zhongshujie
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<template>
    <div class="chapter" num="4">
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h2 class="secondTitle1"><span class="underline">&nbsp;模块三&nbsp;</span></h2>
                    <h1 class="firstTitle-l1">急救技术</h1>
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                    <h2 class="secondTitle">项目九&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;血压测量</h2>
 
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)树立良好的健康服务意识,培养尊重患者、关注细节的人文关怀精神。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)具备严谨求实的态度,重视血压测量的规范性和准确性,确保结果的临床价值。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:血压测量的方法,包括袖带的佩戴位置、听诊的方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:测量前患者的状态准备、体位的摆放、环境的要求等注意事项,确保读数准确。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:血压测量中可能出现的误差来源及常见问题(如袖带过紧、患者焦虑等)及其应对方法。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)能规范、熟练地使用血压计独立完成血压测量,正确读数并记录结果。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)能根据患者状态,灵活应对测量过程中的特殊情况。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)能针对测量结果与患者进行有效沟通,初步判断其血压水平并给予基本健康指导建议。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,男,68岁。头痛、恶心一天。临床检查及辅助检查后诊断为高血压2级。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">高血压的判定标准是什么?</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0123-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0123-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、定义</h4>
                    <p class="content">血压测量是通过人工方法来检测个体动脉中的血液对血管壁产生的压力。这个压力值反映了心脏收缩和舒张时推动血液流动的力量,是评估心血管系统健康状况的重要指标之一。
                    </p>
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                <div class="footer-container">099</div>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
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                    <p class="content">
                        根据《中国高血压防治指南》的标准,正常血压为收缩压90~139mmHg,舒张压60~89mmHg。至少3次非同日测量血压值,收缩压≥140mmHg和/或舒张压≥90mmHg即可诊断为高血压。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、作用</h4>
                    <p class="content">1.评估健康状况&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;通过测量血压,可及时发现血压的异常情况,评估健康状况。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        2.预防心脑血管疾病&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;高血压是心脑血管疾病的高危因素,通过测量血压,可及早发现高血压,采取有效的控制措施,预防心脑血管疾病的发生。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        3.监测治疗效果&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;对于已有高血压的患者,定期测量血压可监测治疗效果,了解药物或生活方式改变对血压的改善情况,从而调整治疗方案。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、物品准备</h4>
                    <p class="content">需要准备的物品包括血压计和听诊器。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、操作步骤</h4>
                    <p class="content">血压的测量包括直接测量法和间接测量法,临床常用的为间接测量法——血压计测量。</p>
                    <p class="content">血压计测量的步骤如下。</p>
                    <p class="content">1.洗手戴口罩,备齐用物,做好解释工作,嘱受检查安静休息5~10分钟。协助受检者取舒适体位。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.受检者采取卧位或坐位,裸露被测上肢,伸直并轻度外展,掌心向上,肱动脉与心脏在同一水平线上(坐位平第4肋间、卧位平腋中线)。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        3.放平血压计,打开水银槽开关(检查血压计水银柱顶端是否在“0”点水平),驱尽袖带内的空气,将袖带平整地缠于上臂的中部,袖带下缘应在肘窝横纹上2~3cm,松紧程度以能放进一手指为宜。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.戴好听诊器,找到肱动脉,将听诊头在手心中捂热后,放在肱动脉波动最明显的地方,用手固定。</p>
                    <p class="content">5.关闭输气球气门,打气至肱动脉搏动消失,再升高20~30mmHg,以4mmHg/s左右的速度缓慢放气听肱动脉波动,视线与汞柱的弯月面在同一水平线上。</p>
                    <p class="content">6.在听诊器中听到第一声波动时,汞柱所指的刻度即为收缩压;当波动音突然变弱或消失时,汞柱所指的刻度即为舒张压。</p>
                    <p class="content">7.测量完成后,驱尽袖带内的空气,右倾45°,关闭水银槽开关,卷平袖带放入血压计盒内,关闭血压计盒盖。</p>
