zhongshujie
4 天以前 20f565e134743664045fc42376ef5acd826acbe3
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<template>
    <div class="chapter" num="2">
        <div class="page-box" page="12">
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                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h2 class="secondTitle1"><span class="underline">&nbsp;模块一&nbsp;</span></h2>
                    <h1 class="firstTitle-l1">职业素质的培育与无菌操作、口腔检查</h1>
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container"></div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
        <div class="page-box" page="13">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(13) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <span class="header-right"></span>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">项目一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;职业素质的培育</h2>
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;医德医风的树立</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">树立正确的职业道德观念,培养良好的职业态度。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:在口腔医学临床实践中应遵循的医德规范和行为准则。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)了解:医德医风的基本概念和重要性。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)能够结合口腔临床工作场景,准确识别并妥善处理涉及医德医风的具体问题,作出符合职业道德规范的决策。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)能够以共情视角与口腔患者进行有效沟通,在解释治疗方案、缓解患者心理压力的过程中,体现尊重、关爱与诚信的职业素养,建立信任的医患关系。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        某患者因轻微龋齿(仅需简单补牙)就诊,但医师为追求高额利润,夸大其病情称“已接近牙髓感染”,建议患者接受不必要的根管治疗并安装高价全瓷冠。患者因缺乏专业知识而接受治疗,最终导致牙齿过度损伤。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">此案例中的医师,违反了“以患者为中心”的原则,利用信息不对称诱导患者接受过度治疗,损害患者健康权益。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">阐述医师在口腔医学临床实践中应遵循的医德规范和行为准则。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0027-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">003</div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
        <div class="page-box" page="14">
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                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、医德医风的定义</h4>
                    <p class="content">
                        医德医风是指执业医师应具有的医学道德和风尚,它属于医学职业道德的范畴。医师作为一种特殊的职业,面对的是有思想、有感情的人类。执业医师担负着维护和促进人类健康的使命。因此,执业医师在职业活动中,不仅在医疗技术上要逐渐达到精良,而且面对每个患者还需要有亲切的语言、和蔼的态度、高度的责任感和高尚的医学道德情操,只有这样才能够使自己成为德才兼备的医学人才,担负起“救死扶伤,治病救人”的光荣使命,也才能成为一名受人民群众爱戴的医师。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、医学职业道德的定义</h4>
                    <p class="content">从事医学职业的人们在医疗卫生保健工作中应该遵循的行为原则和规范的总和即为医学职业道德。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、医学职业道德的原则</h4>
                    <p class="content">医学职业道德的原则包括不伤害原则、有利原则、尊重原则和公正原则。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、国家卫生健康委员会制定的医学道德规范</h4>
                    <p class="content">1.救死扶伤,实行社会主义的人道主义。时刻为患者着想,千方百计为患者解除病痛。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.尊重患者的人格和权利,对待患者一视同仁,不因其民族、性别、职业、地位和财产状况的不同而有所区别。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.文明礼貌服务。举止端庄,语言文明,态度和蔼,同情、关心和体贴患者。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.廉洁奉公。自觉遵纪守法,不以医谋私。</p>
                    <p class="content">5.为患者保守医密,实行保护性医疗,不泄露患者隐私与秘密。</p>
                    <p class="content">6.互学互尊,团结协作。正确处理同行同事间的关系。</p>
                    <p class="content">7.严谨求实,奋发进取,钻研医术,精益求精。不断更新知识,提高技术水平。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">五、对执业医师树立良好医德医风的要求</h4>
                    <p class="content">
                        执业医师在从业过程中要树立良好的医德医风,必须接受医学职业道德教育并终身自觉进行道德修养,提高对医学职业道德的认识,在执业活动中不断提高履行上述医学职业道德基本原则和规范的自觉性和责任感,逐渐形成良好的医学职业道德信念和养成良好的医学职业道德行为、习惯和风尚。还要主动增强对医疗卫生保健实践中伦理问题的敏感度及运用上述基本原则分析和解决伦理问题的能力,把医疗技术和医学伦理统一起来,保障或促进医学科学的发展。
                    </p>
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                        <span class="header-title">项目一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;职业素质的培育</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">医德医风的树立的评价标准见表1-1。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表1-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;医德医风的树立的评价标准</p>
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                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">从学生到医者的伦理传承</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">医学生的医德医风不是抽象的道德说教,而是通过“认知-实践-反思”循环逐渐内化的职业本能。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(1)认知:理解“医者”二字承载的生命重量。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(2)实践:在每一次问诊、操作中体现对患者的尊重。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(3)反思:在技术精进的同时保持伦理敏感度。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">唯有在求学阶段筑牢医德根基,才能在未来面对商业诱惑、技术至上主义时,始终坚守“有时去治愈,常常去帮助,总是去安慰”的医学初心。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;医患沟通</h3>
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                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">具有职业素养和人文关怀精神,具有社会责任感,树立良好的医患沟通意识。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">掌握:基本的医患沟通技巧,如倾听、表达、共情等。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">能够在模拟医患场景中运用所学的沟通技巧,提高医患沟通能力。</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        某患者因牙齿敏感就诊,医师检查后诊断为“牙本质暴露”,直接告知患者:“你需要做脱敏治疗,并用复合树脂封闭牙本质小管。”患者一脸茫然,追问“牙本质小管是什么”,医师不耐烦地回答:“说了你也不懂,按我说的做就行。”
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">此案例中的医师使用过于专业的术语,未用通俗语言向患者解释病情和治疗原理;缺乏耐心,忽视患者的理解需求,导致患者对治疗产生怀疑或抗拒。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">阐述医患沟通的技巧。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、医患沟通的定义</h4>
                    <p class="content">
                        沟通是指人际沟通,有传递、传播、交流、交换、联络、表达之意,是指人与人之间通过全方位的信息交流达成人际间建立共识、分享利益并发展人际关系目的的过程。执业医师在执业活动中,要与其他医务人员、医院管理人员、医院后勤人员,特别是患者及其家属进行沟通。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        医患沟通就是在医疗卫生和保健工作中,医患双方围绕伤病、诊疗、健康及相关因素等主题,以医方为主导,通过各种有特征的全方位信息的多途径交流,科学地解释、诊疗患者的伤病,使医患双方形成共识并建立信任合作关系,达到维护人类健康、促进医学发展和社会进步的目的。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、医患沟通的必要性</h4>
                    <p class="content">
                        良好的医患沟通不仅能让患者更好地配合医疗活动,还能使医师更全面地了解患者的整个病史,作出准确的疾病诊断和及时的治疗,从而使患者得到更满意的服务,达到满足患者健康需求的目的。</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、医患沟通的形式</h4>
                    <p class="content">
                        良好的医患沟通的基础是双方平等、尊重、诚实和互信的态度,除此之外,医师还需要掌握有效的沟通手段和形式。根据信息载体的不同,医患沟通分为语言沟通和非语言沟通两种形式。前者建立在语言文字的基础上,又分为口头沟通和书面沟通;后者是通过某些媒介和具体行为进行沟通,又分为肢体语言沟通和行为沟通等。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.语言沟通</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;执业医师要用科学、通俗易懂、有礼貌的语言和亲切、温暖的语气与患者交流病情、治疗方案、风险和预后,以及可能发生的费用等问题,使患者知情,获得患者及其家属对诊疗全过程的理解、同意和配合。对在诊治中有疑惑的患者,医师交流的语言应该更具解释性;对因长期受疾病困扰而伴有不安、焦虑、烦躁、忧虑等情绪的患者,医师应使用安慰性语言,使其安心配合治疗;对因治疗时间久、治疗效果不显著而着急、信心不足的患者,医师则要使用鼓励性语言,使其树立起战胜疾病的信心;对病情危重而预后不良的患者,医师应斟酌选择保护性语言。
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                        <span class="header-title">项目一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;职业素质的培育</span>
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                    <p class="content">
                        在进行医患沟通时,执业医师切忌使用简单、生硬、粗俗、模棱两可的语言以及患者难以理解的专业术语。同时,执业医师还要善于集中注意力来耐心倾听患者的诉说,不要在沟通时心不在焉或轻易打断患者的诉说,在患者情绪激动、语言过激时仍需保持冷静,不与患者发生正面争执和冲突。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.非语言沟通</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;医师在执业活动中,要收集与观察患者的非语言信息,及时消除患者的顾虑,鼓励其用语言表达出来,以便更准确地了解患者的真实想法。此外,执业医师必须注重自己的仪表、仪态、手势、眼神、情绪、声音等对患者的影响,即要通过无声的语言传递对患者的关怀和照顾,使患者增强战胜疾病的信心和力量,而不要因此引起误会而使患者多疑、不信任甚至产生悲观、失望的心理。
                    </p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">医患沟通的评价标准见表1-2。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表1-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;医患沟通的评价标准</p>
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                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">不良沟通的后果及改进建议</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">一、不良沟通的后果</p>
                    <p class="quotation">1.患者层面&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;误解治疗方案、过度焦虑、治疗依从性下降、对医疗行业信任崩塌。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">2.医师层面&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;职业倦怠感增强、潜在法律风险上升(如被投诉或起诉)。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">3.社会层面&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;加剧医患对立,损害医疗行业声誉。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">二、改进建议</p>
                    <p class="quotation">构建“以患者为中心”的沟通模式。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">1.通俗化表达&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用比喻解释专业问题(如“龋齿像蛀虫啃木头,补牙是堵住虫洞”)。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">2.主动倾听&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;通过开放性问题(如“您最希望解决什么问题”)了解患者核心诉求。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">3.共情回应&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;认可患者情绪(如“我知道看牙紧张,我们会慢慢来”)。</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
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                    <p class="quotation">4.透明决策&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用可视化工具(如数字化口腔模型)展示病情,与患者共同制订治疗方案。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">5.尊重选择&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;即使患者拒绝合理建议,也应告知后果并记录沟通过程。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;爱伤意识的体现</h3>
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                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">理解爱伤意识的重要性,树立关爱患者的观念。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">掌握:在医疗操作过程中如何体现爱伤意识。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">能够在模拟情境中运用爱伤意识进行实际操作,提高实践能力。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        某口腔诊所接诊一名28岁女性患者,主诉右下后牙反复肿痛。经检查诊断为右下低位水平阻生第三磨牙,建议拔除。患者因从未拔过牙且对疼痛敏感,反复询问手术风险,医师仅简单回答“小手术,没事”,未详细说明手术中可能会损伤下牙槽神经导致下唇麻木的风险。手术过程中,医师为追求效率,未充分分离牙龈,直接使用暴力挺出第三磨牙。术后患者即刻出现右下唇持续性麻木,追问医师时被告知“过几天就好了”。一周后麻木未缓解,患者复诊时医师仍敷衍称“个体差异,慢慢恢复”。患者最终因下唇感觉障碍影响生活,向当地卫生健康委员会投诉并索赔。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        此案例中医师爱伤意识缺失点分析:术前未换位思考患者恐惧心理,缺乏耐心沟通;术中为追求操作速度牺牲组织保护原则;术后对出现并发症的情况推诿敷衍,未体现责任担当;全程忽视患者作为“人”的体验,仅视作“病例”处理。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">阐述在临床操作过程中如何体现爱伤意识。</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">项目一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;职业素质的培育</span>
