用方法和注意事项。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【实训用品】</p>
                    <p class="content">15mm×15mm×55mm石膏棒、标准一倍右上颌中切牙模型、游标卡尺、切削刀、雕刻刀、直尺、铅笔。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【步骤方法】</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.石膏框架成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)测量模型牙:使用游标卡尺测量标准一倍右上颌中切牙模型,精确测得其冠长、根颈1/3长、冠宽、冠厚、颈宽、颈厚、近中颈曲度、远中颈曲度等数据。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)描绘框架:先选择石膏棒任意一端作切端,在石膏棒上记录方位(唇面、舌面、近中面、远中面),并在各轴面上画出中线,再根据上述所测尺寸(冠长+根颈1/3长、冠宽、冠厚)在石膏棒上描绘中切牙外形框架(图D-1A)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(3)石膏框架切削成形:用切削刀依次从唇舌侧、近远中侧入手将框线以外的多余石膏削除。切削成形的框架应与模型牙规格一致,且底座四周平整(图D-1B)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)参照标准一倍右上颌中切牙模型在各面上标记出中切牙外形高点、接触点和切端的位置(图D-2)。</p>
 
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">实训D&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准一倍石膏牙牙冠雕刻</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0249-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图D-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;石膏框架成形示意图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.描绘框架;B.石膏框架切削成形。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0249-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图D-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌中切牙五面观示意图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.切端。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.四面体成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)描绘近远中面外形线:参照模型牙近远中面的外形轮廓,并根据所测冠厚、颈厚、颈曲度及各标记点,在石膏上用铅笔描绘出近远中面的牙体外形线(图D-3A)。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)近远中面成形:用切削刀削除近远中面牙体外形线以外的多余石膏,形成近远中面的外形。要求:切削要准确,切削面要平整,舌隆突与边缘嵴过渡部呈凹状,舌隆突要饱满(图D-3B)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0249-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图D-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌中切牙近远中面成形</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.描绘近远中面外形线;B.近远中面成形。</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
 
                    <p class="content">(3)描绘唇舌面外形线:参照模型牙唇舌面的外形轮廓,并根据所测冠宽、颈宽及各标记点,在石膏上用铅笔描绘出唇舌面的牙体外形线(图D-4A)。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (4)唇舌面成形:用切削刀削除唇舌面牙体外形线以外的石膏部分,形成唇舌面外形(图D-4B)。要求:切削要准确,不多切也不少切;切削面要平整;不得损坏邻面外形高点的突度。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0250-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图D-4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌中切牙唇舌面成形</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.描绘唇舌面外形线;B.唇舌面成形。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.多面体成形</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;参照右上颌中切牙切缘观(图D-5),在石膏上描绘多面体线条,而后对各轴面进行切削,形成多面体。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0250-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">1.该轴面角处的第一个切削面;2.该轴面角处的第二个切削面。</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图D-5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌中切牙切缘观线条示意图</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(1)描绘各轴面的多面体线条:参照右上颌中切牙切缘观,在石膏棒各轴面上准确描绘多面体线条(图D-6)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0250-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图D-6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘各轴面的多面体线条</p>
                    </div>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">实训D&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准一倍石膏牙牙冠雕刻</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)切削多面体:按照多面体线条,用切削刀将各轴面角之间的石膏部分削除。注意:远唇轴面角由两个斜面构成,在切削形成一个斜面后,恢复多面体线条,再切削形成第二个斜面。石膏削除量由近唇轴面角、远唇轴面角、近舌轴面角至远舌轴面角依次适当增多,使牙冠由唇侧向舌侧逐渐缩小。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.粗雕各牙面</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)唇面:参照右上颌中切牙模型,在石膏牙的唇面上标记出近远中缘的位置和牙颈部缩窄部分,用切削刀反复、少量、多次刮削,削除多余的石膏,调整唇侧外形,确保唇面与近远中面所形成的线角外形要凸显出唇面的丰满度。然后,在石膏牙唇面标记发育沟的位置,并初步形成发育沟(图D-7)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)舌面:参照右上颌中切牙模型,在石膏牙舌面上描绘近远中边缘嵴及其内侧边缘线,用雕刻刀沿该内侧边缘线刻入沟,使近远中边缘嵴有一定的厚度,参照模型修整近远中边缘嵴的高度、长度及宽度,并用雕刻刀去除近远中边缘嵴内侧线间过剩的石膏,形成舌面窝。然后,参照中切牙模型,在石膏牙的切端描绘切缘、切嵴形态,用雕刻刀从舌侧切削,去除下方多余的石膏形成切嵴,并与舌窝流畅衔接。再参照模型,画出舌隆突形态,削除多余的石膏,修整形成舌隆突,并使其与近远中邻面及牙根流畅衔接(图D-8)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0251-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图D-7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌中切牙唇面粗雕</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0251-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图D-8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌中切牙舌面粗雕</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)切端:从切端观察,上颌中切牙唇侧外形线似梯形,舌侧外形线似三角形,唇面由近中略向远中舌侧倾斜。参照模型牙,进一步修整唇、舌面外形。切削过程中要注意调整切端的厚度和外形(图D-9)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (4)近远中面:参照右上颌中切牙模型,用雕刻刀分别从近唇或远唇轴面角起,沿邻接点下方,向舌侧平直内收至舌侧近中或远中边缘嵴附近,牙根需与牙冠流畅衔接。修整过程中要注意不可破坏接触点的位置(图D-10)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.牙颈线成形</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;参照右上颌中切牙模型,在石膏牙各轴面上描绘牙颈线,将雕刻刀刀刃与牙冠表面成45°进行牙颈线的初步雕刻,修整牙冠与牙根近颈缘处的形态。注意:牙冠在颈缘处要略突于根部;牙颈线应圆缓、流畅衔接,不可形成明显台阶;近中颈曲度要大于远中颈曲度。
                    </p>
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                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0252-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图D-9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌中切牙唇舌面切端观</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0252-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图D-10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌中切牙近远中面粗雕</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="floatPic-40">
                        <img class="openImgBox t100" src="../../assets/images/0252-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图D-11&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌中切牙细雕</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">6.细雕各牙面</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;使用游标卡尺测量石膏牙各部分尺寸,比对模型牙做进一步的修整,要尽量体现出上颌中切牙各面的解剖形态特点。外形高点、接触区切忌做过多切削。在此基础上进行细致结构的再现(图D-11)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(1)唇面:用雕刻刀精修发育沟,使发育沟的凹陷与其周围的突出部分流畅衔接。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)舌面:用雕刻刀精修舌面窝,注意舌窝不宜过深;要正确控制近远中边缘嵴、舌隆突、牙颈线等的位置和形态。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)近远中面:在近远中面狭窄部形成的同时,应注意接触点的位置、近远中颈曲线的高低区别。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">7.雕刻完成</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用雕刻刀去除石膏牙各面的刮痕和凹凸不平之处,润饰牙体表面,完成雕刻。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">8.上颌中切牙雕刻完成后应具备的特点</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)唇面:似梯形,近中缘长直,远中缘短而圆突,近中切角近似直角,远中切角较圆钝,唇面有两条发育沟,外形高点在颈1/3处。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)舌面:较唇面小,颈部窄,舌面窝宽大,近中边缘嵴长、直、锐利,远中边缘嵴短、宽、圆钝。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)近远中面:近似三角形,近中面宽大平坦,远中面窄而圆突,边缘嵴和舌隆突过渡处呈凹形。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)切端:切嵴在牙长轴的唇侧,切端观唇侧近似梯形,舌侧近似三角形。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)牙根:单根,呈圆锥形,根颈横剖面呈圆三角形,唇面宽于舌面。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【注意事项】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.严格按照边观察、边测量、边雕刻的原则进行操作。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.使用各工具进行操作时要有支点,控制用力大小,以防刀具滑脱伤及手或石膏牙。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.操作过程中可用牙刷去除碎屑,以免影响观察和操作。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.近唇线角和远唇线角不宜切除过多,应横向、少量修整,用刀方向应略带弧度。</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">实训D&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准一倍石膏牙牙冠雕刻</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">5.雕刻过程中应严格把控外形高点、接触点和牙颈线的位置。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【思考题】</p>
                    <p class="content">在雕刻过程中,如何把控石膏牙各面尺寸?</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">二、标准一倍右上颌尖牙石膏牙牙冠雕刻</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【目的要求】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.通过标准一倍右上颌尖牙石膏牙牙冠的雕刻,熟练掌握其牙冠的解剖形态和特点。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.掌握一倍右上颌尖牙石膏牙牙冠的雕刻方法、步骤。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.掌握石膏牙雕刻工具的使用方法和注意事项。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【实训用品】</p>
                    <p class="content">15mm×15mm×55mm石膏棒、标准一倍右上颌尖牙模型、游标卡尺、切削刀、雕刻刀、直尺、铅笔。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【步骤方法】</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.石膏框架成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)测量模型牙:使用游标卡尺测量标准一倍右上颌尖牙模型,精确测得其冠长、根颈1/3长、冠宽、冠厚、颈宽、颈厚、近中颈曲度、远中颈曲度等数据。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)描绘框架:先选择石膏棒任意一端作切端,在石膏棒上记录方位(唇面、舌面、近中面、远中面),并在各轴面上画出中线,再根据上述所测尺寸(冠长+根颈1/3长、冠宽、冠厚)在石膏棒上描绘尖牙外形框架。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(3)石膏框架切削成形:用切削刀依次从唇舌侧、近远中侧入手将框线以外的多余石膏削除。切削成形的框架应与模型牙规格一致,且底座四周平整。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)参照标准一倍右上颌尖牙模型,在石膏棒各面上标记出尖牙外形高点、接触点和牙尖的位置。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.四面体成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)描绘近远中面外形线:参照模型牙近远中面的外形轮廓,并根据所测冠厚、颈厚、颈曲度及各标记点,在石膏棒上用铅笔描绘出近远中面的牙体外形线(图D-12A)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)近远中面成形:用切削刀削除近远中面牙体外形线以外的多余石膏,形成近远中面的外形。注意:切削要准确,切削面要平整,舌隆突与边缘嵴过渡部呈凹状,舌隆突要饱满(图D-12B)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)描绘唇舌面外形线:参照模型牙唇舌面的外形轮廓,并根据所测冠宽、颈宽及各标记点,在石膏棒上用铅笔描绘出唇舌面的牙体外形线(图D-13A)。</p>
 