                    <p class="content">8.测量结束后,立即记录血压,包括测量日期、时间、左臂右臂、有无用药物及药物剂量。</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目九&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;血压测量</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">五、操作要点</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.保持稳定状态</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;血压测量前,受检者需安静休息5~10分钟,以确保测量的准确性。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.调整血压计</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;测量前水银柱应处于归零状态,排空袖带内的空气。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.测量体位</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;肱动脉与心脏在同一水平线上。听诊器放在肱动脉波动最明显的地方。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.记录数据</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;确保数据的真实。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">血压测量的操作评价标准见表9-1。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表9-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;血压测量的操作评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0125-01.jpg" alt=""
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                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0029-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
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                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">毫厘系生命,规范显担当</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        血压测量结果的准确性对患者健康状况的评估、心血管风险的判断及治疗方案的制订有重要影响。作为医学生,须掌握血压测量的每一环节,包括测量前的准备、听诊器的放置、动脉波动音的识别与记录,这直接关系到临床诊断的正确性和治疗的有效性,是我们对患者健康负责的体现,也是我们迈向合格医疗工作者的必经之路。
                    </p>
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                <div class="footer-container">101</div>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0126-01.jpg" alt=""
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                    <p class="right-info">(刘洪利&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;王静)</p>
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                    <h2 class="secondTitle">项目十&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;吸氧及心肺复苏技术</h2>
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;吸氧术</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)树立以患者安全为核心的临床意识,具备良好的团队协作精神与职业责任感。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)在实施瓶式吸氧术过程中,注重与患者及同事的有效沟通,提升综合职业素养。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:瓶式吸氧术的操作步骤、器械使用方法及注意事项。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:瓶式吸氧的注意事项。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:轻中重度缺氧时氧流量的调节范围。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)能根据患者的病情正确评估吸氧指征,独立完成瓶式吸氧术操作。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)能规范设置氧流量,监测患者在吸氧过程中的生命体征,及时发现和处理异常情况。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)能完成氧疗流程,并与患者解释吸氧的目的及注意事项,提高患者的治疗依从性。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        患者,男,77岁,因呼吸困难入院。查体:体温36.5℃,心率121次/分,呼吸26次/分,血压176/94mmHg,处于清醒状态。有窒息感,端坐呼吸,面色苍白、脉搏细速、烦躁不安、双下肢水肿、咳粉红色泡沫痰、双肺闻及湿啰音。血气分析显示动脉血氧分压(PaO<span
                            class="sub">2</span>)45mmHg,动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO<span class="sub">2</span>)40mmHg,动脉血氧饱和度(SaO<span
                            class="sub">2</span>)75%,pH7.40。需给予吸氧、镇静、扩张动静脉、利尿等处理。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">在治疗过程中,哪种措施能使患者的呼吸困难得到最快缓解?</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0127-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0127-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
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                <div class="footer-container">103</div>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
 
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、定义</h4>
                    <p class="content">吸氧术是指通过给氧,提高动脉血氧分压(PaO<span class="sub">2</span>)和动脉血氧饱和度(SaO<span
                            class="sub">2</span>),增加动脉血氧含量,纠正各种原因造成的缺氧状态,促进组织的新陈代谢,维持机体生命活动的一种治疗方法。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、作用</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.提高PaO<span class="sub">2</span>和SaO<span
                                class="sub">2</span></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;通过向患者提供氧气,能有效提升患者PaO<span