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                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、爱伤意识的定义</h4>
                    <p class="content">
                        爱伤意识是指医务人员在诊疗过程中,尊重、爱护患者,保护患者的权益,照顾患者的感受的一种职业素养和道德要求。这一概念强调了医务人员不仅要具备专业的医疗知识和技术,还要有高尚的医德医风,以及对患者的仁爱之心。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、爱伤意识的内涵</h4>
                    <p class="content">爱伤意识的内涵可以从以下几个方面来理解。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.尊重和爱护患者</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;医务人员应当尊重每一位患者的生命和尊严,无论病情轻重,都要给予同等的关爱和照顾。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.保护患者权益</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在诊疗过程中,医务人员应当充分考虑患者的权益,避免因操作不当或其他原因对患者造成伤害。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.关注患者感受</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;医务人员在与患者互动时,应当注意观察和理解患者的情绪和感受,尽量减轻患者的痛苦和不适。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.提供人性化的医疗服务</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在诊疗过程中,医务人员应当注重与患者的沟通,提供温暖和支持,使患者感受到关怀和安慰。
                    </p>
                    <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、爱伤意识的重要性</h4>
                    <p class="content">
                        爱伤意识对于构建和谐的医患关系,提升医疗服务质量,以及促进医学人文精神的发展具有重要意义。它不仅是医务人员职业道德的重要组成部分,也是衡量一个医疗机构服务水平的重要标准。</p>
                    <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                    <p class="content">爱伤意识体现的评价标准见表1-3。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表1-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;爱伤意识体现的评价标准</p>
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                        <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
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                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">临床实践中的爱伤意识体验式强化</span></p>
                        <p class="quotation">1.患者角色代入</p>
                        <p class="quotation">(1)疼痛感知体验:学生互相进行口腔检查,感受探针压力阈值(建议≤20g)。</p>
                        <p class="quotation">(2)诊疗体位体验:在牙椅上保持开口状态30分钟,体会患者就诊时的肌肉疲劳感。</p>
                        <p class="quotation">2.沟通技能分层训练</p>
                        <p class="quotation">(1)LAP模式教学:倾听主诉(listen,L)→共情确认(acknowledge,A)→方案解释(propose,P)。</p>
                        <p class="quotation">(2)风险告知演练:学习使用“三明治沟通法”(积极信息-风险-解决方案)。</p>
                        <p class="quotation">3.细节服务规范</p>
                        <p class="quotation">(1)四手操作礼仪:器械传递避开患者视线,涡轮机停转后再移出口腔。</p>
                        <p class="quotation">(2)环境舒适管理:指导调节治疗椅温度(夏季≤26℃)、音乐音量(≤50分贝)。</p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0034-02.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="right-info">(刘洪利)</p>
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                    <div class="bodystyle">
                        <h2 class="secondTitle">项目二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;无菌操作</h2>
 
                        <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;洗手</h3>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                        <p class="content">具有无菌操作意识、养成良好的手卫生习惯。</p>
                        <p class="center">........................</p>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                        <p class="content">(1)掌握:七步洗手法。</p>
                        <p class="content">(2)熟悉:交叉感染的定义及传播途径;无菌操作的意义。</p>
                        <p class="center">........................</p>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                        <p class="content">掌握洗手法的操作步骤,能够正确洗手。</p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                        <p class="content">患者,女,20岁。主诉:左下后牙区疼痛7天,加重3天;需进一步进行口腔检查。</p>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                        <p class="content">医师在口腔检查前洗手操作有哪些步骤?</p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0035-01.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0035-02.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、临床意义</h4>
                        <p class="content"><span
                                class="bold">1.防止交叉感染</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;交叉感染是指病原体在不同个体之间(包括人与人之间、人与动物之间)通过特定途径进行相互传染的过程。这些病原体在侵入人体后,会引发机体的炎症反应,从而导致疾病的发生。其传播途径有经呼吸道飞沫传播、消化道传播、密切接触传播、医疗器械传播等;为了预防交叉感染的发生,医师在对患者进行检查前,首先要进行严格的洗手操作。
                        </p>
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                        <div class="header-divider"></div>
                        <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodystyle">
                        <p class="content"><span
                                class="bold">2.培养无菌操作意识</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;无菌操作是医疗工作中不可或缺的一部分,它不仅关乎患者的安全,也反映了医护人员的专业素养。在口腔检查等医疗活动中,无菌操作能够最大限度地减少病原体的传播,保护患者免受医源性感染的侵害。因此,医师在每次检查前都应严格遵守无菌操作规范,这不仅是对患者负责,也是对自己职业生涯的尊重。通过反复实践和不断学习,医护人员可以逐渐培养出强烈的无菌操作意识,从而在日常工作中更加自觉地执行各项无菌操作规定。
                        </p>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、物品准备</h4>
                        <p class="content">需要准备的物品包括软皂(或洗手液)、消毒毛巾(或无菌纸巾)。</p>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、操作步骤</h4>
                        <p class="content">在对患者进行口腔检查前,医师应穿好工作服,戴工作帽和口罩,并用七步洗手法对手部进行清洗消毒。</p>
                        <p class="content"><span
                                class="bold">1.洗手前的准备工作</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;①手部准备:修剪指甲、清理甲沟污垢,取下双手所戴饰物。②准备所需物品。
                        </p>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.七步洗手法的操作流程</span></p>
                        <p class="content">(1)流动水冲洗双手。</p>
                        <p class="content">(2)取软皂或洗手液均匀涂抹全手。</p>
                        <p class="content">第一步:双手掌心相对,手指并拢,相互揉搓(至少15秒)。</p>
                        <p class="content">第二步:手心对手背沿指缝相互揉搓,交换进行(至少15秒)。</p>
                        <p class="content">第三步:掌心相对,双手交叉沿指缝相互揉搓(至少15秒)。</p>
                        <p class="content">第四步:弯曲手指关节,双手相扣进行揉搓,交换进行(至少15秒)。</p>
                        <p class="content">第五步:一手握住另一手大拇指旋转揉搓,交换进行(至少15秒)。</p>
                        <p class="content">第六步:一手指尖在另一手掌心旋转揉搓,交换进行(至少15秒)。</p>
                        <p class="content">第七步:从手腕处开始,向肘部旋转搓洗,交换进行(至少15秒)。</p>
                        <p class="content">最后,在流动水下彻底冲洗干净双手,用无菌纸巾或消毒毛巾擦干。</p>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、注意事项</h4>
                        <p class="content">在洗手操作过程中手指尖朝上,手不能触碰水龙头,洗手不留死角。</p>
                        <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                        <p class="content">洗手法的操作评价标准见表2-1。</p>
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                            <span class="header-title">项目二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;无菌操作</span>
                            <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                        <p class="imgtitle">表2-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;洗手法的操作评价标准</p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0037-01.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0029-02.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">七步洗手法的发展过程</span></p>
                        <p class="quotation">
                            七步洗手法并非凭空产生,它源于医疗实践中的科学总结和不断改进。最初,洗手法在医疗领域是为了预防交叉感染和疾病传播而诞生的。随着医学研究的深入和临床经验的积累,专家们逐渐认识到规范洗手的重要性,并不断完善洗手步骤,最终形成了今天我们所熟知的七步洗手法。这一方法不仅能够有效去除手上的污垢和微生物,还能提高医护人员进行手部清洁的自觉性和程度,从而降低医院感染率,保障患者安全。
                        </p>
                        <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;戴无菌手套</h3>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                        <p class="content">具有无菌操作意识,理解戴无菌手套的重要性,保护自己及患者。</p>
                        <p class="center">........................</p>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                        <p class="content">掌握:戴无菌手套的方法。</p>
                        <p class="center">........................</p>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                        <p class="content">能够正确戴无菌手套。</p>
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                        <div class="header-divider"></div>
                        <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodystyle">
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                        <p class="content">患者,男,30岁。因右上后牙区疼痛加重,需进行口腔检查。医师进行洗手操作后,戴无菌手套,方可对患者进行口腔检查。</p>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                        <p class="content">阐述戴无菌手套的方法。</p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0037-02.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、临床意义</h4>
                        <p class="content">1.预防交叉感染。</p>
                        <p class="content">2.保持无菌操作。</p>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、物品准备</h4>
                        <p class="content">需要准备的物品包括手术用无菌手套或一次性无菌手套。</p>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、操作步骤</h4>
                        <p class="content"><span
                                class="bold">1.戴无菌手套前的准备工作</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在对患者进行口腔检查前,医师需穿好工作服,戴工作帽和口罩,进行手部清洁后准备戴无菌手套。无菌手套分为手术用无菌手套(非一次性)和一次性无菌手套。
                        </p>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.戴手术用无菌手套的方法</span></p>