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                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0254-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图D-12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌尖牙近远中面成形</p>
                            <p class="imgdescript">A.描绘近远中面外形线;B.近远中面成形。</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0254-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图D-13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌尖牙唇舌面成形</p>
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">A.描绘唇舌面外形线;B.唇舌面成形。</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (4)唇舌面成形:用石膏切刀削除唇舌面牙体外形线以外的石膏部分,形成唇舌面外形(图D-13B)。注意:切削要准确,不多切也不少切;切削面要平整;不得损坏邻面外形高点的突度。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.多面体成形</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;参照右上颌尖牙切缘观(图D-14),在石膏棒上画出多面体线条后,对各轴面进行切削。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0254-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图D-14&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌尖牙切缘观线条示意图</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(1)描绘各轴面的多面体线条:参照右上颌尖牙切缘观,在石膏棒各轴面上准确描绘多面体线条(图D-15)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0254-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图D-15&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌尖牙多面体图</p>
                    </div>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">实训D&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准一倍石膏牙牙冠雕刻</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">(2)切削多面体:按照多面体线条,用切削刀将各轴面角之间的石膏部分削除。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.粗雕各牙面</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)唇面:参照右上颌尖牙模型,在石膏牙的唇面上标记出牙尖顶、近中斜缘、远中斜缘和唇轴嵴位置。用雕刻刀修整,形成近远中两个唇斜面及唇轴嵴。标记出唇面近远中线角和牙颈部狭窄部分,用切削刀反复、少量、多次刮削,削除多余的石膏,调整唇侧外形,确保唇面与近远中面所形成的线角外形要凸显出唇面的丰满度。然后,在石膏牙唇面标记发育沟的位置,并初步形成发育沟(图D-16)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)舌面:参照右上颌尖牙模型,在石膏牙舌面上标记出牙尖嵴、边缘嵴、舌面窝、舌轴嵴、舌隆突的位置,用雕刻刀修整,初步形成牙尖嵴、边缘嵴、舌隆突、舌面窝和舌轴嵴等解剖结构(图D-17)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0255-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图D-16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌尖牙唇面粗雕</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0255-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图D-17&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌尖牙舌面粗雕</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)切端:从切端观察,与模型牙比较,进一步修整唇舌面外形。雕刻过程中要注意切端的厚度,调整切端外形,即牙尖嵴的外形(图D-18)。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (4)近远中面:参照右上颌尖牙模型,用雕刻刀分别从近唇或远唇轴面角起,沿邻接点下方,向舌侧平直内收至舌侧近中或远中边缘嵴附近,牙根需与牙冠流畅衔接。修整过程中要注意不可破坏接触点的位置(图D-19)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0255-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图D-18&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌尖牙唇舌面切端观</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0255-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图D-19&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌尖牙邻面粗雕</p>
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                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.牙颈线成形</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;参照右上颌尖牙模型,在石膏牙各轴面上描绘牙颈线,将雕刻刀刀刃与牙冠表面成45°进行牙颈线的初步雕刻,修整牙冠与牙根近颈缘处的形态。注意:牙冠在颈缘处要略突于根部;牙颈线应圆缓、流畅衔接,不可形成明显台阶;近中颈曲度要大于远中颈曲度。
                    </p>
                    <div class="floatPic-40">
                        <img class="openImgBox t100" src="../../assets/images/0256-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图D-20&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌尖牙细雕</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">6.细雕各牙面</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;使用游标卡尺测量石膏牙,比对标准模型做进一步的修整,要尽量体现出上颌尖牙各面的解剖形态特点。外形高点、接触区切忌做过多切削。在此基础上进行细致结构的再现(图D-20)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(1)唇面:用雕刻刀精修唇轴嵴两侧的发育沟,使发育沟的凹陷与其周围的突出部分流畅衔接。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)舌面:用雕刻刀精修舌面窝,要正确控制近远中边缘嵴、舌轴嵴、舌隆突、牙颈线等形态和位置关系。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)近远中面:在近远中面狭窄部形成的同时,应注意接触点的位置、近远中颈曲线的高低区别。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">7.雕刻完成</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用雕刻刀去除石膏牙各面的刮痕和凹凸不平之处,润饰牙体表面,完成雕刻。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">8.上颌尖牙雕刻完成后应具备的特点</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)唇面:呈圆五边形,牙尖偏近中,近、远中斜缘在牙尖顶相交成90°,唇轴嵴及发育沟较明显。近中缘长而外展,远中缘短而圆突。外形高点在颈1/3与中1/3交界处。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)舌面:较唇面略小,近中边缘嵴长而锐利,远中边缘嵴短而圆突,舌隆突大而显著,舌轴嵴明显,并将舌窝分成近、远中两个舌窝。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)近远中面:近似三角形,近中面宽大平坦,远中面窄而圆突,舌隆突与边缘嵴过渡部呈凹状,近中接触区靠近近中切角,远中接触区距远中切角稍远且略偏舌侧。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)牙根:单根,粗壮,根厚大于根宽,根颈横剖面呈卵圆三角形,唇面宽于舌面。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【注意事项】</p>
                    <p class="content">同“标准一倍右上颌中切牙石膏牙牙冠雕刻”。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【思考题】</p>
                    <p class="content">雕刻过程中如何保持石膏牙各面外形高点、接触点和牙颈线的位置?</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">三、标准一倍右上颌第一前磨牙石膏牙牙冠雕刻</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0256-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【目的要求】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.通过标准一倍右上颌第一前磨牙石膏牙牙冠的雕刻,熟练掌握其牙冠的解剖形态和特点。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.掌握标准一倍右上颌第一前磨牙石膏牙的雕刻方法、步骤。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.掌握石膏牙雕刻工具的使用方法和明确注意事项。</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">实训D&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准一倍石膏牙牙冠雕刻</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="content">【实训用品】</p>
                    <p class="content">15mm×15mm×55mm石膏棒、标准一倍右上颌尖牙模型、游标卡尺、切削刀、雕刻刀、直尺、铅笔。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【步骤方法】</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.石膏框架成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)测量模型牙:使用游标卡尺测量标准一倍右上颌第一前磨牙模型,精确测得其冠长、根颈1/3长、冠宽、冠厚、颈宽、颈厚、近中颈曲度、远中颈曲度等数据。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)描绘框架:先选择石膏棒任意一端作为<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面,在石膏棒上记录方位(颊面、舌面、近中面、远中面),并在各轴面上画出中线,再根据上述所测尺寸(冠长+根颈1/3长、冠宽、冠厚)在石膏棒上描绘上颌第一前磨牙外形框架。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(3)石膏框架切削成形:用切削刀依次从颊舌侧、近远中侧入手,将框线以外的多余石膏削除。切削成形的框架应与模型牙规格一致,且底座四周平整。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)参照标准一倍右上颌第一前磨牙模型,在石膏棒各面上标记出上颌第一前磨牙外形高点、接触点和颊、舌尖顶的位置。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.四面体成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)描绘近远中面外形线:参照模型牙近远中面的外形轮廓,并根据所测冠厚、颈厚、颈曲度及各标记点,在石膏棒上用铅笔描绘出近远中面的牙体外形线。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)近远中面成形:用切削刀削除近远中面牙体外形线以外的多余石膏,形成近远中面的外形。注意:切削要准确,不多切、不少切;切削面要平整;近远中面外形轮廓与模型一致(图D-21)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)描绘颊舌面外形线:参照模型牙颊舌面的外形轮廓,并根据所测冠宽、颈宽及各标记点,在石膏棒上用铅笔描绘出颊舌面的牙体外形线。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (4)颊舌面成形:用切削刀削除颊、舌面牙体外形线以外的石膏部分,形成颊舌面外形(图D-22)。注意:切削要准确,不多切也不少切;切削面要平整;不得损坏邻面外形高点的突度。</p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0257-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图D-21&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;近远中面成形</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0257-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图D-22&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颊舌面成形</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.多面体成形</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;参照右上颌第一前磨牙<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面观(图D-23),在石膏棒上画出<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面轮廓和多面体线条后,对各轴面进行切削。</p>
 
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">(1)描绘<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面轮廓:确定颊、舌尖顶的位置,颊尖顶略偏向远中,舌尖顶略偏向近中。根据颊尖的近中牙尖嵴长于远中牙尖嵴,舌尖的近中牙尖嵴短于远中牙尖嵴,远中边缘嵴长于近中边缘嵴,颊侧宽于舌侧的解剖特点,在石膏棒上描绘出不规则六边形的<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面轮廓线(图D-24)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0258-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">1.该轴面角处的第一个切削面;2.该轴面角处的第二个切削面。</p>
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图D-23&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌第一前磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面观线条示意图</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0258-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图D-24&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一前磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面轮廓</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)描绘各轴面的多面体线条:参照右上颌第一前磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面观(图D-23),在石膏棒的各轴面上描绘出多面体线条。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)切削形成多面体:结合石膏牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面的轮廓线,按照多面体线条对各轴角间的石膏部分进行切削。要注意近舌轴面角和远舌轴面角均由两个斜面构成,在切削形成一个斜面后,恢复多面体线条,再切削形成第二个斜面(图D-25)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0258-09.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">实训图D-25&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一前磨牙多面体图</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.粗雕各牙面</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)颊面:参照右上颌第一前磨牙模型,在石膏牙颊面上描绘出颊轴嵴、近远中牙尖嵴、近远中缘及牙颈部缩窄部分,用雕刻刀修整,形成近远中颊斜面和颊轴嵴,调整颊侧外形,使冠根自然衔接(图D-26)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)舌面:参照右上颌第一前磨牙模型和石膏牙上标记的舌尖顶、近远中牙尖嵴及远中边缘嵴的位置,用雕刻刀进行修整,完成舌面粗雕。注意舌面较颊面略小,光滑圆突(图D-27)。</p>
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        <div class="page-box" page="253">
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">实训D&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准一倍石膏牙牙冠雕刻</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0259-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图D-26&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一前磨牙颊面粗雕</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0259-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图D-27&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一前磨牙舌面粗雕</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面:参照模型,描绘颊、舌尖三角嵴和边缘嵴的走行方向,用雕刻刀沿该线分别斜向切削,雕刻出颊、舌两尖的近远中斜面及近远中边缘嵴。再标记出发育沟、近中点隙和远中点隙的位置,分别以两点隙为支点,旋转石膏棒,削除点隙周围的石膏,形成近中点隙、远中点隙和中央窝,并雕刻出近中沟、中央沟及远中沟。注意:近中沟要越过近中边缘嵴达近中面(图D-28)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (4)近远中面:参照模型牙的邻面外形,用雕刻刀从近、远中面向唇舌面斜行刮除多余石膏部分,修整近远中面外形,并用雕刻刀在邻面近颈部处形成凹陷,凹陷一部分与颊面发育沟自然过渡,另一部分与根部凹陷流畅衔接(图D-29)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0259-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图D-28&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一前磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面粗雕</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0259-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图D-29&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一前磨牙邻面粗雕</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.牙颈线成形</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;参照右上颌第一前磨牙模型,在石膏牙各轴面上描绘牙颈线,将雕刻刀刀刃与牙冠表面成45°进行牙颈线的初步雕刻,修整牙冠与牙根近颈缘处的形态。注意:牙冠在颈缘处要略突于根部;牙颈线应圆缓、流畅衔接,不可形成明显台阶;近中颈曲度要大于远中颈曲度。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">6.细雕各牙面</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;使用游标卡尺测量石膏牙,比对标准模型做进一步的修整,要尽量体现出上颌第一前磨牙各面的解剖形态特点(图D-30)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(1)颊面:用雕刻刀精修颊轴嵴及两侧的发育沟。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)舌面:用雕刻刀精修舌面,使之光滑、圆突。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)邻面:在近远中面狭窄部形成的同时,应注意接触点的位置、近远中颈曲线的高低区别。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面:用雕刻刀修整中央窝,并把控边缘嵴、牙尖嵴、三角嵴、近远中沟等解剖形态和位置关系。</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
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                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0260-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图D-30&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一前磨牙细雕</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">7.雕刻完成</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用雕刻刀去除石膏牙各面的刮痕和凹凸不平之处,润饰牙体表面,完成雕刻。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">8.上颌第一前磨牙雕刻完成后应具备的特点</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)颊面:与尖牙唇面相似,但较短。颊尖略偏向远中,近中牙尖嵴长、远中牙尖嵴短,颊轴嵴两侧各有一浅发育沟,外形高点在颈1/3处。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)舌面:较颊面略小,光滑圆突,舌尖略偏向近中,外形高点在中1/3处。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)近远中面:近中面近颈部有凹陷,近中沟跨近中边缘嵴达近中面,接触区均位于近<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />缘偏颊侧。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面:呈轮廓显著的不规则六边形,颊舌径大于近远中径,颊侧宽于舌侧,远中边缘嵴较近中边缘嵴长,颊尖高而尖锐,舌尖低而圆钝,近远中点隙间的距离为<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面近远中径的1/2。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)牙根:扁圆,颊侧宽于舌侧。近远中根面均有凹陷,且近中根面的凹陷深于远中。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【注意事项】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.严格按照边观察、边测量、边雕刻的原则进行石膏牙雕刻操作。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.掌握好颊舌尖、近远中点隙、三角嵴、发育沟、近远中边缘嵴等解剖结构的特征。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面窝沟深度要适当,颊舌尖三角嵴连接处要低于边缘嵴。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【思考题】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.雕刻过程中如何控制颊舌尖的偏向和高度?</p>
                    <p class="content">2.如何协调<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面的六边形形态?
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">四、标准一倍右上颌第一磨牙石膏牙牙冠雕刻</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0260-07.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【目的要求】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.通过标准一倍右上颌第一磨牙石膏牙牙冠的雕刻,熟练掌握其牙冠的解剖形态和特点。</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">实训D&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准一倍石膏牙牙冠雕刻</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">2.掌握标准一倍右上颌第一磨牙石膏牙的雕刻方法、步骤。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.掌握石膏牙雕刻工具的使用方法和注意事项。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【实训用品】</p>
                    <p class="content">15mm×15mm×55mm石膏棒、标准一倍右上颌第一磨牙模型、游标卡尺、切削刀、雕刻刀、直尺、铅笔。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【步骤方法】</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.石膏框架成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)测量模型牙:使用游标卡尺测量标准一倍右上颌第一磨牙模型,精确测得其冠长、根颈1/3长、冠宽、冠厚、颈宽、颈厚、近中颈曲度、远中颈曲度等数据。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)描绘框架:先选择石膏棒任意一端作为<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面,在石膏棒上记录方位(颊面、舌面、近中面、远中面),并在各轴面上画出中线,再根据上述所测尺寸(冠长+根颈1/3长、冠宽、冠厚)在石膏棒上描绘上颌第一磨牙外形框架。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(3)石膏框架切削成形:用切削刀依次从颊舌侧、近远中侧入手将框线以外的多余石膏削除。切削成形的框架应与模型牙规格一致,且底座四周平整。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)参照标准一倍右上颌第一磨牙模型,在石膏棒各面上标记出上颌第一磨牙外形高点、接触点和颊、舌尖顶的位置。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.四面体成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)描绘近远中面外形线:参照模型牙近远中面的外形轮廓,并根据所测冠厚、颈厚、颈曲度及各标记点,在石膏棒上用铅笔描绘出近远中面的牙体外形线。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)近远中面成形:用切削刀削除近远中面牙体外形线以外的多余石膏,形成近远中面的外形(图D-31)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)描绘颊舌面外形线:参照模型牙颊舌面的外形轮廓,并根据所测冠宽、颈宽及各标记点,在石膏棒上用铅笔描绘出颊舌面的牙体外形线。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)颊舌面成形:用切削刀削除颊舌面牙体外形线以外的石膏部分,形成颊舌面外形(图D-32)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0261-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图D-31&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;近远中面成形</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0261-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图D-32&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颊舌面成形</p>
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.多面体成形</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;参照右上颌第一磨牙<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面观(图D-33),在石膏棒上画出<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面轮廓和多面体线条后,对各轴面进行切削。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)描绘<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面轮廓:参照右上颌第一磨牙模型,在石膏棒的<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面上确定四个牙尖的大小和位置,描绘出斜方形的<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面外形轮廓(图D-34)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0262-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">1.该轴面角处的第一个切削面;2.该轴面角处的第二个切削面。</p>
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图D-33&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面观线条示意图</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0262-08.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图D-34&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面轮廓</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)描绘各轴面的多面体线条:参照右上颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面观(图D-33),在石膏棒的各轴面上描绘出多面体线条(图D-35)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0262-11.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图D-35&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一磨牙多面体图</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)切削形成多面体:结合石膏牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面的轮廓线,按照多面体线条对各轴角间的石膏部分进行切削。注意:近舌轴面角和远颊轴面角均由两个斜面构成,在切削形成一个斜面后,恢复多面体线条,再切削形成第二个斜面。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.粗雕各牙面</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)颊面:参照右上颌第一磨牙模型,在石膏牙颊面上画出颊轴嵴、近颊线角、远颊线角及牙颈部缩窄部分,并根据石膏牙<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面所标记的颊尖顶、颊<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />边缘嵴及远中边缘嵴位置,用雕刻刀进行修整,使两颊尖各形成近、远中两个斜面和一个颊轴嵴。注意:远中颊尖向远中舌侧倾斜(图D-36)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)舌面:参照右上颌第一磨牙模型和石膏牙上标记的舌尖顶、舌<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />边缘嵴及近中边缘嵴的位置,用雕刻刀进行修整,并调整舌面近舌和远舌线角,完成舌面粗雕。注意舌面较颊面略小,表面圆突(图D-37)。</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">实训D&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准一倍石膏牙牙冠雕刻</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0263-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图D-36&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一磨牙颊面粗雕</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0263-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图D-37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一磨牙舌面粗雕</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面:参照模型,在石膏牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面描绘发育沟、三角嵴的走行方向及点隙的位置,然后从各牙尖顶沿三角嵴标志线向两侧斜向切削,形成三角嵴的近、远中两斜面,接着在近、远中处预留出边缘嵴的宽度后,向<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面内斜向雕出近远中边缘嵴。以点隙标记点为支点,旋转石膏棒,削除点隙周围石膏,形成中央窝、远中窝和中央点隙、远中点隙,并雕刻出颊沟、近中沟及远中舌沟(图D-38)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(4)近远中面:参照右上颌第一磨牙模型,用雕刻刀从近远中面向颊舌面斜行刮除多余石膏部分,修整近远中面外形。注意:远中面较近中面略小且圆突(图D-39)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0263-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图D-38&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面粗雕</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0263-08.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图D-39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一磨牙邻面粗雕</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.牙颈线成形</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;参照右上颌第一磨牙模型,在石膏牙各轴面上描绘牙颈线,将雕刻刀刀刃与牙冠表面成45°进行牙颈线的初步雕刻,修整牙冠与牙根近颈缘处的形态。注意:牙冠在颈缘处要略突于根部;牙颈线应圆缓、流畅衔接,不可形成明显台阶;近中颈曲度要大于远中颈曲度。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">6.细雕各牙面</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;使用游标卡尺测量石膏牙,比对标准模型做进一步的修整,要尽量体现出上颌第一磨牙各面的解剖形态特点(图D-40)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(1)颊面:修整颊轴嵴和颊沟,使形成的近中颊轴嵴较远中颊轴嵴明显,颊沟末端有点隙。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)舌面:修整舌面外形,使舌面光滑圆钝。修整远中舌沟,但其末端无点隙。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面:精修中央窝和远中窝,并把控边缘嵴、牙尖嵴、三角嵴及发育沟的解剖形态和位置关系。参照标准模型灵活雕刻少许副沟,使<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面生动自然。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)邻面:在近远中面狭窄部形成的同时,应注意接触点的位置、近远中颈曲线的高低区别。</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
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                    <p class="content">(5)牙根:修整根颈部的形态,注意分根情况。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0264-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图D-40&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一磨牙细雕</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">7.雕刻完成</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用雕刻刀去除石膏牙各面的刮痕和凹凸不平之处,润饰牙体表面,完成雕刻。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">8.上颌第一磨牙雕刻完成后应具备的特点</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)颊面:外形似梯形,近中缘长直,远中缘短而圆突,颈部窄,<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />缘宽。近中颊轴嵴较远中颊轴嵴突出,颊沟由<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面延伸至颊面中央,且末端有点隙。外形高点在颈1/3处。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)舌面:大小似颊面,但光滑圆突。近中舌尖明显宽于远中舌尖,远中舌沟延伸至舌面中部,且末端无点隙。外形高点在中1/3处。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面:呈斜方形,近颊<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />点角与远舌<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />点角为锐角,远颊<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />点角与近舌<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />点角为钝角。近中舌尖最大,远中舌尖最小,远中颊尖与近中舌尖的三角嵴斜行相连构成斜嵴。<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面有颊沟、近中沟、远中舌沟分布,还有2个窝(中央窝、远中窝),2个点隙(中央点隙和远中点隙)分布。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)邻面:似四边形,远中面较近中面小而圆突,近中接触区在<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />1/3的颊1/3与中1/3交界处,远中接触区在<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />1/3的中1/3与舌1/3的交界处。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)牙根:分叉为近、远中颊根和舌根,根干长,近中面根分叉的起源较远中面高,且更偏向舌侧。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【注意事项】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.严格按照边观察、边测量、边雕刻的原则进行石膏牙雕刻操作。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.冠部整体形态呈斜方形,宽厚大于冠宽,颊面由近中向远中舌侧倾斜。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.掌握好斜嵴的位置,应在远中颊尖顶与近中舌尖顶连线偏远中处。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.雕刻三角嵴时应预留好边缘嵴的宽度。</p>
                    <p class="content">5.掌握好各点隙的深度,中央点隙较深,远中点隙较浅。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【思考题】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.雕刻过程中如何控制各牙尖三角嵴的方向?</p>
                    <p class="content">2.如何使<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面发育沟、副沟显得自然生动?</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">实训D&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准一倍石膏牙牙冠雕刻</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                    <p class="titleQuot-1">五、标准一倍右下颌第一磨牙石膏牙牙冠雕刻</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0265-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【目的要求】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.通过标准一倍右下颌第一磨牙石膏牙牙冠的雕刻,熟练掌握其牙冠的解剖形态和特点。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.掌握标准一倍右下颌第一磨牙石膏牙的雕刻方法、步骤。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.掌握石膏牙雕刻工具的使用方法和注意事项。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【实训用品】</p>
                    <p class="content">15mm×15mm×55mm石膏棒、标准一倍右上颌第一磨牙模型、游标卡尺、切削刀、雕刻刀、直尺、铅笔。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【步骤方法】</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.石膏框架成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)测量模型牙:使用游标卡尺测量标准一倍右下颌第一磨牙模型,精确测得其冠长、根颈1/3长、冠宽、冠厚、颈宽、颈厚、近中颈曲度、远中颈曲度等数据。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)描绘框架:先选择石膏棒任意一端作为<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面,在石膏棒上记录方位(颊面、舌面、近中面、远中面),并在各轴面上画出中线,再根据上述所测尺寸(冠长+根颈1/3长、冠宽、冠厚)在石膏棒上描绘下颌第一磨牙外形框架。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(3)石膏框架切削成形:用切削刀依次从颊舌侧、近远中侧入手将框线以外的多余石膏削除。切削成形的框架应与模型牙规格一致,且底座四周平整。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)参照标准一倍右下颌第一磨牙模型,在石膏棒各面上标记出下颌第一磨牙外形高点、接触点和颊、舌尖顶的位置。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.四面体成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)描绘近远中面外形线:参照模型牙近远中面的外形轮廓,并根据所测冠厚、颈厚、颈曲度及各标记点,在石膏棒上用铅笔描绘出近远中面的牙体外形线。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)近远中面成形:用切削刀削除近远中面牙体外形线以外的多余石膏,形成近远中面的外形(图D-41)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)描绘颊舌面外形线:参照模型牙颊舌面的外形轮廓,并根据所测冠宽、颈宽及各标记点,在石膏棒上用铅笔描绘出颊舌面的牙体外形线。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)颊舌面成形:用切削刀削除颊舌面牙体外形线以外的石膏部分,形成颊舌面外形(图D-42)。</p>
 
