zhongshujie
4 天以前 20f565e134743664045fc42376ef5acd826acbe3
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<template>
    <div class="chapter" num="4">
        <div class="page-box" page="74">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(74) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <span class="header-right"></span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h1 class="firstTitle-l">第三章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙列、<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />与颌位</h1>
 
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0023-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)具备积极进取、终身学习的治学态度。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)具备良好的医患沟通及团队协作能力,树立大医精诚的医者精神。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)具备科普宣教口腔健康知识的专业素质和参与意识。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:牙列分类;牙正常排列的特点及生理意义;牙列<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面的形态特征;牙尖交错<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />及其咬合接触特征;不同发育阶段<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />的基本形态特征;三种基本颌位的定义、特点及关系。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:牙列大小测量;面部标志与面部协调关系;建<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />的影响因素;前伸<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />颌位和侧<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />颌位。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />型。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)能运用所学知识初步分析并解决临床常见的排牙问题、咬合问题,具备一定的临床思维能力。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)能辨析三个基本颌位,并能说出三个颌位在全口义齿临床颌位关系记录中的应用。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)能科普一定的口腔健康知识,提升民众的口腔健康意识。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0023-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">患者,男性,70岁。</p>
                    <p class="content">主诉:上、下颌牙缺失8年,要求再次修复。</p>
                    <p class="content">现病史:8年前曾在外院进行修复,现因旧义齿松动、不易咬碎食物等,要求重新修复。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        检查:如图3-1所示:17-27,47-37缺失,上颌牙槽嵴高而宽,下颌牙槽嵴略低平,无明显骨尖、骨突;黏膜中等质地,舌的大小、形态正常,活动度良好,唾液分泌量正常。患者面部呈苍老面容,下颌在张口和闭口时未见明显的习惯性前伸动作,颞颌关节也未出现明显弹响及疼痛。
                    </p>
                </div>
                <footer class="footerstyle">064</footer>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="75">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(75) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">第三章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙列、<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />与颌位</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">诊断:上、下牙列缺失。</p>
                    <p class="content">治疗计划:上、下颌总义齿修复。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0081-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;患者口内照</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">1.全口义齿制作程序繁琐,包括取模、颌位记录、人工牙排列、试戴、装盒、填胶、热处理等。其中,成品的人工牙在蜡<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />堤上是按什么规律去排列呢?</p>
                    <p class="content">2.上、下颌人工牙应该满足什么样的咬合接触关系呢?</p>
                    <p class="content">3.全口义齿临床颌位记录如何确定上、下颌的垂直关系和水平关系?</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0080-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><img class="g-pic" src="../../assets/images/0023_04.jpg" alt="" /></p>
                    <p class="content">天然牙生长于牙槽骨中,按照一定的顺序、方向和位置彼此紧密邻接,排列成弓形整体,称为牙弓(dental
                        arch)或牙列(dentition)。上颌者称为上牙列(弓),下颌者称为下牙列(弓)。正常牙列外形整齐规则,牙齿呈对称分布,紧密邻接并连续排列,这种排列方式有其重要的生理意义。恒牙列的形状可概括分为三种基本类型:方圆形、尖圆形和椭圆形。牙在牙槽骨中的排列有一定的近远中向、唇(颊)舌向倾斜规律,及适当的垂直位置,故牙列具有纵<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />曲线和横<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />曲线,这些知识对排牙均有重要指导作用。牙列与颌骨、颅骨之间具有一定的结构比例关系和空间位置关系。</p>
                    <p class="content"><img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />泛指上、下牙列间的接触关系,包括静态<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />和动态<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />。正常牙尖交错<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />,过去又称为正中<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />,表现为:上、下牙列中线相互对齐,除上颌最后一个磨牙及下颌中切牙外,其余每颗牙齿均与对颌的两个牙对应接触,第一磨牙关系为中性关系,尖牙关系正常,前、后牙覆<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />覆盖关系正常。乳牙<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />的特征是乳牙在颌骨的位置较正,无纵<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />和横<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />曲线,覆<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />深,覆盖小,颌骨发育使乳前牙区出现了发育间隙,为恒牙萌出创造有利条件,正常上、下第二乳磨牙的远中面在4岁前呈平齐末端,4~6岁呈近中阶梯关系。非正中<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />关系主要有前伸<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />与侧<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />。前伸咬合运动中最重要的<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />是对刃<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />,侧方咬合运动中,自然牙列工作侧有尖牙保护<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />与组牙功能<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />两种咬合接触类型。</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
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                    <p class="content">颌位是指下颌相对于上颌或者颅骨的位置关系,有重要临床意义的颌位有三个:牙尖交错位、后退接触位和下颌姿势位。①牙尖交错位:是指牙尖交错<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />时,下颌骨相对于上颌骨或颅骨的位置。②后退接触位:是下颌的生理性最后位,从牙尖交错位开始,下颌可再向后下移动少许(1mm左右)的位置,此时后牙牙尖斜面保持部分接触,而前牙则不接触。③下颌姿势位:是指个体直立或端坐、两眼平视前方,不咀嚼、不吞咽、不说话时,下颌所处的位置。下颌姿势位时,上、下牙列自然分开不接触。从下颌姿势位开始,下颌向上移动约1mm,并略向前移动,即可到达牙尖交错位。下颌除了这三个基本颌位外,还有两个重要的功能性颌位:对刃颌位和尖对尖颌位。
                    </p>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">第一节&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙列</h2>
                    <p class="content">正常牙列外形整齐规则,每个牙在牙弓内均有其特定的位置。上下牙列按照一定的对位关系咬合在一起,<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面上各尖窝解剖结构嵌合接触,在接触—分开—再接触—再分开的往复咬合运动中,完成了复杂的咀嚼活动。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、牙列的分类</h3>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)按照牙的类别分类</p>
                    <p class="content">在人的生长发育过程中,先后萌出乳牙和恒牙两副牙列。按照牙的类别分类,牙列可分为恒牙列、乳牙列和混合牙列。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.恒牙列</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;全部由恒牙组成。完整的上、下颌恒牙列各含16颗恒牙,因第三磨牙有退化趋势,故单颌牙列14~16颗牙均属于正常(图3-2)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0082-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;恒牙列</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">A.上颌牙列;B.下颌牙列。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.乳牙列</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;全部由乳牙组成。完整的乳牙列上、下颌各含10颗乳牙。乳牙列外形短而宽,近似于半圆形(图3-3)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.混合牙列</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;由若干恒牙和若干乳牙组成,不同发育阶段牙数略有差异(图3-4)。</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">第三章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙列、<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />与颌位</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
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                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0083-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;乳牙列</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">A.上颌牙列;B.下颌牙列。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0083-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;混合牙列</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">A.上颌牙列;B.下颌牙列。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)按照牙列形态特征分类</p>
                    <p class="content">从<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面观察牙列形态,虽然牙列的形态有一定的规律,但个体之间略有差异。根据六颗前牙的排列特点,将牙列形态大致分为方圆形、尖圆形和椭圆形(图3-5)。但通常多为这三种基本类型的混合型。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0083-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;恒牙列的三种基本类型</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.方圆形;B.尖圆形;C.椭圆形。</p>