                        <p class="content">(1)将手术用无菌手套外包装平铺在操作台上,沿启封口指示标撕开外包装后,抓取手套包外上角,将上层打开,双臂外展,不要跨越无菌区。</p>
                        <p class="content">(2)右手抓取左手手套内面,不可触及手套外面。</p>
                        <p class="content">(3)左手对准五指,戴入手套。</p>
                        <p class="content">(4)左手示指挑起右手手套外侧边缘,右手对准五指,戴入手套。</p>
                        <p class="content">(5)左手示指挑起右手手套外侧边缘,将手套的反折边套在工作服上。</p>
                        <p class="content">(6)右手示指挑起左手手套外侧边缘,将手套的反折边套在工作服上。</p>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.戴一次性无菌手套的方法</span></p>
                        <p class="content">(1)沿启封口指示标撕开外包装后,右手抓取手套的内面,将手套取出。</p>
                        <p class="content">(2)分辨左右手套,左手对准五指,戴入手套。</p>
                        <p class="content">(3)左手示指挑起右手手套外侧边缘,右手对准五指,戴入手套。左手协助右手进行调整。</p>
                        <p class="content">(4)左手示指挑起右手手套外侧边缘,将手套的反折边套在工作服上。</p>
                        <p class="content">(5)右手示指挑起左手手套外侧边缘,将手套的反折边套在工作服上。</p>
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                        <div class="header-content">
                            <span class="header-title">项目二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;无菌操作</span>
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                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodystyle">
 
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、注意事项</h4>
                        <p class="content">1.操作时,按无菌技术打开手套包,手不能触及手套包内面。</p>
                        <p class="content">2.戴手套时,手不能触及手套外面。</p>
                        <p class="content">3.双手不得低于腰部、不得高于肩部。</p>
                        <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                        <p class="content">戴无菌手套的操作评价标准见表2-2。</p>
                        <p class="imgtitle">表2-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;戴无菌手套的操作评价标准</p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0039-01.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;消毒口腔黏膜</h3>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                        <p class="content">具有无菌操作意识,树立正确的消毒观念,严格遵守消毒规范,减少患者感染的风险。</p>
                        <p class="center">........................</p>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                        <p class="content">(1)掌握:口腔黏膜的消毒方法。</p>
                        <p class="content">(2)熟悉:口腔黏膜消毒剂的种类。</p>
                        <p class="center">........................</p>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                        <p class="content">能运用所学专业的知识正确消毒口腔黏膜。</p>
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                        <div class="header-divider"></div>
                        <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodystyle">
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                        <p class="content">
                            患者,女,20岁。主诉:因左右下颌第三磨牙(智齿)阻生,右侧反复发生智齿冠周炎半年,要求拔除右侧第三磨牙。医师通过采集患者病史、口腔检查及辅助检查,作出以下诊断:</p>
                        <p class="content">1.左右下颌第三磨牙近中阻生。</p>
                        <p class="content">2.右侧慢性智齿冠周炎。</p>
                        <p class="content">治疗设计是分次拔除左右下颌第三磨牙。</p>
                        <p class="content">医师进行局部麻醉下拔除右下颌第三磨牙操作前,首先要进行局部麻醉注射部位及拔牙部位的黏膜与牙齿冠周的消毒。</p>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                        <p class="content">医师应如何进行消毒?</p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0039-02.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、临床意义</h4>
                        <p class="content">1.预防局部麻醉注射区域感染并发症的发生。</p>
                        <p class="content">2.预防拔牙创口感染的发生。</p>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、物品准备</h4>
                        <p class="content">需要准备的物品包括一次性口腔器械盒、口腔黏膜消毒剂(1%碘酊、75%乙醇、0.1%氯己定、0.5%聚维酮碘等)、无菌棉球或无菌棉签。</p>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、操作步骤</h4>
                        <p class="content"><span
                                class="bold">1.消毒前的准备工作</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;①告知患者局部麻醉与拔牙的过程及注意事项;②准备所需物品。</p>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.消毒流程</span></p>
                        <p class="content">(1)左手持口镜牵拉开口角,右手用镊子夹住准备好的干棉球,擦干局部黏膜唾液。</p>
                        <p class="content">
                            (2)准备消毒的黏膜区域无感染灶时,用棉签直接蘸0.5%聚维酮碘以手术区为中心,向周围环绕式扩展涂药,保障手术区消毒有足够大范围。感染区消毒正好相反,消毒方向由周围区域向手术中心环绕式涂药。
                        </p>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、注意事项</h4>
                        <p class="content">(1)擦干局部黏膜唾液时,要使用干棉球,防止唾液稀释消毒剂。</p>
                        <p class="content">
                            (2)消毒液的选择:口腔黏膜消毒首选聚维酮碘,如果只有碘酊,必须使用75%乙醇脱碘;过敏者可选用0.1%氯己定液;进行口腔黏膜活组织检查手术时,不能使用有色药物消毒,可以选用75%乙醇消毒黏膜。
                        </p>
                    </div>
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                        <div class="header-content">
                            <span class="header-title">项目二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;无菌操作</span>
                            <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                        <p class="content">(3)消毒区域不可遗留空白。</p>
                        <p class="content">(4)注意区分感染区与非感染区的消毒方向。</p>
                        <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                        <p class="content">口腔黏膜消毒的操作评价标准见表2-3。</p>
                        <p class="imgtitle">表2-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔黏膜消毒的操作评价标准</p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0041-01.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0029-02.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">消毒液的选择</span></p>
                        <p class="quotation">
                            口腔疾病手术治疗前都必须进行手术区的黏膜或皮肤的严格消毒,根据消毒部位选择合适的消毒液。例如,头皮的消毒选择3%碘酊;皮肤消毒一般选用2%碘酊;口腔黏膜小范围的消毒使用1%碘酊,使用碘酊作消毒剂时,必须用75%的乙醇脱碘,消除碘酊对消毒部位皮肤的刺激。口腔内黏膜大面积消毒时,多选用0.5%聚维酮碘作消毒剂,聚维酮碘具有刺激性小的优点,不需要使用75%乙醇脱碘。
                        </p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0041-02.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="right-info">(刘俊红&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;刘洪利)</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="footer-container">017</div>
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                    <div class="header">
                        <span class="header-right"></span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodystyle">
                        <h2 class="secondTitle">项目三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔一般检查</h2>
 
                        <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔检查前的准备</h3>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                        <p class="content">树立理实相结合的观念,具备严谨细致的工作态度和标准化治疗流程理念,运用所掌握器械知识,结合良好的沟通能力,完成患者口腔检查的准备工作。</p>
                        <p class="center">........................</p>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                        <p class="content">(1)掌握:口腔常用的检查器械及检查体位。</p>
                        <p class="content">(2)熟悉:口腔检查前的准备内容。</p>
                        <p class="content">(3)了解:口腔检查的灯光调节。</p>
                        <p class="center">........................</p>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                        <p class="content">(1)能够根据患者主诉准备好相应的检查物品。</p>
                        <p class="content">(2)能够完成口腔检查前的准备工作。</p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                        <p class="content">患者,女,36岁。左侧后牙不适1周。来医院就诊。</p>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                        <p class="content">医师在进行口腔检查前应做哪些准备?</p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0042-01.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
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                    <div class="header-container">
                        <div class="header-content">
                            <span class="header-title">项目三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔一般检查</span>
                            <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodystyle">
 
                        <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、理论知识回顾</h4>
                        <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)口腔检查的定义</p>
                        <p class="content">口腔检查是医师运用自己的感官和借助简便的检查工具,客观地了解患者口腔状况的最基本的方法。许多疾病通过口腔检查再结合病史就可以作出初步临床诊断。</p>
                        <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)口腔检查的意义</p>
                        <p class="content">细致、耐心的口腔临床检查,是临床诊断的基础;舒适、安静的检查环境,专业、准确的检查方法是获得准确检查结果的前提条件。</p>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、物品准备</h4>
                        <p class="content">需要准备的物品包括口镜、探针、摄子、叩诊器械及手套。</p>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、操作步骤</h4>
                        <p class="content"><span
                                class="bold">1.医患沟通</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;医师应与检查者在口腔检查前进行充分沟通,向被检查者作适当的说明,如嘱咐被检查者,在检查中感到不适时举左手示意。
                        </p>
                        <p class="content"><span
                                class="bold">2.环境的准备</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;诊室是口腔检查的主要环境。诊室的布置既要符合消毒管理要求,又要方便工作,还要让患者感到舒适、有安全感。因此,整洁、宽敞的空间,有序摆放的设备和器械等都是必要的,尽可能做到温度和湿度舒适,色彩和音乐怡人。
                        </p>
                        <p class="content"><span
                                class="bold">3.医师的准备</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;建立良好医患关系是口腔检查和治疗最重要的前提。态度和蔼,衣着整洁,举止规范,戴手套、帽子和口罩的医师会给患者留下值得信任的第一印象,在检查及后来的治疗过程中就比较容易配合。在对患者进行检查前,需先进行手部的消毒,剪短指甲,肥皂洗手,清水冲洗后戴一次性医用手套。
                        </p>
                        <p class="content"><span