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                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0266-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图D-41&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第一磨牙近远中面成形</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0266-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图D-42&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第一磨牙颊舌面成形</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.多面体成形</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;参照右下颌第一磨牙<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面观(图D-43),在石膏棒上画出<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面轮廓和多面体线条后,对各轴面进行切削。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)描绘<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面轮廓:参照右下颌第一磨牙模型,在石膏棒的<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面上确定五个牙尖的大小和位置,描绘出长方形的<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面外形轮廓(图D-44)。注意:远中颊尖凸向颊侧,远中尖位于颊面和远中面的交角线上。</p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0266-08.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">1.该轴面角处的第一个切削面;2.该轴面角处的第二个切削面。</p>
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图D-43&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面观线条示意图</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0266-10.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图D-44&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘右下颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面轮廓</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)描绘各轴面的多面体线条:参照右下颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面观(图D-43),在石膏棒的各轴面上描绘出多面体线条(图D-45)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0266-13.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图D-45&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第一磨牙多面体图</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">实训D&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准一倍石膏牙牙冠雕刻</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">(3)切削形成多面体:结合石膏牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面的轮廓线,按照多面体线条对各轴角间的石膏部分进行切削。注意:近颊轴面角、远颊轴面角、近舌轴面角和远舌轴面角均由两个斜面构成,在切削形成一个斜面后,恢复多面体线条,再切削形成第二个斜面。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.粗雕各牙面</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)颊面:参照右下颌第一磨牙模型,在石膏牙颊面上画出颊轴嵴、近颊线角、远颊线角及牙颈部缩窄部分。根据石膏牙<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面所标记的颊尖顶、颊<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />边缘嵴及远中边缘嵴位置,用雕刻刀进行修整,使近远中颊尖各形成近、远中两个斜面和一个颊轴嵴,远中尖为颊、远中向两个斜面,并初步形成颊沟和远颊沟(图D-46)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)舌面:参照右下颌第一磨牙模型和石膏牙上所描绘的舌尖顶、舌<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />边缘嵴、近中边缘嵴的位置,用切削刀进行刮削。注意粗雕完成后的舌面较颊面略小,表面光滑圆突(图D-47)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0267-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图D-46&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第一磨牙颊面粗雕</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0267-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图D-47&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第一磨牙舌面粗雕</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面:参照模型,先在石膏牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面上描绘出5条发育沟和5条三角嵴的走行方向,并标记点隙的位置。注意:颊尖距中轴近,舌尖距中轴远,且三颊尖排成弧形,远中颊尖凸向颊侧,远中尖位于颊面和远中面的交角线上;舌尖接近舌侧边缘;颊沟稍偏近中,舌沟接近中线处;远中颊尖三角嵴最长,远中尖三角嵴最短。然后,从各牙尖顶沿三角嵴标志线向两侧斜向切削,形成三角嵴的近、远中两斜面,接着在近远中边缘处预留出边缘嵴的宽度后,向<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面内斜向雕出近远中边缘嵴。再以点隙处为支点,旋转石膏棒,削除其周围石膏,形成3个窝(近中窝、中央窝、远中窝)和3个点隙(近中点隙、中央点隙、远中点隙),并雕刻出颊沟、远颊沟、舌沟、近中沟及远中沟(图D-48)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(4)邻面:参照右下颌第一磨牙模型,用雕刻刀从近远中面向颊舌面斜行刮除多余石膏部分,修整近远中面外形。注意:远中面较近中面略小且圆突(图D-49)。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.牙颈线成形</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;参照右下颌第一磨牙模型,在石膏牙各轴面上描绘牙颈线,将雕刻刀刀刃与牙冠表面成45°进行牙颈线的初步雕刻,修整牙冠与牙根近颈缘处的形态。注意:牙冠在颈缘处要略突于根部;牙颈线应圆缓、流畅衔接,不可形成明显台阶;近远中颈曲线均较平坦。
                    </p>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0268-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图D-48&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面粗雕</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0268-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图D-49&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第一磨牙邻面粗雕</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
 
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">6.细雕各牙面</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;使用游标卡尺测量石膏牙,比对右下颌第一磨牙标准模型做进一步的修整,要尽量体现出下颌第一磨牙各面的解剖形态特点(图D-50)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0268-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图D-50&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第一磨牙细雕</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(1)颊面:修整颊轴嵴、颊沟及远颊沟,使形成的近中颊轴嵴较远中颊轴嵴突出,颊沟末端有点隙。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)舌面:修整舌面外形和舌沟,使舌面圆钝,舌沟末端无点隙。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面:精修中央窝、近中窝、远中窝,并把控边缘嵴、牙尖嵴、三角嵴及各发育沟等解剖形态和位置关系,并可参照右下颌第一磨牙模型,雕刻少许副沟,使<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面灵动自然。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)邻面:用雕刻刀精修狭窄部,特别注意接触点的位置、近远中颈曲线的高低区别。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)牙根:修整根颈部的形态,要注意分根情况。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">7.雕刻完成</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用雕刻刀去除石膏牙各面的刮痕和凹凸不平之处,润饰牙体表面,完成雕刻。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">8.下颌第一磨牙雕刻完成后应具备的特点</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)颊面:外形似梯形,近中缘长直,远中缘圆突,三个颊尖之间以颊沟和远颊沟分隔,颊沟末端有点隙,远颊沟斜向远中且末端无点隙,近中颊尖与远中颊尖的颊轴嵴与颊沟平行,远中尖的颊轴嵴不明显,颊面外形高点在颈1/3处。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)舌面:较颊面小而圆突。舌沟靠近中线,从两舌尖间通过,舌轴嵴不明显。外形高点在中1/3处。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面:似圆长方形,颊侧较舌侧宽,近中边缘嵴长而直,远中边缘嵴短而圆突。颊尖短而圆钝,舌尖长而尖锐,远中尖最小。远中颊尖三角嵴最长,远中尖三角嵴最短。<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面有5条发育沟,呈“大”字形分布,其中颊沟、舌沟、近中沟和远中沟由中央点隙发出,远颊沟从远中沟分出,经远中颊尖与远中尖之间通向颊面。面有3个窝,即近中窝、中央窝、远中窝。
                    </p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">实训D&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准一倍石膏牙牙冠雕刻</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="content">(4)邻面:似四边形,牙冠向舌侧倾斜,远中面较近中面小而圆突,近中接触区在<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />1/3偏颊侧,远中接触区在<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />1/3与中1/3交界处且偏颊侧。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)牙根:扁而厚,根干短,分叉大。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【注意事项】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.严格按照边观察、边测量、边雕刻的原则进行石膏牙雕刻操作。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.牙冠向舌侧倾斜,颊尖短而圆钝,舌尖长而尖锐。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.掌握好5个牙尖在<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面的位置、各三角嵴的走向及窝沟的深度。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【思考题】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.如何表现5个牙尖的大小比例?</p>
                    <p class="content">2.如何使<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面表现得生动自然?
                    </p>
                    <p class="right-info">(曹国清&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;郝立辉)</p>
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                    <h1 class="firstTitle-l">实训E&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准一倍蜡牙冠雕刻</h1>
 