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                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.方圆型</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上、下颌牙列中,四个切牙的切缘连线较为平直,牙列从尖牙的远中才开始弯曲向后。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.尖圆型</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌牙列自侧切牙开始明显弯曲向后,前牙段向前突出较为明显。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.椭圆型</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;介于方圆型与尖圆型之间,牙列自上颌侧切牙的远中开始逐渐弯曲向后,使得前牙段较圆突。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(三)按照牙的排列情况分类</p>
                    <p class="content">牙的排列受多种因素影响,个体之间有一定的差异。因此,按照牙的排列情况分类,牙列可分为正常牙列和异常牙列。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.正常牙列</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙数正常,咬合稳定,牙齿排列整齐无间隙,并呈现左右、上下对称的特点。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.异常牙列</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;包括牙数目异常、牙排列异常及牙弓间异常。牙数目异常,如牙数过少(缺失牙)或过多(多生牙);牙排列异常,如牙列拥挤或稀疏、高位牙、低位牙、扭转牙、弓外牙、易位牙等;牙弓间异常,如锁<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />、反<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />等。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、牙列大小的测量</h3>
                    <p class="content">用数值来表示牙列形态,对制订正畸治疗计划、指导义齿修复和制作成品牙列均有重要参考价值。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)牙列长度与宽度</p>
                    <p class="content">牙列长度通常指两侧(左、右侧)中切牙唇侧最突点连线与两侧最后一颗牙远中最突点连线之间的垂直距离。牙列宽度是指两侧同名牙同名解剖标志之间的距离(图3-6)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0084-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙列长度与宽度</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">据国内研究结果,中国人上、下颌恒牙列的长度和宽度均呈正相关,上颌牙列宽约55mm,长约50mm;下颌牙列宽约52mm,长约41mm。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)Terra牙列指数</p>
                    <p class="content">Terra牙列指数通常用来描述上、下颌牙列之间的大小比例关系,采用牙列宽度与牙列长度的比值来表示,即:Terra指数=牙列宽度/牙列长度×100%。</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">第三章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙列、<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />与颌位</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、牙正常排列的倾斜规律</h3>
                    <p class="content">正常情况下,天然牙在牙槽骨中按照一定的倾斜方向和倾斜角度排列。牙的倾斜方向与咀嚼运动所产生的力的方向相适应,从而使<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />力得以沿牙体长轴的方向传导。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)近远中向倾斜</p>
                    <p class="content">从牙弓的正面和侧面观察,前后牙的倾斜情况各有不同。一般以牙体长轴与牙列中线的交角来描述牙的近远中向倾斜情况。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        从牙弓的正面(唇面)观察,上颌中切牙较正或牙冠稍向近中倾斜(牙长轴与中线的交角通常为5°~10°),上颌侧切牙是上颌前牙中向近中倾斜程度最大者,上颌尖牙略向近中倾斜,倾斜度介于中切牙和侧切牙之间(图3-7)。下颌前牙近远中向的倾斜程度均较上颌前牙小,下颌中切牙长轴较直,侧切牙、尖牙向近中倾斜度依次加大(图3-8)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0085-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图3-7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌牙列前牙近远中向、后牙颊舌向倾斜情况示意图(正面观)</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0085-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图3-8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌牙列前牙近远中向、后牙颊舌向倾斜情况示意图(正面观)</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">从牙弓的侧面(颊面)观察,上、下颌前磨牙在近远中方向上的倾斜度相对较小,牙长轴较正,自第一磨牙开始,上、下颌磨牙向近中倾斜程度依次加大(图3-9、图3-10)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0085-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图3-9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌牙列前牙唇舌向、后牙近远中向倾斜情况示意图(侧面观)</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0085-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图3-10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌牙列前牙唇舌向、后牙近远中向倾斜情况示意图(侧面观)</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)唇(颊)舌向的倾斜</p>
                    <p class="content">以牙冠方向表示的牙体长轴相对于水平面的倾斜角度来描述牙的唇(颊)舌向倾斜情况。</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
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                    <p class="content">从牙弓的侧面观察,上、下颌前牙均向唇侧倾斜,倾斜度与颌骨前端牙槽突的倾斜方向一致,上颌前牙向唇侧倾斜程度较下颌前牙大,上、下颌前牙之间形成一定的覆<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />覆盖关系(图3-9、图3-10)。</p>
                    <p class="content">从牙弓的正面观察,上颌后牙微向颊侧倾斜,下颌后牙则略向舌侧倾斜。上颌后牙颊倾、下颌后牙舌倾,上、下颌后牙之间形成一定的覆<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />覆盖关系(图3-7、图3-8)。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(三)垂直向关系</p>
                    <p class="content">为便于描述上、下颌牙在垂直方向上的排列情况,需先设定一个参考平面,再以此为参照来描述各牙垂直向的位置关系,该平面即为<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />平面(occlusal
                        plane)。它是由上颌中切牙的近中切角到双侧第一磨牙的近中颊尖顶所构成的假想平面,亦称为修复学<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />平面(图3-11)。该平面与鼻翼耳屏线相平行,基本平分颌间距离,并与上唇缘有一定的位置关系,常作为制作全口义齿蜡<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />堤和排列人工牙的依据。</p>
                    <p class="content">以修复学<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />平面为参考平面,上颌中切牙的切缘与<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />平面平齐,上颌侧切牙离开<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />平面0.5~1mm,上颌尖牙的牙尖、第一、二前磨牙的颊尖和第一磨牙的近中颊尖与<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />平面接触,第一磨牙的远中颊尖、第二磨牙、第三磨牙均离开<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />平面,距离从前向后依次加大。下颌牙排列的上下位置关系根据上颌牙排列的上下位置关系来确定。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">解剖学研究中,为了准确记录下颌运动及下颌骨或下牙列相对于上颌骨或上牙列的位置关系,常以下颌牙列为基准定义<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />平面,即连接下颌中切牙的近中邻接点到双侧最后一个磨牙的远中颊尖顶所构成的假想平面,又称为解剖学<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />平面。(图3-12)</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0086-13.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图3-11&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;修复学<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />平面示意图</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0086-15.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图3-12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;解剖学<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />平面示意图</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、牙列的生理意义</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        正常牙列外形整齐规则,牙齿呈对称分布,牙与牙之间按照一定的倾斜方向和角度紧密邻接连续排列。这种排列方式具有重要的生理意义:①牙与牙紧密邻接排列成弓形,可以使牙在咀嚼运动中互相支持,传导和分散<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />力,提高咀嚼效能,也有利于牙的稳固,防止牙移位。②牙与牙紧密、连续排列,可以避免食物嵌塞,保护龈乳头免受损害。③牙的倾斜方向与咀嚼运动所产生的力的方向相适应,可使<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />力得以沿牙体长轴传导,有利于咀嚼能力的发挥,同时保护和维持牙及牙周组织的健康。④牙的倾斜排列可使上、下颌牙的接触广泛而紧密,增大上、下颌牙咀嚼时的接触面积,提高咀嚼效能。⑤牙的倾斜排列还可避免咬伤唇、颊和舌,使牙列内侧有足够空间,便于舌的运动,以行使其运转食物、吞咽及发音等功能。⑥牙的倾斜排列还有利于衬托唇、颊,保持面下1/3的丰满美观。
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        <div class="page-box" page="81">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(81) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">第三章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙列、<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />与颌位</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">五、牙列的<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面形态特征
                    </h3>
                    <p class="content">牙列内所有牙齿的切缘与<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面相连而成的一个面是曲面。由于牙排列按一定的规律,向近远中向、唇(颊)舌向倾斜,并以不同的垂直向位置排列在牙弓中,故从侧方观察牙列,呈现纵<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />曲线(即矢状方向的<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />曲线);由前方观察牙列,呈现横<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />曲线(即冠状方向的<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />曲线)。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)纵<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />曲线</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.下颌牙列的纵<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                                alt="" />曲线</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;又称为Spee曲线(Spee
