zhongshujie
5 天以前 925c074662488e968218b4497b4a69205e1753f0
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<template>
    <div class="chapter" num="3">
        <div class="page-box" page="33">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(33) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <span class="header-right"></span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h1 class="firstTitle-l">项目二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切牙形态与功能</h1>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0019-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)具备一丝不苟的学习态度,秉持求真务实的科学精神。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)在日常学习中严格遵循步骤标准,具备规范操作的工作习惯。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)树立严谨务实的学习观念,提升对切牙形态、排列、色泽及位置关系的综合认知。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:切牙类牙体解剖形态;右上颌中切牙线图特征与描绘、石膏与蜡型牙体雕刻方法和步骤。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:切牙类牙体解剖功能;石膏牙、蜡型牙雕刻工具的使用方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:不同切牙在形态上的区别;右上颌中切牙的雕刻及滴塑的评价标准。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)通过系统学习切牙形态,能清晰阐述切牙类牙齿形态与功能。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)通过切牙结构研习与绘图训练,能准确绘制右上颌中切牙线图。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)能规范完成右上颌中切牙三倍大、等倍大石膏牙雕刻;完成等倍大蜡型滴塑。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0019-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        患者,女性,28岁。右上颌中切牙牙冠折断全瓷冠修复后一周,因对修复效果不满意就诊。检查发现主要是右上颌中切牙全瓷冠形态欠佳和左上颌中切牙对称协调差,如左上颌中切牙近中切角较锐,近似直角,而右上颌中切牙全瓷冠近中切角较圆钝;左上颌中切牙唇面的外形高点在牙颈部1/3稍偏远中,而右上颌中切牙全瓷冠外形高点在牙颈部1/3稍偏近中;左上颌中切牙外唇面切2/3发育沟较明显,右上颌中切牙全瓷冠形唇面切2/3较平滑、几无发育沟。综上检查,需重新制作该义齿。
                    </p>
 
                </div>
                <footer class="footerstyle">024</footer>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="34">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(34) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">1.上颌中切牙的主要形态特征有哪些?</p>
                    <p class="content">2.在进行中切牙形态雕塑时应注意哪些问题?</p>
                    <p class="content">3.上颌中切牙的形态特征中对美学影响较大的有哪些?</p>
 
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0042-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" /></div>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描述切牙表面解剖标志及功能</h2>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0043-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" /></div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、任务导入</h3>
                    <p class="content">通过对切牙表面解剖标志的学习,进一步掌握牙体形态及其与功能的联系,从而为后续牙体雕刻练习打下坚实基础,为制作出符合患者要求的修复体提供必要保障。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、任务分析</h3>
                    <p class="content">切牙位于口腔前部,又称前牙,它的形态和功能密切相关,要想雕刻出完美的牙齿,首先要熟练掌握切牙的表面解剖标志和功能。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        切牙位于上下颌骨前部、中线两侧,呈弧形排列,包括上颌中切牙、上颌侧切牙、下颌中切牙、下颌侧切牙共8颗。上颌切牙体积大于下颌切牙,其中上颌中切牙大于上颌侧切牙,下颌中切牙小于下颌侧切牙。上颌切牙覆盖下颌切牙的唇侧,全口义齿排列时要求呈现出浅覆<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />浅覆盖的状态。切牙因其具有铲形牙冠,多适合切割食物,咀嚼食物时,下颌先向前下运动,咬住食物后向上运动至上下颌切牙切缘相对,而后沿上颌切牙舌侧返回原位,上前牙的舌面引导下颌前伸运动。切牙作为前牙,其美观功能也尤为重要,因此,在进行修复时要注意切牙的形态与面部形态的协调性。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)上颌中切牙</p>
                    <p class="content">上颌中切牙为切牙类中体积最大者,其按照一定的倾斜规律排列在中线两侧,左右中切牙的近中面彼此相对。从唇面观,牙冠向近中倾斜;从邻面观,牙冠向唇侧倾斜。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.牙冠</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)唇面:外形为梯形,牙冠从切缘方向向牙颈方向逐渐内收。牙冠长度大于牙冠宽度。近中切角近似直角,远中切角稍圆钝,这是判断左右牙位的重要依据之一。近中缘和切缘较直,远中缘略突,颈缘呈弧形。切1/3可见两条纵向发育沟,近似平行。颈1/3处略凸形成唇面的外形高点。初萌时切缘可见3个结节,其中中央结节最高,随功能性磨耗逐渐变平直。牙冠唇面形态有尖圆形、卵圆形和方圆形三种,全口义齿修复中常参考面型、性别及牙弓形态等选择不同形态的人工牙(图2-1)。
                    </p>
 
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                <div class="footer-container">025</div>
            </div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="35">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(35) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)舌面:舌面形态似唇面但体积略小,从切缘向牙颈部的内收程度大于唇面,从舌面能够看到邻面的解剖标志。舌面中央凹陷形成舌窝,舌窝具有一定深度,不与对颌接触。在下颌滑动运动过程中,可减少<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />干扰。四周为突起的嵴。其中近中边缘嵴长、窄、锐利,远中边缘嵴短、宽、圆钝。舌隆突大且显著,为舌面外形高点。切缘舌侧与舌窝之间有一长条状突起为切嵴,与下颌牙的切嵴接触时,能发挥切割功能(图2-2)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0044-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌中切牙唇面</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0044-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌中切牙舌面</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)邻面:外形近似三角形,近中面大而平坦,远中面小而圆突。牙颈线最突处靠近切端的牙面有轻微凹陷,称为邻面凹陷,使牙冠的近中、远中向牙颈部方向内聚。近远中面外形高点均在切1/3,区别在于近中面外形高点较远中面外形高点更靠近切端且更偏向唇侧(图2-3)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(4)切端:切缘呈带有弧度的翅形。牙冠由四个生长叶组成。近中唇侧轴面角锐利,远中唇侧轴面角圆钝。邻面观,切端位于牙体长轴的唇侧(图2-4)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0044-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-b">图2-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌中切牙邻面</p>
                            <p class="imgdescript">A.近中面;B.远中面。</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0044-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌中切牙切缘</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.牙根</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;单根,唇侧宽于舌侧,在牙根的两侧各有一条凹陷,称为根面凹陷。牙根颈部横切面为圆三角形,向根方逐渐缩小。根长大于或等于冠长,亦有短于冠长者。根尖略偏向远中及唇侧。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.牙颈</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;唇舌面牙颈线凸向根方。近远中面牙颈线凸向冠方,且近中颈曲度大于远中颈曲度。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)上颌侧切牙</p>
                    <p class="content">上颌侧切牙位于上颌中切牙的远中,与上颌中切牙的倾斜方向一致,但倾斜角度大于上颌中切牙,形态与上颌中切牙相似,但体积稍小。</p>
                </div>
                <footer class="footerstyle">026</footer>
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        <div class="page-box" page="36">
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.牙冠</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)唇面:外形与上颌中切牙相似呈梯形,但整体小于中切牙。近中切角似锐角,远中切角呈圆弧形,切缘明显向远中倾斜。唇面近中缘平直,远中缘圆突,牙颈部近远中径显著狭窄(图2-5)。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)舌面:外形近似为三角形,近远中边缘嵴较上颌中切牙显著,近中边缘嵴呈直线型,远中边缘嵴呈曲线形。舌窝深而窄,呈“V”字形。舌隆突显著,为舌面外形高点,偶有沟越过舌隆突的远中,延伸至根面颈部成为裂沟,为龋病的好发部位(图2-6)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0045-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌侧切牙唇面</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0045-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌侧切牙舌面</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)邻面:外形近似三角形,牙冠与牙根自然平行过渡。近中面较宽且平直,远中面较小且圆突。近远中外形高点均在切1/3,近中面外形高点更近切端(图2-7)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)切端:切缘形态可变化多样,切缘中央结节显著,有类似于牙尖的形态。切缘向远中舌侧的倾斜度较上颌中切牙大。邻面观,切端位于牙体长轴的唇侧(图2-8)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0045-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-b">图2-7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌侧切牙邻面</p>
                            <p class="imgdescript">A.近中面;B.远中面。</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0045-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌侧切牙切缘</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.牙根</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;单根,较中切牙细而长,根长大于冠长,根颈1/3处横切面呈卵圆形。根尖偏远中且略偏唇侧。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.牙颈</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;唇舌面牙颈线凸向根方。近远中面牙颈线凸向冠方,且近中颈曲度大于远中颈曲度。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(三)下颌中切牙</p>
                    <p class="content">下颌中切牙为切牙类乃至全口牙中体积最小者,牙冠宽度约为上中切牙的2/3,全口义齿排牙时与上颌切牙呈一对一的对位关系,位于下颌中线两侧。</p>
 