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">一、标准一倍上颌中切牙蜡牙冠雕刻</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0270-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【目的要求】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.通过标准一倍上颌中切牙蜡牙冠雕刻,加深对上颌中切牙牙冠外形、邻接点、楔状隙、覆<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />与覆盖、咬合接触部位等的理解。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.熟练掌握标准一倍上颌中切牙蜡牙冠的雕刻方法和步骤。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.熟悉基托蜡的性能及使用方法。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【实训用品】</p>
                    <p class="content">1∶1全口石膏牙列模型、雕刻刀、切削刀、基托蜡、酒精灯、酒精喷灯、红蓝铅笔、棉花等。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【步骤方法】</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.石膏牙列模型的准备</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)画咬合标志线:将上、下颌石膏模型对位咬合于牙尖交错<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />状态,用红蓝铅笔分别在中线及双侧后牙区画咬合标志线(图E-1),以便在操作过程中能随时检查咬合关系。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0270-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图E-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;画咬合标志线</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">实训E&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准一倍蜡牙冠雕刻</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)预备缺牙牙位:将石膏模型浸水后取出,用雕刻刀沿上颌中切牙牙颈线将龈沟根向延伸0.5~1.0mm(图E-2),再用切削刀或雕刻刀依次削去该牙牙冠的唇1/3、舌1/3、近中1/3和远中1/3的石膏,保留牙冠中1/3部分,并稍做修整,唇舌面及两邻面预备后的颈部断面应呈一圆滑连续且宽度一致的弧形凹面,并与龈缘一致。注意不要损伤龈缘及两侧邻牙的接触区。然后将牙冠切端至冠长1/2处的石膏削去,最终形成一个居于牙位中部的固位桩(图E-3)。固位桩各轴面应与牙体长轴平行,便于蜡牙冠固位和在操作中随时取下。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0271-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图E-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;将龈沟根向延伸0.5~1.0mm</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0271-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图E-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成固位桩</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.用基托蜡雕刻冠部形态</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)安插蜡块:取约15mm×15mm的基托蜡片,在酒精灯上均匀烤软、折叠,捏成适当形状的蜡块,插入缺隙内,使之与固位桩、颈部断面及邻牙密切接触(图E-4)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)模型对位闭合:趁蜡块尚软时,将上下颌模型按咬合标志线对位咬合(图E-5)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0271-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图E-4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;安插蜡块</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0271-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图E-5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;模型对位闭合</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)确定冠宽、冠厚、冠长及楔状隙:以缺隙的近远中径及龈乳头为界,削去多余的蜡定出冠宽,再以邻牙的唇舌面外形高点为界,削去多余的蜡定出冠厚。以对侧上颌中切牙切端为界,削去高出切端以外的蜡,定出冠长(图E-6)。然后,用雕刻刀初步形成切楔状隙和邻间隙(图E-7),再形成唇楔状隙和舌楔状隙(图E-8)。
                    </p>
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                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
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                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0272-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图E-6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;确定冠宽及冠长</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0272-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图E-7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成切楔状隙和邻间隙</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0272-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图E-8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成唇楔状隙和舌楔状隙</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(4)初步雕刻出蜡牙冠形态:根据牙尖交错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />的咬合标志,参照对侧上、下颌中切牙的咬合关系,以及对侧上颌中切牙的唇舌面解剖形态,初步形成蜡牙冠,然后取下蜡牙冠雕刻邻面,修整蜡牙冠接触区以下部分,再插回蜡牙冠,检查邻间隙的形状。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (5)完成蜡牙冠的雕刻:参照对侧上颌中切牙,精修蜡牙冠外形,形成适当的楔状隙,与对颌牙有适当接触,经仔细检查合乎要求后,用酒精喷灯将蜡牙冠表面喷光滑,或用棉花擦光滑。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.完成的中切牙蜡牙冠应具备以下解剖特点</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)唇面:呈梯形,冠长大于冠宽,近唇轴面角锐,远唇轴面角钝,切1/3有两条纵行发育沟,近中切角近似直角,远中切角较圆钝,外形高点位于颈1/3处。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)舌面:与唇面相似但较窄小。中央凹陷为舌窝,四周隆起有切嵴、边缘嵴和舌隆突,外形高点位于颈1/3处。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)切端:位于牙体长轴的唇侧。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【注意事项】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.注意蜡牙冠在整个牙列中的对称性和协调性,如蜡牙冠在唇舌方向的位置、牙体长轴的方向及形态与对侧同名牙是否对称等。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.接触区的位置和形态应正确,要有适当的切、唇、舌楔状隙及邻间隙。</p>
                </div>
                <footer class="footerstyle">256</footer>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="267">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(267) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">实训E&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准一倍蜡牙冠雕刻</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">3.蜡牙冠颈部与石膏牙颈部断面要一致,不可有悬突或暴露断面。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.咬合关系良好,不可过高或无接触。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【思考题】</p>
                    <p class="content">怎样确定上颌中切牙蜡牙冠的冠长、冠宽和冠厚?</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">二、标准一倍上颌尖牙蜡牙冠雕刻</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0273-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【目的要求】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.通过标准一倍上颌尖牙蜡牙冠的雕刻,加深对上颌尖牙牙冠外形、邻接点、楔状隙、覆<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />与覆盖、咬合接触部位等的理解。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.熟练掌握标准一倍上颌尖牙蜡牙冠的雕刻方法和步骤。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.熟悉基托蜡的性能及使用方法。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【实训用品】</p>
                    <p class="content">1∶1全口石膏牙列模型、雕刻刀、切削刀、基托蜡、酒精灯、酒精喷灯、红蓝铅笔、棉花等。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【步骤方法】</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.石膏牙列模型的准备</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)画咬合标志线:将上、下颌石膏模型对位咬合于牙尖交错<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />状态,用红蓝铅笔分别在中线及双侧后牙区画咬合标志线(图E-9),以便在操作过程中能随时检查咬合关系。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0273-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图E-9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;画咬合标志线</p>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">257</div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="268">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(268) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
 
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)预备缺牙牙位:将石膏模型浸水后取出,用雕刻刀沿上颌尖牙牙颈线将龈沟根向延伸0.5~1.0mm(图E-10),再用切削刀或雕刻刀依次削去该牙牙冠的唇1/3、舌1/3、近中1/3和远中1/3的石膏,保留牙冠中1/3部分,并稍做修整,唇舌面及两邻面预备后的颈部断面应呈一圆滑连续且宽度一致的弧形凹面,并与龈缘一致。注意不要损伤龈缘及两侧邻牙的接触区。然后将牙冠切端至冠长1/2处的石膏削去,最终形成一个居于牙位中部的固位桩(图E-11)。固位桩各轴面应与牙体长轴平行,便于蜡牙冠固位和在操作中随时取下。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0274-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图E-10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;将龈沟根向延伸0.5~1.0mm</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0274-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图E-11&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成固位桩</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.用基托蜡雕刻冠部形态</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)安插蜡块:取约15mm×15mm的基托蜡片,在酒精灯上均匀烤软、折叠,捏成适当形状的蜡块,插入缺隙内,使之与固位桩、颈部断面及邻牙密切接触(图E-12)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)模型对位闭合:趁蜡块尚软时,将上下颌模型按咬合标志线对位咬合(图E-13)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0274-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图E-12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;安插蜡块</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0274-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图E-13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;模型对位闭合</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)确定冠宽、冠厚、冠长及楔状隙:以缺隙的近远中径及龈乳头为界,削去多余的蜡定出冠宽。再以邻牙的唇舌面外形高点及对侧上颌尖牙的冠厚为参照,削去多余的蜡定出冠厚。以对侧上颌尖牙切端为界,削去高出切端以外的蜡,定出冠长(图E-14)。然后用雕刻刀初步形成切楔状隙和邻间隙(图E-15),再形成唇楔状隙及舌楔状隙(图E-16)。
                    </p>
 
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                <footer class="footerstyle">258</footer>
            </div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="269">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(269) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">实训E&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准一倍蜡牙冠雕刻</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0275-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图E-14&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;确定冠长和冠宽</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0275-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图E-15&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成切楔状隙和邻间隙</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0275-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图E-16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成唇楔状隙和舌楔状隙</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(4)初步雕刻出蜡牙冠形态:根据牙尖交错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />的咬合标志,并参照对侧上、下颌尖牙的咬合关系,结合对侧同名牙唇舌面的解剖形态,初步形成蜡牙冠的形态,然后取下蜡牙冠雕刻其邻面,修整蜡牙冠接触区以下部分,再插回蜡牙冠,检查邻间隙的形状。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (5)完成蜡牙冠的雕刻:参照对侧同名牙形态,精修蜡牙冠外形,形成适当的楔状隙,并与对颌牙有适当接触。经仔细检查合乎要求后,用酒精喷灯将蜡牙冠表面喷光滑,或用棉花擦光滑。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.完成后的蜡牙冠应具备的解剖特点</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)唇面:呈圆五边形,冠长大于冠宽,牙尖略偏近中。唇轴嵴明显,将唇面分为近中唇斜面和远中唇斜面,其两侧各有一条发育沟。外形高点在中1/3与颈1/3交界处的唇轴嵴上。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)舌面:形态似唇面但略小,舌轴嵴将舌窝分为近中舌窝和远中舌窝,舌隆突大而显著。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【注意事项】</p>
                    <p class="content">同“标准一倍上颌中切牙蜡牙冠雕刻”。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【思考题】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.上颌尖牙近远中面接触点的位置在哪里?</p>
                    <p class="content">2.上颌尖牙唇面有哪些解剖标志?</p>
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">259</div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="270">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(270) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">三、标准一倍上颌第一前磨牙蜡牙冠雕刻</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0276-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【目的要求】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.通过标准一倍上颌第一前磨牙蜡牙冠的雕刻,加深对上颌第一前磨牙牙冠外形、邻接点与楔状隙、覆<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />与覆盖、咬合接触部位等的理解。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.熟练掌握标准一倍上颌第一前磨牙蜡牙冠的雕刻方法与步骤。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.熟悉基托蜡的性能及使用方法。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【实训用品】</p>
                    <p class="content">1∶1全口石膏牙列模型、雕刻刀、切削刀、基托蜡、酒精灯、酒精喷灯、红蓝铅笔、棉花等。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【步骤方法】</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.石膏牙列模型的准备</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)画咬合标志线:将上、下颌石膏模型对位咬合于牙尖交错<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />状态,用红蓝铅笔分别在中线及双侧磨牙处画咬合标志线(图E-17),以便在操作过程中能随时检查咬合关系。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0276-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">实训图E-17&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;画咬合标志线</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)预备缺牙牙位:将石膏模型浸水后取出,用雕刻刀沿上颌第一前磨牙牙颈线将龈沟根向延伸0.5~1.0mm(图E-18),再用切削刀或雕刻刀依次削去该牙牙冠的颊1/3、舌1/3、近中1/3和远中1/3的石膏,保留牙冠中1/3部分,并稍做修整,颊舌面及两邻面预备后的颈部断面应呈一圆滑连续且宽度一致的弧形凹面,并与龈缘一致。注意不要损伤龈缘及两侧邻牙的接触区。然后将牙冠<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面至冠长1/2处的石膏削去,最终形成一个居于牙位中部的固位桩(图E-19)。固位桩各轴面应与牙体长轴平行,便于蜡牙冠固位和在操作中随时取下。</p>
 
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                <footer class="footerstyle">260</footer>
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        <div class="page-box" page="271">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(271) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">实训E&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准一倍蜡牙冠雕刻</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0277-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图E-18&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;将龈沟根向延伸0.5~1.0mm</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0277-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图E-19&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成固位桩</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.用基托蜡雕刻冠部形态</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)安插蜡块:取约15mm×20mm的基托蜡片,在酒精灯上均匀烤软、折叠,捏成适当形状的蜡块,插入缺隙内,使之与固位桩、颈部断面及邻牙密切接触(图E-20)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)模型对位闭合:趁蜡块尚软时,将上下颌模型按咬合标志线对位咬合(图E-21)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0277-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图E-20&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;安插蜡块</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0277-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图E-21&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;模型对位闭合</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)确定冠宽、冠厚及颊楔状隙、舌楔状隙:以缺隙近远中径及龈乳头为界,削去多余的蜡定出冠宽,再以邻牙颊舌面外形高点为界,削去多余的蜡定出冠厚(图E-22)。然后,用雕刻刀初步形成颊楔状隙、舌楔状隙(图E-23)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0277-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图E-22&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;确定冠宽和冠厚</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0277-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图E-23&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成颊楔状隙和舌楔状隙</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">(4)确定冠长、<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />楔状隙和邻间隙:参照邻牙牙尖顶水平,削去多余的蜡定出冠长(图E-24),蜡块的高度应与邻牙形成协调的<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />曲线。然后,用雕刻刀初步形成颈缘、<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />楔状隙及邻间隙(图E-25)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0278-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图E-24&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;确定冠长</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0278-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图E-25&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />楔状隙和邻间隙</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(5)确定牙冠解剖标志:根据牙尖交错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />的标志,参照对侧上、下颌第一前磨牙咬合关系,定出上颌第一前磨牙的颊尖、舌尖、近中窝及远中窝的位置,并以此标志为准进行冠部形态雕刻(图E-26)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0278-08.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图E-26&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;确定牙冠解剖标志,雕刻冠部形态</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (6)初步雕刻出蜡牙冠形态:参照对侧同名牙的解剖形态,初步形成蜡牙冠颊、舌面的解剖形态,然后取下蜡牙冠雕刻邻面,将蜡牙冠两侧接触区以下部分修整完成,再插回蜡牙冠,检查邻间隙的形状。</p>
                    <p class="content">(7)完成蜡牙冠雕刻:参照对侧同名牙形态,精细雕刻蜡牙冠外形,形成适当的颊、舌、<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />楔状隙及邻间隙,并与对颌牙有适当接触。经仔细检查合乎要求后,用酒精喷灯将蜡牙冠表面喷光滑,或用棉花擦光滑。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.完成后的蜡牙冠应具备的解剖特点</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)颊面:与尖牙唇面相似,冠长大于冠宽,牙尖偏远中,颊轴嵴明显,外形高点位于颈1/3处。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)舌面:小于颊面,光滑圆钝,舌轴嵴不明显,外形高点位于中1/3处,舌尖偏近中。</p>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">实训E&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准一倍蜡牙冠雕刻</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">(3)<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面:呈不规则六边形,颊侧宽于舌侧宽。颊尖高而锐利,舌尖低而圆钝,近中沟越过近中边缘嵴达近中面。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【注意事项】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.注意蜡牙冠在整个牙列中的对称性及协调性。蜡牙冠的形态、在颊舌方向的位置、牙体长轴的方向等要与对侧同名牙对称,与邻牙相协调。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.蜡牙冠颈部应与石膏牙颈部断面一致,不可有悬突或暴露断面。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.由于近远中邻接区均偏颊侧,因此,舌楔状隙大而颊楔状隙小。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.舌尖高度按照咬合印记所确定,以保证上、下颌牙之间有良好的咬合关系,颊尖的高度要与邻牙相协调。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【思考题】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.怎样确定上颌第一前磨牙蜡牙冠的冠长?</p>
                    <p class="content">2.在牙尖交错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />状态下,上、下第一前磨牙之间存在怎样的咬合关系?</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">四、标准一倍上颌第一磨牙蜡牙冠雕刻</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0279-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【目的要求】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.通过标准一倍上颌第一磨牙蜡牙冠的雕刻,加深对该牙牙冠解剖形态,以及楔状隙、接触区、覆<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />与覆盖、咬合接触部位等的理解。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.熟练掌握标准一倍上颌第一磨牙蜡牙冠的雕刻方法和步骤。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.进一步熟悉基托蜡的性能及使用方法。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【实训用品】</p>
                    <p class="content">全口1∶1石膏牙列模型、基托蜡、切削刀、雕刻刀、酒精灯、红蓝铅笔、酒精喷灯、酒精、蜡型分离剂、棉签等。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【步骤方法】</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.石膏牙列模型预备</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)画咬合标志线:将上、下颌石膏牙列模型对位咬合于牙尖交错<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />状态,用红蓝铅笔分别在上、下颌牙列的中线、双侧后牙区画咬合标志线(图E-27),以便在操作过程中随时检查咬合关系。</p>
 