                        curve),即连接下颌切牙的切缘、尖牙的牙尖、前磨牙的颊尖,以及磨牙的近、远中颊尖,形成的一条凹向上的弧形曲线(图3-13)。该曲线在切牙段比较平直,自尖牙起向后逐渐降低,至第一磨牙的远中颊尖处为最低点,然后经第二、第三磨牙的颊尖又逐渐升高,向后上一直延伸至髁突颈的前缘。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.上颌牙列的纵<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                                alt="" />曲线</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;为连接上颌切牙的切缘、尖牙的牙尖、前磨牙的颊尖及磨牙的近、远中颊尖,所形成的一条凸向下的曲线(图3-14)。此曲线的前段,即由切牙至第一磨牙的近中颊尖段较平直,从第一磨牙的远中颊尖开始,逐渐弯曲向上,此段曲线亦称为补偿曲线,形态与下颌的Spee曲线相吻合。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0087-11.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图3-13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌牙列的纵<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />曲线示意图</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0087-14.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图3-14&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌牙列的纵<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />曲线</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)横<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />曲线</p>
                    <p class="content">横<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />曲线(transverse
                        curve of occlusion)又称Wilson曲线(curve of Wilson)(图3-15)。连接上颌两侧同名磨牙的颊尖、舌尖,形成一条凸向下的曲线,称为上颌横<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />曲线。因上颌磨牙在牙槽中的位置略向颊侧倾斜,使舌尖位置略低于颊尖,故所形成的横<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />曲线凸向下。同样,下颌相应地也有一条横<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />曲线,因下颌磨牙在牙槽中的位置略向舌侧倾斜,颊尖较舌尖略高,故下颌的横<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />曲线是凹向上的,与上颌的横<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />曲线相吻合。</p>
                    <p class="content">上、下颌牙列的<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />曲线,无论是纵<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />曲线还是横<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />曲线,均彼此相似或吻合,可以使上、下颌牙在咀嚼运动中能保持密切接触,并与下颌运动的方式相协调。同时,<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />曲线与牙槽突的曲线形态也基本一致,有利于分散与传导咀嚼压力及保护牙周组织的健康。</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0088-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图3-15&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;横<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />曲线示意图</p>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">六、面部标志与面部协调关系</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        为方便描述颌面部的外形特征及对影像检查等操作进行定位,需明确一些面部解剖标志。利用各解剖标志之间的相对大小、位置关系,确定有关参数。利用这些面部标志点之间的比例关系,还可对面部美观进行量化评价。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)面部标志点</p>
                    <p class="content">常用面部标志点见图3-16。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0088-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">1.眉间点;2.鼻根点;3.眶下点;4.耳屏中点;5.鼻翼点;6.口角。</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;面部标志点</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">A.正面观;B.侧面观。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.眉间点</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在正中矢状面上,位于额的下部、鼻根上方,两眉之间向前最突出的点。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.鼻根点</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;鼻根的中点。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.眶下点</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;眼眶下缘的最低点。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.耳屏中点</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;外耳道前方结节状突起的中点。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.鼻翼点</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;鼻翼的中心。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">6.口角</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上下唇交汇处。</p>
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        <div class="page-box" page="83">
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">第三章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙列、<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />与颌位</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="floatPic-40">
                        <img class="openImgBox t100" src="../../assets/images/0089-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">1.眶耳平面;2.鼻翼耳屏线。</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图3-17&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;鼻翼耳屏线与眶耳平面</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)参照线与参照面</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.眶耳平面</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;由眶下缘最低点至外耳道上缘所连成的一个假想平面。当人端坐、头保持直立时,该平面与地平面平行(图3-17)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.鼻翼耳屏线</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;由一侧鼻翼中点至同侧耳屏中点的假想连线,该线与修复学<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />平面相平行,与眶耳平面约成15°角。牙列缺失后,常参考该线来确定修复学<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />平面,以恢复牙列及咬合关系(图3-17)。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.瞳孔连线</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;两侧瞳孔中心的连线。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.闭唇线</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;两侧口角的连线。多数情况下,闭唇线与瞳孔连线相平行。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(三)面部协调关系</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.唇齿关系</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌位于姿势位时,上颌切牙切缘在上唇下缘下显露约1mm,下颌前牙与下唇上缘平齐。唇丰满适度,无明显的凸起或凹陷。上下唇能自然闭合,口角对着上颌尖牙与第一前磨牙之间。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.面部三等分</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;正常人面部可分为三部分,自发际至眉间点、眉间点至鼻底、鼻底至颏下点,这三段距离大致相等。此外,由眼外眦至口角的距离与鼻底至颏下点距离相近。牙列缺失后,面下1/3高度降低,修复时可以用该距离作为参考。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.牙型、牙弓型与面型的关系</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;三者关系通常是相协调的。方圆型面型者,两条颊线(髁突到下颌角外侧面连线)接近平行,其颌骨多较宽,牙弓也多较宽,上颌中切牙也较宽。尖圆型面型者,两条颊线自上而下明显内聚,颌骨多较窄,牙弓亦较窄,上颌中切牙也较窄,这可作为全口义齿修复时选择人工牙的依据。若三者关系不协调,则有损面形的协调与美观。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.Balkwill角</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;由髁突中心至下颌中切牙近中切角连线,与<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />平面构成的角,称为Balkwill角,正常平均为26°左右(图3-18)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0089-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-18&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Balkwill角示意图</p>
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                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.Bonwill三角</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bonwill研究发现,下颌中切牙近中接触点与下颌骨双侧髁突中心相连,构成一等边三角形,边长为10.16cm,称之为Bonwill三角(图3-19)。后人测量研究发现,多数人的Bonwill三角是等腰的,很少是等边的,等腰表明面部左右两侧对称,牙列居中。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">6.Monson球面</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在Bonwill三角学说基础上,Monson提出,下颌牙列的<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面与以眉间点为中心、10.16cm为半径的球面的一部分相吻合,上颌牙列的补偿曲线也是这球面上的一部分,说明牙列<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面形态呈一曲面而不是一个平面,即Monson球面(图3-20)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0090-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-19&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bonwill三角示意图</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0090-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-20&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Monson球面示意图</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">第二节&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" /></h2>
                    <p class="content"><img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />(occlusion)泛指上、下颌牙间的一切咬合接触关系,包括下颌在静止状态和功能运动状态中产生的接触关系。一般习惯于将静态的牙接触关系称为<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />,运动中的牙接触关系称为咬合。由于功能运动中,上、下颌牙的接触部位在不断变化,这样就产生了诸多类型的<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />。其中,临床上最重要、最常用的咬合接触关系为牙尖交错<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />的发育及影响因素
                    </h3>