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                <div class="footer-container">027</div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="37">
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.牙冠</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)唇面:外形为光滑平坦的狭长梯形,近远中切角的差别不明显,近中缘与远中缘大体对称,离体后很难区分左右。切缘水平,沟、嵴不明显(图2-9)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)舌面:与唇面形态大体相同,边缘嵴、舌隆突不显著。舌窝浅,沟、窝不明显(图2-10)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0046-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌中切牙唇面</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0046-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌中切牙舌面</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)邻面:外形为三角形,唇侧缘从外形高点向切缘大致呈直线形。近远中面的大小与形态相近。近远中外形高点均在切1/3,区别在于近中面外形高点更近切端(图2-11)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(4)切端:与上颌相比唇面较平坦,切缘与牙根长轴近垂直。邻面观,切端位于牙体长轴上或略偏舌侧(图2-12)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0046-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-b">图2-11&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌中切牙邻面</p>
                            <p class="imgdescript">A.近中面;B.远中面。</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0046-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌中切牙切缘</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.牙根</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;单根、扁圆形,唇侧宽于舌侧。近远中根面可见纵向狭长凹陷,远中根面上的凹陷比近中根面上的凹陷略深,根中1/3横切面呈葫芦形,根尖略偏远中。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.牙颈</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;唇舌面牙颈线凸向根方。近远中面牙颈线凸向冠方,且近中颈曲度大于远中颈曲度。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(四)下颌侧切牙</p>
                    <p class="content">下颌侧切牙与下颌中切牙相似,但体积比下颌中切牙稍大。</p>
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                <div class="footer-container">028</div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="38">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(38) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.牙冠</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)唇面:外形为梯形,近中切角锐利,远中切角圆钝。近中缘平直,远中缘圆突。唇面沟嵴不明显。外形高点在颈1/3(图2-13)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)舌面:与下颌中切牙相似,但舌窝较浅,舌隆突较圆突,略偏远中,为舌面外形高点(图2-14)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0047-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌侧切牙唇面</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0047-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-14&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌侧切牙舌面</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)邻面:外形为三角形,近中面稍大于远中面,近远中外形高点均在切1/3,区别在于近中面外形高点更近切端(图2-15)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)切端:切缘略向远中倾斜,远中切角比近中切角更偏舌侧(图2-16)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0047-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-b">图2-15&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌侧切牙邻面</p>
                            <p class="imgdescript">A.近中面;B.远中面。</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0047-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌侧切牙切缘</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.牙根</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;单根、扁圆形,较下颌中切牙牙根稍长,近、远中根面凹陷更明显,根颈1/3处横切面呈扁圆形,根尖偏远中较明显。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.牙颈</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;唇舌面牙颈线凸向根方。近远中面牙颈线凸向冠方,且近中颈曲度大于远中颈曲度。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、任务实施</h3>
                    <p class="content">根据所学知识,在空格处填写解剖标志名称(图2-17)。</p>
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">029</div>
            </div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="39">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(39) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0048-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图2-17&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌中切牙唇面</p>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、任务评价</h3>
                    <p class="content">上颌中切牙牙体解剖形态描述评价见表2-1。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表2-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌中切牙牙体解剖形态描述评价表</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0048-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0023-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="quotation">上颌中切牙与上颌侧切牙的区别见表2-2。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表2-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌中切牙与上颌侧切牙的区别</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0048-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;完成右上颌中切牙形态描绘</h2>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0049-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" /></div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、任务导入</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        对中切牙形态描绘的练习,是进一步掌握牙体形态特征的有效途径,也能为牙体雕刻打下基础。图2-18示右上颌中切牙牙体线图,表2-3示右上颌中切牙牙体数据。根据图、表所示,要求能根据右上颌中切牙牙体数据,正确绘制右上颌中切牙各面牙体线图。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0049-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图2-18&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌中切牙牙体线图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.切端。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表2-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌中切牙的比例规格&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;单位:mm</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0049-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
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                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、任务分析</h3>
                    <p class="content">要完成右上颌中切牙牙体线图描绘这个任务,首先要读懂中切牙牙体线图,其次要掌握一定的绘图方法。详述如下。</p>
                    <p class="content">1.右上颌中切牙唇面、舌面线图认知要点见图2-19。上颌中切牙唇、舌面比例或形态特点见表2-4。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0050-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图2-19&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;唇、舌面线图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">A.唇面;B.舌面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">注意:舌侧有舌窝和边缘嵴结构,因此需要用曲线指示以与唇面区别。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表2-4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌中切牙唇、舌面比例或形态特点</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0050-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">2.右上颌中切牙近中面、远中面线图认知要点见图2-20。上颌中切牙近中、远中面比例或形态特点见表2-5。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0051-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图2-20&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;近中、远中面线图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">A.近中面;B.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">注意:舌侧切1/3线图可见两条曲线,这是因为自远中看到了较高的近中边缘嵴,实则靠近中线的为远中边缘嵴牙体线图,远离中线的为近中边缘嵴牙体线图。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表2-5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌中切牙近中、远中面比例或形态特点</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0051-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
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                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">3.右上颌中切牙切端线图认知要点见图2-21。上颌中切牙切端比例或形态特点见表2-6。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0052-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图2-21&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切端线图</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表2-6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌中切牙切端比例或形态特点</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0052-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、任务实施</h3>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)实训器材的准备</p>
                    <p class="content">右上颌中切牙牙体模型、右上颌中切牙3倍大牙体线图、直尺、HB铅笔、橡皮擦、素描纸、透明硫酸纸等。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)右上颌中切牙线图绘制</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.右上颌中切牙唇面、舌面线图绘制(以唇面为例,图2-22)</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:绘制线框及中线和冠根分界线。①描绘唇面线图的宽度和长度,形成线框;②标记近远中的中线和冠根分界线。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①冠宽和冠长之比约8∶5;②冠长和根长之比约1∶1。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:确定关键点。①近中外形高点;②远中外形高点;③近中冠根分界线;④远中冠根分界线;⑤牙颈线最低点;⑥根尖点。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①近中外形高点近切缘,远中外形高点低于近中外形高点;②根尖点在中线稍远中。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:绘制弧线。仔细观察牙齿线条走向,以步骤二提示的关键点绘制短弧线。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:使以上参照点成为弧线最突出的中心点。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:绘制其余线条。绘制弧线以外的牙体线条,完成牙体线图绘制。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①远中外形高点至根尖点几成直线;②近中切角近似直角,远中切角较近中切角圆钝。③牙颈线条内收。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0053-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图2-22&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌中切牙唇面线图</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.右上颌中切牙近中面、远中面线图绘制(以近中面为例,图2-23)</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:绘制线框、中线和冠根分界线。①描绘近中面线图的宽度和长度,形成线框;②标记唇舌冠厚的中线和冠根分界线。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①冠长和冠厚之比约8∶5;②冠长和根长之比约1∶1。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:确定关键点。①切缘;②唇面外形高点;③舌面外形高点;④颊侧冠根分界线;⑤舌侧冠根分界线;⑥牙颈线最高点;⑦根尖点。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:切缘、牙颈线最高点、根尖点在中线唇侧。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:绘制弧线。仔细观察牙齿线条走向,以步骤二提示的关键点绘制短弧线。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:使以上参照点成为弧线最突出的中心点。</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:绘制其余线条。绘制弧线以外的牙体线条,完成牙体线图绘制。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①唇侧外形高点至根尖点几成直线;②牙颈线条内收。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0054-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图2-23&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌中切牙近中面线图</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.右上颌中切牙切端线图绘制(图2-24)</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:绘制线框及中线。①描绘<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面图的宽度和厚度,形成线框;②标记冠宽和冠厚的中线。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①冠宽比冠厚约6∶5,冠宽略大;②注意区分近中面和远中面。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:确定关键点。①唇侧外形高点;②舌侧外形高点;③近中外形高点;④远中外形高点;⑤切缘。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①根据前面所学知识点准确定位关键点;②注意切缘在中线唇侧,呈翅形。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:绘制弧线。仔细观察牙齿线条走向,以步骤二提示的关键点绘制短弧线。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:使以上参照点成为弧线最突出的中心点。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:绘制其余线条。①绘制轴面外形高点线;②切缘;③绘制近远中边缘嵴。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:仔细观察四个轴面角留白的形状和大小,进一步观察切端线图。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0054-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图2-24&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌中切牙<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面线图</p>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、任务评价</h3>
                    <p class="content">上颌中切牙牙体线图各面形态描绘的评价标准见表2-7。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表2-7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌中切牙牙体线图评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0054-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
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                        <span class="header-title">项目二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0023-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">直线参照法牙体形态描绘技术</span></p>
                    <div class="floatPic-40">
                        <img class="openImgBox t100" src="../../assets/images/0055-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图2-25&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上中切牙唇面线图</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        牙体描绘是学习牙体形态、正确理解和掌握牙体外形特点的重要途径。在进行牙体描绘训练时,确定关键点后,将关键点连成直线,以直线线条做参照,仔细观察直线和牙体曲线的关系,进而描绘牙体曲线线图。具体方法如下。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">(一)右上中切牙唇面线图的描绘</p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        1.标记关键点并直线连接&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标记右上中切牙唇面线图近中外形高点A、远中外形高点B、切缘与方框上线重合的近中止点C和远中止点D、根尖点E,连接AC、CD、DB、BE、AE。观察直线和牙体线条的相对位置关系,如图2-25所示。
                    </p>
 