                            class="sub">2</span>和SaO<span class="sub">2</span>,进而有效缓解并纠正由多种病因所导致的组织缺氧状况。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.支持重要器官功能</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;对于患有心脑血管疾病及呼吸系统疾病的患者,通过氧气吸入,可以使其心、脑、肝、肾等重要器官的功能得到有效支持,有助于患者的康复和治疗。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.辅助治疗疾病</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;吸氧对心绞痛、心肌梗死等心脑血管疾病及肺气肿、哮喘等呼吸系统疾病有辅助治疗作用,可预防或缓解相关症状。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、物品准备</h4>
                    <p class="content">需要准备的物品包括氧气筒及氧气表装置1套,治疗盘内备鼻导管2根、胶布2条、橡胶管1根、玻璃接管、棉签、纱布、扳手、弯盘、治疗碗(内盛清水)、用氧记录单、笔、乙醇。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、操作步骤</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.术前准备工作</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)了解患者目前的病情与治疗情况。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)了解患者的缺氧状况、血气分析的结果。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)检查患者的鼻腔有无分泌物堵塞,有无鼻中膈弯曲。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)查看氧气瓶“空、满”标志,保证环境温湿度适宜、安静、整洁、禁止明火、避开热源,在房间内或门上贴用氧安全的标记。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.吸氧术的流程</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)携用物至床旁,核对床号、姓名,向患者解释操作目的,并取得患者同意。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)打开总开关,使小量氧气流出吹去灰尘,随即关好总开关。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)将氧气表螺帽与氧气筒的螺丝接头衔接,扳手固定。使氧气表必须与地平面垂直并连接紧密,连接通气管、湿化瓶,关闭流量表开关,打开总开关检查各衔接部分是否漏气。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(4)检查患者鼻腔,用湿棉签清洁鼻腔并检查,取出氧气导管并连接,注意手不可接触吸氧管两端。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)打开流量表开关,调节流量。</p>
                    <p class="content">(6)湿润氧气导管,检查氧气导管是否通畅。</p>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目十&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;吸氧及心肺复苏技术</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">(7)将氧气导管轻轻插入患者鼻腔,插管时动作轻柔。如患者无不适,将导管环绕双耳向下调整松紧。</p>
                    <p class="content">(8)告知患者吸氧时的注意事项。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (9)手消毒,记录用氧时间和流量。成人及儿童轻度缺氧1~2L/min、中度缺氧2~4L/min、重度缺氧4~6L/min,在吸氧过程中要密切观察患者缺氧改善情况及有无氧疗副作用,待缺氧改善,遵医嘱停氧。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(10)停氧</p>
                    <p class="content">1)携用物至床旁,做好核对解释。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)取下吸氧导管,用纱布擦拭口鼻分泌物。</p>
                    <p class="content">3)观察压力表指示刻度,关闭总开关,放出余气,再关闭流量开关。</p>
                    <p class="content">4)卸下湿化瓶,卸下氧气表。</p>
                    <p class="content">5)手消毒,记录氧气筒内剩余氧气压力,取下吸氧卡记录停氧时间。</p>
                    <p class="content">6)安置患者躺卧舒适,整理床单位。</p>
                    <p class="content">7)分类整理用物,洗手。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">五、注意事项</h4>
                    <p class="content">1.根据病情决定给氧的种类,按需调节氧流量。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.氧气筒内的氧气不可用尽,以防再次充氧时引起爆炸。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.密切观察患者血气分析的结果及缺氧症状是否改善。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.持续吸氧者应每班更换鼻导管,双侧鼻腔交替插管。</p>
                    <p class="content">5.若为中心供氧装置,取下鼻导管后,关闭流量表开关。</p>
                    <p class="content">6.记录停止用氧的时间、用氧的效果。</p>
                    <p class="content">7.分类消毒以防交叉感染。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">吸氧术的操作评价标准见表10-1。</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
 
                    <p class="imgtitle">表10-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;吸氧术的操作评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0129-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;人工呼吸</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)树立尊重生命、关爱伤患的职业理念,增强急救意识与社会责任感。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)具备职业责任感,在紧急救援中敢于担当,沉着应对,体现良好的专业素养。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:人工呼吸的标准操作步骤,包括开放气道、通气频率等技术要点。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:常用人工呼吸的适应情境与操作方式。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:实施人工呼吸前对患者的评估和安全检查流程,以及操作中的注意事项。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)能迅速判断患者是否需要人工呼吸,及时采取正确的急救措施。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)能规范地实施人工呼吸操作,保持有效通气,提高抢救成功率。</p>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目十&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;吸氧及心肺复苏技术</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患儿,男,12岁。突发溺水事故,呼之不应,颈动脉搏动未扪及,心音消失,呼吸消失。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">应该如何抢救该溺水患儿?</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0130-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、定义</h4>
