zhongshujie
4 天以前 20f565e134743664045fc42376ef5acd826acbe3
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<template>
    <div class="chapter" num="6">
        <div class="page-box" page="188">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(188) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <span class="header-right"></span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <h1 class="firstTitle-l">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</h1>
 
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0019-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)树立精益求精的学习意识,对技术细节反复打磨,追求操作的精准性与完美度。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)具备一丝不苟的学习态度,精准把握磨牙形态的空间关系。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)磨牙牙尖较多、窝沟交错,结构复杂,需具备较强的思辨思维。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:磨牙类牙体解剖形态;右上、下颌第一磨牙线图特征与描及石膏与蜡型牙体雕刻方法、步骤。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:磨牙类牙体解剖功能;石膏牙、蜡型牙雕刻工具的使用方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:磨牙类各牙位之间的区别;右上颌第一磨牙、右下颌第一磨牙的评价标准。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)能够熟练解析前磨牙类牙齿形态与功能。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)能精确再现右上颌第一前磨牙、右下颌第一前磨牙线图。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)能规范、按时、独立、熟练完成右上颌第一前磨牙、右下颌第一前磨牙三倍大、等倍大石膏牙雕刻、等倍大蜡型滴塑。</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0197-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0019-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        患者,男,62岁。一年前因右上颌第一磨牙外伤行全瓷冠修复,自全瓷冠修复后自觉咬物不烂,咀嚼效能差,并且在进食时出现了咬颊黏膜的现象。经医生仔细检查发现,该全瓷冠牙尖高度与牙尖斜度过于底平、圆钝,窝沟点隙较浅且模糊不清,牙齿冠部向舌侧倾斜,和对颌牙齿没形成良好的尖窝相对的咬合关系,导致覆盖过小。因以上问题,致使该义齿修复效果差,给患者带来不良体验,需重新制作该义齿。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">1.右上颌第一磨牙的主要形态特征有哪些?</p>
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">179</div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="189">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(189) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">2.在进行右上颌第一磨牙形态雕塑时应注意哪些问题?</p>
                    <p class="content">3.在进行前牙、后牙形态雕塑时有哪些关注的侧重点?</p>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描述磨牙表面解剖标志及功能</h2>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、任务导入</h3>
                    <p class="content">通过对磨牙表面解剖标志的学习,进一步掌握牙体形态及其与功能的联系,从而为后续牙体雕刻练习打下坚实基础,为制作出符合患者要求的修复体提供必要保障。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、任务分析</h3>
                    <p class="content">磨牙位于前磨牙之后,它的形态和功能密切相关,雕刻出完美的牙齿,首先要熟练掌握磨牙的表面解剖标志和功能。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        磨牙位于前磨牙远中,包括上颌第一磨牙、上颌第二磨牙、上颌第三磨牙和下颌第一磨牙、下颌第二磨牙、下颌第三磨牙,上、下、左、右共12颗。由于第三磨牙的大小、形态和位置等变异较多,因此本章节不做重点讲解。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面形态比前磨牙大,一般有4~5个牙尖,起捣碎和磨细食物的作用。上颌磨牙的舌尖是支持尖,颊尖是引导尖,下颌磨牙的颊尖是支持尖,舌尖是引导尖。在牙尖的引导下,将牙调整到相互适应的位置。<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面一般有3~5条发育沟,分别是近中沟、远中沟、颊沟、远颊沟和舌沟等,这些沟是颌牙支持尖做各种功能运动的运行通道,可避免上下颌牙尖之间出现干扰和撞击,确保下颌运动通畅。<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面每个三角嵴上还有很多形态不规则的副沟,使<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面更加凹凸不平,容易磨碎食物。边缘嵴将食物局限在<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面窝内,对颌牙支持尖与窝相对,起到杵臼的作用,将食物捣碎磨细。另外,颊沟和舌沟还构成食物的排溢通道,提高了咀嚼效率。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        牙冠颊面颈1/3、舌面中1/3处的正常突度,在咀嚼时易于使排溢的食物沿着正常突度滑向口腔,擦过牙龈,对牙龈起到生理性按摩作用。同时颊面颈1/3的突度,还可以起到扩展龈缘的作用,使其紧张有力。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">牙冠邻面的正常凸度位于<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />1/3处,牙与牙接触的位置和形态正常,才能防止食物嵌塞,使牙与牙之间互相支持,并分散<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />力,保持咬合关系的稳定。同时咀嚼时,部分食物通过楔状隙排溢,也可以减轻牙的负担,增大咀嚼面积,提高咀嚼效率。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        上颌磨牙的牙根为3根,下颌磨牙的牙根为2根,磨牙牙根受力大,牙根数目多,牙根粗长,支持作用大,使牙在牙槽窝内的稳固性较好。上颌磨牙的舌尖是功能尖,受力最大,舌根比颊根粗且长。下颌磨牙的牙根宽而且扁,根的近中面和远中面有纵行的凹陷,牙槽骨嵌入凹陷内,有利于增强稳固性。
                    </p>
 
                </div>
                <footer class="footerstyle">180</footer>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="190">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(190) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)上颌第一磨牙</p>