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0280-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图E-27&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;画咬合标志线</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)预备缺牙牙位:将石膏模型浸水后取出,用雕刻刀沿上颌第一磨牙牙颈线向根方垂直延伸0.5~1.0mm,再用切削刀或雕刻刀依次削去该牙牙冠的颊1/3、舌1/3、近中1/3和远中1/3的石膏,保留牙冠中1/3部分,并稍做修整,颊舌面及两邻面预备后的颈部断面,应呈一圆滑连续且宽度一致的弧形凹面,并与龈缘一致。注意不要损伤龈缘及两侧邻牙的接触区。然后将牙冠<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面至冠长的1/2处的石膏削去,最终形成一个居于牙位中部的固位桩(图E-28)。固位桩各轴面应与牙体长轴平行,便于蜡牙冠固位和在操作中随时取下。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0280-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图E-28&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成固位桩</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.去除颊舌面1/3石膏;B.去除近、远中面1/3石膏;C.去除<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面1/2石膏。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.蜡牙冠制作</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)安插蜡块:取约15mm×20mm的基托蜡条,在酒精灯上均匀烤软、折叠,捏成适当形状的蜡块,插入缺隙内,使之与固位桩、颈部断面及邻牙紧密贴合(图E-29)。
                    </p>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">实训E&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准一倍蜡牙冠雕刻</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0281-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图E-29&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;安插蜡块</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)上下颌模型对位咬合:趁蜡块尚软,在固位桩表面、邻牙及对颌牙<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面上涂布液体石蜡,然后对准模型上所画的咬合标记线,将上下颌模型对位咬紧(图E-30A)。打开上下颌模型(图E-30B),上颌第一磨牙<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面中央可见一较大凹陷,此为中央窝。下颌第一磨牙的颊沟、远颊沟分别对应于上颌第一磨牙的近中颊尖和远中颊尖,下颌第一磨牙的远中颊尖则对应于为上颌第一磨牙的颊沟。这样初步确定上颌第一磨牙<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面的尖、窝、沟等解剖标志。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0281-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图E-30&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;模型对位咬合</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.模型对位咬合;B.对位咬合后的印迹。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)确定冠宽、冠厚及颊、舌楔状隙:以缺隙的近远中径及龈乳头为界,去除多余的蜡定出冠宽,再以邻牙的颊舌面外形高点及对侧同名牙冠厚为参照,去除多余的蜡定出冠厚(图E-31),并初步形成颊楔状隙、舌楔状隙(图E-32)。
                    </p>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0282-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图E-31&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;确定冠宽和冠厚</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0282-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图E-32&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成颊楔状隙和舌楔状隙</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(4)确定冠长及<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />楔状隙和邻间隙:参照邻牙颊尖顶水平,削去多余的蜡定出冠长,蜡块的高度应与邻牙形成协调的纵<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />曲线,与对侧同名牙形成恰当的横<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />曲线(图E-33)。然后,用雕刻刀初步形成颈缘、<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />楔状隙和邻间隙(图E-34)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0282-07.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图E-33&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;确定冠长</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0282-08.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图E-34&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;确定<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />楔状隙和邻间隙</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(5)确定牙冠解剖标志:参照对侧上、下颌第一磨牙的咬合关系,并结合牙尖交错<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />的标志,定出上颌第一磨牙的近中颊尖、远中颊尖、近中舌尖、远中舌尖、颊沟、远中舌沟及近中沟的位置,在此基础上进行冠部形态雕刻(图E-35)。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (6)初步雕刻出蜡牙冠形态:参照对侧同名牙的颊舌面解剖形态特点,结合雕刻石膏的方法,初步形成蜡牙冠形态(图E-36)。然后取下蜡牙冠雕刻邻面,修整接触区以下部分,再插回蜡牙冠,检查邻间隙的形状。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0282-11.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图E-35&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;确定牙冠解剖标志</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0282-12.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图E-36&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;初步雕刻出蜡牙冠形态</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">实训E&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准一倍蜡牙冠雕刻</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">(7)完成蜡牙冠的雕刻:颊舌面细致雕刻,形成适当的颊、舌、<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />楔状隙和邻间隙,并与对<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />牙有适当的咬合接触。经仔细检查合乎要求后,用酒精喷灯将蜡牙冠表面喷光滑,或用棉花擦光滑。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.完成后的蜡牙冠应具备的解剖特点</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)颊面:呈倒梯形,冠宽大于冠长,<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />缘宽于颈缘;近中颊尖略宽于远中颊尖,颊沟约与颊轴嵴平行,近中颊尖的颊轴嵴较突,远中颊尖的颊轴嵴较平,外形高点位于颈1/3。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)舌面:大小与颊面相近或稍小,光滑圆突。近中舌尖较宽,约占近远中径的3/5,而远中舌尖较窄,约占2/5。两舌尖之间有远中舌沟通过,近中舌尖舌侧偶有第五牙尖,外形高点位于中1/3。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面:呈斜方形,冠厚大于冠宽,近中颊<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />角及远中舌<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />角为锐角,远中颊<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />角及近中舌<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />角为钝角;近中舌尖最大,远中舌尖最小,近中舌尖三角嵴和远中颊尖三角嵴相连形成斜嵴;中央窝较大,约占<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面2/3,远中窝较小,约占<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面1/3;发育沟有近中沟、颊沟和远中舌沟。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【注意事项】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.模型预备时,注意不要损伤邻牙及其接触区。模型完成后的剩余部分应光滑圆钝,无倒凹,各轴面应相互平行或略内聚,否则蜡牙冠制作完成后将无法取出。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.涂布分离剂时固位桩及其周围、邻牙均应涂布,便于后续容易取下蜡牙冠以精修邻面。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.注意蜡牙冠在整个牙列中的对称性和协调性。蜡牙冠在牙弓内的位置、形态等应与对侧同名牙相对称、与邻牙相协调,雕刻过程中随时调整蜡牙与邻牙颊舌面突度和<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面高度的协调关系。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.蜡牙冠颈部与石膏牙颈部断面要一致,不可有悬突或暴露断面。</p>
                    <p class="content">5.检查蜡牙的咬合关系,注意上颌第一磨牙的舌尖为功能尖,应与下颌磨牙有良好的咬合关系,颊尖为非功能尖,应与邻牙形成协调的<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />曲线。</p>
                    <p class="content">6.蜡牙冠完成后用酒精喷灯喷光时,火焰不可太靠近蜡牙冠,否则会因温度过高而导致蜡牙冠融化。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【思考题】</p>
                    <p class="content">如何确定上颌第一磨牙的牙冠解剖标志?</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">五、标准一倍右下颌第一磨牙蜡牙冠雕刻</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0283-13.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【目的要求】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.通过标准一倍下颌第一磨牙蜡牙冠的雕刻,加深对该牙牙冠解剖形态、楔状隙、接触区、覆<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />与覆盖、咬合接触部位等的理解。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.熟练掌握标准一倍下颌第一磨牙蜡牙冠的雕刻方法和步骤。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.进一步熟悉基托蜡的性能及使用方法。</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
 
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【实训用品】</p>
                    <p class="content">全口1∶1石膏牙列模型、基托蜡、切削刀、雕刻刀、酒精灯、红蓝铅笔、酒精喷灯、酒精、蜡型分离剂、棉签等。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【步骤方法】</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.石膏牙列模型预备</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)画咬合标志线:将上、下颌石膏牙列模型对位咬合于牙尖交错<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />状态,用红蓝铅笔分别在上、下颌牙列的中线、双侧后牙区处画咬合标志线,以便在操作过程中随时检查咬合关系(图E-37)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0284-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图E-37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;画咬合标志线</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)缺牙牙位预备:将石膏模型浸水后取出,用雕刻刀沿下颌第一磨牙的牙颈线向根方垂直延伸0.5~1.0mm,再用切削刀或雕刻刀依次削去该牙牙冠的颊1/3、舌1/3、近中1/3和远中1/3的石膏,保留牙冠中1/3部分,并稍做修整,颊舌面及两邻面形成的颈部断面应呈一圆滑连续且宽度一致的弧形凹面,并与龈缘一致。注意不要损伤龈缘及两侧邻牙的接触区。然后将牙冠<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面至冠长的1/2处的石膏削去,最终形成一个居于牙位中部的固位桩(图E-38)。固位桩各轴面应与牙体长轴平行,便于蜡牙冠固位和在操作中随时取下。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0284-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图E-38&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成固位桩</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.去除颊舌面1/3石膏;B.去除近、远中面1/3石膏;C.去除<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面1/2石膏。</p>
                    </div>
 
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        <div class="page-box" page="279">
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">实训E&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准一倍蜡牙冠雕刻</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.蜡牙冠制作</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)安插蜡块:取约15mm×20mm的基托蜡条,在酒精灯上均匀烤软、折叠,捏成适当形状的蜡块,插入缺隙内,使之与固位桩、颈部断面及邻牙紧密贴合(图E-39)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0285-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图E-39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;安插蜡块</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)上下颌模型对位咬合:趁蜡块尚软,在固位桩表面、邻牙及对颌牙<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面上涂布液状石蜡,然后对准模型上所画的咬合标记线,将上下颌模型对位咬合。打开上下颌模型,下颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面中央可见一较大凹陷,此为中央窝。上颌第一磨牙的近中颊尖、远中颊尖分别对应于下颌第一磨牙的颊沟和远颊沟,上颌第一磨牙和第二前磨牙之间的<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />楔状隙对应于下颌第一磨牙的近中颊尖,上颌第一磨牙的颊沟对应于下颌第一磨牙的远中颊尖,以此初步确定下颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面的尖、窝、沟等解剖标志(图E-40)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0285-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图E-40&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;模型对位咬合</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.模型对位咬合;B.对位咬合后的印迹。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)确定冠宽、冠厚及颊楔状隙、舌楔状隙:以缺隙的近远中径及龈乳头为界,削去多余的蜡定出冠宽,再以邻牙的颊舌面外形高点及对侧同名牙冠厚为参照,削去多余的蜡定出冠厚(图E-41),并初步形成颊楔状隙、舌楔状隙(图E-42)。
                    </p>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <div class="image-row">
 
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0286-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图E-41&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;确定冠宽和冠厚</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0286-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图E-42&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成颊楔状隙和舌楔状隙</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(4)确定冠长及<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />楔状隙和邻间隙:参照邻牙牙尖顶水平,削去多余的蜡,定出冠长,蜡块的高度应与邻牙形成协调的纵<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />曲线,与对侧同名牙形成恰当的横<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />曲线(图E-43)。然后,用雕刻刀初步形成颈缘、<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />楔状隙和邻间隙(图E-44)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0286-07.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图E-43&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;确定冠长</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0286-08.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图E-44&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;确定<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />楔状隙和邻间隙</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(5)确定牙冠解剖标志:根据牙尖交错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />的标志,并参照对侧上、下颌第一磨牙的咬合关系,定出下颌第一磨牙的近中颊尖、远中颊尖、远中尖、近中舌尖、远中舌尖、颊沟、远颊沟、舌沟、近中沟、远中沟的位置,在此基础上进行冠部形态雕刻(图E-45)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (6)初步雕刻出蜡牙冠形态:参照对侧同名牙颊、舌面的解剖形态特点,结合雕刻石膏牙的方法,初步形成蜡牙冠形态。然后取下蜡牙冠雕刻邻面,修整接触区以下部分,再插回蜡牙冠,检查邻间隙的形状(图E-46)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(7)完成蜡牙冠的雕刻:颊舌面细致雕刻,形成适当的颊、舌、<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />楔状隙和邻间隙,并与邻牙紧密接触,与对<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />牙有适当的咬合关系,颈曲线与邻牙相协调。经仔细检查合乎要求后,用酒精喷灯将蜡牙冠表面喷光滑,或用棉花擦光滑。</p>
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        <div class="page-box" page="281">
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">实训E&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准一倍蜡牙冠雕刻</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0287-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图E-45&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;确定牙冠解剖标志</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0287-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图E-46&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;初步雕刻出蜡牙冠形态</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.完成后的蜡牙冠应具备的解剖特点</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)颊面:呈倒梯形,冠宽大于冠长,<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />缘宽于颈缘。近中颊尖、远中颊尖、远中尖在颊面近远中径上所占比例约为2∶2∶1,三尖之间由颊沟和远颊沟分隔,近、远中颊尖的颊轴嵴与颊沟平行,远中尖的颊轴嵴不明显,外形高点位于颈1/3。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)舌面:小于颊面,光滑圆突;近中舌尖宽于远中舌尖,舌沟从两舌尖之间通过,外形高点位于中1/3。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面:呈圆长方形,冠宽大于冠厚,颊<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />边缘嵴长于舌<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />边缘嵴,近中边缘嵴长于远中边缘嵴。颊尖圆钝,舌尖较锐,远中颊尖的三角嵴最长,远中尖的三角嵴最短。中央窝大而深,近远中窝小而浅。<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面有5条发育沟,即颊沟、远颊沟、舌沟、近中沟和远中沟,呈“大”字形。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【注意事项】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.模型预备时,注意不要损伤邻牙及其接触区。模型完成后的剩余部分应光滑圆钝,无倒凹,各轴面应相互平行或略内聚,否则蜡牙冠制作完成后将无法取出。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.涂布分离剂时固位桩及其周围、邻牙均应涂布,便于后续容易取下蜡牙冠以精修邻面。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.注意蜡牙冠在整个牙列中的对称性和协调性。蜡牙冠在牙弓内的位置、形态等应与对侧同名牙对称、与邻牙协调,雕刻过程中随时调整蜡牙与邻牙颊舌面突度和<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面高度的协调关系。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.蜡牙冠颈部与石膏牙颈部断面要一致,不可有悬突或暴露断面。</p>
                    <p class="content">5.检查咬合关系,注意下颌第一磨牙的颊尖为功能尖,与上颌牙应有良好的咬合关系,舌尖为非功能尖,应与邻牙相协调。</p>
                    <p class="content">6.蜡牙冠完成后用酒精喷灯喷光时,火焰不可太靠近蜡牙冠,否则会因温度过高而导致蜡牙冠融化。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【思考题】</p>
                    <p class="content">如何确定下颌第一磨牙的牙冠解剖标志?</p>
                    <p class="right-info">(孟庆梅&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;潘福勤)</p>
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                    <span class="header-right"></span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h1 class="firstTitle-l">实训F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;部分牙列雕刻</h1>
 