                    <p class="quotation">2.直线参照法牙体形态描绘步骤(图2-26)</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(1)步骤一:绘制线框中线。描绘唇面线图的宽度和长度,形成线框,并标记近远中的中线和冠根分界线。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">重点:①冠宽和冠长之比约3∶4;②冠长和根长之比约1∶1。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(2)步骤二:确定关键点。确定参考点A、B、C、D、E。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">重点:①A点近切缘,B点较A点远离切缘;②C点与近中边间距约等于D点与近中边间距;③E点在中线稍远中。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(3)步骤三:绘制弧线。连接AC、CD、DB、BE、AE,形成直线图。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(4)步骤四:绘制其余线条。参照直线和牙体线条相对位置关系,绘出唇面线图。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">重点:①‌CD、BE几与牙体线条重合,余牙体线条在直线外侧;②近中切角近似直角,远中切角较近中切角圆钝;③牙颈线条内收。</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
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                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0056-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图2-26&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上中切牙唇面直线参照法牙体形态描绘步骤</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="quotation">(二)右上中切牙近中面线图的描绘</p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        1.标记关键点并直线连接&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标记右上中切牙近中面线图近中外形高点A、远中外形高点B、切缘与方框上线重合的近中止点C和远中止点D、根尖点E,连接AC、CD、DB、BE、AE。观察直线和牙体线条的相对位置关系(图2-27)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t30" src="../../assets/images/0056-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图2-27&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上中切牙近中面线图关键点标记、直线连接</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="quotation">2.直线参照法牙体形态描绘步骤(图2-28)</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(1)步骤一:绘制线框、中线和冠根分界线。描绘近中面线图的宽度和长度,形成线框,并标记近远中的中线和冠根分界线。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">重点:①线框宽度窄于唇面线图线框,即冠厚小于冠宽;②冠厚和冠长之比约3∶5;③冠‌长和根长之比约1∶1。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(2)步骤二:确定关键点。确定参考点A、B、C、D。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">重点:①A、B点距牙颈线几乎相等,距牙颈线与距切端之比约为1∶6;②C点在中线稍远中;③D点较C点稍偏离远中。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(3)步骤三:绘制弧线。连接AC、AD、BC、BD,形成直线图。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(4)步骤四:绘制其余线条。参照直线和牙体线条相对位置关系,绘出近中面线图。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">重点:①BD、AC与牙体线条交叉,BC、AD在牙体线条内测;②牙颈线条内收;③近中颈线最高点高于A、B点。</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0057-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图2-28&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上中切牙近中面</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="quotation">(三)右上中切牙切端线图的描绘</p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        1.标记关键点并直线连接&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标记右上中切牙标记牙冠唇面、舌面、近中面、远中面A、B、D、C最高点,连接AC、AD、BC、BD,观察直线和牙体线条的相对位置关系(图2-29)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t30" src="../../assets/images/0057-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图2-29&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上中切牙切端线图关键点标记、直线连接</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="quotation">2.直线参照法牙体形态描绘步骤(图2-30)</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(1)步骤一:绘制线框、中线和冠根分界线。描绘切端观线图的宽度和长度,即冠宽和冠厚,形成线框,并标记线框中线。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">重点:①冠宽大于冠厚;②冠宽和冠厚之比约6∶5。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(2)步骤二:确定关键点。参考点A、B、C、D。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">重点:①A点略偏近中;②B点在中线上;③C点略偏唇面;④D点较C点更偏唇面。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(3)步骤三:绘制弧线。连接AC、AD、BC、BD,形成直线图。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(4)步骤四:绘制其余线条。参照直线和牙体线条相对位置关系,绘出线图。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">重点:①切端观线图整体呈圆三角形;②舌侧牙体较内收;③切缘呈翅形。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0057-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图2-30&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上中切牙切端</p>
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        <div class="page-box" page="49">
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                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;完成三倍大右上颌中切牙雕刻</h2>
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、任务导入</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        对上颌中切牙的雕刻练习,是掌握牙体形态特征的有效途径,有助于形成牙体形态的三维立体图像,为后续的专业课程打下形态学基础。按照放大三倍石膏牙雕刻要求,运用本节课的雕刻方法在石膏块上完成一颗三倍大右上颌中切牙雕刻。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、任务分析</h3>
                    <p class="content">要完成这个任务,需熟练掌握右上颌中切牙的形态特点,准确将三倍大右上颌中切牙线图描绘至石膏上,正确使用雕刻工具,从而顺利完成牙体雕刻。</p>
                    <p class="content">三倍大右上颌中切牙数据见表2-8。注意,在三倍大右上颌中切牙绘图及雕刻过程中,任意一面都不是单纯的平面,而是复杂的多个平面,在学习过程中,要有一定的空间思维能力。
                    </p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表2-8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌中切牙的比例规格&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;单位:mm</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0058-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0058-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" /></div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、任务实施</h3>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)实训器材的准备</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        71mm×26mm×22mm石膏块、三倍大右上颌中切牙数据表(表2-8)、三倍大右上颌中切牙线图(图2-31)、三倍大右上颌中切牙浮雕图(图2-32)、三倍大右上颌中切牙多面体线图(图2-33)、石膏切刀、雕刻刀、直尺、红蓝铅笔、储水盆、橡胶垫板等。
                    </p>
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        <div class="page-box" page="50">
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0059-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图2-31&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌中切牙线图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.切缘。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0059-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图2-32&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌中切牙浮雕图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.切缘。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0059-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图2-33&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌中切牙多面体线图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                                alt="" />面多面体;F.外形多面体。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)三倍大右上颌中切牙雕刻</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.三倍大右上颌中切牙雕刻——二面体的形成</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:标记石膏块的中线(图2-34)。</p>
 