                    <p class="content">上颌第一磨牙是上颌磨牙中体积最大的牙,一般和下颌第一磨牙在6岁左右萌出,又称为“六龄牙”(图5-1)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0199-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一磨牙</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.牙冠</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)颊面:呈梯形,近远中径大于<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />颈径。<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />缘长于颈缘,近中缘长而直,远中缘短而突。近中颊尖略宽于远中颊尖,近中颊尖颊轴嵴较远中颊尖颊轴嵴突出。两颊尖之间有颊沟通过,由<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面越过颊<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />边缘嵴至颊面中1/3处,末端形成点隙。颊面的外形高点位于颈1/3的颊颈嵴处。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)舌面:舌面与颊面大小相似或稍小。近中舌尖明显宽于远中舌尖,约占舌面的2/3。少数近中舌尖的舌侧有第五牙尖存在。两个舌尖间有远中舌沟通过,从<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面越过舌边缘嵴至舌面中1/3,末端无点隙。舌面外形高点位于中1/3处。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)邻面:呈四边形,颊舌径大于<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />颈径。近中面宽而平坦,远中面稍小而圆突。外形高点在1/3处,近中接触区位于<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />1/3、颊1/3与中1/3交界处,远中接触区位于<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />1/3、中1/3与舌1/3交界处。颊缘较直,舌缘圆突,舌尖偏向牙体中心,使<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />力更多地沿牙体长轴来传递,从而保护牙体和牙周组织。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面:呈斜方形,近中颊<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />角和远中舌<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />角为锐角,远中<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />颊角和近中舌<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />角为钝角。<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面有4个牙尖,大小顺序依次为近中舌尖、近中颊尖、远中颊尖、远中舌尖。颊尖高而尖锐,是非功能尖,舌尖低而圆钝,是功能尖。</p>
                    <p class="content">近中舌尖三角嵴以一个明显的弧度至<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面中央,与远中颊尖三角嵴斜行相连,形成斜嵴。斜嵴是上颌第一磨牙的特有解剖标志,构成了中央窝的远中部分。咀嚼时,斜嵴有利于聚拢食物到中央窝内,便于捣碎;还可以引导下颌第一磨牙远中颊尖咬合于中央窝内;在替牙列期(下颌第一前磨牙萌出之前),可阻止下颌过度后退。斜嵴的位置、形状和高度,直接影响到下颌第一磨牙远中颊尖的咬合和滑动。斜嵴近中斜面斜度较小,远中斜面斜度较大。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">窝、沟及点隙方面,<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面的中部凹陷形成窝,由斜嵴将<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面窝分为近中窝和远中窝两部分。近中窝较大,约占<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面的2/3,又名中央窝,窝的底部有中央点隙;远中窝较小,约占<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面的1/3,窝的底部有远中点隙。<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面有3条发育沟:颊沟由中央点隙向颊侧越过颊<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />边缘嵴至颊面中部,是侧方运动时,下颌第一磨牙远中颊尖的运行通道;近中沟由中央点隙向近中止于近中边缘嵴内侧,是前伸运动时,下颌第一磨牙远中颊尖的运行通道;远中舌沟位于斜嵴的远中,向舌侧越过舌<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />边缘嵴至舌面中部。</p>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.牙根</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙根有3个,颊侧2个牙根,分别是近中颊根和远中颊根,两颊根间距较远,舌侧有1个牙根,较粗壮。颊根和舌根间距较远,有利于牙的稳固性。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.牙颈</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颊舌侧颈缘较平,邻面牙颈线曲度也较小。有时在颊侧颈缘与根分叉相应的部位略向根方突出。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)上颌第二磨牙</p>
                    <p class="content">上颌第二磨牙与上颌第一磨牙形态相似,但体积稍小。一般有四尖型和三尖型两种形态(图5-2)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0200-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第二磨牙</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.牙冠</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)四尖型:与上颌第一磨牙相似,但体积要稍小一些。远中颊尖明显缩小,向舌侧倾斜度大于上颌第一磨牙,近中颊轴嵴较远中颊轴嵴突出,<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面斜方形更明显。舌面稍小于颊面,近中舌尖占舌面的大部分,远中舌尖更小,较少有第五牙尖,斜嵴也不明显。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)三尖型:与上颌第一磨牙有明显差异,远中颊尖向舌侧倾斜度明显加大,近中颊尖明显大于远中颊尖。舌侧只有一个较大的舌尖,位于舌面的中部。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.牙根</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙根有3个,分叉度较小,根尖偏远中,少数牙根融合成2个根。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(三)下颌第一磨牙</p>