                    <p class="content"><img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />的生长发育过程漫长而复杂,自出生后6个月左右乳牙萌出时开始建<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />,直至第三磨牙萌出以后达到咬合接触时才完成建<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />全过程。在这期间,正常咬合的建立受许多因素的影响。全身因素如家族遗传、内分泌、营养、代谢等,局部因素如口腔不良习惯(吐舌、口呼吸、咬唇等)、牙齿数目及形态异常等,都会影响正常咬合的建立。而影响建<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />的关键因素是牙列周围及面部各组肌群间的动力平衡。这种动力平衡是建立正常<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />关系的基础。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.前后向的动力平衡</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;向前的动力主要来自升颌肌和舌肌。升颌肌(包括颞肌、嚼肌、翼内肌等)收缩产生的咀嚼压力和舌肌向前的作用力共同推动颌骨和牙列不断向前生长发育,此外,上、下颌骨后部生长较前部旺盛的生长特点,也促使牙列向前方移动。而推动颌骨和牙齿向后的动力主要来自口周肌群,包括口周围肌上组和下组、口轮匝肌、颊肌等。推动颌骨向前的动力与向后的动力相平衡,可以使上、下颌骨和上、下牙列适度向前发育。若前后向动力平衡异常,如舌肌向前的力量过大,会形成“开”;向后的力量不足,会表现为“开唇露齿”。
                    </p>
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                        <span class="header-title">第三章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙列、<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />与颌位</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.唇(颊)舌向的动力平衡</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上下牙列内有舌体,外有颊肌,舌肌推动牙列外扩,而唇颊肌使牙列向内、限制其外扩,从而维持了牙列内外方向的动力平衡,使上、下牙列保持一定的宽度和大小。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.上下方向的动力平衡</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上下方向的动力平衡是通过正常的咬合接触实现的。稳定的咬合接触可以使牙齿在各种生长发育动力作用下,保持正常的萌出高度。如果牙列完整性遭到破坏,各牙之间的相互支持作用丧失,上下方向的<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />动力平衡就不能正常维持。如第一磨牙过早缺失久未修复,对<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />牙因失去正常的咬合接触而伸长,邻牙会向缺隙移位或倾斜。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />的发育阶段
                    </h3>
                    <p class="content"><img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />的发育经历三个阶段:乳牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />时期、替牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />时期和恒牙<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />时期。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)乳牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />时期</p>
                    <p class="content">乳牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />时期是指从出生后6个月左右乳牙开始萌出到第一颗恒牙萌出(约6岁)之前的这一段时间。乳牙<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />建<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />约在2岁半完成,故完整的乳牙<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />时期在2岁半至6岁。此期有以下特征。</p>
                    <p class="content">1.乳牙在颌骨上的位置较正,既没有明显的近远中向倾斜,也没有明显的唇(颊)舌向倾斜,因此纵<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />曲线和横<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />曲线均不明显。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.乳切牙的牙长轴接近垂直,无明显的唇舌向倾斜,因此,乳牙的覆盖较小,覆<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />较深。但4岁以后,由于下颌骨的发育,暂时性深覆<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />的程度可有所减小。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        3.4岁之前,乳牙排列紧密无间隙;4~6岁期间,颌骨长大迅速,而乳牙大小不变,从而在切牙区和尖牙区出现散在生理性间隙,此间隙称为发育间隙,为恒牙萌出创造有利条件。其中,在上颌乳尖牙近中、下颌乳中尖牙远中的间隙,称为灵长类间隙(图3-21)。此间隙与容纳灵长类杂食动物对颌的尖牙有关。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0091-18.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-21&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;灵长类间隙示意图</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">4.4岁以前,乳牙的切缘及<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面没有明显磨耗;4~6岁期间,乳牙的切缘及<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面产生一定程度的磨耗。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        5.4岁以前,上、下颌第二乳磨牙的远中面常彼此相齐,呈一垂直平面,称为齐平末端(图3-22)。4~6岁时,上下颌第二乳磨牙的远中面不在同一个平面上,呈近中阶梯,即下颌第二乳磨牙移至上颌第二乳磨牙的稍前方。
                    </p>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
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                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0092-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图3-22&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;第二乳磨牙远中面的对位关系示意图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">A.齐平末端;B.近中阶梯。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)替牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />时期</p>
                    <p class="content">6岁左右,第一恒磨牙的萌出代表替牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />期的开始。至12岁左右,乳牙全部由恒牙所替换,代表替牙期结束。因此6~12岁期间为替牙<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />时期,或称混合牙列时期。此期,常有暂时性错<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />出现,多数错<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />在发育过程中常可自行调整为正常,因而无须矫正。这些暂时性错<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />有以下几种。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.上颌中切牙间隙</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌两中切牙牙冠偏向远中,两者之间出现一明显间隙。这多是尚未萌出的上颌侧切牙挤压了中切牙的牙根,迫使中切牙牙根向近中、牙冠向远中倾斜所造成的。待侧切牙萌出后,该间隙逐渐消失,中切牙位置转为正常。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.上颌切牙牙冠偏远中</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌侧切牙、尖牙在颌骨内发育时,因颌弓暂时增长不足,未萌出的侧切牙、尖牙牙胚分别挤压中切牙、侧切牙的牙根,使得牙冠向远中倾斜。待侧切牙、尖牙相继萌出后,各切牙的牙根才不再受挤压,其牙体长轴可逐渐恢复正常。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.上唇系带位置过低</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;乳牙初萌时,上唇系带常位于上颌两乳中切牙之间,随着颌骨的发育、牙根的生长,上唇系带逐渐退缩至正常位置。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">4.轻度远中<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />建<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />初期,上、下颌第一恒磨牙为轻度远中关系。由于乳磨牙近远中宽度较前磨牙者大,下颌乳磨牙和前磨牙的近远中宽度差比上颌者大,因此乳磨牙脱落后,下颌第一恒磨牙近中移动的距离要比上颌第一恒磨牙多,上、下颌第一恒磨牙关系可调整为中性<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />关系。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.暂时性拥挤</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;由于恒切牙牙冠比乳切牙宽,故恒切牙初萌时前牙常有拥挤现象。随着颌骨宽度的增长,乳磨牙被前磨牙所替换,前牙的拥挤状态可逐渐改善。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">6.暂时性深覆<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                                alt="" /></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前牙也可出现暂时性深覆<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />现象。伴随着颌骨的生长,以及后牙萌出高度增加,前牙的深覆<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />现象可自行消失。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(三)恒牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />早期</p>
                    <p class="content">除第二、三磨牙外,其他恒牙在替牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />期已经建<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />。12岁左右,第二恒磨牙萌出。其萌出空间,大部分靠面部的前2/3向前方增长,小部分靠面后1/3向后方增长而获得。第三恒磨牙多在17岁后萌出,其萌出空间的获得方式与第二恒磨牙相同。但现代人第三磨牙常因萌出空间不足而错位萌出或阻生,难以建立<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />关系。12~18岁期间为恒牙<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />早期,在此期间,上、下颌牙列可通过生理性磨耗达到一种稳定的<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />平衡。</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">第三章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙列、<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />与颌位</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、牙尖交错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" /></h3>
                    <p class="content">牙尖交错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />(intercuspal occlusion,ICO)(图3-23)是指上、下颌牙牙尖交错,达到最广泛、最紧密的一种咬合接触关系,曾称正中<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />(centric occlusio,CO)。因正中<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />是以下颌居于正中为前提,而牙尖交错<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />时下颌位置不一定在正中,故“正中”一词不如“牙尖交错”更能确切描述此咬合接触特征,现多采用“牙尖交错<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />”。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)正常牙尖交错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />的咬合接触特征</p>