                    <p class="content">
                        人工呼吸是一种紧急救护措施,是通过外部手段为患者提供氧气供应,维持其生命体征的基本急救方法,主要用于因溺水、窒息、心搏骤停导致的呼吸停止。口对口人工呼吸是最常用且最适宜现场复苏的方法。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、作用</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.保持呼吸道通畅</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;人工呼吸时,急救人员通常用“压额举颌”法确保患者呼吸道通畅,减少了呼吸道阻力,促使氧气有效地进入肺部。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.维持氧气供应</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;当患者因溺水、窒息、心搏骤停导致呼吸停止时,人工呼吸最直接的作用是向患者肺部提供氧气。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.排出二氧化碳</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在进行人工呼吸的过程中,随着空气的进入,患者肺部原有的二氧化碳会被排出,可减少二氧化碳浓度过高导致的酸中毒。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、操作步骤</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.施救前的准备工作</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)施救前,需评估周围环境,在确保周围环境安全的前提下对患者进行施救。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)判断患者有无自主呼吸。一听,将耳朵靠近患者口鼻,听有无呼吸音;二看,看患者胸廓有无起伏;三摸,摸患者颈动脉有无搏动。如确定无自主呼吸,需立即抢救。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)迅速使患者仰卧于硬板床或地上。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)准备清洁手帕或纱布1块备用。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.开放气道</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)施救者位于患者一侧,清除患者口腔、气管内分泌物或异物,有义齿者取下。方法为一手拇指进入患者口内抓住下颌向前拉,另一只手用纱布从患者口内将异物掏出。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)用“压额举颌”法开放气道,施救者左手压住患者前额的同时捏住患者的鼻子,使其头部向后仰,右手托住患者下颌,使其下颌向上抬起,下颌和耳垂连线与地平面垂直。勿用力压迫患者下颌部软组织,避免可能造成的气道梗阻。气道开放后有利于患者呼吸通畅,也便于做口对口人工呼吸。
                    </p>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.口对口人工呼吸</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)用纱布盖住患者口部,捏住患者鼻翼,施救者深吸气后,用口把患者口完全罩住,呈密封状,缓慢吹气,每次吹气应持续约1秒,确保吹气时可见患者胸廓起伏。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)松开患者鼻子,抬头观察患者胸廓起伏及出气情况,连续吹气2次。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)人工呼吸与心脏按压同时进行,每按压30次,做口对口人工呼吸2次(30∶2)。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.观察患者情况,告知救治成果。</p>
                    <p class="content">5.操作完毕洗手,整理患者衣物。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、注意事项</h4>
                    <p class="content">1.口对口人工呼吸常会导致患者胃胀气,所以吹气不可过快或过于用力。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.注意吹气时,要捏住患者的鼻子,口腔紧贴并完全包住患者口部。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">人工呼吸的操作评价标准见表10-2。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表10-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;人工呼吸的操作评价标准</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目十&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;吸氧及心肺复苏技术</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;胸外心脏按压</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)树立尊重生命、关爱伤患的职业意识,具备良好的急救责任感。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)强化规范操作的意识,能在紧急情况下沉着应对、迅速反应。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:胸外心脏按压的标准操作步骤,包括按压的部位、频率及深度等关键要点。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:按压过程中的注意事项,如按压的体位、操作的连贯性、按压的质量等。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)能判断患者是否需要实施胸外心脏按压,并快速进入心肺复苏操作流程。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)能独立完成胸外按压操作,保持正确按压频率与深度,确保操作有效性。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)能根据实际情况进行动态调整,提升抢救成功率。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,女,65岁。有冠心病史,在入厕后突然晕倒。查体:呼之不应,颈动脉搏动未触及,胸廓无起伏,紧急呼救同时行心肺复苏。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">在施救过程中如何正确进行胸外心脏按压?</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0133-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、定义</h4>
                    <p class="content">