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">一、标准一倍上颌前牙部分牙列蜡牙冠雕刻</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0288-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【目的要求】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.通过对上颌牙列中11、12、21、22的蜡牙冠雕刻,进一步掌握上颌切牙牙冠的解剖形态特点,加深对前牙的接触区、外展隙、覆<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />、覆盖、咬合接触部位等的理解。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.掌握上颌前牙部分牙列雕刻的步骤及方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.进一步熟悉基托蜡的性能及使用方法。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【实训用品】</p>
                    <p class="content">红蜡片、切削刀、雕刻刀、酒精灯、红蓝铅笔、酒精喷灯、酒精、蜡型分离剂、棉签、全口1∶1石膏牙列模型等。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【步骤方法】</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.画咬合标志线</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;将上、下颌石膏牙列模型对位咬合于牙尖交错<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />状态,用红蓝铅笔分别在上、下颌牙列的中线、双侧后牙区画咬合标志线(图F-1),以便在操作过程中随时检查咬合关系。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0288-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图F-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;画咬合标志线</p>
                    </div>
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                <footer class="footerstyle">272</footer>
            </div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="283">
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">实训F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;部分牙列雕刻</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.准备石膏牙列工作模型</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;将石膏模型浸水后取出,用雕刻刀沿双侧上颌中切牙、侧切牙的牙颈线向根方垂直延伸0.5~1.0mm(图F-2),用切削刀或雕刻刀依次削去双侧上颌中切牙、侧切牙牙冠的唇1/3、舌1/3、近中1/3和远中1/3的石膏,保留牙冠中1/3部分,再削去切1/2的石膏,并稍做修整,形成4个居于牙位中部的固位桩(图F-3)。注意:勿损伤切牙的龈缘及两侧邻牙的接触区;预备后的颈部断面应与龈缘一致,呈圆滑连续且宽度一致的弧形凹面;固位桩各轴面应与牙体长轴平行,便于蜡牙冠固位和在操作中随时取下。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0289-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图F-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;将龈沟根向根方垂直延伸0.5~1.0mm</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0289-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图F-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;预备固位桩</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.安插蜡块</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;先在固位桩表面、邻牙及对颌牙<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面上涂布液体石蜡,再取约30mm×40mm的基托蜡条,在酒精灯上均匀烤软,卷成条状蜡块,插入缺隙内,沿前牙牙弓弧度塑形,然后将雕刻刀烤热后插入蜡型底部,使之与固位桩、颈部断面及邻牙紧密贴合。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.上下颌模型对位咬合</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;趁蜡块尚软,对准模型上所画的咬合标记线,将上下颌模型对位咬合(图F-4)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0289-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图F-4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;安插蜡块、模型对位咬合</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.雕刻牙列冠部形态</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)确定冠宽、冠厚、冠长:打开上下颌模型,以缺隙的近远中径及龈乳头为界,去除多余的蜡,定出4个切牙的总冠宽。再以中线和相应的龈乳头为界,确定各个切牙的冠宽(图F-5)。参考牙弓弧度和蜡型舌面形状,去除唇舌面多余的蜡,定出冠厚。以双侧上颌尖牙牙尖顶水平为参考,去除高于牙尖顶的多余蜡,定出中切牙的冠长。侧切牙冠长比中切牙短1mm左右(图F-6)。
                    </p>
 
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0290-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图F-5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;确定冠宽</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0290-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图F-6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;确定冠长</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)初步形成邻间隙和外展隙:以龈乳头形态为参考,用雕刻刀修整形成唇外展隙、舌外展隙和邻间隙(图F-7),再以各切牙的切角特征和邻接点为参考,形成切外展隙。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0290-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图F-7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;合适外展隙</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)雕刻切牙牙冠形态:按照上颌中切牙和侧切牙的牙冠解剖形态,用雕刻刀修整,初步形成蜡牙冠形态。然后,取下蜡牙冠雕刻邻面,修整接触区以下部分,再插回蜡牙冠,检查邻间隙的形状(图F-46)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(4)完成蜡牙冠的雕刻:唇舌面细致雕刻,形成合适的唇、舌、切楔状隙和邻间隙,并与邻牙紧密接触,与对颌牙有正常覆<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />覆盖关系。经仔细检查合乎要求后,用酒精喷灯将蜡牙冠表面喷光滑,或用棉花擦光滑。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【注意事项】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.制备固位桩时注意勿损伤邻牙的接触区,且固位桩的各轴面与牙体长轴平行。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.涂布分离剂时,固位桩及其周围、邻牙均应涂布,便于后续容易取下蜡牙冠以精修邻面。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.雕刻牙冠外形时,应注意两侧同名牙在石膏牙列中的对称性、协调性、各牙的倾斜及旋转角度。</p>
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        <div class="page-box" page="285">
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">实训F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;部分牙列雕刻</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">4.接触区位置要正确,有合适的外展隙。上、下牙列有适当的覆<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />、覆盖关系。</p>
                    <p class="content">5.蜡牙冠颈部与预备后的石膏牙颈部断面相一致。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【思考题】</p>
                    <p class="content">上颌前牙部分牙列蜡牙冠雕刻过程中应该注意哪些问题?</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">二、标准一倍下颌后牙部分牙列蜡牙冠雕刻</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0291-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【目的要求】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.通过对标准一倍下颌牙列中34、35、36的蜡牙冠雕刻,进一步掌握下颌后牙牙冠的解剖形态特点,加深对接触区、外展隙、覆<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />、覆盖、咬合接触部位等的理解。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.掌握下颌后牙部分牙列蜡牙冠雕刻的步骤及方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.进一步熟悉基托蜡的性能及使用方法。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【实训用品】</p>
                    <p class="content">红蜡片、切削刀、雕刻刀、酒精灯、红蓝铅笔、酒精喷灯、酒精、蜡型分离剂、棉签、全口1∶1石膏牙列模型等。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【步骤方法】</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.画咬合标志线</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;将上、下颌石膏牙列模型对位咬合于牙尖交错<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />状态,用红蓝铅笔分别在上、下颌牙列的中线、双侧第二磨牙区画咬合标志线,以便在操作过程中随时检查咬合关系。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.准备石膏牙列工作模型</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;将石膏模型浸水后取出,用雕刻刀分别沿34、35、36的牙颈线向根方垂直延伸0.5~1.0mm(图F-8),再用切削刀或雕刻刀依次削去34、35、36牙冠的颊1/3、舌1/3、近中1/3和远中1/3的石膏,保留牙冠中1/3部分,再削去<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />1/2的石膏,并稍做修整,形成居于牙位中部的3个固位桩(图F-9)。注意:勿损伤34、35、36的龈缘及两侧邻牙的接触区;预备后的颈部断面应与龈缘一致,呈圆滑连续且宽度一致的弧形凹面;固位桩各轴面应与牙体长轴平行,便于蜡牙冠固位和在操作中随时取下。
                    </p>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0292-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图F-8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;将龈沟根向延伸0.5~1.0mm</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0292-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图F-9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;预备固位桩</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.安插蜡块</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;先在固位桩表面、邻牙及对颌牙<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面上涂布液状石蜡,再取约30mm×40mm的基托蜡条,在酒精灯上均匀烤软,卷成条状蜡块,插入缺隙内,沿牙列弧度塑形,然后将雕刻刀烤热后插入蜡型底部,使之与固位桩、颈部断面及邻牙紧密贴合(图F-10)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.上下颌模型对位咬合</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;趁蜡块尚软,对准模型上所画的咬合标记线,将上下颌模型对位咬合(图F-10)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0292-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图F-10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;安插蜡块、模型对位咬合</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.雕刻牙列冠部形态</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)初步形成<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面解剖标志:打开上下颌模型,此时34、35、36的<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面会呈现初步的尖、窝、沟、嵴等形态,如下颌前磨牙及下颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面的颊舌尖三角嵴,下颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面居于中央的较大凹陷为中央窝,上颌第一磨牙的近中颊尖顶正对于下颌第一磨牙的颊沟,上颌第一磨牙的远中颊尖顶则对应于下颌第一磨牙的远颊沟上,以此初步确定34、35、36<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面的尖、窝、沟嵴等解剖标志的位置。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)确定冠宽、冠厚、冠长:以缺隙的近远中径及龈乳头为界,去除多余的蜡,定出34、35、36的总冠宽,再以对应的龈乳头为参考,定出各牙的冠宽。参考牙弓外形和邻牙颊、舌面的外形高点,去除颊舌面多余的蜡,定出冠厚(图F-11)。以邻牙牙尖顶水平为参考,去除高于牙尖顶的多余蜡,定出各牙的冠长(图F-12)。注意:下颌后牙的颊尖为功能尖,应与对<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />牙形成良好的咬合关系,并与邻牙的颊尖形成协调的纵<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />曲线,双侧同名磨牙的颊舌尖形成恰当的横<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />曲线。</p>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">实训F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;部分牙列雕刻</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0293-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图F-11&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;确定冠宽、宽厚</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0293-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图F-12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;确定冠长</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)初步形成外展隙:以龈乳头形态为参考,用雕刻刀修整形成颊、舌、龈外展隙。参考牙弓形态和邻接点形成<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />外展隙(图F-13)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)雕刻后牙牙冠形态:参照对侧上下颌后牙的咬合关系,并结合初步形成的<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面解剖标志,定出各牙的颊、舌尖和发育沟的位置。然后,对照右下颌第一前磨牙、第二前磨牙和第一磨牙的解剖形态,初步雕刻形成蜡牙冠形态。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)精修完成:取下蜡牙冠雕刻邻面,修整接触区以下部分,再插回蜡牙冠,检查邻间隙的形状。精修颊、舌面,形成合适的外展隙,并与对颌牙有良好的咬合接触及适当覆<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />、覆盖。检查合乎要求后,用酒精喷灯将蜡牙冠表面喷光滑。</p>
                    <p class="content">(6)检查咬合:将上下颌模型按咬合标志线对位闭合,检查上、下颌牙的咬合关系,确保上、下颌牙接触良好(图F-14)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0293-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图F-13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成外展隙</p>
                        </div>
 
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0293-07.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图F-14&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;检查咬合</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【注意事项】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.制备固位桩时注意勿损伤邻牙的接触区,且固位桩的各轴面与牙体长轴平行。</p>
 
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">2.注意下颌磨牙各牙尖的比例关系。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.雕刻牙冠外形时,应注意和对侧同名牙在石膏牙列中的对称性、协调性,以及各牙的倾斜及旋转角度。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.接触区位置要正确,有合适的外展隙,与对颌牙要有良好的咬合关系。上、下牙列间存在适当的覆<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />、覆盖关系。</p>
                    <p class="content">5.蜡牙冠颈部与预备后的石膏牙颈部断面相一致。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【思考题】</p>
                    <p class="content">蜡牙冠雕刻时怎样确定各牙的<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面解剖标志?</p>
                    <p class="right-info">(文&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;清)</p>
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                    <h1 class="firstTitle-l">实训G&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准一倍蜡牙冠堆蜡塑形</h1>
 