                    <p class="content">牙尖交错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />时的咬合接触特征,按照近远中向、唇(颊)舌向及垂直向等三个不同方向分别描述。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.近远中向关系</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)上、下牙列中线对齐:正常牙尖交错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />时,上下牙列中线对正,并与面部中线、上唇系带相一致。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)上、下颌牙的对位关系:除上颌最后一个磨牙和下颌中切牙外,每个牙均与对颌的两个牙相接触,上、下颌牙前后交错排列,达到全牙列最广泛、最密切的咬合接触(图3-23~图3-25)。</p>
                    <p class="content">上下颌牙这种对位接触关系的意义:①使<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面最广泛、最密切地咬合接触,有利于咀嚼;②可以使<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />力分散,避免个别牙负担过重。③短时间内,不会因个别牙缺失,而致对颌的同名牙完全失去咬合而出现伸长移位的现象。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0093-13.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-23&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙尖交错<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />(正面观)</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0093-15.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-24&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙尖交错<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />(侧面观)</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0093-17.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图3-25&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙尖交错<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />时牙的对应接触关系</p>
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                    <p class="content">(3)上下颌尖牙的对位关系:一般来讲,尖牙接触关系大体上可反映前牙近、远中向的接触特征。因下颌前牙的牙冠比上颌的窄,故正常牙尖交错<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />时,上颌尖牙的牙尖顶对应着下颌尖牙的远中唇斜面,而下颌尖牙的牙尖顶又对应着上颌尖牙的近中舌斜面。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)上下颌第一磨牙的对位关系:第一磨牙关系大体上可反映后牙近远中向的接触特征,通常被称为<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />的关键。其原因在于:①第一恒磨牙是最早萌出、建<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />的恒牙,其<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面最为宽大,尖窝沟嵴纵横交错,建<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />后与对颌同名牙的尖窝解剖结构相嵌合,易于维持整个咬合关系的稳定;②第一磨牙牙根多、粗壮、根分叉度大,又位于骨质致密的颧牙槽嵴内,故萌出后位置较稳定,以利于其他牙相继在正常位置上萌出建<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />;③第一磨牙位于后牙牙弓中段,靠近咀嚼肌收缩的合力作用点附近,承受的咬合力最大。由于这些特点,第一磨牙关系成为牙尖交错<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />最重要的标志。</p>
                    <p class="content">正常牙尖交错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />时,上颌第一磨牙的近中颊尖对着下颌第一磨牙的颊沟,其近中舌尖对着下颌第一磨牙的中央窝,而下颌第一磨牙远中颊尖则对着上颌第一磨牙的中央窝,上下颌第一磨牙的这种接触关系通常称为中性<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />关系,为理想的磨牙关系。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.唇(颊)舌向关系</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;正常情况下,上颌牙列比下颌牙列略宽大,因而在牙尖交错<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />时,上颌牙列盖在下颌牙列的唇(颊)侧,下颌牙列咬在上颌牙列舌侧,呈现覆<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />、覆盖关系(图3-26、图3-27)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t70" src="../../assets/images/0094-12.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图3-26&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前牙覆<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />与覆盖示意图</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t70" src="../../assets/images/0094-14.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图3-27&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;后牙覆<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />与覆盖示意图</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(1)覆盖(overjet):亦称超<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />,是指牙尖交错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />时,上颌牙盖过下颌牙的水平距离。对于前牙,它是指上颌切牙切缘与下颌切牙切缘之间前后向的水平距离。正常情况下,覆盖不超过3mm,超过者为深覆盖。对于后牙,它是指上颌后牙颊尖盖过下颌后牙颊尖的颊侧,两颊尖顶之间的水平距离。临床上所用的覆盖,如未特别说明,通常指的是前牙的覆盖。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)覆<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />(overbite):是指牙尖交错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />时,上颌牙盖过下颌牙唇(颊)面的垂直距离。对于前牙,它是指上颌切牙切缘与下颌切牙切缘之间的垂直距离,正常情况下,下颌切牙切缘咬在上颌切牙舌面切1/3以内,此为正常覆<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />,超过者为深覆<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />。对于后牙,它是指上颌后牙颊尖顶与下颌后牙颊尖顶之间的垂直距离。同样,临床上所用的覆<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />,未特别说明时,指的是前牙的覆<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />。</p>
                    <p class="content">正常的覆<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />、覆盖,一方面可以使上、下颌牙的接触关系更密切,有利于提高咀嚼效能;另一方面,上颌牙列的切缘与颊尖覆盖着下颌牙列的切缘与颊尖,这样可以保护唇、颊软组织不被咬伤;同时在牙列的舌侧,下颌后牙的舌尖反覆盖着上颌后牙的舌尖,从而保护舌缘不被咬伤。另外,覆<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />、覆盖关系还与维持面部容貌美观,以及发音、呼吸等口腔功能有关。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.垂直向关系</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)切牙接触特征:下颌切牙切端的唇侧与上颌切牙舌面相接触。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)尖牙接触特征:下颌尖牙位于上颌尖牙的近中,下颌尖牙远中唇斜面与上颌尖牙近中舌斜面相接触;下颌尖牙近中唇斜面与上颌侧切牙舌面远中相接触;上颌尖牙远中舌斜面与下颌第一前磨牙颊尖的近中颊斜面相接触。
                    </p>
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                        <span class="header-title">第三章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙列、<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />与颌位</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)后牙接触特征:上颌前磨牙的舌尖与下颌同名前磨牙的远中边缘嵴区域接触;下颌前磨牙的颊尖与上颌同名前磨牙的近中边缘嵴区域接触;上颌磨牙的近中颊尖正对着下颌同名牙的颊沟;上颌磨牙的近中舌尖与下颌同名牙的中央窝相接触;下颌磨牙的远中颊尖则与上颌同名磨牙的中央窝相接触(图3-28)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0095-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图3-28&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙尖交错<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />的后牙接触特征示意图</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        后牙颊、舌尖的功能有所不同,可根据后牙牙尖的主要功能作用,将其分为支持尖(功能尖)和引导尖(非功能尖)两种类型。上颌的舌尖与下颌的颊尖对咬合高度具有决定意义,通常称为支持尖或功能尖;上颌的颊尖与下颌的舌尖主要承担引导下颌运动的功能,故称为引导尖或非功能尖。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">在理想的后牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面上,上颌后牙舌尖连线、下颌后牙颊尖连线分别构成一条连续的平滑曲线,各自与对颌的中央窝连线(即后牙的中央窝相连形成的连线)相吻合(图3-29)。这种吻合是保证咀嚼运动平滑协调的关键之一,同时也能保证咀嚼效率最大化和维护组织健康。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0095-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图3-29&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌后牙舌尖连线、下颌后牙颊尖连线与中央窝连线之间的关系示意图</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.牙尖交错</span><img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" /><span
                            class="bold">正常的标志</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;根据上述牙尖交错<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />基本形态特征的描述,正常牙尖交错<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />需要具有以下标志。</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="content">(1)上下牙列中线与面中线对齐,正对上唇系带。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)一牙对二牙,即除上颌最后一个磨牙及下颌中切牙外,每个牙都与对颌的两个牙对应接触。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)尖牙关系正常,即上颌尖牙的牙尖顶正对下颌尖牙的远中唇斜面及唇侧远中缘,下颌尖牙的牙尖顶则对应上颌尖牙的近中舌斜面。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)第一磨牙关系为中性关系。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)前、后牙覆<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />、覆盖关系正常。</p>