                        胸外心脏按压是一种紧急救治措施,主要应用于患者发生循环骤停(如心搏骤停)时,通过人工按压胸部外壁来维持血液循环。有效的胸外心脏按压,可产生60~80mmHg收缩期峰压,使血液流向肺,并辅以适当的呼吸,确保身体各部位,特别是大脑得到必要的血液和氧气供应。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、作用</h4>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.维持血液循环</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;通过人工按压心脏,使血液流向全身,从而维持基本的生命功能。</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.提供氧气供应</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;心搏骤停时,肺部停止工作,氧气供应中断。胸外心脏按压可促使肺部被动通气(胸廓起伏带来的氧气吸入和二氧化碳排出),在一定程度上维持患者的氧气供应。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.提高生存率</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;胸外心脏按压是挽救心搏骤停患者生命的重要手段之一。及时有效的胸外心脏按压可迅速恢复患者的血液循环和氧气供应,为后续的专业治疗赢得时间,从而提高患者的生存率。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、操作步骤</h4>
                    <p class="content">当发现患者无意识、无反应、无呼吸时,为保证组织器官的血流灌注,必须立即实施有效的胸外心脏按压。操作步骤如下。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.施救前的准备工作</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)心搏骤停患者可出现于各种环境,在实施抢救前,我们首先要评估周围环境有无危险。如有危险,在保证自身安全的前提下,立即带患者脱离危险区域。如无危险,尽量不要搬动患者。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)判断患者是否心跳停止,意识丧失。首先轻拍患者肩部,大声呼唤“喂喂,同志,你怎么了”,患者无反应即为意识丧失;用“一听,二看,三摸”的方法判断患者是否心搏停止,耳朵靠近患者鼻孔听有无呼吸音,眼睛观察患者胸廓看有无起伏动作,触摸患者颈部动脉感受有无搏动,在正常抢救中,此过程不超过10秒。如患者确实心搏停止,意识丧失,需立即呼救,请人拨打120,并开始抢救。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(3)使患者取仰卧位,去枕平卧,头偏向一侧,解开患者衣领及腰带,暴露胸部。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)施救者采用跪式或站式,紧靠患者一侧。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.实施胸外心脏按压</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)按压部位:胸骨中下1/3交界处,两乳头连线中点。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)按压姿势:两手手指紧紧相扣,掌根重叠,以掌根部接触按压部位。手臂(肩肘腕在一条直线上)与胸骨垂直,保证每次按压的方向均与胸骨垂直。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)按压深度:按压时胸廓的下陷幅度为5~6cm,可根据体型大小增加或减少幅度。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)按压频率:每次按压后,放松使胸廓完全回弹,放松时双手不离开胸壁。每次按压和放松的时间大致相等,按压频率为100~120次/分。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (5)连续按压30次,保持双手按压位置固定。胸外心脏按压的次数与人工呼吸之比为30∶2。每操作5个循环,约用时2分钟,对患者作一次判断,触摸判断患者颈动脉有无搏动,观察患者自主呼吸是否恢复。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.判断复苏效果</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者心肺复苏成功的表现如下。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)大动脉可扪及搏动。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)收缩压≥60mmHg。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)黏膜色泽转为红润。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)瞳孔由大变小。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)出现自主呼吸或呻吟。</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">项目十&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;吸氧及心肺复苏技术</span>
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.操作完毕洗手,整理患者衣物。</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        心搏骤停期间,标准而有效的胸外心脏按压可产生峰值达60~80mmHg的动脉压力,心排出量仅为正常心排出量的1/3或1/4,且随着心肺复苏时间延长进一步减低,只有按照标准操作进行按压,才能达到最理想的按压效果。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、注意事项</h4>
                    <p class="content">1.按压位置要准确,否则会导致按压无效,甚至骨折。按压时确保掌根不离开胸壁。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.按压力量要适中,确保胸廓下陷在5~6cm。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.每次按压后,胸廓要完全回复,按压和放松时间大致相等。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">胸外心脏按压的操作评价标准见表10-3。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表10-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;胸外心脏按压的操作评价标准</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
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                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">胸外心脏按压的操作要点</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        胸外心脏按压是基础生命支持中的重要内容之一,其地位越来越受到重视。作为医学生,应熟练掌握胸外心脏按压的每一个细节,包括胸外心脏按压的频率、通气与呼吸的比例及按压的深度,这些参数的精准掌握是规范操作的基础,直接关系到患者抢救的成功率。这是我们对生命的尊重与承诺,也是我们作为未来医疗工作者的责任与担当。
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                    <p class="right-info">(刘洪利&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;王静)</p>
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