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">一、上颌中切牙堆蜡塑形</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【目的要求】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.通过上颌中切牙的堆蜡塑形,加深对该牙解剖形态的认识。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.熟练掌握上颌中切牙堆蜡塑形的方法和步骤,熟悉各类塑形工具和滴蜡工具的使用方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.进一步熟悉嵌体蜡的性能及使用方法。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【实训用品】</p>
                    <p class="content">含有预备好可拆的中切牙代型的上、下颌牙列模型、嵌体蜡、滴蜡器、切削刀、雕刻刀、玻璃板、酒精灯、分离剂、红蓝铅笔、蜡勺、软毛刷等。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【步骤方法】</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.堆蜡塑形练习</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)直立堆蜡练习:将滴蜡器在火上烤1分钟左右,立即置于蜡上并粘带适量蜡液,再将滴蜡器竖直使蜡液缓缓流向尖端,待蜡液在尖端呈水滴状时,立即置于玻璃板上,同时轻轻做小圆圈运动,在蜡液凝固前移开滴蜡器,以形成圆锥体状蜡堆。操作过程中,要把控好移开滴蜡器的时机,过早可能导致蜡堆高度不够,过晚则可造成蜡堆顶部残缺。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)线状堆蜡练习:将滴蜡器在火上烤热,立即置于蜡上并粘带适量蜡液,然后在玻璃板上移动滴蜡器,使其形成线状隆起。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.模型预备</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)涂分离剂:取下代型,在代型表面均匀涂布分离剂。注意两侧邻牙与代型相邻的面也应均匀涂布(图G-1)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)加内衬蜡:分离剂干燥后,沿着颈缘均匀向各个轴面加一薄层内衬蜡,厚度约0.3mm,有利于冠和代型密合,同时因内衬蜡黏性大、脆性小,故也有利于脱模(图G-2)。
                    </p>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
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                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0296-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图G-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;涂分离剂</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0296-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图G-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;加内衬蜡</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.堆蜡塑形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)堆塑切端:参照对侧同名牙的切端高度与方向,在切端中点及靠近近远中切角处各滴一蜡锥,再滴加蜡条连接以上蜡堆,高度与对侧同名牙一致(图G-3)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)堆塑唇面:参照对侧同名牙,按唇面牙体外形用堆蜡法加出唇面外形,恢复外形高点、发育沟的形态(图G-4)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0296-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图G-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;堆塑切端</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0296-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图G-4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;堆塑唇面</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)堆塑舌面:用嵌体蜡按舌面牙体外形用堆蜡法加出舌面近、远中边缘嵴、舌隆突的形态(图G-5)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)堆塑邻面:参照对侧上颌中切牙的邻面,用嵌体蜡堆出邻面形态。注意:邻面接触区的位置应正确,有良好的邻间隙形态(图G-6)。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.完成蜡塑</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用嵌体蜡形成唇面、舌面、近中面、远中面及切端,参照对侧同名牙的形态特点,完成牙冠各面的外形雕刻。随后,再反复检查修整直至完全符合上颌中切牙的解剖特点,且在牙尖交错<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />及前伸<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />时有良好的咬合关系,最后进行抛光(图G-7)。</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">实训G&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准一倍蜡牙冠堆蜡塑形</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0297-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图G-5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;堆塑舌面</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0297-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图G-6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;堆塑邻面</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0297-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图G-7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;修整完成</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【注意事项】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.在玻璃板上反复练习线状堆蜡和直立蜡堆的方法,熟练后再在代型上操作。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.完成好的蜡牙应完全符合上颌中切牙的解剖形态和特点。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.应具有良好的咬合接触关系。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【思考题】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.舌面滴蜡塑形有哪些注意事项?</p>
                    <p class="content">2.如何恢复与邻牙的接触关系及接触面的形态?</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">二、上颌第一前磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面堆蜡塑形</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【目的要求】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.通过上颌第一前磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面堆蜡塑形,加深对该牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面解剖形态的理解。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.熟练掌握上颌第一前磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面堆蜡塑形的方法和步骤,熟悉各类塑形工具和滴蜡工具的使用方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.进一步熟悉嵌体蜡的性能及使用方法。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【实训用品】</p>
                    <p class="content">全口1∶1石膏牙列模型、嵌体蜡、滴蜡器、切削刀、雕刻刀、玻璃板、酒精灯、红蓝铅笔、蜡勺、软毛刷等。</p>
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                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【步骤方法】</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.模型预备</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在石膏牙列模型上,将上颌第一前磨牙<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面均匀削去2mm厚度,参照对侧同名牙的<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面解剖特点,用红蓝铅笔标记出颊、舌尖顶的位置,同时画出边缘嵴和三角嵴的位置。注意:颊尖偏远中,舌尖偏近中,<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面轮廓为不规则六边形(图G-8)。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.堆蜡塑形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)堆塑牙尖:在标记的牙尖位置上,用嵌体蜡直立堆高牙尖,形成类似圆锥体状的蜡堆。一般先堆颊尖后堆舌尖,修去多余的蜡,确保颊尖高于舌尖、颊尖偏远中、舌尖偏近中,形成锥状牙尖(图G-9)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)堆筑边缘嵴:在所画的边缘嵴位置上,自近中向远中开始堆加蜡,形成围绕<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面边缘的线状隆起。参照对侧同名牙,修整完成边缘嵴(图G-10)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0298-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图G-8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;模型预备</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0298-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图G-9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成牙尖</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0298-07.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图G-10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;堆筑边缘嵴</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)三角嵴、轴嵴和牙尖嵴的堆塑:首先,参照对侧同名牙颊、舌尖三角嵴的高度、走行和解剖外形,沿所定三角嵴位置加蜡,形成各个三角嵴并雕刻成形。其次,再依次加蜡堆塑颊轴嵴和舌轴嵴,使其与牙体外形保持一致。最后,堆塑颊、舌尖的近、远中牙尖嵴,完成颊面和舌面的外形雕刻(图G-11)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (4)窝与沟的形成:用烧热的小雕刻器蘸少量嵌体蜡液,让其缓缓流到窝、沟的位置上。在中央部分向下凹陷形成中央窝,窝的最深处即为中央沟,中央沟分别向近远中方向延伸为近中沟和远中沟,沟的近中和远中各有一个小窝。参考对侧同名牙窝、沟的走行方向,对中央沟、近中沟、远中沟、近中窝和远中窝进行修整。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(5)修整完成:用嵌体蜡堆加颊面、舌面、近中面、远中面,参考对侧上颌第一前磨牙的形态特点,完成各面的外形雕刻(图G-12)。</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">实训G&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准一倍蜡牙冠堆蜡塑形</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0299-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图G-11&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;堆筑三角嵴</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0299-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图G-12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;修整完成</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【注意事项】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.堆塑牙尖时,注意牙尖顶端的位置应准确无误,且在后续堆筑边缘嵴和三角嵴时,不要破坏牙尖顶的位置。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.整个<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面的聚合度要合适,不可过大或过小。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.近远中边缘嵴需保持适当的高度,否则将使牙尖显得突兀,<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面窝过浅。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【思考题】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.如何正确确定颊、舌尖的位置?</p>
                    <p class="content">2.堆塑上颌第一前磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面形态时应注意哪些事项?</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">三、上颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面堆蜡塑形</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【目的要求】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.通过堆塑上颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面,加深对该牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面解剖形态的认识。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">2.熟练掌握上颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面堆蜡塑形的方法和步骤,熟悉各类塑形工具和滴蜡工具的使用方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.进一步熟悉嵌体蜡的性能及使用方法。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【实训用品】</p>
                    <p class="content">全口1∶1石膏牙列模型、嵌体蜡、滴蜡器、切削刀、雕刻刀、玻璃板、酒精灯、红蓝铅笔、蜡勺、软毛刷等。</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
 
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【步骤方法】</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.模型预备</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在石膏牙列模型上,将上颌第一磨牙<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面均匀削去2mm厚度,然后参照对侧同名牙的<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面解剖特点,用红蓝铅笔精确标记出该牙各牙尖顶的位置,并描绘出边缘嵴和三角嵴的位置(图G-13)。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.堆蜡塑形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)形成牙尖:在标记的各牙尖位置处,用嵌体蜡直立堆高牙尖,形成圆锥体形蜡堆。堆塑牙尖的顺序依次为近中颊尖、远中颊尖、近中舌尖和远中舌尖。蜡堆完成后,仔细检查牙尖的位置和高度是否合适,适当添加或修整多余部分,完成牙尖形态(图G-14)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)堆筑边缘嵴:与前磨牙的堆筑方法相似,沿所画边缘嵴的位置,从近中颊尖的近中牙尖嵴开始,按照近中边缘嵴、舌<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />边缘嵴、远中边缘嵴、颊<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />边缘嵴的顺序,最终与起点汇合形成完整轮廓。参照对侧同名牙边缘嵴的形态特点,修整完成其外形(图G-15)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0300-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图G-13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;模型预备</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0300-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图G-14&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成牙尖</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0300-07.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图G-15&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;堆筑边缘嵴</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)堆塑三角嵴:仔细观察对侧上颌第一磨牙颊、舌尖三角嵴的高度、方向(特别是斜嵴的走行方向)和解剖外形,结合已形成的牙尖、边缘嵴,自牙尖顶开始沿所画三角嵴的方向、位置向窝的方向堆加蜡液,形成三角嵴,注意远中颊尖的三角嵴与近中舌尖的三角嵴要斜行相连形成斜嵴。添加或修整多余部分,完成三角嵴和斜嵴的堆塑(图G-16)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (4)窝和沟的形成:用烧热的小雕刻器蘸取少量嵌体蜡液,使其缓缓流到窝、沟位置上,中央部分下凹形成中央窝,近中和远中的凹陷部分分别形成近中窝和远中窝。参照对侧同名牙的窝及沟的走行方向,修整完成颊沟、远中舌沟、近中沟的外形,注意勿损伤斜嵴。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(5)修整完成:用嵌体蜡对颊面、舌面、近中面和远中面进行堆塑,参考对侧同名牙的形态特点,逐一修整各面形态(图G-17)。</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">实训G&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准一倍蜡牙冠堆蜡塑形</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0301-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图G-16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;堆筑三角嵴</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0301-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图G-17&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;修整完成</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【注意事项】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.上颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面形态呈斜方形,颊面自近中至远中逐渐向舌侧倾斜。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.堆塑牙尖时,确保牙尖顶端的位置正确。同时注意上颌第一磨牙的舌尖为功能尖,应与下颌牙有良好的接触关系,颊尖为非功能尖,应与邻牙相协调。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.堆塑上颌第一磨牙斜嵴时,必须明确其是由远中颊尖三角嵴与近中舌尖三角嵴相连而成,务必确保斜嵴的走行方向正确。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【思考题】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.堆塑上颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面形态时应注意哪些事项?</p>
                    <p class="content">2.如何正确堆塑斜嵴?</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">四、下颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面堆蜡塑形</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【目的要求】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.通过下颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面堆蜡塑形,加深对该牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面解剖形态的认识。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.熟练掌握下颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面堆蜡塑形的方法和步骤,熟悉各类塑形工具和滴蜡工具的使用方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.进一步熟悉嵌体蜡的性能及使用方法。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【实训用品】</p>
                    <p class="content">全口1∶1石膏牙列模型、嵌体蜡、滴蜡器、切削刀、雕刻刀、玻璃板、酒精灯、红蓝铅笔、蜡勺、软毛刷等。</p>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【步骤方法】</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.模型预备</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在石膏牙列模型上,将下颌第一磨牙<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面均匀削去2mm厚度(图G-18),参照对侧同名牙的<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面解剖特点,用红蓝铅笔标记出该牙各牙尖顶的位置,并画出边缘嵴和三角嵴的位置。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.堆蜡塑形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)形成牙尖:在确定好的牙尖位置处,用嵌体蜡直立堆高牙尖,形成圆锥体形蜡堆。堆尖的顺序依次为近中颊尖、远中颊尖、远中尖、近中舌尖和远中舌尖。蜡堆完成后,检查各牙尖的位置和高度是否合适,添加或修整多余部分,完成牙尖形态。注意:颊侧牙尖短而圆钝,其中近中颊尖最大,远中颊尖次之,远中尖最小;而舌侧牙尖长而锐利,近中舌尖稍大于远中舌尖(图G-19)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)堆筑边缘嵴:与前磨牙的堆筑方法相似,沿所画边缘嵴的位置,从近中颊尖的近中牙尖嵴开始,按照近中边缘嵴、舌<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />边缘嵴、远中边缘嵴、颊<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />边缘嵴的顺序,最终闭合于起点。参照对侧同名牙边缘嵴的形态特点,进行修整以完成其外形(图G-20)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0302-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图G-18&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;模型预备</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0302-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图G-19&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成牙尖</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0302-07.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图G-20&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;堆筑边缘嵴</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)三角嵴的堆塑:参照对侧同名牙三角嵴的长度和形态,结合已形成的牙尖,自牙尖顶开始沿所画三角嵴的方向、位置向窝的方向堆加蜡,形成三角嵴。添加或修整多余部分,使远中颊尖三角嵴最长,远中尖三角嵴最短(图G-21)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (4)窝和沟的形成:用烧热的雕刻器蘸取少量嵌体蜡液,让其缓慢流入窝、沟的正确部位,中央部分下凹形成中央窝,近中的凹陷部分形成近中窝。参照对侧同名牙的窝、沟走向,对颊沟、舌沟、近中沟、远中沟和远中颊沟5条发育沟进行修整,完成其形态。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (5)修整完成:用嵌体蜡堆塑颊面、舌面、近中面、远中面,参考对侧下颌第一磨牙的形态特点,修整各面。结合该牙的正常解剖特点,再比较已完成的石膏牙模型,若有差异应仔细修整(图G-22)。</p>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">实训G&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标准一倍蜡牙冠堆蜡塑形</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0303-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图G-21&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;堆筑三角嵴</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0303-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图G-22&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;修整完成</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【注意事项】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.下颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面形态呈长方形,堆塑边缘嵴时注意修整<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面外形轮廓。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.堆塑牙尖时,注意每个牙尖顶端的位置应准确无误,且5个牙尖的高度和大小要协调。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.修整5条发育沟时,应使其走行呈现出“大”字形。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【思考题】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.堆塑下颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面形态时应注意哪些事项?</p>
                    <p class="content">2.堆塑牙尖时应注意什么?</p>
                    <p class="right-info">(靳贝芳)</p>
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                <div class="footer-container">287</div>
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                    <span class="header-right"></span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h1 class="firstTitle-l">实训H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;髓腔形态的观察与绘制</h1>
 
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【目的要求】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.通过对各种离体牙髓腔标本及髓腔模型的观察,掌握髓腔的形态特征,并掌握髓腔形态与牙体外形之间的关系。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.了解髓腔的几种观察方法。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【实训用品】</p>
                    <p class="content">恒牙髓腔剖面标本、透明牙标本、髓腔铸形标本、牙剖面模型、挂图、铅笔、实训报告、直尺。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【步骤方法】</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.髓腔的观察方法</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)髓腔剖面观察法:将离体牙从不同方向剖开观察髓腔形态,如从近远中向剖开,可观察髓腔的正面形态;从唇(颊)舌向剖开,可观察髓腔的侧面形态;平牙根颈部剖开,可观察髓腔横断面形态。此方法简便易行,可以显示髓腔的大小、位置、形态及其与牙体外形的关系,但仅能观察髓腔的平面形态,不能显示其全貌。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)髓腔铸形观察法:将离体牙去除牙髓组织后,向髓腔内注入并充满合成树脂,树脂固化后将离体牙浸入40%氢氧化钠溶液中,使牙体硬组织腐蚀溶解,即制成髓腔铸形。此法可以立体观察髓腔的全貌,但不能显示髓腔与牙体外形的关系。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)透明标本观察法:该方法既可以观察髓腔的立体形态,又可以显示其与牙体外形的关系。方法是向髓腔内注入墨汁或合成树脂后,使用5%硝酸脱钙,冲洗后乙醇脱水,再浸入二甲苯溶液中透明,最后放入松节油中保存、观察。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(4)X线片观察法:通过X线牙片来观察髓腔的平面形态,或通过电脑图像处理软件,进行定量分析。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.恒牙髓腔的剖面标本、透明标本观察</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;观察恒牙髓腔的剖面标本、透明标本,进一步掌握各组牙髓腔的解剖形态特点。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.乳牙髓腔的剖面标本、透明标本观察</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;观察乳牙髓腔的剖面标本、透明标本,进一步掌握乳牙髓腔的解剖形态特点。
                    </p>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">实训H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;髓腔形态的观察与绘制</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【思考题】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.各组恒牙髓腔形态有何特点?</p>
                    <p class="content">2.乳牙的髓腔形态与恒牙有何不同?</p>
                    <p class="right-info">(刘建辉&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;任丽洁)</p>
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                    <h1 class="firstTitle-l">实训I&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颌面部骨骼及颞下颌关节标本模型观察</h1>
 