                    <p class="content">下颌第一磨牙是下颌牙列中体积最大的牙,也是恒牙中最早萌出的牙,一般在6岁左右萌出,也称为“六龄牙”(图5-3)。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.牙冠</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)颊面:呈梯形,近远中径大于<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />颈径,<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />缘长于颈缘。近中缘长而直,远中缘短而圆突。3个颊尖低而圆钝,从近中颊尖、远中颊尖到远中尖,牙尖宽度和高度依次减小。近中颊尖和远中颊尖之间有颊沟通过,从<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面越过颊<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />边缘嵴至颊面中1/3处,末端有点隙。近中颊轴嵴和远中轴嵴与颊沟平行。远中颊尖和远中尖之间有远颊沟通过,末端无点隙,外形高点在颈1/3的颊颈嵴处。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)舌面:舌面小于颊面,光滑圆突。<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />缘可见2个舌尖,近中舌尖和远中舌尖,高而尖锐,近中舌尖略大于远中舌尖。舌尖之间有舌沟通过,从<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面越过舌<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />边缘嵴至舌面中1/3处,末端无点隙。舌轴嵴不明显,外形高点位于中1/3处。</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0201-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第一磨牙</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)邻面:邻面呈四边形,颈部平坦。颊尖明显向舌侧倾斜。近中接触区位于<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />1/3的颊1/3与中1/3交界处,远中接触区位于<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />1/3的中1/3处。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面:呈长方形,近远中径大于颊舌径,近中边缘嵴稍长于远中边缘嵴。<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面有5个牙尖,大小顺序依次为近中颊尖、近中舌尖、远中舌尖、远中颊尖、远中尖。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        近中颊尖三角嵴由牙尖顶向舌侧至近中沟,与近中舌尖相对。远中颊尖稍小于近中颊尖,其三角嵴最长,由牙尖顶向中央窝,末端形成结节,与上颌第一磨牙接触。远中尖为下颌第一磨隙牙最小的尖,在颊面与远中面转角处的部分位于颊面,另外一部分位于远中面。近中舌尖三角嵴由牙尖顶向远中、颊侧至中央窝,近中央窝处隆起形成结节,与上颌第一磨牙接触。远中舌尖稍小于近中舌尖,三角嵴由牙尖顶向近中、颊侧至中央窝,近中央窝处隆起成结节,与上颌第一磨牙形成咬合接触。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">窝、沟及点隙方面,<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面有三个窝,中央窝位于<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面中央,窝的底部有中央点隙,上颌第一磨牙近中舌尖常咬合于此,近中窝和远中窝位于近中<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />边缘嵴和远中<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />边缘嵴的内侧,窝的底部有近中点隙和远中点隙。</p>
                    <p class="content"><img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面有5条发育沟:①颊沟从中央点隙发出,向颊侧越过颊<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />边缘嵴至颊面,当下颌侧方运动时,其是上颌第一磨牙近中颊尖的运行通道;②远颊沟是从远中点隙发出,自远中颊尖和远中尖之间向远颊方向至颊面,当下颌趋向牙尖交错位运动时,其是上颌第一磨牙近中舌尖的运行通道;③舌沟从中央点隙发出,向舌侧越过舌<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />边缘嵴至舌面,当下颌侧方运动时,其是上颌第一磨牙近中舌尖的运行通道,舌沟较颊沟宽大一些,有利于食物排溢到口腔,提高咀嚼效率;④近中沟从中央点隙发出,向近中止于近中边缘嵴内侧,当下颌后退运动时,其是上颌第一磨牙近中舌尖的运行通道;⑤远中沟从中央点隙发出,向远中止于远中边缘嵴内侧,当下颌前伸运动时,其是上颌第一磨牙近中舌尖的运行通道。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.牙根</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙根有2个,分别是近中根和远中根,根分叉度大,根的近远中面都有较深的纵行凹陷,有利于牙的稳固性。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.牙颈</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颊舌侧颈缘较平,邻面牙颈线曲度较小。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(四)下颌第二磨牙</p>
                    <p class="content">下颌第二磨牙稍小于下颌第一磨牙,形态相似。根据牙尖数目不同分为五尖型和四尖型两种(图5-4)。</p>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.牙冠</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)五尖型:<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面有五个牙尖,牙冠体积稍小,形态与下颌第一磨牙相似。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)四尖型:<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面有四个牙尖,即近中颊尖、远中颊尖和近中舌尖、远中舌尖,缺少远中尖。四个牙尖之间分别形成颊沟、舌沟、近中沟和远中沟,4条发育沟呈十字形分布,使整个<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面形似一田字形。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0202-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第二磨牙</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.牙根</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙根有2个,即近中根和远中根,牙根分叉度较下颌第一磨牙小。有时近中根和远中根融合成一个锥形根,也有的两根在颊侧融合并在舌侧仍分开。整个牙根横剖面呈C形,称为C形根。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、任务实施</h3>
                    <p class="content">1.根据所学知识,在下面空格处填写解剖标志名称(图5-5)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0202-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.上颌第一磨牙与下颌第一磨牙的区别</span></p>