                                class="bold">4.检查器械的准备</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔检查的常用器械有口镜、探针、摄子。检查者一般是左手持口镜,右手持摄子或探针进行检查。除此之外,根据检查目的不同可辅以其他器械,如牙周探针等。所有器械都要经过严格的消毒,使用之前,应核对所有器械的灭菌日期、生产日期等。
                        </p>
                        <p class="content"><span
                                class="bold">5.椅位调节</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;医师应位于口腔治疗椅的右前方或右后方,取坐位,调节座椅使医师的脚底自然平放于地面,大腿和双肩与地面平行,背部挺直,头略前倾。患者取仰卧位,口腔与医师肘部平行。检查上颌牙时,患者<img
                                class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />面与地面成45°~90°。检查下颌牙时,患者<img
                                class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />面应尽量与地面平行。</p>
                        <p class="content"><span
                                class="bold">6.灯光调节</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;应保证充足的光线和良好的视野,调整灯光时注意将灯光逐渐上移至口腔,避免直射患者眼部引起不适。
                        </p>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">7.七步洗手法</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;按步骤清洗双手。</p>
                        <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                        <p class="content">口腔检查前准备的操作评价标准见表3-1。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="footer-container">019</div>
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                        <div class="header-divider"></div>
                        <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodystyle">
 
                        <p class="imgtitle">表3-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔检查前准备的操作评价标准</p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0044-01.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0029-02.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">口腔检查前准备工作的意义</span></p>
                        <p class="quotation">
                            口腔检查是医患之间建立初步信任关系的重要步骤,一个熟练且专业的物品准备过程及流畅的体位调节技巧,能够给患者留下深刻且正面的第一印象。因此,在口腔检查前的准备阶段,必须细心地核对所有所需物品,确保每一件物品都处于最佳状态。此外,检查这些物品的消毒日期和有效日期也是至关重要的,以确保在进行口腔检查时使用的是安全且在有效期内的医疗器材。
                        </p>
                        <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔一般检查的内容及检查记录表的填写</h3>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                        <p class="content">(1)坚持理论联系实践,结合所掌握的理论知识,全面完成口腔一般检查。</p>
                        <p class="content">(2)具备认真的工作态度,优良的沟通能力,能够细心地完成患者的口腔一般检查,并做好记录。</p>
                        <p class="center">........................</p>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">(1)掌握:口腔一般检查的内容和方法。</span></p>
                        <p class="content">(2)熟悉:口腔一般检查器械的使用方法。</p>
                        <p class="content">(3)了解:口腔检查记录表的规范填写。</p>
                        <p class="center">........................</p>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                        <p class="content">能够根据患者主诉熟练使用器械进行口腔检查,并准确填写检查记录表。</p>
                    </div>
                    <footer class="footerstyle">020</footer>
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                        <div class="header-content">
                            <span class="header-title">项目三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔一般检查</span>
                            <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodystyle">
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                        <p class="content">患者,男,20岁。右侧后牙咬合疼痛1周,来医院就诊。</p>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                        <p class="content">医师需要做哪些口腔一般检查?具体操作怎么做?</p>
                        <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、口腔一般检查的内容</h4>
                        <p class="content">口腔一般检查的内容包括视诊、探诊、叩诊、扪诊和牙齿松动度的检查等。</p>
                        <p class="content"><span
                                class="bold">1.视诊</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;是医师用眼睛对患者全身和局部情况进行观察、判断的方法,视诊内容包括患者的全身健康状况、口腔颌面部及软组织情况、牙和牙列情况等。
                        </p>
                        <p class="content">
                            (1)视诊全身健康状况和颌面部情况:观察患者的全身健康和精神健康状况。观察患者的颌面部发育是否正常,左右是否对称,皮肤的颜色及光滑度,有无肿胀、畸形、肿物、瘢痕和窦道等。</p>
                        <p class="content">
                            (2)视诊口腔软组织、牙和牙列情况:观察牙龈是否充血肿胀及肿胀的程度和范围,是否存在窦道;黏膜色泽是否正常,有无水肿、溃疡、肿物等。观察牙的颜色、形态、质地变化,有无龋损、着色、牙体缺损、畸形、隐裂及磨耗等;观察牙排列和接触关系、数目是否正常、有无发育异常、牙列是否完整、有无缺失牙。观察口腔中修复体的情况,如充填体是否完整、边缘是否密合、有无悬突、有无继发龋等。
                        </p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0045-01.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.探诊</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;是利用探针进行检查的方法。</p>
                        <p class="content">(1)工具:普通双头探针,大弯端用于检查<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                                alt="" />面,三弯端用于检查邻面。</p>
                        <p class="content">(2)内容:探査龋或缺损部位的范围、深浅、质地软硬、敏感度及有无露髓;有无邻面龋坏;充填体边缘密合度;有无继发龋及悬突;牙本质敏感的部位和敏感度等。
                        </p>
                        <p class="content">
                            (3)方法:探诊时采用执笔式握持探针,注意要有支点,动作轻柔,避免引起患者不必要的疼痛;探诊应按右上→左上→左下→右下象限的顺序进行检査;可疑穿髓孔处,不可用力探入以免引起患者不必要的剧烈疼痛和心理压力;窦道的探诊用钝头探针,探时应顺势推进,不可用力过猛。
                        </p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0045-02.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="content"><span
                                class="bold">3.叩诊</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;是用平头金属器械的末端叩击牙齿,根据患者的反应和叩击声音确定患牙的方法。</p>
                        <p class="content">(1)选择对照牙:健康的对侧同名牙和邻牙是最好的阴性对照,如右下颌第一磨牙的对照牙为左下颌第一磨牙、右下颌第二前磨牙及右下颌第二磨牙。</p>
                        <p class="content">
                            (2)垂直向叩诊:以执笔式握持器械,垂直向叩击牙尖或切缘,主要检査根尖部有无炎症。叩诊应从健康牙开始,逐渐过渡到可疑牙,叩诊力量宜先轻后重,一般以对照牙叩诊不痛的最大力度为上限。
                        </p>
                        <p class="content">
                            (3)水平向叩诊:以执笔式握持器械,水平向叩击牙冠部唇颊舌面中部或牙尖嵴,主要检查牙齿周围组织有无炎症。叩诊应从健康牙开始,逐渐过渡到可疑牙,叩诊力量宜先轻后重,一般以对照牙叩诊不痛的最大力度为上限。
                        </p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0045-04.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="content">叩诊结果的表述和记录见表3-2。</p>
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                    <div class="header">
                        <div class="header-divider"></div>
                        <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodystyle">
 
                        <p class="imgtitle">表3-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;叩诊结果的表述和记录</p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0046-01.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="content"><span
                                class="bold">4.扪诊</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;常用于检查根尖部的病变,扪诊时用示指指腹于可疑患牙的邻牙唇颊侧或舌侧牙龈的根尖部开始扪压,慢慢向可疑患牙根尖部移动,观察是否有压痛。如有压痛则提示根尖周组织有炎症存在。
                        </p>
                        <p class="content">若根尖已形成脓肿,应以示指和中指双指轻放在脓肿部位,分别用两指交替上下推压按动,用指腹扪及波动感。</p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0046-02.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="content"><span
                                class="bold">5.牙齿松动度的检查</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;检查前牙时用镊子夹持切端,进行唇(颊)舌向、近远中向及根向摇动,观察牙齿晃动的程度。检查后牙时将镊子闭合置于后牙<img
                                class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                                alt="" />面中央,进行唇(颊)舌向、近远中向及根向摇动,观察牙齿晃动的程度。</p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0046-04.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="content"><span
                                class="bold">6.口镜的使用</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;一般左手持口镜,口镜的作用:①反映视线不能到达的影像。如牙齿的远中面、舌面和上颌的舌面等。②可以将光线逆向或聚拢到受检位置,增强局部光照,如有需要,可将凹面镜置于影像上。③用于牵引、挤压软组织,如唇、颊、舌等,以便进行检查或外科治疗。金属口镜柄的末端也可以用于叩诊。
                        </p>
                        <p class="content">牙齿松动度检查结果的记录见表3-3。</p>
                        <p class="imgtitle">表3-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙齿松动度检查结果的记录</p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0046-05.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、口腔检查记录表的填写</h4>
                        <p class="content">口腔检查记录表见图3-1。认真阅读填写说明,然后按照填表顺序进行检查和记录。口腔检查记录表的填写注意事项如下。</p>
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                    <div class="header-container">
                        <div class="header-content">
                            <span class="header-title">项目三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔一般检查</span>
                            <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodystyle">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0047-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔检查记录表</p>
                        </div>
                        <p class="content">(1)如实填写检查结果。</p>
                        <p class="content">(2)注意填写规范,按要求填写,如未萌出的牙齿,记为“4”,包括未萌出的第三磨牙(智齿),也应填写。</p>
                        <p class="content">(3)准确记录牙位,并在相应的结果上面画圈。</p>
                        <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                        <p class="content">口腔一般检查及检查记录表填写的操作评价标准见表3-4。</p>
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                    <div class="header">
                        <div class="header-divider"></div>
                        <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodystyle">
 
                        <p class="imgtitle">表3-4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔一般检查及检查记录表填写的操作评价标准</p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0048-01.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0029-02.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">口腔检查的注意事项</span></p>
                        <p class="quotation">
                            在进行口腔临床检查时,必须展现出细致和耐心的态度,因为这是临床诊断工作的基础。为了确保检查的顺利进行,创造一个舒适且安静的检查环境至关重要。此外,采用专业且准确的检查方法是获取可靠检查结果的关键前提。在检查的过程中,应当特别注意与患者保持及时且有效的沟通,密切关注患者的感受和反应。这样不仅能够缓解患者的紧张情绪,还能确保检查结果的准确性,从而为后续的治疗提供坚实的基础。