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        <div class="page-box" page="51">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(51) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">用游标卡尺或者直尺测量出石膏块的宽度,用红蓝铅笔标记出石膏块的中线。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:红蓝铅笔不能太粗,可将笔芯直径削至0.5mm粗细。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:转移数据(图2-35)。</p>
                    <p class="content">根据放大三倍右上颌中切牙数据,在石膏块上标记出冠长、冠厚、根长。根据右上颌中切牙线图在石膏块上标记出切端顶点、唇面外形高点、舌面外形高点和牙根根尖位置。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:准确的数据是关键。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0060-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-34&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标记中线</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0060-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-35&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;转移数据</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:描绘右上颌中切牙近中面初步形态(图2-36)。</p>
                    <p class="content">用红蓝铅笔根据右上颌中切牙线图的形态特点,用圆缓的曲线在石膏块上描绘出右上颌中切牙近中面的线图。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:上颌中切牙的切端位于牙体长轴的唇侧。除规定的点外,可以多标记几个点,会更加准确。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:去除线外多余的石膏(图2-37)。</p>
                    <p class="content">用石膏切刀去除近远中面线图以外多余石膏,二面体形成。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:去除石膏时切削至线条标记处,但是要保留线条。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.三倍大右上颌中切牙雕刻——四面体的形成</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:标记石膏块的中线。</p>
                    <p class="content">用游标卡尺或者直尺测量出石膏块的宽度,用红蓝铅笔标记出石膏块的中线。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:转移数据。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        根据放大三倍右上颌中切牙数据,在石膏块上标记出冠长、冠宽、根长。根据右上颌中切牙线图在石膏块上标记出近中面外形高点、远中面外形高点、近远中面颈部最凹陷点和牙根根尖位置。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:准确的数据是关键。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:描绘右上颌中切牙唇面初步形态(图2-38)。</p>
                    <p class="content">用红蓝铅笔根据右上颌中切牙线图的形态特点,用圆缓的曲线在石膏块上描绘出右上颌中切牙唇面的线图。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:上颌中切牙的近中切角高,远中切角低,近中切角似直角,远中切角圆钝。除规定的点外,可以多标记几个点,那样可能会更加准确。</p>
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        <div class="page-box" page="52">
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:去除线外多余的石膏。</p>
                    <p class="content">用石膏切刀去除近远中面线图以外多余石膏,四面体形成。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:去除石膏时切削至线条标记处,但是要保留线条。</p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0061-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-36&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;近中面描绘图</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0061-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;二面体形成图</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0061-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-b">图2-38&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四面体的形成</p>
                            <p class="imgdescript">A.唇面描绘图;B.四面体形成图</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.三倍大右上颌中切牙雕刻——多面体的形成(图2-39、图2-40)</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:形成唇面多面体。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        参考放大三倍右上颌中切牙多面体线图,在石膏牙唇面上描绘出多面体图形,根据阴影部分的深浅去除多余的石膏。多面体线图上唇面的阴影是去除石膏的面积,而去除石膏的厚度取决于近远中面的阴影部分的深浅。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">注意:切削多面体时,不得损坏唇侧牙颈突度。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:形成舌面多面体。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        参考放大三倍右上颌中切牙多面体线图,在石膏牙舌面上描绘出多面体图形,根据阴影部分的深浅去除多余的石膏。舌面去除石膏的面积取决于舌面阴影部分的面积,而去除石膏的厚度取决于近远中面的阴影部分的深浅。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:形成近远中面多面体。</p>
                    <p class="content">参考放大三倍右上颌中切牙多面体线图,在石膏牙近远中面上描绘出多面体图形,根据阴影部分的深浅去除多余的石膏。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:在完成唇舌轴面角的过程中,近远中面的石膏去除已经完成。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:形成切端多面体。</p>
                    <p class="content">参考放大三倍右上颌中切牙多面体线图,在石膏牙切端面上描绘出多面体图形,根据阴影部分的深浅去除多余的石膏。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:上颌中切牙的切端近中切角高,远中切角低。</p>
 
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        <div class="page-box" page="53">
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0062-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图2-39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;多面体描绘图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.切缘。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0062-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图2-40&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;多面体切削完成</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.切缘。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.三倍大右上颌中切牙雕刻——四面成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:牙颈线的成形(图2-41、图2-42)。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)描绘勾勒牙颈线:参照右上颌中切牙线图,在石膏棒唇、舌、近、远中面精确描绘牙颈线。经检查合格后,将雕刻刀刃端垂直于牙面上,沿牙颈线刮去约0.2mm深的石膏,并沿牙颈线勾勒一周。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:近中面的颈曲度大于远中面。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)辅助线的绘制:在牙颈线冠方和根方各1mm处,绘制两条平行于牙颈线的辅助线。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        3)雕刻成形:自牙颈线根方1mm的线条处,使雕刻刀刃端与牙面成约45°角(具体方法可参见项目一任务三图1-49),沿该线向牙颈线方向刮除适量的石膏。以上操作完成后,牙颈部形态基本形成。上述步骤可适当重复进行,直至合乎要求为止。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">4)修整顺滑:仔细和浮雕图比对,修整牙颈线,使其连续顺滑。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:不能形成明显的台阶。</p>
 