                    <p class="content">上颌第一磨牙与下颌第一磨牙约6岁萌出,在解剖结构和功能上存在一定的区别(表5-1),请根据表中提示将表格补充完整。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表5-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌第一磨牙与下颌第一磨牙的区别</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0203-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、任务评价</h3>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)上颌第一磨牙牙体解剖形态描述评价(表5-2)</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表5-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上下颌第一磨牙牙体解剖形态描述评价表</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0203-02.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" />
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)下颌第一磨牙牙体解剖形态描述评价(表5-3)</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表5-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌第一磨牙牙体解剖形态描述评价表</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0204-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0023-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">上颌第一磨牙与上颌第二乳磨牙的区别</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">上颌第一磨牙与上颌第二乳磨牙位置相邻,形态相似,极易混淆,在解剖结构和功能上存在显著的区别(表5-4)。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表5-4上颌第一磨牙与上颌第二乳磨牙的区别</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0204-02.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" />
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;完成右上颌第一磨牙形态描绘</h2>
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、任务导入</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        对右上颌第一磨牙形态描绘的练习,是进一步掌握牙体形态特征的有效途径,也能为牙体雕刻打下基础。图5-6示右上颌第一磨牙牙体线图,表5-5示右上颌第一磨牙牙体数据。根据图、表所示,正确绘制右上颌第一磨牙各面牙体线图。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0205-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图5-6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一磨牙牙体线图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表5-5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌第一磨牙的比例规格&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;单位:mm</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0205-04.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
 
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        <div class="page-box" page="197">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(197) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、任务分析</h3>
                    <p class="content">该技师要完成右上颌第一磨牙近中邻<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />嵌体的设计,使邻接良好,需对该牙的解剖形态熟练掌握,将牙体线图化繁为简、突出牙体的主要特征,是快速学习牙体形态的有效方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">1.右上颌第一磨牙颊面、舌面线图认知要点见图5-7。上颌第一磨牙颊面、舌面比例或形态特点见表5-6。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0206-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颊、舌面线图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">A.颊面;B.舌面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表5-6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌第一磨牙颊面、舌面比例或形态特点</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0206-03.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
 
                </div>
                <footer class="footerstyle">188</footer>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="198">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(198) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">2.右上颌第一磨牙近中面、远中面线图认知要点见图5-8。上颌第一磨牙近中面、远中面比例或形态特点见表5-7。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0207-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;近中、远中面线图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">A.近中面;B.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表5-7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌第一磨牙近中面、远中面比例或形态特点</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0207-03.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
 