                        </p>
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                        <div class="header-content">
                            <span class="header-title">项目三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔一般检查</span>
                            <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodystyle">
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0049-01.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="right-info">(颜成东)</p>
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                    <div class="footer-container">025</div>
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                    <div class="bodystyle">
                        <h2 class="secondTitle">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔特殊检查</h2>
 
                        <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙髓活力测试</h3>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                        <p class="content">(1)具有严谨细致的操作规范意识,确保测试结果准确,并能结合结果分析牙髓状态。</p>
                        <p class="content">(2)树立患者关怀理念,操作中注重舒适度与沟通。</p>
                        <p class="content">(3)强化责任担当,对测试结论负责,为诊疗提供可靠依据。</p>
                        <p class="center">........................</p>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">(1)掌握:牙髓温度测试的操作方法。</span></p>
                        <p class="content">(2)熟悉:牙髓电活力测试的操作方法。</p>
                        <p class="content">(3)了解:测试结果判读。</p>
                        <p class="center">........................</p>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                        <p class="content">能够熟练进行牙髓活力测试。</p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                        <p class="content">
                            患者,男,35岁。主诉:左下后牙自发隐痛3天,冷热刺激疼痛加重,偶有夜间痛。患牙1周前因深龋在外院补牙,近3天出现自发痛,冷热敏感,疼痛持续数分钟可缓解,昨夜疼痛加重影响睡眠。无系统性疾病,否认药物过敏。
                        </p>
                        <p class="content">口腔检查:左下第一磨牙远中邻面可见树脂充填体,边缘密合,无继发龋。牙龈轻度充血,无肿胀或瘘管。患牙垂直叩痛(±)、水平叩痛(-),邻牙叩痛(-)。</p>
                        <p class="content">影像学检查:X线片显示36远中充填体近髓,根尖周膜轻度增宽,无根尖阴影。</p>
                        <p class="content">初步诊断:可复性牙髓炎?不可复性牙髓炎?</p>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                        <p class="content">需结合哪一项检查结果进一步鉴别?</p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0050-01.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
 
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                        <div class="header-content">
                            <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔特殊检查</span>
                            <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                        <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                        <p class="content">牙髓活力测试在临床上用于需了解牙髓状况的各种牙体牙髓病,包括温度测试(冷测和热测)、电活力测试。</p>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、物品准备</h4>
                        <p class="content"><span
                                class="bold">1.冷测所需物品</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;自制小冰棒或成品化学挥发剂罐(如四氟乙烷、氯乙烷、乙醚等)。小冰棒的制作方法:取直径约为0.5cm、长约5cm的聚乙烯小管,将一端加热封闭,由另一端注入清水。把小管直立放于冰箱内冷冻,冻结后备用。
                        </p>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.热测所需物品</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙胶棒、酒精灯、火柴或打火机。</p>
                        <p class="content"><span
                                class="bold">3.电活力测试所需物品</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;电活力测试仪、导电剂(如牙膏等)或润湿的小滤纸片。</p>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、测试方法</h4>
                        <p class="content"><span
                                class="bold">1.医嘱说明</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;告知受试者牙髓活力检查的目的和被测牙可能出现的反应,如凉、热、钻入感、麻刺感、疼痛等,并教授有反应时的示意方式。
                        </p>
                        <p class="content"><span
                                class="bold">2.隔湿</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用干棉卷放置于测试牙的唇(颊)和/或舌侧,隔离唾液。</p>
                        <p class="content"><span
                                class="bold">3.先测健康对照牙,再测可疑牙</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;对照牙选择的顺序:同颌同名牙为首选,如果该牙丧失或有病变,可选对颌对侧同名牙或对侧同名牙的邻牙中与待测牙萌出时间接近、体积相当的牙。
                        </p>
                        <p class="content"><span
                                class="bold">4.测试牙面</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;应选择没有牙体病损或充填体的完整牙面,一般选牙的唇颊面的中1/3,亦可在舌面测试,因为这些牙面不受磨耗等的影响。
                        </p>
                        <p class="content"><span
                                class="bold">5.冷测</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;从冰箱中取出小冰棒放于手中稍加捂化,慢慢挤出冰棒头贴放在被测牙面上,观察牙的反应,也可用小棉球蘸化学挥发剂放在牙面上测试。
                        </p>
                        <p class="content"><span
                                class="bold">6.热测</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;将牙胶棒一端置于酒精灯火焰上加热,使之变软(65~70℃),但不要冒烟燃烧,立即贴放在湿润的被测牙面上,观察牙的反应。
                        </p>
                        <p class="content"><span
                                class="bold">7.电活力测试</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在被测牙面上放少许导电剂或湿润的小纸片,将电活力测试仪工作端放于牙面导电处,请患者一手扶持工作端的金属杆部或将挂钩挂于口角以构成电流回路。随着电流逐渐增大,对被测牙造成刺激,患者示意被测牙有感觉即应将工作端撤离牙面,记录表盘显示的读数。每牙测2~3次,取平均数值作为结果。
                        </p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0051-01.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、测试结果判读</h4>
                        <p class="content"><span
                                class="bold">1.牙髓温度测试的结果</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;经与对照牙比较,可分为正常、敏感、迟钝和无反应四级反应,应客观记录在病历中。
                        </p>
                        <p class="content">(1)正常:与对照牙反应相同。</p>
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                        <div class="header-divider"></div>
                        <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodystyle">
 
                        <p class="content">(2)敏感:比对照牙反应迅速且程度强烈。</p>
                        <p class="content">(3)迟钝:比对照牙反应缓慢且程度弱。</p>
                        <p class="content">(4)无反应:正常冷测及热测均不引起患牙相应反应(被测牙无冷感或无热感)。</p>
                        <p class="content"><span
                                class="bold">2.牙髓活力电测试的结果</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用于反映被测牙有无牙髓活力,但不能指示牙髓的不同病理状态。如电测值达到最大时被测牙仍无反应,表示牙髓已无活力。
                        </p>
                        <p class="content">(1)正常:对照牙与被测牙相比较,读数差在10以内。</p>
                        <p class="content">(2)敏感:对照牙与被测牙相比较,被测牙读数低,差值>10。</p>
                        <p class="content">(3)迟钝:对照牙与被测牙相比较,被测牙读数高,差值>10。</p>
                        <p class="content">(4)无反应:控制器电流加大,达到最高值,被测牙仍无反应。</p>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、注意事项</h4>
                        <p class="content">1.冰棒冷测时,如有多个可疑牙,应从牙列后部向前逐个测验,以免冰水流入后牙,影响反应的客观性和准确性。</p>
                        <p class="content">2.测试对照牙与可疑牙时,二者被测试的条件应尽量一致,如在相应的牙面、相同的部位,用相同的测试法、相同的刺激强度等,以便于对比。</p>
                        <p class="content">3.禁用两个可疑的牙互相对比,也不能在无对照的情况下仅根据被测牙对刺激的反应判断牙髓的状态。</p>
                        <p class="content">
                            4.牙对温度和电的反应受年龄、病变等的影响,个体差异也大,没有可供参考的恒定量化指标,临床测试时,必须以患者自身的正常牙作为对照,从两牙对温度或电刺激的反应对比中判断牙髓的状态。
                        </p>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">五、常见问题</h4>
                        <p class="content">1.检查前未做必要的医嘱说明。</p>
                        <p class="content">2.测试时未隔湿。</p>
                        <p class="content">3.未选对照牙、对照牙选择错误,或测试顺序颠倒。</p>
                        <p class="content">4.测试部位有病损或充填体。</p>
                        <p class="content">5.冷测用三用枪的气或水。</p>
                        <p class="content">6.牙胶热测时烫伤口腔软组织。</p>
                        <p class="content">7.牙髓活力电测试结果描述为敏感、迟钝等。</p>
                        <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                        <p class="content">牙髓活力测试的操作评价标准见表4-1。</p>
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                        <div class="header-content">
                            <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔特殊检查</span>
                            <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodystyle">
 
                        <p class="imgtitle">表4-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙髓活力测试的操作评价标准</p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0053-01.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0029-02.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">牙髓活力测试中爱伤意识的体现</span></p>
                        <p class="quotation">
                            在牙髓活力测试的过程中,爱伤意识的体现至关重要。爱伤意识作为医疗工作者的基本素养,贯穿于牙髓活力测试的各个环节,对于保障患者的身心健康和建立良好的医患关系具有深远意义。</p>
                        <p class="quotation">
                            牙髓活力测试是口腔医学领域中一项重要的诊断手段,旨在评估牙髓的健康状况。在测试前,医护人员应充分与患者沟通,详细解释测试的目的、方法,可能出现的不适及应对措施,让患者对测试过程有清晰的了解,从而减轻患者的紧张和恐惧心理。这不仅体现了对患者知情权的尊重,也是爱伤意识在沟通环节的具体表现。
                        </p>
                        <p class="quotation">在测试过程中,应选择适宜的刺激源,控制刺激的强度和时间,避免过度刺激给患者带来不必要的痛苦。</p>
                        <p class="quotation">
                            此外,密切关注患者的反应也是爱伤意识不可或缺的一部分。在测试过程中,医护人员要时刻观察患者的面部表情、肢体动作等,及时了解患者的感受。一旦患者出现明显的不适或疼痛,应立即停止测试,并采取相应的缓解措施。这体现了对患者感受的尊重和关怀,能够有效避免患者在测试过程中受到伤害。
                        </p>
                        <p class="quotation">
                            测试结束后,医护人员还应向患者交代测试结果和后续的注意事项,让患者对自己的牙髓健康状况有明确的认识。同时,对于测试过程中可能对患者造成的轻微不适,要给予适当的安抚和关心,让患者感受到医护人员的关爱。
                        </p>
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                    <div class="header">
                        <div class="header-divider"></div>