                    <p class="content">上述正常牙尖交错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />标志,包括了近远中向和唇(颊)舌向关系,但没有对垂直向关系进行描述,这是由于目前对垂直向咬合接触特征的研究还不全面,尚未总结出一个为多数人所接受、易于检查、诊断的指标体系,还有待在今后的咬合研究中不断研究总结。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)牙尖交错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />时,前、后牙的异常咬合关系</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.前牙的异常咬合关系</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;根据覆<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />、覆盖关系,前牙的异常咬合关系可分为对刃<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />、深覆<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />、深覆盖、反<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />、开<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />(图3-30)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0096-09.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图3-30&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前牙的咬合关系示意图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.正常<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                                alt="" />;B.对刃<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                                alt="" />;C.深覆<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                                alt="" />;D.深覆盖;E.反<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                                alt="" />;F.开<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(1)对刃<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />:是指牙尖交错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />时,上、下颌切牙切缘相接触,覆<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />、覆盖均为零的前牙咬合关系。该<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />型对牙齿的切割功能和面形有一定程度的影响。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)深覆<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />:牙尖交错<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />时,上颌切牙盖过下颌切牙唇面超过切1/3者,为深覆<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />。根据下颌切牙切缘咬在上颌切牙舌面的部位,临床上可将其分为三度。</p>
                    <p class="content">1)Ⅰ度深覆<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />:下颌切牙切缘咬在上颌切牙舌面切1/3与中1/3之间;</p>
                    <p class="content">2)Ⅱ度深覆<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />:下颌切牙切缘咬在上颌切牙舌面中1/3与颈1/3之间;</p>
                    <p class="content">3)Ⅲ度深覆<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />:下颌切牙切缘咬在上颌切牙舌面超过颈1/3以上者。</p>
                    <p class="content">深覆<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />者,下颌前伸运动受限制,容易导致咬合障碍,对颞下颌关节的功能可能会产生一定影响。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)深覆盖:临床上,深覆盖可分为三度。</p>
                    <p class="content">1)Ⅰ度深覆盖:上颌切牙切缘盖过下颌切牙唇面的水平距离在3~5mm;</p>
                    <p class="content">2)Ⅱ度深覆盖:上颌切牙切缘盖过下颌切牙唇面的水平距离在5~7mm;</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">第三章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙列、<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />与颌位</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">3)Ⅲ度深覆盖:上颌切牙切缘盖过下颌切牙唇面的水平距离在7mm以上。</p>
                    <p class="content">深覆盖患者多伴有上颌前突面型,对美观、发音及牙齿切割等功能有明显影响。深覆盖可以伴有或不伴有深覆<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)反<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />:牙尖交错<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />时,下颌前牙咬在上颌前牙的唇侧,覆盖为负值。该<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />型基本无切割功能,对面型、发音等影响较大。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)开<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />:牙尖交错<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />时,上、下颌牙列部分前牙甚至前磨牙均不接触,上下颌前牙切缘之间在垂直方向上有空隙。开<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />者不仅切割功能完全丧失,且对发音和面型也有较大影响。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.后牙的异常咬合关系</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;根据覆<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />、覆盖关系,后牙的异常咬合关系可分为反<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />、锁<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />、反锁<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />(图3-31)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0097-13.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图3-31&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;后牙的咬合关系示意图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.正常<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                                alt="" />;B.反<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />;C.锁<img
                                class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />;D.反锁<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(1)反<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />:是指牙尖交错<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />时下颌后牙的颊尖咬在上颌后牙颊尖的颊侧。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)锁<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />:也称正锁<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />,是指牙尖交错<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />时上颌后牙的舌尖咬在下颌后牙颊尖的颊侧。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)反锁<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />:是指牙尖交错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />时下颌后牙的舌尖咬在上颌后牙颊尖的颊侧。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(三)异常牙尖交错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />的分类</p>
                    <p class="content">根据上述的牙尖交错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />咬合接触特征的描述,从形态学角度,可将<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />分为正常<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />和错<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />。凡牙尖交错<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />异常者统称为错<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />。</p>
                    <p class="content">错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />的分类方法较多,最简单、常用的是安氏错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />分类法,该方法以上、下颌第一磨牙的咬合关系为基础,将咬合分为以下三类。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.安氏I类错</span><img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />上下颌第一磨牙为中性关系,但其余牙的<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />关系有异常表现。该类错<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />患者的面型多为正常。需注意其与正常<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />的区别,正常<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />者,上下颌第一磨牙为中性关系,同时其余牙的<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />关系也正常。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.安氏Ⅱ类错</span><img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />上下颌第一磨牙为远中关系,即上颌第一磨牙的近中颊尖对着下颌第一磨牙颊沟的近中,该类错<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />患者的面型常伴有下颌后缩。</p>
 
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.安氏Ⅲ类错</span><img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />上下颌第一磨牙为近中关系,即上颌第一磨牙的近中颊尖对着下颌第一磨牙颊沟的远中,该类错<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />患者的面型常伴有下颌前突。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、前伸<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />与侧方<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" /></h3>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)前伸<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" /></p>
                    <p class="content">下颌在保持上下牙接触的同时向前运动,运动过程中上下牙之间的动态接触关系,均称为前伸<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />。它包含多种接触关系,其中,可重复的、有临床意义的有对刃<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />和最大前伸<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.对刃</span><img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;是指下颌前伸到上、下颌前牙切缘相对时的接触关系(图3-32)。它对于前牙的切咬功能非常重要,前牙切缘相对方可切断食物。对于自然牙列,在正常情况下,应当是前牙接触,后牙不接触或轻接触。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0098-10.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图3-32&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;对刃<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" /></p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.最大前伸</span><img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌从对刃<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />保持咬合接触继续前伸,达到最大前伸的位置,此时上、下颌只有后牙接触,前牙不接触,这种上、下牙的接触关系称为最大前伸<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)侧方<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" /></p>
                    <p class="content">下颌向一侧(左侧或右侧)做功能运动时,上、下颌牙之间的接触关系称为侧方<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />。它是一种不对称性咬合运动。在侧方运动中,将下颌移向侧称为工作侧,对侧称为非工作侧。正常自然牙列有两种咬合接触类型,即尖牙保护<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />和组牙功能<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">五、<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />的类型</h3>
                    <p class="content">根据牙的接触特点,将<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />分为单侧平衡<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />和双侧平衡<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)单侧平衡<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" /></p>