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0063-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图2-41&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘颈缘线</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0063-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图2-42&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颈缘初步成形后</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:唇面的成形(图2-43~图2-46)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0063-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图2-43&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;唇面牙根成形前</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.近中面;C.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
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                <div class="footer-container">045</div>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="content">
                        1)唇面牙根的成形。参照浮雕图在石膏牙唇面牙根处描绘出唇面的最突出部分的连线,在牙根的近远中面描绘出近远中面的最突出部分的连线,根据最突出部分的斜面特点,也就是唇面牙根的形态结构特点,用石膏切刀采用横握式和直握式对唇面牙根进行大体形态的成形。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">注意:可以从唇面、近中面、远中面多角度观察是否切削到位。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0064-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图2-44&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;唇面牙根成形后</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.近中面;C.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        2)唇面牙冠的成形。①形成颈缘突度:颈缘突度即从近远中面到唇面近颈缘部分的弧度,在形成颈缘突度时,必须参照浮雕图,并观察浮雕图近颈缘部分的弧度,进而完成石膏的去除。②唇中三分之一的成形:形成近远中缘,同时注意修整近远中面唇1/3的形态。由于唇面较平坦,尤其是唇中1/3与切1/3部分,因此在完成唇面颈缘突度后,需去除唇面1/3部分石膏,使唇面中1/3较平坦状态,且与唇面颈1/3相连续。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0064-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图2-45&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;唇面成形前</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.近中面;C.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0065-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图2-46&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;唇面成形后</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.近中面;C.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:舌面的成形(图2-47、图2-48)。</p>
                    <p class="content">1)舌面牙根的成形:方法参考唇面牙根的成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:舌面牙根较隆突。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        2)舌窝的成形:①参考浮雕图,在浮雕图上画出舌面最突出部分的连线,这个最突出部分的连线实际也是舌面近远中边缘嵴与舌隆突最突出部分的连线和切嵴的连线,我们称之为外侧线。转移上述最突出部分的连线至石膏牙相应的位置,外侧线的外侧去除相应的石膏,形成近远中边缘嵴的近远中斜面部分,同时注意修整近远中面舌1/3的形态。②参考浮雕图,发现上颌中切牙舌面除最突出部分的连线外,还有最凹陷的部分的连线,我们称之为内侧面,描绘并去除两内侧线之间的石膏,形成舌窝部分。③去除外侧线与内侧线之间多余的石膏,形成近远中边缘嵴的舌窝斜面部分。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0065-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-47&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;舌面成形前</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0065-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-48&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;舌面成形后</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:近、远中面的成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        参考浮雕图,描绘出浮雕图上近远中面的最突出部分的连线。根据浮雕图上近远中面上最突出部分两侧斜面的特点,在石膏牙上去除多余的石膏,形成近远中面的形态。注意:近远中面的接触区的形态特点(图2-49、图2-50)。
                    </p>
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                <div class="footer-container">047</div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="57">
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0066-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-b">图2-49&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;近远中面成形前</p>
                            <p class="imgdescript">A.近中面;B.远中面。</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0066-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-b">图2-50&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;近远中面成形后</p>
                            <p class="imgdescript">A.近中面;B.远中面。</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(5)步骤五:切缘的成形(图2-51、图2-52)。</p>
                    <p class="content">1)参考浮雕图,描绘切缘形态,注意切缘的厚度。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)切削成形切缘形态,参考浮雕图对各轴面切1/3的形态进行修整。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:上颌中切牙的切缘有一定的厚度,呈鸟翅形的结构,在成形切缘时一定要注意切缘观唇舌面的特点,并适当地进行修整。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0066-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-51&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘切缘</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0066-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-52&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切缘成形后</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.三倍大右上颌中切牙雕刻——精雕完成(图2-53)</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:唇面发育沟的修整。</p>
                    <p class="content">仔细观察右上颌中切牙唇面浮雕图上两条发育沟的形态和位置,在石膏牙相应的位置用红蓝铅笔进行准确的描绘,用雕刻刀进行修整。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:唇面发育沟是牙在生长发育过程中形成的浅沟,所以该发育沟与唇面的融合度非常高,发育沟两侧的斜面斜度非常大,且衔接自然。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:轴面颈缘线的修整。</p>
                    <p class="content">再次准确的修整颈缘线,用雕刻刀在颈缘线上下进行切削,以使牙冠和牙根衔接自然。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:上颌中切牙的牙颈线为连续的圆缓的曲线。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:修饰牙体表面。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        在四面成形的基础上,用雕刻刀采用执笔式从根尖或从切端对牙体表面进行润饰,力求牙根表面光滑,牙根的近中面较远中面大,近中面牙根有较为明显的纵行隆突,牙根唇面宽于舌面,唇面相对较平坦,舌面窄小圆凸。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:牙体表面流畅性的检查。</p>
                    <p class="content">检查石膏牙各轴面的外形高点、邻接点、凹凸衔接的自然程度。</p>
 
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
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                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0067-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图2-53&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;放大三倍右上颌中切牙雕刻完成图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.切缘。</p>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、任务评价</h3>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表2-9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌中切牙石膏牙雕刻评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0067-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
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        <div class="page-box" page="59">
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0068-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0023-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">放大三倍右上颌侧切牙雕刻</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        在牙体修复的实际工作场景中,精准掌握各类牙体形态特点至关重要。切牙组作为前牙的关键组合,除大家熟悉的上颌中切牙外,还包括上颌侧切牙、下颌中切牙以及下颌侧切牙,且各个牙位均左右对称分布,各有一颗。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        此前,同学们已深入学习了最具典型性的上颌中切牙雕刻知识与技巧,然而,在日常实践操作里,上颌侧切牙的形态恢复也非常重要。为切实强化同学们在本学习任务中对切牙组不同牙位形态雕刻的全方位理解,提升实操动手能力,同时着力培养大家的自我探究精神,现布置如下实践任务。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        请同学们灵活运用之前所学的放大三倍右上颌中切牙雕刻方法及详细步骤,紧密结合提供的右上颌侧切牙线图(图2-54)、浮雕图(图2-55)及多面体图(图2-56),并依据‌表2-10中精准的三倍大上颌侧切牙数据,雕刻出一颗放大三倍的右上颌侧切牙。在完成雕刻作品后,总结归纳上颌中切牙与上颌侧切牙在形态方面存在的显著差异,通过对比分析深化对两种牙齿形态特点的认知,为未来应对复杂多变的口腔修复工作筑牢坚实基础。
                    </p>
 
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="imgtitle">表2-10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌侧切牙的比例规格&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;单位:mm</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0069-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0069-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图2-54&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌侧切牙线图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.切缘。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0069-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图2-55&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌侧切牙浮雕图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.切缘。</p>
                    </div>
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                <div class="footer-container">051</div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="61">
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0070-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图2-56&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌侧切牙多面体图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                                alt="" />面多面体;F.外形多面体。</p>
                    </div>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;完成等倍大右上颌中切牙牙体雕刻</h2>
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、任务导入</h3>
                    <p class="content">完成三倍大右上颌中切牙雕刻后,在规定的时间内按照等倍石膏牙雕刻模型、数据、线图、多面体图、浮雕图,规范安全的操作基础上,在石膏块上完成一颗等倍大右上颌中切牙雕刻。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、任务分析</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        要完成这个任务,需对右上颌中切牙的形态熟练掌握,并能准确地描绘等倍大右上颌中切牙线图,等倍大牙体雕刻较三倍大牙体雕刻更为精细、难度较大,因此,要求学习者操作更为严谨、认真。</p>
                    <p class="content">等倍大右上颌中切牙雕刻是指按照1∶1右上颌中切牙数据(表2-11)进行的上颌中切牙牙体雕刻。注意,上颌中切牙的任意一面都是不是单纯的平面,而是复杂的多面体。
                    </p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表2-11&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌中切牙的比例规格&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;单位:mm</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0070-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0070-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" /></div>
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                <footer class="footerstyle">052</footer>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、任务实施</h3>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)实训器材的准备</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        右上颌中切牙线图、等倍大右上颌中切牙雕刻模型1套、石膏块(15mm×15mm×55mm)、石膏切刀、雕刻刀、绘图铅笔、红蓝铅笔、游标卡尺、直尺、毛刷、储水盆、橡胶垫板等。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)等倍大右上颌中切牙雕刻</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.等倍大右上颌中切牙雕刻——石膏框架成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)步骤一:绘制框架及标志线、切削框架成形。用游标卡尺测量等倍大右上颌中切牙雕刻模型的冠长、冠宽、冠厚、根长。在石膏块上,用游标卡尺轻轻刻出各面的冠根分界线和中轴线,绘制牙体外形框架(图2-57)。用石膏切刀切掉框线以外的石膏,先修整平行的两侧,再修整另外两侧,四周应平整(图2-58)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">要求:雕刻等倍大右上颌中切牙的牙体总长是冠长加根长的总和。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0071-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-57&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;绘制框架</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0071-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-58&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切削框架成形</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:确定基准面。参照模型和牙线图确定唇面、舌面、近中面、远中面和切缘面。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.等倍大右上颌中切牙雕刻——二面体成形</span></p>
 