                        <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodystyle">
 
                        <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;改良社区牙周指数检查及记录</h3>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                        <p class="content">(1)具有严谨细致的工作态度,严格遵循标准化操作流程,确保检查数据真实准确,为社区牙周健康评估提供可靠依据。</p>
                        <p class="content">
                            (2)在检查过程中,能体现对受检者的尊重与关爱,通过轻柔操作减少受检者不适,主动沟通缓解其紧张情绪,同时注重操作环境的清洁消毒,树立预防交叉感染的职业防护意识。</p>
                        <p class="center">........................</p>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                        <p class="content">掌握:改良社区牙周指数检查及记录方法。</p>
                        <p class="center">........................</p>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                        <p class="content">能正确进行改良社区牙周指数(改良CPI)检查及记录。</p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                        <p class="content">
                            某社区开展老年人免费口腔检查活动,医师小张对李大爷进行改良社区牙周指数检查。小张先向李大爷说明检查目的与可能感受,取得同意后,以改良执笔式持CPI探针,环指作支点。将探针轻缓插入龈沟,与牙长轴平行,沿牙颊面、舌面龈沟从远中向近中短距离提插移动。
                        </p>
                        <p class="content">
                            检查发现,李大爷右上第一磨牙(16)牙龈探诊后出血,牙周袋深度达6mm,右上中切牙(11)牙龈健康,无牙周袋。最终记录:16牙龈出血记分为1,牙周袋记分为2;11牙龈出血记分为0,牙周袋记分为0。
                        </p>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                        <p class="content">1.在这个案例里,若李大爷的右上第一磨牙因严重龋坏无法检查,该如何记录与处理?</p>
                        <p class="content">2.针对李大爷的检查结果,从改良社区牙周指数角度分析,他的牙周健康状况如何?</p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0054-01.jpg" alt=""
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                    <div class="header-container">
                        <div class="header-content">
                            <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔特殊检查</span>
                            <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                    <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                        <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、检查器械</h4>
                        <p class="content">改良社区牙周指数(community periodontal index,
                            CPI)的常用检查器械为世界卫生组织推荐的CPI探针。探针前端为一小球,直径为0.5mm,在距顶端3.5~5.5mm处为黑色涂抹的区域,距顶端8.5mm和11.5mm处有两条环线。CPI探针的作用如下。
                        </p>
                        <p class="content"><span
                                class="bold">1.检查牙龈出血情况</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;探针小球可避免探针头部过于尖锐刺伤牙龈组织,导致出血而误诊为龈炎。
                        </p>
                        <p class="content"><span
                                class="bold">2.探测牙龈沟或牙周袋的深度</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;探针在3.5mm和5.5mm处的刻度便于测定牙周袋深度。
                        </p>
                        <p class="content"><span
                                class="bold">3.提高工作效率</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;简化检查流程,减少操作步骤;聚焦代表性牙位,降低检查范围。</p>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、检查内容</h4>
                        <p class="content">改良CPI检查须检查全部牙齿,检查内容包括牙龈出血情况和牙周袋深度两项。</p>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、检查方法</h4>
                        <p class="content">
                            改良CPI检查以探诊为主,结合视诊。检查时以改良执笔式握持CPI探针,支点位于受检牙附近的硬组织之上。将探针轻缓地插入龈沟或牙周袋内,探针与牙长轴平行,紧贴牙根。沿牙齿唇(颊)、舌(腭)面龈沟或牙周袋,从远中向近中短距离提插移动探针,查看牙龈出血情况,并根据探针上的刻度观察牙周袋深度。探针使用时所用的力不超过20g,过分用力会引起患者疼痛,有时还会刺破牙龈。
                        </p>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、记分标准及记录</h4>
                        <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)牙龈出血记分标准</p>
                        <p class="content">0=牙龈健康</p>
                        <p class="content">1=探诊后出血</p>
                        <p class="content">9=除外</p>
                        <p class="content">X=牙齿缺失</p>
                        <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)牙周袋记分标准</p>
                        <p class="content">0=袋深不超过3mm</p>
                        <p class="content">1=袋深在4~5mm</p>
                        <p class="content">2=袋深在6mm或以上</p>
                        <p class="content">9=除外</p>
                        <p class="content">X=牙齿缺失</p>
                    </div>
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                        <div class="header-divider"></div>
                        <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodystyle">
                        <p class="content">上述记分填入改良CPI检查记分表(表4-2),每个牙位对应两个空格,上面一个空格填牙龈出血记分,下面一个空格填牙周袋记分。</p>
                        <p class="imgtitle">表4-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;改良CPI检查记分</p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0056-01.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">五、注意事项</h4>
                        <p class="content">1.探查时要有支点,探针须与牙长轴平行,探针检查时用力要适当,否则可能刺破牙龈。</p>
                        <p class="content">2.每颗牙的唇(颊)、舌(腭)面龈沟或牙周袋都必须检查到,尤其不要遗漏舌(腭)面龈沟或牙周袋。</p>
                        <p class="content">3.记住CPI探针上每个刻度离探针顶端的距离,探针插入龈沟或牙周袋后,应仔细观察探针的刻度并记分。</p>
                        <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                        <p class="content">改良社区牙周指数检查及记录的操作评价标准见表4-3。</p>
                        <p class="imgtitle">表4-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;改良社区牙周指数检查及记录的操作评价标准</p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0056-02.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
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                    <div class="header-container">
                        <div class="header-content">
                            <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔特殊检查</span>
                            <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                    </div>
                    <div class="bodystyle">
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0029-02.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">改良社区牙周指数(改良CPI)检查中爱伤意识的融入</span></p>
                        <p class="quotation">改良社区牙周指数(改良CPI)检查中爱伤意识的融入需从检查流程、沟通技巧和环境设置等方面入手,确保患者舒适并减少不适。具体措施如下。</p>
                        <p class="quotation">1.检查前的准备</p>
                        <p class="quotation">(1)充分沟通:向患者解释检查目的、步骤及可能的感受,消除其紧张情绪。</p>
                        <p class="quotation">(2)获取同意:确保患者知情并同意检查,尊重其选择权。</p>
                        <p class="quotation">(3)环境舒适:保持检查室整洁、安静,提供舒适的座椅和柔和的灯光。</p>
                        <p class="quotation">2.检查中的操作</p>
                        <p class="quotation">(1)轻柔操作:使用轻柔手法,避免用力过猛,减少患者不适。</p>
                        <p class="quotation">(2)持续沟通:检查过程中询问患者感受,及时调整操作。</p>
                        <p class="quotation">(3)适时休息:如患者感到不适,允许其休息后再继续。</p>
                        <p class="quotation">3.检查后的关怀</p>
                        <p class="quotation">(1)反馈结果:清晰解释检查结果,并提供必要的口腔护理建议。</p>
                        <p class="quotation">(2)心理支持:如患者对结果感到焦虑,给予安慰和支持。</p>
                        <p class="quotation">(3)后续安排:如需进一步治疗,帮助患者制订后续计划。</p>
                        <p class="quotation">4.培训与教育</p>
                        <p class="quotation">(1)培训医护人员:加强爱伤意识和沟通技巧的培训。</p>
                        <p class="quotation">(2)患者教育:通过宣传材料或讲座,帮助患者了解检查的重要性和过程。</p>
                        <p class="quotation">5.设备与工具</p>
                        <p class="quotation">(1)使用先进设备:选择对牙龈刺激较小的探针等工具,减少不适。</p>
                        <p class="quotation">(2)定期消毒:确保工具清洁,避免交叉感染。</p>
                        <p class="quotation">6.个性化服务&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;关注特殊需求,针对儿童、老年人或焦虑患者,提供个性化服务,如儿童可使用卡通图案的牙科椅。
                        </p>
                        <p class="quotation">7.反馈机制&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;收集反馈,通过问卷或访谈了解患者感受,持续改进服务。</p>
                        <p class="quotation">通过这些措施,可以在改良CPI检查中有效融入爱伤意识,提升患者体验和满意度。</p>
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                    <div class="header">
                        <div class="header-divider"></div>
                        <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodystyle">
 
                        <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙周探诊检查</h3>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                        <p class="content">具有爱伤意识,在牙周探诊检查过程中具备良好的医患沟通能力,能取得患者的高度配合,并对患者痛苦具有同理心。</p>
                        <p class="center">........................</p>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">(1)掌握:牙周探诊检查的操作步骤。</span></p>
                        <p class="content">(2)熟悉:牙周探诊检查注意事项。</p>
                        <p class="content">(3)了解:牙周探诊检查所用物品。</p>
                        <p class="center">........................</p>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                        <p class="content">正确进行牙周探诊检查。</p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                        <p class="content">患者,女,58岁。下前牙松动,伴牙龈出血1年。经口腔检查及辅助检查后诊断为“下前牙牙周炎”,拟行牙周刮治术及松牙固定术。</p>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                        <p class="content">医师在诊断过程中应采取哪种有效的检查方法?</p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0058-01.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、临床意义</h4>
                        <p class="content">
                            牙周探诊作为口腔诊疗中的重要环节,其适应证主要包括疑似牙周炎诊断、牙周病复查、评估牙周治疗效果及进行流行病学调查等。在这些情况下,牙周探诊能够提供关于牙周组织状况的关键信息,有助于医师作出准确的诊断和治疗计划。急性牙周脓肿或急性坏死性龈炎等急性炎症期的疾病,应避免进行牙周探诊,以免加重炎症症状或引发感染扩散。此外,对于患有严重系统性疾病且无法耐受口腔检查的患者,以及精神状况不佳无法配合的患者,同样不宜进行牙周探诊。在进行牙周探诊前,医师应充分了解患者的病史和身体状况,确保探诊操作的安全性和有效性。
                        </p>
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                            <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔特殊检查</span>