                    <p class="content">单侧平衡<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />是指不存在或未达到双侧平衡<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />关系者,主要有尖牙保护<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />和组牙功能<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />。</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">第三章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙列、<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />与颌位</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.尖牙保护</span><img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌进行侧方咬合运动时,工作侧只有尖牙保持接触,非工作侧牙齿不接触(图3-33)。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.组牙功能</span><img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌在侧方咬合运动时,工作侧的上下尖牙和一对或一对以上的后牙同时保持接触;非工作侧上下颌后牙不接触(图3-34)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0099-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图3-33&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;尖牙保护<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" /></p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0099-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">图3-34&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;组牙功能<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" /></p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">一般情况下,年轻人尖牙保护<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />较多,随着年龄的增长和牙齿的磨耗,组牙功能<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />的比例逐渐增加,因而组牙功能<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />多见于年长者。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)双侧平衡<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" /></p>
                    <p class="content">在为无牙颌患者进行全口义齿修复时,为了全口义齿的固位和稳定,义齿的咬合关系应排列成双侧平衡<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />。双侧平衡<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />可分为正中平衡<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />、前伸平衡<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />和侧方平衡<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.正中平衡</span><img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;是指下颌在正中<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />位时,上、下颌牙之间具有最大面积的广泛而均匀的接触。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.前伸平衡</span><img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />是指下颌前伸至上下前牙切缘相对时,上、下颌双侧后牙之间保持接触关系。根据后牙的接触情况,可分为三点接触、多点接触和完善接触的前伸平衡<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.侧方平衡</span><img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;是指下颌做侧方运动时,双侧上、下颌牙均有接触关系。根据后牙的接触情况,可分为三点接触、多点接触和完善接触的侧方平衡<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />。</p>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">第三节&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颌位</h2>
                    <p class="content">
                        颌位是指下颌相对于上颌或颅骨的位置关系,即下颌的位置。由于上颌骨和颅骨是相对固定的,而下颌骨是相对活动的,可以左右、上下、前后运动,随着下颌位置的变化,就会产生不同的颌位。其中,最基本的、可以重复的、相对稳定的,又有重要临床意义的颌位有三个,即牙尖交错位、后退接触位和下颌姿势位。除了上述三个基本颌位以外,与咬合有关的可重复的颌位还有前伸<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />颌位与侧<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />颌位。</p>
 
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                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、牙尖交错位</h3>
                    <p class="content">牙尖交错位(intercuspal position,ICP)是指牙尖交错<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />时,下颌骨相对于上颌骨或颅骨的位置。该位置以牙尖交错<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />为前提,随牙尖交错<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />的变化而变化,丧失了牙尖交错<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />就丧失了牙尖交错位,因而牙尖交错位又称为牙位。</p>
                    <p class="content">正常情况下,牙尖交错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />时,下颌骨居于正中,不偏左右,这时牙尖交错位又称作正中<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />位。事实上,并非所有人在牙尖交错位时其下颌位置都居于正中,因此,牙尖交错位比正中<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />位更能准确反映该颌位的特征。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)牙尖交错位的特点</p>
                    <p class="content">1.上、下颌牙处于牙尖交错、最广泛、最紧密的咬合接触关系。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.髁突基本居于下颌窝中央。关节的前、后、上间隙基本相等,髁突前斜面、关节盘中间带、关节结节后斜面三者保持密切接触。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.双侧升颌肌群收缩对称、有力,作用协调。</p>
                    <p class="content">4.牙尖交错位具有重复性。该位置是由上、下颌牙的<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />面尖窝解剖结构嵌合关系所决定,是重复性最好的颌位。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        5.牙尖交错位在人的一生中相对稳定,但也会逐渐变化。牙齿缺失、龋坏、外伤、临床治疗等引起的咬合变化,都可能会对牙尖交错位产生影响。总体上,牙尖交错位可随牙尖交错<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />的存在而存在,随牙尖交错<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />的变化而变化,随牙尖交错<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />的丧失而丧失。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        6.牙尖交错位是下颌肌力闭合道的终点。在双侧升颌肌作用下,下颌自然闭口到上、下颌牙接触时,下颌牙沿上颌牙牙尖斜面自然、稳定地进入牙尖交错位,该位置也就是咀嚼肌肌力闭合道的终点。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)牙尖交错位的影响因素</p>
                    <p class="content">牙尖交错位是随牙尖交错<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />的变化而变化的下颌位置,其影响因素如下。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.牙尖交错</span><img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" /><span
                            class="bold">异常</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;如某些错<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />畸形、<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />面重度磨损、多颗牙缺失等,可影响牙尖交错位使其发生改变。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.肌功能异常</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;如一侧咬肌痉挛,可使下颌在牙尖交错位时出现偏斜,上、下颌牙不能达到最广泛、最紧密的接触。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.颞下颌关节异常</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;如髁突骨折移位、盘突功能失调、髁突发育异常等,这些都会造成咬合异常,上、下颌牙不能达到最广泛而紧密的接触。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(三)牙尖交错位的意义</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        牙尖交错位是下颌的主要功能位,各种口腔功能活动如咀嚼、言语、吞咽等,均与牙尖交错位关系密切。而且牙尖交错位是咀嚼功能发挥最大时的位置,也是重复性最好的下颌位置,临床上可作为检查、诊断和治疗的基准位。牙尖交错位正常时,双侧升颌肌收缩对称有力,牙体、牙周组织受力均匀,双侧颞下颌关节受力适度,运动协调,有利于各种下颌功能运动的协调与稳定。
                    </p>
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                        <span class="header-title">第三章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙列、<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />与颌位</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、后退接触位</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        下颌从牙尖交错位开始,可以向后下移动少许(1mm左右),受颞下颌韧带限制不能再向后退,此时后牙牙尖斜面保持部分接触而前牙不接触,下颌的这个位置称为后退接触位(retruded contact
                        position,RCP)(图3-35),是下颌的生理性最后位。后退接触位时,上、下颌牙的接触关系称为后退接触<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />(retruded contact occlusion,RCO)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0101-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-35&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;后退接触位示意图</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)后退接触位与正中关系</p>
                    <p class="content">正中关系(centric
                        relation,CR)是指下颌适居正中,髁突位于关节窝的后位,在适当的面部距离(垂直距离)时,下颌对上颌的位置关系。髁突位于关节窝的后位时,髁突对上颌的位置称为正中关系位(centric
                        relation position,CRP),它是一个稳定的、可重复的功能性后边缘位。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        下颌在后退接触位时,髁突位于关节窝的后位,此时髁突可以在关节窝内做铰链运动,铰链运动可使切端张开18~25mm,这个运动范围称为正中关系范围。在此范围内,下颌对上颌的位置关系统称为正中关系。可见,正中关系是一个范围,不是一个颌位,而是许多颌位的集合,其最上位是后退接触位。后退接触位时上下牙的接触关系也被称为正中关系<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />。正中关系<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />即是后退接触<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)后退接触位的特点</p>