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">189</div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="199">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(199) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0208-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">3.右上颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面线图认知要点见图5-9。右上颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面比例或形态特点见表5-8。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0208-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面线图</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表5-8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面比例或形态特点</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0208-07.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
 
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            </div>
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            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(200) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0209-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、任务实施</h3>
 
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0205-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
 
 
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)实训器材的准备</p>
                    <p class="content">右上颌第一磨牙牙体模型、三倍大牙体线图、直尺、HB铅笔、橡皮擦、素描纸、透明硫酸纸等。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)右上颌第一磨牙线图绘制</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.右上颌第一磨牙颊面、舌面线图绘制(以颊面为例,图5-10)</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:绘制线框及中线和冠根分界线。①描绘颊面线图的宽度和长度,形成线框;②标记近远中冠宽的中线和冠根分界线。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①冠长和冠宽之比约3∶4;②冠长和根长之比约3∶5。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)步骤二:确定关键点。①近中外形高点;②远中外形高点;③近中颊尖;④远中颊尖;⑤近中冠根分界线;⑥远中冠根分界线;⑦近中颊根尖点;⑧远中颊根尖点;⑨牙颈线最低点。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①根据前面所学知识点准确定位关键点;②注意近中、远中的细微区别。</p>
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">191</div>
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        </div>
 
 
 
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:绘制弧线。仔细观察牙齿线条走向,以步骤二提示的关键点绘制短弧线。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:使以上参照点成为弧线最突出的中心点。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:绘制其余线条。绘制弧线以外的牙体线条,完成牙体线图绘制。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①可以观察近中和远中的留白位置,如近中<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面角稍锐,与边框线留白少,远中<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面角较钝,与边框线留白多于近中;②根分叉约在根长的一半处。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0210-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一磨牙颊面线图绘制</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.右上颌第一磨牙近中面、远中面线图绘制(以近中面为例,图5-11)</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:绘制线框及中线和冠根分界线。①描绘近中面线图的宽度和长度,形成线框;②标记颊舌冠厚的中线和冠根分界线。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①冠长和冠厚之比约3∶4;②冠长和根长之比约3∶5。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:确定关键点。①颊侧外形高点;②舌侧外形高点;③近中颊尖;④近中舌尖;⑤颊侧冠根分界线;⑥舌侧冠根分界线;⑦近中颊根尖点;⑧舌根尖点;⑨牙颈线最高点。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①根据前面所学知识点准确定位关键点;②注意颊侧、舌侧定点的细微区别。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:绘制弧线。仔细观察牙齿线条走向,以步骤二提示的关键点绘制短弧线。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:使以上参照点成为弧线最突出的中心点。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:绘制其余线条。绘制弧线以外的牙体线条,完成牙体线图绘制。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①可以观察颊侧和舌侧的留白位置,如颊<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面角稍锐,与边框留白少,舌<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面角较钝,与边框线留白多于舌侧;②牙颈线凸向<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />方。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0210-07.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-11&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一磨牙近中面线图</p>
                    </div>
 