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">一、上、下颌骨标本、模型的观察</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【目的要求】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.掌握上颌骨的解剖结构特点。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.掌握下颌骨的解剖结构特点。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.了解上、下颌骨的各解剖结构的临床意义。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【实训用品】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.上、下颌骨的标本、模型。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.教材及相关图谱或挂图。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【步骤方法】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.带教老师对标本、模型进行讲解。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.学生分组对标本、模型进行观察,教师巡回指导。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)上颌骨:观察上颌体的四个面及上颌窦的形态位置;观察上颌骨额突、颧突、腭突牙槽突的位置;观察眶下孔、眶下缘、眶下裂、眶下管、尖牙窝、颧牙槽嵴、上颌结节、后上牙槽孔、鼻道、翼腭管、腭大孔、切牙孔、切牙管、腭中缝、牙槽嵴、牙槽间隔、牙根间隔的位置。
                    </p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0306-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)下颌骨:观察颏隆凸、颏结节、外斜线、颏孔、上颏棘、下颏棘、二腹肌窝、内斜线、舌下腺凹、下颌下腺凹、咬肌粗隆、下颌角、翼肌粗隆、下颌孔下颌小舌、下颌舌骨沟、喙突、髁突及前后斜面、髁突颈部、关节翼肌窝、下颌切迹、下颌隆凸磨牙后三角的位置;观察下颌管的位置及走行;观察下颌骨薄弱部位:正中联合、颏孔区、下颌角及髁突颈部的位置。
                    </p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0306-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">3.学生完成实验报告。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【思考题】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.上颌骨各面有哪些主要结构?</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">实训I&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颌面部骨骼及颞下颌关节标本模型观察</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">2.试述下颌骨的解剖结构特点。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">二、颞下颌关节标本、模型的观察</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0307-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【目的要求】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.掌握颞下颌关节的组成及各部分的结构特点。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.熟悉颞下颌关节的运动形式。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【实训用品】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.颞下颌关节的标本、模型。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.教材及相关图谱或挂图。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【步骤方法】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.带教老师对标本、模型进行讲解。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.学生分组对标本、模型进行观察、讨论,教师巡回指导。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)观察颞下颌关节的结构:关节窝、髁突、关节盘、关节腔及关节韧带等。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)组内讨论颞下颌关节各部分的作用,分析其临床意义。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.学生完成实验报告。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【思考题】</p>
                    <p class="content">颞下颌关节包括哪些组成部分?分别有什么作用?</p>
                    <p class="right-info">(刘建辉&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;杨&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;敏)</p>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h1 class="firstTitle-l">实训J&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔颌面颈部局部解剖标本模型观察</h1>
 
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">一、面部肌肉标本、模型的观察</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【目的要求】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.掌握口轮匝肌的组成及肌纤维走行。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.熟悉咀嚼肌、腭部肌的起止点和功能。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.了解其他表情肌的位置。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【实训用品】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.面部肌肉的标本、模型。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.教材和相关图谱或挂图。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【步骤方法】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.带教老师对标本、模型进行讲解。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.学生分组对标本、模型进行观察,教师巡回指导。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)面部表情肌:观察口周肌群上组(颧大肌、颧小肌、提上唇肌、提上唇鼻翼肌和提口角肌)和口周肌群下组(降口角肌、降下唇肌、颏肌)的位置;特别注意观察口角周围口轮匝肌纤维的组成及走行。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)咀嚼肌:观察咬肌、颞肌、翼内肌和翼外肌的位置、起止及肌纤维走行,并分析其功能。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)腭部肌:观察腭帆提肌、腭帆张肌、腭舌肌、腭咽肌及腭垂肌的位置、起止和走行,并分析其功能。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.学生完成实验报告。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0308-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【思考题】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.描述咀嚼肌起止点及功能。</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">实训J&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔颌面颈部局部解剖标本模型观察</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">2.简述腭部肌位置、起止和功能。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">二、颌面部血管标本、模型的观察</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【目的要求】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.掌握颌面部动、静脉的走行。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.了解颌面部动、静脉的分布范围。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【实训用品】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.颌面部血管标本、模型。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.教材和相关图谱或挂图。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【步骤方法】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.带教老师对标本、模型进行讲解。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.学生分组对标本、模型进行观察、讨论,教师巡回指导。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        在咬肌前下角,自后向前可见面静脉(面前静脉)和面动脉。面神经下颌缘支在其浅面越过。在口角水平,面动脉在口角上方和平口角处分别发出上、下唇动脉。结合标本观察血管吻合和走行于唇黏膜下组织时的位置,此处联系口唇血管丰富在伤口愈合、手术和侧支循环上的意义进行讨论。面静脉有一支穿颊脂体与翼静脉丛相通,此处联系临床面部感染的蔓延展开讨论。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">3.学生完成实验报告。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【思考题】</p>
                    <p class="content">面动脉及面静脉在面部如何走行,与面神经下颌缘支是什么关系?</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">三、三叉神经、面神经标本、模型的观察</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0309-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0309-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【目的要求】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.掌握三叉神经和其分支的走行与分布。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.掌握面神经分支与腮腺的毗邻关系。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【实训用品】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.三叉神经、面神经的标本和模型。</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">2.教材及相关图谱或挂图。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【步骤方法】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.带教老师对标本、模型进行讲解。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.学生分组对标本、模型进行观察,教师巡回指导。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)三叉神经:观察眼神经的分支(额神经、泪腺神经及鼻睫神经)经眶上裂入眶后的分布;观察上颌神经穿圆孔进入翼腭窝后的分支与分布;观察下颌神经经卵圆孔出颅入颞下窝后的分支,确认下颌神经前干(细)和后干(粗)的分布。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)面神经与腮腺:在腮腺前缘相当于耳垂(或耳屏)至口角与鼻翼中点的连线的中1/3段上寻找出腮腺导管,注意导管穿入颊肌的角度。沿腮腺前缘相当于腮腺导管的平面向上、下寻找面神经分支:在导管上、下方咬肌表面找出面神经的上、下颊支;在腮腺前上极沿颧弓下缘找出面神经颧支;在腮腺上缘和耳屏前1.5cm处寻找面神经颞支;在腮腺下前缘和下颌骨下缘的咬肌前下角处找到面神经下颌缘支;自腮腺下极寻找颈支。注意面神经主干与下颌后静脉(面后静脉)、颈外动脉在腮腺内的排列关系。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">3.学生完成实验报告。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【思考题】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.试述三叉神经在口腔颌面部的分支与分布。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.试述面神经的分支、走行及与腮腺的毗邻关系。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">四、口腔颌面颈部体表标志的观察</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【目的要求】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.掌握口腔中唇、舌和腭等器官的表面标志。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.掌握口腔颌面颈部体表标志和定位测量点。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【实训用品】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.颌面颈部标本、模型。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.教材及相关图谱或挂图。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【步骤方法】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.带教老师对标本、模型进行讲解。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.学生分组对标本、模型进行观察,教师巡回指导。</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">实训J&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔颌面颈部局部解剖标本模型观察</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">(1)唇:观察唇的境界、上唇、下唇、红唇、红唇缘、唇弓、唇峰、唇珠、人中、人中穴和人中嵴等表面标志。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)舌:观察舌背、舌根、界沟、舌盲孔、舌尖、舌腹、舌系带、伞襞、丝状乳头、菌状乳头、轮廓乳头和叶状乳头等表面标志。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)腭:观察硬腭、腭中缝、切牙乳头、腭皱襞、上颌硬区、上颌隆凸、腭大孔翼钩、软腭、腭凹、腭帆、腭垂、腭舌弓、腭咽弓、咽门等表面标志。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)口腔:观察口腔前庭沟、唇系带、颊系带、腮腺乳头磨牙后三角、磨牙后垫、翼下颌皱襞、颊脂垫尖、舌下阜和舌下襞等表面标志。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (5)颌面部:观察鼻根、鼻尖、鼻背、鼻底、鼻孔、鼻小柱、鼻翼、鼻面沟、唇面沟、鼻沟、口裂、口角、唇沟、眉间点、鼻下点、颏前点、颏下点、耳屏、眶下孔和颏孔等表面标志。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.学生完成实验报告。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【思考题】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.舌体背面四种舌乳头分别是什么,有什么区别?</p>
                    <p class="content">2.下牙槽神经阻滞麻醉时的两个重要表面标志是什么?</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">五、口腔颌面部蜂窝组织间隙、面侧深区及颈部解剖标本观察</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【目的要求】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.掌握颌面部蜂窝组织间隙的境界和层次内容。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.掌握面侧深区的境界和内容。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.熟悉颈部的分区及各区的内容。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.了解颌面部蜂窝组织间隙的交通及临床意义。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【实训用品】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.颌面颈部标本、模型。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.教材及相关图谱或挂图。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【步骤方法】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.带教老师对标本、模型进行讲解。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.学生分组对标本、模型进行观察、讨论,教师巡回指导。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)颌面部蜂窝组织间隙</p>
                    <p class="content">1)颊间隙:寻找颊间隙并观察其境界,在其中找到颊神经、颊动脉、面深静脉。讨论磨牙根尖的炎症侵入颊间隙的路径。</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
 
                    <p class="content">2)眶下间隙:寻找眶下间隙并观察其境界,辨认尖牙窝的位置、出入眶下孔的眶下神经和血管。讨论上颌前牙根尖的炎症侵入眶下间隙的路径。</p>
                    <p class="content">3)咬肌间隙:观察其境界及内容;在下颌乙状切迹处观察咬肌血管、神经;观察颞肌在下颌骨喙突、下颌升支及磨牙后区的止点。讨论下颌第三磨牙炎症侵入到咬肌间隙的途径。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">4)翼下颌间隙:观察翼下颌间隙境界,寻找舌神经、下牙槽神经及下牙槽动静脉,讨论翼下颌间隙感染的相关致病因素。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)面侧深区</p>
                    <p class="content">1)翼内肌和翼外肌:寻找翼内、外肌的起止点。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)翼静脉丛:观察翼静脉丛的交通,讨论颅内、外静脉的连通和上牙槽后神经阻滞麻醉时常出现血肿的原因。</p>
                    <p class="content">3)观察上颌动脉和上颌静脉的分支及分布,注意上颌动脉与髁突的毗邻关系。</p>
                    <p class="content">4)观察上颌神经和下颌神经的走行及分布,注意翼外肌与下颌神经的毗邻关系。</p>
                    <p class="content">5)在翼内肌的表面观察下牙槽神经和舌神经的走行。观察舌神经与下颌第三磨牙的位置关系。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)颈部</p>
                    <p class="content">1)颈部的分区:观察颈外静脉走行并观察胸锁乳突肌、肩胛舌骨肌、胸骨舌骨肌、胸骨甲状肌、斜方肌等的位置、形态和起止点,确认颈部的分区。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)颈前区:观察舌骨上肌群的起止点及血管、神经走行。</p>
                    <p class="content">3)胸锁乳突肌区:观察胸锁乳突肌区及其内容物,观察颈鞘结构。</p>
                    <p class="content">4)颈动脉三角区:寻找颈动脉窦和颈动脉体;鉴别颈内、外动脉,讨论颈外动脉结扎的部位;观察舌下神经走行及其降支与第3颈神经分支构成的舌下神经袢。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.学生完成实验报告。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【思考题】</p>
                    <p class="content">1.简述颊间隙、眶下间隙、咬肌间隙和翼下颌间隙的境界及内容物。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.叙述翼静脉丛的位置、交通及其临床意义。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.叙述下颌神经与翼外肌的毗邻关系。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.如何鉴别颈内、外动脉?</p>
                    <p class="right-info">(刘建辉&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;杨&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;敏)</p>
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                    <h1 class="firstTitle-l">参考文献</h1>
                    <p class="content">[1]何三纲.口腔解剖生理学[M].8版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2020</p>
                    <p class="content">[2]王美青.口腔解剖生理学[M].7版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2013</p>
                    <p class="content">[3]谢秋菲.牙体解剖与口腔生理学[M].2版.北京:北京大学医学出版社,2013</p>
                    <p class="content">[4]赵士杰,皮昕.口腔颌面部解剖学[M].2版.北京:北京大学医学出版社,2013</p>
                    <p class="content">[5]马惠萍.口腔解剖生理学[M].4版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2020</p>
                    <p class="content">[6]马莉,原双斌.口腔解剖生理学[M].3版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2015</p>
                    <p class="content">[7]谢秋菲.牙体解剖与口腔生理学[M].北京:北京大学医学出版社,2005</p>
                    <p class="content">[8]易新竹.<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />学[M].3版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2012</p>
                    <p class="content">[9]赵士杰,皮昕.口腔颌面部解剖学[M].北京:北京大学医学出版社,2005</p>
                    <p class="content">[10]付升旗.口腔解剖生理学[M].北京:中国医药科技出版社,2015</p>
                    <p class="content">[11]刘凯.口腔解剖生理学[M].天津:天津科学技术出版社,2016</p>
                    <p class="content">[12]梁源.口腔解剖生理学[M].2版.北京:中国医药科技出版社,2020</p>
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