                    <p class="content">1.双侧部分后牙牙尖保持接触,前牙不接触。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.下颌从后退接触位开始可作开口、侧向和前伸运动,具有可重复性。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.颞肌后束、二腹肌前腹、下颌舌骨肌、颏舌骨肌等后退下颌的肌群收缩完成从牙尖交错位向后退接触位的运动。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        4.从后退接触位开始,下颌向前上移动约1mm到达牙尖交错位。在此移动范围内,双侧后牙均匀对称接触、无偏斜,该距离称为长正中或自由正中。在正常人群中,约10%的人下颌不能从牙尖交错位后退,或者说牙尖交错位与后退接触位为同一个位置,此现象称为一位,而将既具有牙尖交错位又具有后退接触位的现象称为二位。儿童中一位的比例较高,随年龄增长,一位的比例逐渐降低,二位的比例则明显增加,到成人时基本在90%左右。
                    </p>
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                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(三)后退接触位的意义</p>
                    <p class="content">1.后退接触位是吞咽时下颌经常到达的功能性颌位,也为下颌在牙尖交错位时承受的咬合力提供缓冲空间,当<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />力较大时,可通过下颌后退来缓冲<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />力。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.当全口牙或大多数牙缺失、<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />过度磨耗等导致患者需要进行咬合重建时,后退接触位可作为寻找颌位关系的参考位或者作为建<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />的参考依据。这些患者的牙尖交错位丧失或失去了其明确标志,但后退接触位仍存在,因此在临床修复缺牙过程中,可利用后退接触位的可重复性,获得患者后退接触位的记录,在后退接触位或者其前方建<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />(即利用长正中建<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />)。</p>
                    <p class="content">3.后退接触位对颞下颌关节紊乱的检查、诊断与治疗有重要价值。有学者指出,ICP与RCP之间的咬合干扰对颞下颌关节紊乱和磨牙症具有重要的病因学意义。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、下颌姿势位</h3>
                    <p class="content">当人直立或端坐,两眼平视前方,不咀嚼、不吞咽、不说话,下颌处于休息状态,上、下牙列自然分开不接触,此时下颌所处的位置称为下颌姿势位(mandibular
                        postural
                        position,MPP)。曾称息止颌位或下颌休息位。过去认为,该位时口颌肌群处于完全松驰状态,现研究表明,此时的升颌肌群既非处于静息状态,也非处于最小电活动状态,而是均有电位活动,颞肌的电位活动最明显,以维持下颌姿势位的平衡。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">下颌姿势位时,上下颌牙均无咬合接触,上下牙弓之间有一前端大后端小的楔形间隙,称为息止<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />间隙或<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />间隙(图3-36),该间隙在切牙切缘之间的距离为2~4mm。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0102-09.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图3-36&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;息止<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />间隙示意图</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)下颌姿势位的特点</p>
                    <p class="content">1.下颌姿势位在牙尖交错位后下方2~4mm处,上下颌牙无咬合接触。</p>
                    <p class="content">2.体位影响息止<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />间隙的大小。如躯体直立头向前倾斜,息止<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />间隙变小;头向后仰,息止<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />间隙变大。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        3.下颌姿势位并不是一个完全稳定的下颌位,但在一段时间内,该位又相对稳定,有一定的可重复性。下颌姿势位主要靠肌张力和下颌骨重力的平衡来维持,其稳定性受许多因素的影响。体位、下颌骨重量(缺牙、牙齿磨损、戴义齿等)、异常咬合关系等均可影响下颌姿势位的稳定性。但是,在正常条件下,在相当长的一段时间内,MPP又是相对稳定的。
                    </p>
 
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                        <span class="header-title">第三章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙列、<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />与颌位</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)垂直距离与<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />间隙
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        垂直距离是指面下1/3的高度,用鼻底到软组织颏下点之间的距离来表示。按照惯例,单独使用垂直距离时,一般是指牙尖交错位时面下1/3的高度。临床上常用面中1/3的距离或眼外眦到口角的距离作参考。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0103-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;垂直距离示意图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.下颌姿势位;B.牙尖交错位。</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">a、b均为垂直距离,a=b+息止<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />间隙。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">下颌姿势位时的垂直距离与牙尖交错位时的垂直距离之差即为息止<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />间隙的大小,临床上常借此大致确定无牙<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />患者上下颌的垂直位置关系。正确确定垂直距离,对恢复咬合非常重要。垂直距离正常时,口颌面部诸肌张力适度,表情自然,可发挥最大的咀嚼效率。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(三)下颌姿势位的意义</p>
                    <p class="content">下颌姿势位时,上、下颌牙自然分开不接触,不产生非咀嚼性磨损,牙周和颞下颌关节均不受力,口颌肌群放松,因此,下颌姿势位是维持口颌系统健康所必需的颌位。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        正常人在24小时内,上、下颌牙接触的时间仅十几分钟,绝大部分时间上、下颌牙不接触。有紧咬牙习惯或磨牙症的患者,在非咀嚼情况下,如睡眠、情绪紧张等时,上、下颌牙长时间紧咬或磨动,不仅造成牙齿严重磨损,还加重了牙周组织、咀嚼肌及颞下颌关节的负荷,长此以往会造成口颌系统不同程度的损伤和功能紊乱。因此,保持下颌姿势位的相对稳定或维持正常的<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />间隙对口颌系统的健康很重要。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        下颌姿势位不以上、下颌牙的咬合为存在条件。牙列缺失后,牙尖交错位丧失,但下颌姿势位仍存在,在进行全口义齿修复时,临床上常利用下颌姿势位作为恢复牙尖交错位的参考颌位。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0030-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">了解夜磨牙症,守护口腔健康</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">夜磨牙症指夜间睡眠时,上、下颌牙齿间出现的节律性、间断性不自主磨动或紧咬的现象,有时伴有“咯吱咯吱”的牙齿磨动声响。</p>
 
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                    <span class="header-right">口腔解剖生理学</span>
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                    <p class="quotation">
                        夜磨牙症是一种常见的口腔问题,其病因尚未完全明确,可能的诱发因素主要有咬合异常、精神心理因素、不良生活习惯等。其危害可轻可重,但长期、高强度的牙齿磨动可对口腔健康造成严重危害,如牙齿过度磨损、牙周组织损伤、咀嚼肌疲劳或肥大、颞下颌关节不适等,同时,磨牙时发出的异响会困扰同室人员的睡眠。夜磨牙症的治疗以对症治疗为主,常用治疗方法包括佩戴磨牙垫、调整咬合、心理疏导等。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、前伸<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />颌位与侧<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />颌位</h3>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)前伸<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />颌位</p>
                    <p class="content">下颌在保持上、下牙接触的同时向前运动,运动过程中下颌所有的位置均统称为前伸<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />颌位。前伸<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />颌位是无数颌位的集合。其中,可以重复的、较稳定的前伸<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />颌位包括对刃颌位和最大前伸颌位。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.对刃颌位</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;是指下颌向前运动到上、下颌前牙切缘相对时的位置,它是前牙切咬食物时的一个功能性颌位。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.最大前伸颌位</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌从对刃颌位还可以保持咬合接触继续前伸,达到最大前伸的位置,称为最大前伸颌位,这是下颌前伸运动的极限位置。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)侧<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />颌位</p>
                    <p class="content">下颌在保持一侧上、下颌牙接触的同时向该侧移动,运动过程中下颌所有的位置统称为侧<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />颌位。侧<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />颌位有很多,但易重复的侧<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />颌位主要包括同名牙尖相对侧<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />颌位(简称尖对尖颌位)和最大侧<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />颌位。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        尖对尖颌位是后牙发挥咀嚼功能的起始咬合接触位,常作为检查咀嚼功能的基准位之一。下颌从尖对尖颌位还可以继续向外侧移动至最大侧向运动的位置,称为最大侧向颌位,它是下颌侧向运动的极限位。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">五、下颌三种基本颌位的关系</h3>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.牙尖交错位与后退接触位的关系</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;这两个颌位之间的关系主要表现为前后方向和垂直方向上的空间位置变化。下颌从后退接触位开始,能自如地直向前上方滑动约1.0mm进入牙尖交错位,在此滑动范围内,双侧后牙均匀对称接触,无偏斜,则这两个颌位的关系协调。如在这一移动过程中仅单侧后牙接触,或偏斜过大,则称为RCP-ICP<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png"
                            alt="" />干扰,表明这两个颌位的关系不协调,它是引起口颌系统功能紊乱的潜在因素。</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">第三章&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙列、<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0050_01.png" alt="" />与颌位</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.牙尖交错位与下颌姿势位的关系</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;这两个颌位之间主要表现为垂直方向的关系。从下颌姿势位开始,下颌向上运动1~3mm,并略向前移动,即达到牙尖交错位。当开口后再闭口时,下颌闭口运动的轨迹被称为肌力闭合道,肌力闭合道的终点即下颌在肌肉收缩引导下闭口至咬合刚接触时的位置,称肌接触位,简称肌位。正常情况下,肌位与牙尖交错位一致。如果从下颌姿势位向牙尖交错位移动过程中,向上的距离小于lmm,或能够向后、向前及向左、向右移动,则表明肌位与牙位不一致,以咬合异常和肌功能异常最为多见。
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