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        <div class="page-box" page="202">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(202) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.右上颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面线图绘制(图5-12)</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:绘制线框及中线。①描绘<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面图的宽度和厚度,形成线框;②标记冠宽和冠厚的中线。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①约1∶1,冠厚略大;②注意和下颌第一磨牙区分。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)步骤二:确定关键点。①颊侧外形高点;②舌侧外形高点;③近中外形高点;④远中外形高点;⑤近中颊尖;⑥远中颊尖;⑦近中舌尖;⑧远中舌尖;⑨中央窝;⑩远中窝;⑪近中点隙。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①根据前面所学知识点准确定位关键点;②注意中央窝和近中点隙在中轴线上,远中窝在中轴线舌侧。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:绘制弧线。仔细观察牙齿线条走向,以步骤二提示的关键点绘制短弧线。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:使以上参照点成为弧线最突出的中心点。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:绘制其余线条。①绘制轴面外形高点线;②绘制颊、舌近中、远中边缘嵴;③绘制中央沟、发育沟、副沟。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①仔细观察四个轴面,近颊、远舌与边框留白少,远颊、近舌与边框留白多,从而构成<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面的斜方形;②颊、舌边缘嵴间距小于近、远中边缘嵴间距,而冠的厚度亦大于冠的宽度。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0211-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面线图</p>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、任务评价</h3>
                    <p class="content">上颌第一磨牙牙体线图各面形态描绘的评价标准见表5-9。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表5-9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌第一磨牙牙体线图各面形态描绘评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0211-07.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
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            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(203) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0023-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">上颌磨牙的<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                                alt="" />面描绘训练</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">(一)上颌磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面形态
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">1.上颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;外形为斜方形,近中颊<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />角与远中舌<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />角为锐角,远中颊<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />角与近中舌<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />角为钝角。<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面观牙尖由大到小依次为:近中舌尖、近中颊尖、远中颊尖、远中舌尖。<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面见较大的中央窝(近中窝)和较小的远中窝,在中央窝的近中见较浅的近中点隙。中央窝最深,窝内有中央点隙,远中窝次之,近中点隙最浅。中央窝在中轴上,远中窝偏向舌侧。<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面有三条发育沟:近中沟、颊沟、远中舌沟。近中舌尖与远中颊尖三角嵴在<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面中央斜行相连,构成斜嵴,是上颌第一磨牙的解剖特征。近中边缘嵴较远中边缘嵴清晰锐利(图5-13A)。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">2.上颌第二磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;外形呈不等边三角形或四边形,近中颊轴角锐利,远中颊轴角圆钝,远中舌尖显著缩小或消失。与上颌第一磨牙相比,沟、窝、嵴不明显。远中窝比近中窝偏向舌侧,位置较低且深。<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面较小,远中颊轴角比近中颊轴角更近舌侧斜嵴,与上颌第一磨牙比不明显(图5-13B)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t30" src="../../assets/images/0212-15.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图5-13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面形态</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.上颌第二磨牙;B.上颌第一磨牙。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="quotation">(二)上颌磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面形态描绘
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">描绘方法:找出牙尖点、邻面与颊面交界点、邻面与舌面交界点、<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面点隙等关键部位,描绘出牙体外形轮廓,其<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面的发育沟、中央沟、三角嵴,轴面的颊轴嵴、舌轴嵴等也可进行描绘。要特别注意比对上颌第一磨牙与上颌第二磨牙的形态区别,两者形成的邻接位置、外展隙等。也可用透明硫酸纸进行描摹训练。
                    </p>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;完成三倍大右上颌第一磨牙牙体雕刻</h2>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、任务导入</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        对上颌第一磨牙的雕刻练习,是掌握牙体形态特征的有效途径,有助于在脑海中形成牙体形态的三维立体成像,为后续的专业课程打下形态学基础。按照放大三倍石膏牙雕刻数据、线图、多面体图、浮雕图,运用本节课的雕刻方法在石膏块上完成一颗三倍大右上颌第一磨牙雕刻。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、任务分析</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        完成这个任务,必须在能正确描绘放大三倍右上颌第一磨牙的基础上,熟练掌握右上颌第一磨牙的形态基础。放大三倍右上颌第一磨牙雕刻是把等倍大上颌第一磨牙放大三倍进行的石膏牙雕刻,具体数据见表5-10。上颌第一磨牙的线图、浮雕图已在上颌第一磨牙描绘章节里详细介绍(详见项目五、任务二)。上颌第一磨牙多面体图指的是上颌第一磨牙的任意一面都不是单纯的平面,而是复杂的多个平面。