                            <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                    <div class="bodystyle">
 
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、物品准备</h4>
                        <p class="content">需要准备的物品包括仿头模、全口牙列模型、一次性口腔器械盒、牙周探针、聚维酮碘。</p>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、操作步骤</h4>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.探诊前的准备工作</span></p>
                        <p class="content">(1)与患者沟通:告知患者检查方法、目的及操作过程中可能出现的不适。有不适感或疼痛感时,要举手示意,不要摆头。取得患者的同意与配合。</p>
                        <p class="content">(2)调整患者椅位:探诊上颌牙时,患者上颌<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                                alt="" />平面与地平面成45°;探诊下颌牙时,患者下颌<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                                alt="" />平面与地平面平行。</p>
                        <p class="content">(3)物品准备。</p>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.探诊流程</span></p>
                        <p class="content">(1)消毒操作部位。</p>
                        <p class="content">(2)将牙周探针沿牙体长轴方向轻轻插入牙周袋内,按一定的顺序进行探查。</p>
                        <p class="content">(3)记录探查结果:探测牙龈表面松软或坚实感;探测龈下牙石的部位、数量;探测牙周袋的深度及出血情况等。</p>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、注意事项</h4>
                        <p class="content">
                            在进行牙周探诊检查时,需确保探针干净无菌,避免交叉感染;探诊力度要适中,避免对患者造成不必要的疼痛或损伤;同时,要注意探诊的顺序与方法,确保检查结果的准确性。</p>
                        <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                        <p class="content">牙周探诊检查的操作评价标准见表4-4。</p>
                        <p class="imgtitle">表4-4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙周探诊检查的操作评价标准</p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0059-03.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
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                    <div class="footer-container">035</div>
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            <div class="page-box" page="46">
                <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(46) > -1">
                    <div class="header">
                        <div class="header-divider"></div>
                        <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodystyle">
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0029-02.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">牙周探诊怎样才能避免患者疼痛又能为诊断提供依据?</span></p>
                        <p class="quotation">
                            牙周探诊是诊断牙周病的重要依据,由于患者处于牙周疾病状态,在操作时难免会给患者带来一定的不适、出血或疼痛感,为了减少患者的痛苦,检查时怎样才能避免患者疼痛又能为诊断提供依据?</p>
                        <p class="quotation">1.检查前进行良好的医患沟通。</p>
                        <p class="quotation">
                            2.检查中严格消毒检查部位,以防造成牙周炎的加重,给患者带来痛苦;在检查牙周袋各部位的深度、探查牙结石部位及数量时,动作轻柔勿粗暴操作,检查要细致,勿遗漏,准确记录检查结果。我们应具有良好的职业素养,以患者为中心,关爱同情患者的痛苦,操作中充分体现爱伤意识,具有职业责任感。
                        </p>
                        <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;咬合关系检查</h3>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                        <p class="content">(1)强化“精准检查为诊疗奠基”的职业责任感,操作中注重每一个细节,避免因检查疏漏导致后续治疗偏差。</p>
                        <p class="content">(2)践行爱伤意识,注意患者舒适度,体现对患者的人文关怀。</p>
                        <p class="content">(3)提升医患沟通实效,增强患者理解与信任。</p>
                        <p class="center">........................</p>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                        <p class="content">(1)掌握:咬合关系检查的内容。</p>
                        <p class="content">(2)熟悉:覆<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                                alt="" />、覆盖、中线关系的概念。</p>
                        <p class="content">(3)了解:咬合关系检查的所用物品。</p>
                        <p class="center">........................</p>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                        <p class="content">能正确进行咬合关系检查,并记录检查结果,为后续诊疗提供客观依据。</p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                        <p class="content">患者,女,25岁。因牙齿排列不整齐,嘴巴前突,要求诊治。经口腔检查及辅助检查后诊断为“安氏Ⅱ类错<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />畸形”,拟行直丝弓固定矫治术。</p>
                    </div>
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            <div class="page-box" page="47">
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                    <div class="header-container">
                        <div class="header-content">
                            <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔特殊检查</span>
                            <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodystyle">
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                        <p class="content">医师在诊断过程中应采取哪种有效的检查方法?</p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0060-01.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、临床意义</h4>
                        <p class="content">医师在诊断过程中,检查上下牙列的咬合关系,能帮助发现后牙近中<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />、远中<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />,前牙深覆<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />、深覆盖、开<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />等错<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />畸形的类型,有助于诊断。</p>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、物品准备</h4>
                        <p class="content">需要准备的物品包括仿头模、全口牙列模型、一次性口腔器械盒、牙周探针。</p>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、检查内容</h4>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.磨牙咬合关系</span></p>
                        <p class="content">(1)中性<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                                alt="" />:上下牙弓的<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                                alt="" />关系正常,在牙尖交错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                                alt="" />时,上颌第一磨牙的近中颊尖正对着下颌第一磨牙的颊沟,上颌第一磨牙的近中舌尖咬在下颌第一磨牙的中央窝内。</p>
                        <p class="content">(2)远中错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                                alt="" />:又称安氏Ⅱ类错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                                alt="" />畸形,为上颌第一磨牙的近中颊尖咬在下颌第一磨牙的颊沟的近中。</p>
                        <p class="content">(3)近中错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                                alt="" />:又称安氏Ⅲ类错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                                alt="" />畸形,为上颌第一磨牙的近中颊尖咬在下颌第一磨牙的颊沟的远中。</p>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.前牙咬合关系</span></p>
                        <p class="content">(1)覆<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                                alt="" />:指牙尖交错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                                alt="" />时,上颌前牙切端盖过下颌前牙唇面的垂直距离。上颌前牙切端盖过下颌前牙唇面切1/3以内者为正常覆<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />,超过者为深覆<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />。①Ⅰ度深覆<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />:上颌前牙切端覆盖至下颌前牙唇面中1/3以内者。②Ⅱ度深覆<img
                                class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                                alt="" />:上颌前牙切端覆盖至下颌前牙唇面颈1/3以内者。③Ⅲ度深覆<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                                alt="" />:上颌前牙切端覆盖至下颌前牙唇面颈1/3以上,下颌前牙切端咬在上颌前牙腭侧牙龈组织上者。④开<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />:牙尖交错<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />时,上下颌前牙切端垂直向无覆<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />关系,存在一定垂直向间隙。</p>
                        <p class="content">(2)覆盖:指牙尖交错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png"
                                alt="" />时,上颌前牙切端至下颌前牙唇面的水平距离。距离在3mm以内者为正常覆盖。①Ⅰ度深覆盖:上颌前牙切端至下颌前牙唇面的水平距离<5mm。②Ⅱ度深覆盖:上颌前牙切端至下颌前牙唇面的水平距离在5~7mm。③Ⅲ度深覆盖:上颌前牙切端至下前牙唇面的水平距离>7mm。④对刃:牙尖交错<img
                                class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />时,上、下颌前牙切端相对者。⑤反<img
                                class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />:牙尖交错<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />时,下颌前牙切端盖过上颌前牙切端者。</p>
                        <p class="content"><span
                                class="bold">3.中线关系</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;指通过左右中切牙近中接触点的垂线。正常者,上、下颌牙列中线应一致,而且应该与面部中线一致。对于牙列中线偏移者,应记录上、下颌中线之间与面部中线之间的左右偏移程度。
                        </p>
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                        <div class="header-divider"></div>
                        <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                        <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                        <p class="content">咬合关系检查的操作评价标准见表4-5。</p>
                        <p class="imgtitle">表4-5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;咬合关系检查的操作评价标准</p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0062-01.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0029-02.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">咬合关系检查的注意事项</span></p>
                        <p class="quotation">(1)正确调整医患椅位,以及光源的角度,使患者<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />平面与水平面成0°~45°。</p>
                        <p class="quotation">(2)咬合关系检查时,患者必须咬合在正中<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />位置,即牙尖交错位,否则会导致检查结果不准确。因此,检查前应进行良好的医患沟通。
                        </p>
                        <p class="quotation">(3)检查过程中,动作应轻柔,检查要细致,勿遗漏,准确记录检查结果。</p>
                        <p class="quotation">我们应具有良好的职业素养,以患者为中心,关爱同情患者的痛苦,操作中充分体现爱伤意识,具有职业的责任感。</p>
                        <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颞下颌关节检查</h3>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-02.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                        <p class="content">具有爱伤意识,在颞下颌关节检查过程中全程关注患者舒适度与心理状态,避免粗暴操作,体现医学人文关怀。</p>