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)步骤一:描绘唇舌面外形。参照等倍大右上颌中切牙雕刻模型和右上颌中切牙线图,将模型唇舌面与石膏块重合,在石膏块的唇舌面标出切缘的位置,将所测牙颈宽数据转移到石膏块上,参照右上颌中切牙雕刻模型的唇舌面轮廓外形,描绘出唇舌面的牙体外形线(图2-59)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">要求:转移的参照点要准确,唇舌面的牙体外形线应为细线且线条流畅。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:唇舌面切削成形。用石膏切刀沿唇舌面边缘线上下推拉切削,形成唇舌面外形(图2-60)。</p>
                    <p class="content">要求:不得损坏外形高点的突度,恰好切到线,不要切掉线,轴面外形轮廓需与右上颌中切牙线图一致。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0072-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-b">图2-59&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘唇舌面外形</p>
                            <p class="imgdescript">A.唇面;B.舌面。</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0072-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-b">图2-60&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;二面体成形</p>
                            <p class="imgdescript">A.唇面;B.舌面。</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.等倍大右上颌中切牙雕刻——四面体成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)步骤一:描绘近远中面外形。参照等倍大右上颌中切牙雕刻模型和右上颌中切牙线图,将模型近中面、远中面与石膏块重合,在石膏块的近远中面标出切缘的位置,将所测牙颈厚数据转移到石膏块上,参照右上颌中切牙模型的近远中轮廓外形,描绘近远中面的牙体外形线(图2-61)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">要求:同二面体描绘。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0072-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图2-61&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘近远中面外形</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">A.近中面;B.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:近远中面切削成形。用石膏切刀沿近远中边缘线上下推拉切削,形成近远中面外形(图2-62)。</p>
                    <p class="content">要求:同二面体成形。</p>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0073-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图2-62&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四面体成形</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.等倍大右上颌中切牙雕刻——多面体成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)步骤一:正确描绘多面体的各个轴面。参照右上颌中切牙雕刻模型切端面观,在石膏块上画出多面体外形的边缘线与中轴线的角度,各个轴面最突出部分的连线,冠根分界线与外形高点之间的连线(图2-63)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">要求:尽可能使多面体边缘线与右上颌中切牙线图相一致。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:切削多面体。按照多面体边缘线切削各斜面,最终形成多面体(图2-64)。</p>
                    <p class="content">要求:切削多面体时,不得损坏唇侧牙颈突度。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0073-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图2-63&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切端面与多面体位置关系参照图</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0073-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图2-64&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;多面体成形</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
 
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.等倍大右上颌中切牙雕刻——四面成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:唇面成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)唇面近远中缘成形:参照右上颌中切牙雕刻模型,在石膏块上标记出近远中缘的位置。从切缘面观察近唇轴面角、远唇轴面角的角度,用雕刻刀进行切削,形成近唇轴面角、远唇轴面角。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)唇侧颈部成形:标记出唇面近远中线角和牙颈部狭窄部分,形成唇侧牙颈线。</p>
                    <p class="content">3)唇面中1/3成形:参照右上颌中切牙雕刻模型,用雕刻刀修整唇面中部多余的石膏,使之平坦,与唇侧颈部流畅连接。</p>
                    <p class="content">4)唇面发育沟成形:在距离近远中缘约1/4冠宽处,分别沿与近远中边缘平行的方向用铅笔描绘出2条发育沟,注意雕刻不宜太深,发育沟的凹陷需与周围突出部分流畅连接。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        要求:从唇面观察,近中切角近似直角,远中切角圆钝,近中缘和切缘较直,远中缘略突。从切缘面观察,近唇轴面角锐利,远唇轴面角圆钝,近唇轴面角高于远唇轴面角(图2-65)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:舌面成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)舌面近远中边缘嵴成形:参照右上颌中切牙雕刻模型,在石膏块舌面描绘近远中边缘嵴的内侧边缘线。用雕刻刀沿该边缘线刻出沟,使舌侧近远中边缘嵴有一定的高度。参照模型近远中边缘嵴的高度、边缘嵴的长度和宽度雕刻近远中边缘嵴。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">2)舌侧切缘成形:参照右上颌中切牙雕刻模型在石膏块舌面描绘切缘形态。用雕刻刀从舌侧切削,使其与舌窝、舌侧近远中边缘嵴流畅连接。</p>
                    <p class="content">3)舌窝成形:参照模型用铅笔描绘出舌窝的位置和形态,用雕刻刀雕出凹形舌窝。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        4)舌隆突和牙根成形:参照模型,用铅笔描绘出舌隆突的形态,在舌隆突根方的左右两侧各画一条直线,沿该线切割多余的石膏。从切缘面观察舌隆突,正确形成舌隆突的形态,并与牙根流畅连接。</p>
                    <p class="content">要求:近中边缘嵴长、窄、锐利,远中边缘嵴短、宽、圆钝,舌隆突与舌侧近远中边缘嵴及近远中牙颈线流畅连接,舌窝不宜太深(图2-66)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0074-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-65&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;唇面成形</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0074-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-66&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;舌面成形</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)步骤三:邻面成形。描绘出舌侧近远中边缘嵴,用雕刻刀从近远中轴面角起,沿外形高点下方由唇侧向舌侧平直内收,直到舌侧近远中边缘嵴附近,牙根需与牙冠流畅连接(图2-67)。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">6.等倍大右上颌中切牙雕刻——切端成形</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;从切端面观察,与右上颌中切牙雕刻模型比较,进一步调整唇舌面外形。
                    </p>
 