                    </p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表5-10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌第一磨牙的比例规格&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;单位:mm</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0213-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" />
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、任务实施</h3>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)实训器材的准备</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        58mm×32mm×35mm石膏块、三倍大右上颌第一磨牙数据表(表5-10)、三倍大右上颌第一磨牙线图(图5-14)、三倍大右上颌第一磨牙浮雕图(图5-15)、三倍大右上颌第一磨牙多面体线图(图5-16)、石膏切刀、雕刻刀、直尺、红蓝铅笔、储水盆、橡胶垫板等。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0214-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-14&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一磨牙线图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0214-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图5-15&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一磨牙浮雕图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0214-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图5-16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一磨牙多面体图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面多面体;F.外形多面体。</p>
                    </div>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)三倍大右上颌第一磨牙雕刻步骤</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.三倍大右上颌第一磨牙雕刻——二面体的形成</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:标记石膏块的中线(图5-17)。</p>
                    <p class="content">用游标卡尺或者直尺测量出石膏块的宽度,用红蓝铅笔标记出石膏块的中线。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:红蓝铅笔不能太粗,可将笔芯直径削至0.5mm粗细。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:转移数据。</p>
                    <p class="content">根据放大三倍右上颌第一磨牙数据,在石膏块上标记出冠长、冠厚、根长。根据右上颌第一磨牙线图在石膏块上标记出<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面牙尖顶点、颊面外形高点、舌面外形高点和牙根根尖点(图5-18)。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:准确的数据是关键。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0215-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-17&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标记中线</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0215-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-18&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;转移数据</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:描绘右上颌第一磨牙近中面初步形态。</p>
                    <p class="content">用红蓝铅笔根据右上颌第一磨牙线图的形态特点,用圆缓的曲线在石膏块上描绘出右上颌第一磨牙近中面的线图(图5-19)。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:上颌第一磨牙的舌尖顶点高于颊尖顶点。除规定的点外,多标记几个点更加准确。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:去除线外多余的石膏。</p>
                    <p class="content">用石膏切刀去除近远中面线图以外多余石膏,二面体形成(图5-20)。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:去除石膏时切削至线条标记处,但是要保留线条。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0215-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-19&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;近中面描绘图</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0215-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-20&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;二面体形成图</p>
                        </div>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.三倍大右上颌第一磨牙雕刻——四面体的形成</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:标记石膏块的中线。</p>
                    <p class="content">用游标卡尺或者直尺测量出石膏块的宽度,用红蓝铅笔标记出石膏块的中线。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:转移数据。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        根据放大三倍右上颌第一磨牙数据,在石膏块上标记出冠长、冠宽、根长。根据右上颌第一磨牙线图在石膏块上标记出近中面外形高点、远中面外形高点、近中颊尖顶点、远中颊尖顶点、远中尖顶点、近远中面颈部最凹陷点和两牙根根尖位置。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">注意:准确的数据是关键。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:描绘右上颌第一磨牙颊面初步形态。</p>
                    <p class="content">用红蓝铅笔根据右上颌第一磨牙线图的形态特点,用圆缓的曲线在石膏块上描绘出右上颌第一磨牙颊面的线图(图5-21)。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:上颌第一磨牙的舌尖高大锐利,颊尖较圆钝。除规定的点外,可以多标记几个点,会更加准确。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:去除线外多余的石膏。</p>