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                        <div class="header-content">
                            <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔特殊检查</span>
                            <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodystyle">
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                        <p class="content">(1)掌握:颞下颌关节检查的方法。</p>
                        <p class="content">(2)熟悉:检查的注意事项。</p>
                        <p class="center">........................</p>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                        <p class="content">能正确进行颞下颌关节检查。</p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                        <p class="content">患者,女,21岁。开口时左侧颞下颌关节弹响1年。临床检查及辅助检查后诊断为“左侧颞下颌关节紊乱病”。</p>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                        <p class="content">医师应如何对患者进行颞下颌关节的检查?</p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0062-04.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、临床意义</h4>
                        <p class="content">颞下颌关节检查可协助诊断颞下颌关节病,口腔颌面部感染、外伤、肿瘤等疾病及颌面部发育异常。</p>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、物品准备</h4>
                        <p class="content">需要准备的物品包括一次性无菌手套、一次性口腔器械盒。</p>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、操作步骤</h4>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.检查前的准备工作</span></p>
                        <p class="content">(1)与患者沟通:告知患者检查方法、目的及操作过程中可能出现的不适,嘱患者有不适感或疼痛感时,要举手示意,不要摆头。取得患者的同意与配合。</p>
                        <p class="content">(2)医患体位:患者取端坐位,头部放松;医师位于患者右侧或正前方。</p>
                        <p class="content">(3)物品准备。</p>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.检查方法</span></p>
                        <p class="content">(1)耳屏前触诊法:医师面对患者,用双手示指和中指指腹贴于患者耳屏前,嘱其做开闭口、前伸和侧向运动。</p>
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                        <div class="header-divider"></div>
                        <span class="header-right">口腔综合技能训练</span>
                    </div>
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                        <p class="content">(2)外耳道触诊法:医师面对患者,小指插入患者外耳道内触压前壁,嘱其做开闭口、前伸和侧向运动。</p>
                        <p class="content"><span
                                class="bold">3.检查顺序</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;看、听、触、量。观察面部中线、牙列中线是否为正中位;两侧髁突运动是否对称协调,有无运动受限和开口偏斜;开口度、开口型是否正常。听关节有无弹响,弹响的性质及时间。触压颞肌、翼外肌、翼内肌、咬肌,感知肌肉收缩力、有无压痛、是否对称。测量开口度,采用自测法或他测法。自测法:嘱患者大开口,伸出自己的三指(示指、中指、环指),垂直伸入自己口腔上下颌中切牙切缘之间。他测法:嘱患者大开口,医师用直尺测量患者上下颌中切牙切缘之间的垂直距离。
                        </p>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.检查结果的记录及其临床意义</span></p>
                        <p class="content">
                            (1)正常结果:面部中线居中;左右对称。开口度在3.7~5.0cm或患者自身三指;开口型为垂直型;在开闭口运动过程中关节无弹响及异常杂音。咀嚼肌触诊无疼痛、痉挛,左右对称,肌力正常。
                        </p>
                        <p class="content">
                            (2)异常结果:当发生颞下颌关节病,颌面部发育异常,颌面部感染、外伤及肿瘤等疾病时,可导致面部中线偏左或偏右;左右不对称。开口度小于正常,可分为轻、中、重度开口受限;开口度大于正常,可导致颞下颌关节半脱位状态;开口型异常表现为开闭口运动可出现偏斜、歪曲或关节绞锁现象;在开闭口运动过程中关节可有弹响或异常杂音。咀嚼肌触诊有疼痛、痉挛,左右不对称,肌力不平衡。
                        </p>
                        <p class="content">开口度自测法和他测法的结果记录及临床意义见表4-6、表4-7。</p>
                        <p class="imgtitle">表4-6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;开口度自测法的结果记录及临床意义</p>
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                        <p class="imgtitle">表4-7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;开口度他测法的结果记录及临床意义</p>
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                            <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔特殊检查</span>
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                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">四、注意事项</h4>
                        <p class="content">
                            (1)在进行颞下颌关节检查时,注意检查方法的规范性。首先,检查者应采用正确的体位,通常让患者取坐位,医师面对患者,以便更好地观察和触诊。其次,在触诊时,检查者的手指应轻柔且稳定,避免用力过猛导致患者不适或疼痛。同时,观察患者的表情和反应,以便及时发现疼痛或异常。
                        </p>
                        <p class="content">
                            (2)对于不同类型的颞下颌关节疾病,可能需要采用不同的检查方法,如开口型检查、侧方运动检查等,检查者应根据患者的具体情况灵活选择。在检查过程中,还需注意观察关节的弹响、杂音等异常表现,这些往往是颞下颌关节疾病的重要体征。
                        </p>
                        <p class="content">
                            (3)在进行颞下颌关节检查时,除了掌握正确的检查方法外,还需注意检查环境的安静与舒适,以减少患者的紧张情绪,从而得到更准确的检查结果。检查者应充分尊重患者的隐私,在检查过程中注意遮挡,避免患者感到尴尬或不适。对于存在颞下颌关节疾病史或相关症状的患者,检查者应更加耐心细致,详细询问病史,以便更全面地评估患者的状况。检查结束后,应及时向患者解释检查结果,并给予必要的健康指导,帮助患者了解自身状况,促进疾病的预防与治疗。
                        </p>
                        <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                        <p class="content">颞下颌关节检查的操作评价标准见表4-8。</p>
                        <p class="imgtitle">表4-8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颞下颌关节检查的操作评价标准</p>
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                        <h3 class="thirdTitle">任务六&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌下腺检查</h3>
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                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                        <p class="content">(1)具有爱伤意识,在下颌下腺检查过程中体现医学人文关怀。</p>
                        <p class="content">(2)树立安全责任意识,确保检查的安全性,维护患者健康权益。</p>
                        <p class="center">........................</p>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                        <p class="content">(1)掌握:下颌下腺检查的方法。</p>
                        <p class="content">(2)熟悉:下颌下腺检查的注意事项。</p>
                        <p class="center">........................</p>
                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                        <p class="content">能运用所学知识和技能对下颌下腺疾病进行检查与治疗。</p>
                        <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0027-03.jpg" alt=""
                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                        <p class="content">患者,男,35岁。右侧下颌区进食时肿胀2个月,肿胀伴疼痛1周。根据临床检查结果及X线下颌横断<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0043_01.png" alt="" />片,诊断为“右下颌下腺导管结石,急性下颌下腺炎”。</p>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                        <p class="content">在临床检查右下颌下腺时,应注意什么?</p>
                        <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务分析】</p>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">一、临床意义</h4>
                        <p class="content">下颌下腺检查有助于下颌下腺疾病(结石、炎症、肿瘤等)及下颌下间隙感染的诊断及鉴别诊断。</p>
                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">二、物品准备</h4>
                        <p class="content">需要准备的物品包括一次性无菌手套、一次性口腔器械盒。</p>
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                            <span class="header-title">项目四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;口腔特殊检查</span>
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                        <h4 class="fourthTitle">三、操作步骤</h4>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.检查前的准备工作</span></p>
                        <p class="content">(1)与患者沟通:告知患者检查方法、目的及操作过程中可能出现的不适,有不适感或疼痛感时,要举手示意,不要摆头。取得患者的同意与配合。</p>
                        <p class="content">(2)医患体位:患者取坐位,低头偏向检查侧;医师位于患者右侧或正前方。</p>
                        <p class="content">(3)物品准备。</p>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.检查流程</span></p>
                        <p class="content">(1)视诊:观察双侧下颌区是否对称。嘱患者开口,抬起舌头,分别按压健侧和患侧下颌区,观察唾液分泌情况,检查中注意分泌物的颜色、流量及性质。</p>
                        <p class="content">
                            (2)触诊:采用双手合诊法。嘱患者开口,抬起舌头,头略低偏向检查侧,检查者戴无菌手套,一手托起下颌区,一手示指放入口底舌下区,由后向前触压口底组织。检查时注意双侧对比。</p>
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                                active="true" /></div>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.检查内容</span></p>
                        <p class="content">(1)腺体大小、形态、质地。</p>
                        <p class="content">(2)有无肿块及肿块的大小、质地,边界是否清楚。</p>
                        <p class="content">(3)导管是否变硬或有无条索状变,有无结石存在。</p>
                        <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.检查结果及其临床意义</span></p>
                        <p class="content">(1)正常情况下,下颌下腺应大小适中,形态规则,质地柔软,无肿块,导管柔软且无结石。</p>
                        <p class="content">(2)若检查发现以下异常,则可能提示相应的临床意义。</p>
                        <p class="content">1)腺体增大、形态不规则或质地变硬,表明可能存在炎症、肿瘤或其他占位性病变。此时,需进一步结合其他检查手段,如下颌下腺超声、CT等,以明确诊断。</p>
                        <p class="content">
                            2)若触及肿块,需仔细评估肿块的大小、质地及边界。肿块较大、质地较硬且边界不清,可能提示恶性肿瘤的存在。而肿块较小、质地较软且边界清晰,则可能为良性肿瘤或其他良性病变。</p>
                        <p class="content">3)导管变硬或呈条索状变,可能提示导管结石或慢性炎症导致的导管狭窄。此时,需进一步检查导管内是否存在结石,以及结石的大小、位置和数量。</p>
                        <p class="content">检查下颌下腺的结果对于临床诊断和治疗具有重要意义。医师应根据检查结果,结合患者的病史、症状和其他相关检查,制订合适的治疗方案。</p>
                        <p class="titleQuot-1">【任务评价】</p>
                        <p class="content">下颌下腺检查的操作评价标准见表4-9。</p>
                        <p class="imgtitle">表4-9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌下腺检查的操作评价标准</p>
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                        <p class="center"><span class="bold">下颌下腺检查的注意事项</span></p>
                        <p class="quotation">
                            下颌下腺检查是诊断下颌下腺疾病的重要依据,为了使检查结果能够准确反映疾病体征,需要患者配合,因此检查前要进行良好的医患沟通。在触诊检查过程中,触压口底黏膜下组织的方向为什么是从后向前?这是因为下颌下腺的导管走形是从后向前开口于口底前部两侧的舌下肉阜。如果触诊检查时从前向后,容易将感染或结石推向腺体内,加重病情。在检查时,操作要轻柔,注意观察患者表情,体现对患者的关爱与爱伤意识。
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                        <p class="right-info">(刘洪利&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;刘俊红&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;乔婷)</p>
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