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="content">需注意切端的厚度,调整切端外形(图2-68)。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">7.等倍大右上颌中切牙雕刻——牙颈线成形</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;参照模型,用铅笔在石膏块各面描绘出颈曲线,然后用雕刻刀与石膏块牙冠表面成45°角进行牙颈线的雕刻,调整牙冠与牙根的形态。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">要求:近中颈曲度大于远中颈曲度,唇侧牙颈线不得低于舌侧。颈线各处的宽度、深度需协调一致,流畅连接。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">8.等倍大右上颌中切牙雕刻——精修完成</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;参照模型,检查各部分尺寸,精修完成(图2-69)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0075-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-b">图2-67&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;邻面成形</p>
                            <p class="imgdescript">A.近中面成形;B.远中面成形。</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0075-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-68&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切端成形</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0075-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图2-69&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;精修完成</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.切端面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、任务评价</h3>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表2-12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌中切牙石膏牙雕刻评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0075-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
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                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0076-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0023-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">上颌中切牙的比例关系</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">上颌中切牙位于面部中线两侧,其高度、宽度以及与邻牙的比例关系,会影响面部的整体比例。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        “牙体比例=宽度/高度,上颌中切牙的牙体比例约为80%,下颌中切牙的牙体比例约为60%”。这一比例在口腔美学中具有重要意义,当修复或正畸治疗涉及中切牙时,医生会尽量使中切牙的形态符合这一比例,以达到更好的美观效果。如果中切牙的比例偏离较大,可能会导致牙齿看起来过长、过短、过宽或过窄,影响面部整体的美观与协调。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">“两上颌中切牙:两颧突宽度约为1∶6.5”,是一种面部比例关系。这一比例在美学评估和口腔<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面相关领域有一定的参考价值,它反映了面部中央牙齿宽度与两侧颧突宽度之间的相对尺寸关系。符合这一比例时,面部可能呈现出较为协调、美观的视觉效果,有助于维持面部整体的平衡与和谐。如果比例偏离较大,可能会影响面部的美观程度,比如两上颌中切牙过宽或两颧突过窄,会使面部看起来不协调。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        “两上颌中切牙:两下颌中切牙约为1.5∶1”,则体现了上下颌中切牙之间的宽度比例关系,对于判断上下牙弓及前牙区的美观和协调程度有重要参考价值。在口腔修复、正畸等治疗中,遵循这些比例关系有助于恢复或塑造更自然、美观的面部及牙列形态,提升患者的面部美观度和口腔功能。
                    </p>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;完成牙列中等倍大右上颌中切牙滴蜡塑形</h2>
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、任务导入</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        上颌中切牙在食物咀嚼过程中发挥着至关重要的作用,它们位于上颌骨的最前端,是口腔中最早萌发的牙齿之一。这些牙齿不仅在咀嚼时负责切割食物,还对发音清晰、美观以及引导下颌运动等方面起着关键作用。上颌中切牙的形态和位置对于发音的准确性至关重要,因此在语言交流中扮演着不可或缺的角色。同时,它们还参与前牙的引导功能,在下颌运动时,下颌前牙沿着上颌前牙的舌侧边缘嵴滑动,确保磨牙仅轻微接触或仅个别牙齿接触,从而减少后牙的磨损,保护整个牙颌系统的健康。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        通过蜡滴塑形的方式完成牙齿形态,既是进一步掌握牙体形态特征的有效途径,也能提高牙科修复和美容的精确度,改善牙齿的外观和功能。在本任务中,将深入实践中切牙的滴蜡塑形技巧。通过亲手操作,对中切牙的结构有更深刻的理解,并在精益求精的工匠精神指引下,提升自己的专业技能,为未来的牙科医疗工作打下坚实基础。
                    </p>
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                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、任务分析</h3>
                    <p class="content">完成这个任务要熟知上颌中切牙的形态和功能,学会控制蜡的温度及滴塑的方法流程。</p>
                    <p class="content">1.右上颌中切牙形态,详见本项目任务一。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.中切牙在牙尖交错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />、前伸运动、侧方运动时的对位关系、覆<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />覆盖及功能。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(1)牙尖交错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />(ICO):在牙尖交错位时,上颌中切牙的舌侧边缘嵴应与下颌中切牙及下颌侧切牙的近中切缘接触。这种接触方式使得下颌在咀嚼运动中能够平稳移动,避免牙齿间的干扰(图2-70、图2-71)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0078-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-70&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;正常牙尖交错<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />正面</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0078-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-71&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;正常牙尖交错<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />侧面</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="floatPic-40l">
                        <img class="openImgBox t100" src="../../assets/images/0078-11.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图2-72&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前牙覆<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />覆盖关系</p>
                    </div>
 
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)前伸运动:当下颌进行前伸运动并达到对刃咬合时,下颌前牙沿着上颌前牙舌侧边缘嵴滑行,其轨迹应与颞下颌关节结节后斜面的弧度相似。这一过程确保了下颌运动的顺畅,并减轻后牙的磨损。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)侧方运动:在侧向运动时,上颌中切牙的导向功能更为重要。上颌中切牙的舌侧边缘嵴应与下颌中切牙及侧切牙的相应部位接触,而下颌的其他牙齿则可能不接触或轻度接触。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(4)覆<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />:牙尖交错<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />时上颌牙盖过下颌牙唇、颊面的垂直距离。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)覆盖:牙尖交错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />时上颌牙盖过下颌牙的水平距离(图2-72)。</p>
 
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.上颌中切牙代型(牙体预备)要求</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)切斜面:去除切端石膏(牙体组织)量1.5~2.0mm,将切端与牙体长轴呈45°的舌斜面。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)唇面:均匀去除唇面石膏(牙体组织)1.0~1.5mm石膏(牙体组织)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)舌面:沿舌面解剖外形均匀去除唇面石膏(牙体组织)1.0~1.5mm。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (4)邻面:沿牙邻面颊舌向潜行性磨除,不断矫正磨除方向,直至预备出足够的间隙。磨切时应注意邻面预备方向与就位道一致,2个邻面轴壁方向相互平行或向切端聚合2°~5°。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)肩台:往龈下0.5mm处将唇、邻、舌面牙颈部预备成宽度约1mm的90°或135°肩台(不可残留无机釉)。</p>
 
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                        <span class="header-title">项目二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">(6)代型制作外形轮廓应与原中切牙近似,前伸与侧方运动均没有<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />干扰,保证咬合时,牙齿与各个方向不会早接触,影响咀嚼和切咬食物。在实际修复运用中去除石膏(牙体组织)的量可根据患者牙体颜色、所选择修复材料等进行调整。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.上颌中切牙牙体滴塑的操作流程</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌中切牙滴塑操作流程见图2-73。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0079-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图2-73&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌中切牙操作流程</p>
                    </div>
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、任务实施</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0077-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)实训器材的准备</p>
                    <p class="content">右上颌中切牙牙体预备完成代型、滴蜡器、蜡、熔蜡器、标记笔、直尺、软毛刷、雕刻刀等。</p>
                    <div class="floatPic-40">
                        <img class="openImgBox t100" src="../../assets/images/0079-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图2-74&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;涂布分离剂</p>
                    </div>
 
 
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)右上颌中切牙滴蜡塑形</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.右上颌中切牙滴蜡塑形——涂分离剂</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在上颌中切牙预备体表面均匀涂布一层分离剂,达过颈缘线2mm以下,多余部分可用吸水纸除去(图2-74)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.右上颌中切牙滴蜡塑形——堆内衬蜡</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;分离剂干燥后,画出代型颈缘线。手持代型,切端朝下,用加热好的滴蜡器蘸取适量内衬蜡,厚度约为0.3mm,从颈缘根方1mm处向切端纵向移动加蜡,重复数次,直至内衬蜡均匀覆盖整个牙体预备的区域(图2-75、图2-76)。注意:加第二刀蜡时应覆盖前一刀蜡宽度的1/2,以保证蜡衔接良好。内衬蜡的主要作用是有利于冠和代型的密合,同时也因为内衬蜡的黏度大、脆性小,有利于脱模。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0079-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-75&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;堆内衬蜡</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0079-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-76&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;完成堆内衬蜡</p>
                        </div>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.右上颌中切牙滴蜡塑形——画辅助线</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;使用铅笔分别绘制参照牙和制作牙的唇舌面颈曲线顶点与切缘中点的连线,以及邻面颈曲线顶点与切角的连线,作为辅助线,以帮助确定近远中切角的位置(图2-77、图2-78)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0080-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图2-77&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;对照牙参照线</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.舌面;C.近中邻面;D.远中邻面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0080-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图2-78&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;塑形牙参照线</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.舌面;C.近中邻面;D.远中邻面。</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.右上颌中切牙滴蜡塑形——切缘塑形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)步骤一:确定切缘中点。先测量参照牙切缘中点到颈缘的高度(图2-79),然后在制作牙的唇面辅助线上,从切缘处垂直向上堆积蜡,形成蜡柱。蜡柱的顶端到颈曲线的顶点的距离应与参照牙相同(图2-80)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0081-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图2-79&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;测量参照牙切缘中点到颈缘高度</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0081-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-80&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;参照对照牙形成蜡柱</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)步骤二:确定近、远中切角的位置。两个切角蜡柱的方向均是向切端方向,且蜡柱还向近中,从邻面观察,蜡柱位于辅助线的延长线上,而远中切角蜡柱还向远中并略偏舌侧,从邻面观察,蜡柱位于辅助线舌侧。测量参照牙切缘中点到近、远中切角的距离,以及近、远中切角到颈曲线顶点的距离,使制作牙近、远中切角的位置与参照牙一致(图2-81)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">注意:近中切角稍高于远中角,远中切角较近中切角略偏舌侧。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)步骤三:形成切缘。用蜡连接近、远中切角和切缘中点的蜡柱(图2-82),形成切缘,在确保切缘轮廓与参照牙相符后,进行细致的修整。在修整过程中,需细致观察蜡的堆积情况,避免出现过厚或过薄的现象,确保切缘的流畅与自然。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0081-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-81&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;确定近、远中切角形成蜡柱</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0081-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-82&nbsp;&nbsp;蜡连接近、远中切角和切缘中点的蜡柱</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.右上颌中切牙滴蜡塑形——唇面塑形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)步骤一:重塑唇面外形高点。测量参考牙外形高点位置(颈1/3处-颈嵴),在制作牙上做标记,沿着颈曲线方向加蜡,高度以标记线为准(图2-83)。从切端观察,唇面的近中曲率应大于远中,因此在外形高点的近中部分多加一些蜡,以增加近中部分的曲率。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:形成近、远中缘。用铅笔在参考牙上画出近、远中缘,观察近、远中缘形态及曲率特征。连接近远中切角与颈部的蜡形,形成近远中缘(图2-84)。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:近中缘长且直,远中缘短且突;远中缘曲率大于近中缘曲率。</p>
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                    <p class="content">
                        (3)步骤三:形成唇面切端部分。唇面切端部分向舌侧回收。用标记笔画出唇面切1/3标记线,并用直尺测量高度,然后在制作牙上做标记。先在标记处水平堆一蜡条,然后从蜡条向切缘方向堆蜡(图2-85),雕刻刀修整形成切1/3的形态。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:完成唇面形态。在确保切1/3形态流畅后,继续对唇面中部进行精细雕刻,完成颈嵴、发育沟等整个唇面的细节,并与参考牙保持一致(图2-86)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0082-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-83&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;沿着颈曲线方向加蜡</p>
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                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0082-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-84&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成近远中缘</p>
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                    <div class="image-row1">
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                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0082-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-85&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;初步形成唇面</p>
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                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0082-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图2-86&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;雕刻刀修整完成唇面形态</p>
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                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">6.右上颌中切牙滴蜡塑形——舌面塑形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:塑造舌隆突。标记参照牙舌隆突的最高点,测量其与颈缘的距离,并在制作牙上做相应标记。用蜡刀蘸蜡在颈部加蜡,形成半月形的舌隆突(图2-87)。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)步骤二:塑造近、远中边缘嵴。在参照牙的近、远中边缘嵴上画线,观察其形态特点。近中边缘嵴较长且直,略窄;远中边缘嵴较短且圆突,比近中边缘嵴略宽。用蜡连接近远中切角与舌隆突,形成近、远中边缘嵴(图2-88)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0082-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-87&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;塑造舌隆突</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0082-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-88&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成近、远中边缘嵴</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:塑造切嵴。在切缘舌侧,沿水平方向堆蜡,形成切嵴,中间稍厚,两侧较薄。与下颌切牙的切缘共同行使切割功能。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:完成舌面形态。在舌面框架内薄薄堆一层蜡,并用雕刻刀刮平,形成舌窝(图2-89)。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">7.右上颌中切牙滴蜡塑形——邻面塑形</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在两个邻面框架内堆蜡,形成邻面,近远中邻面外高点均在切1/3,近中面靠近切角,远中面离切角稍远,须在这两处多加蜡,形成两个面的外形高点,并确保邻面蜡型与相邻牙的邻接关系相匹配,以保持牙列的协调与均衡(图2-90)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">8.右上颌中切牙滴蜡塑形——咬合检查</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;代型复位至<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />架,检查牙尖交错位时上颌中切牙与对<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />牙的咬合接触点是否正确。在<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />上模仿下颌前伸运动,进一步检查中切牙导向形成的轨迹。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">9.右上颌中切牙滴蜡塑形——精修</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用雕刻刀去颈缘以上2mm的雕刻蜡,取出和代入冠,在颈缘处加2mm的颈缘蜡,使颈部与冠颈缘线完全贴合。精修、抛光,完成最终形态(图2-91)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0083-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-89&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;完成舌面形态</p>
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                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0083-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图2-90&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;堆塑邻面</p>
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                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0083-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图2-91&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;精修完成</p>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、任务评价</h3>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表2-13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌中切牙蜡型滴塑评价标准</p>
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                <div class="footer-container">065</div>
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                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
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                        <span class="header-title">项目二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0023-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">右上颌中切牙贴面的蜡型制作</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">中切牙各面的蜡型滴塑通过学习和训练相信已经有所掌握,接下来请试试右上颌中切牙贴面的蜡型制作。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(一)操作步骤</p>
                    <p class="quotation">1.模型准备与设计确认</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(1)检查右上颌中切牙石膏模型完整性。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(2)用铅笔标记贴面覆盖范围(唇面、切端及邻面)。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(3)确认边缘线位置(通常位于釉质层,龈缘0.5mm以上)。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">2.涂布分离剂</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(1)用毛笔均匀涂布模型分离剂。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(2)吹干至形成透明薄膜。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">3.滴塑唇面基底</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(1)用滴蜡器沿颈缘1/3开始分层滴蜡。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(2)控制厚度:颈缘0.3mm→中部0.5mm→切端过渡区。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(3)形成流畅的“U”形弧形外展隙。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">4.唇面形态雕刻</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(1)用#7蜡刀雕刻近远中发育沟。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(2)塑造唇面三个生理性凸度(颈嵴、中嵴、切嵴)。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(3)模拟牙体近中微突的视觉特征。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">5.切端半透明处理</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(1)切端1/3处追加透明蜡(厚度0.8~1.0mm)。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(2)制作45°斜面过渡。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(3)用热蜡勺营造“乳光”效果。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">6.邻面精修</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(1)保留0.2mm邻间隙。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(2)接触点定位于切1/3近中区。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(3)用球钻修整邻面边缘线。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">7.最终校准</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(1)用20μm厚度测量尺检测各区域。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(2)检查咬合:前伸/侧方运动无干扰。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(3)边缘线抛光:蜡铲45°斜面修整。</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
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                    <p class="quotation">(二)质检要点</p>
                    <p class="quotation">1.透光性&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切端可见渐变半透明层。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">2.表面纹理&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;保留轻微橘皮样质感。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">3.龈缘形态&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;与游离龈保持0.5mm生理间隙。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0086-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
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                    <p class="right-info">(李少华&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;石震&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牛月月)</p>
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<script>
export default {
    name: "chapterTwo",
    props: {
        showPageList: {
            type: Array,
        },
        data() {
            return {};
        },
    },
};
</script>
 
<style></style>