                    <p class="content">用石膏切刀去除近远中面线图以外多余石膏,四面体形成(图5-22)。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:去除石膏时切削至线条标记处,但是要保留线条。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0216-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-21&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颊面描绘图</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0216-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-22&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四面体形成图</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.三倍大右上颌第一磨牙雕刻——多面体的形成</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:形成颊面多面体。</p>
                    <p class="content">参考放大三倍右上颌第一磨牙多面体线图,在石膏牙颊面上描绘出多面体图形,根据阴影部分的深浅去除多余的石膏。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:颊面的阴影是去除石膏的面积,而去除石膏的厚度取决于近远中面阴影部分的深浅。切削多面体时,不得损坏颊侧牙颈突度。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:形成舌面多面体。</p>
                    <p class="content">参考放大三倍右上颌第一磨牙多面体线图,在石膏牙舌面上描绘出多面体图形,根据阴影部分的深浅去除多余的石膏(图5-23)。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:颊面去除石膏的面积取决于舌颊阴影部分的面积,而去除石膏的厚度取决于近远中面阴影部分的深浅。</p>
 
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0217-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-23&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘多面体图形</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:形成近远中面多面体。</p>
                    <p class="content">参考放大三倍右上颌第一磨牙多面体线图,在石膏牙近远中面上描绘出多面体图形,根据阴影部分的深浅去除多余的石膏(图5-24)。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:在完成颊舌轴面角的过程中,近远中面的石膏去除已经完成。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0217-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-24&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;多面体切削完成</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:形成<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面多面体。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">参考放大三倍右上颌第一磨牙多面体线图,在石膏牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面上描绘出多面体图形,根据阴影部分的深浅去除多余的石膏(图5-24)。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:上颌第一磨牙的<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面颊尖高而锐利,舌尖低而圆钝。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.三倍大右上颌第一磨牙雕刻——四面成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:牙颈线的成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)描绘勾勒牙颈线:参照右上颌第一磨牙线图,在石膏棒唇、舌、近、远中面精确描绘牙颈线。经检查合格后,将雕刻刀刃端垂直于牙面,沿牙颈线刮去约0.2mm深的石膏,并沿牙颈线勾勒一周(图5-25)。
                    </p>
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                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="content">注意:近中面的颈曲度大于远中面。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0218-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-25&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘颈缘线</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">2)辅助线的绘制:在牙颈线冠方和根方各1mm 处,绘制两条平行于牙颈线的辅助线。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        3)雕刻成形:自牙颈线根方1mm的线条处,将雕刻刀刃端与牙面成约45°角,沿该线向牙颈线方向刮除适量的石膏。以上操作完成后,牙颈部形态基本形成。上述步骤可适当重复进行,直至合乎要求为止。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">4)修整顺滑:仔细和浮雕图比对,将牙颈线修整连续顺滑(图5-26)。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:不能形成明显的台阶。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0218-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-26&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;成形颈缘线</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:颊面的成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)颊面牙根的成形:参照浮雕图在石膏牙颊面牙根处描绘出颊面的最突出部分的连线,在牙根的近远中面描绘出近远中面的最突出部分的连线,根据最突出部分的斜面特点,即颊面牙根的形态结构特点,用石膏切刀采用横握式和直握式对颊面牙根进行大体形态的成形处理(图5-27)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">注意:上颌第一磨牙是三根牙,注意根分叉位置形态。</p>
 
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                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0219-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-27&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颊面的成形</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.近中面;C.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        2)颊面牙冠的成形:具体如下。①形成颈缘突度:颈缘突度即从近远中面到颊面近颈缘部分的弧度,在形成颈缘突度时,必须参照浮雕图,观察浮雕图近颈缘部分的弧度,完成石膏的去除。②颊轴嵴的成形:上颌第一磨牙的近中颊面有较为明显的颊轴嵴,远中颊尖的颊轴嵴较不明显,在颊面描绘出颊轴嵴的形态,按照浮雕图形成两侧的斜面。③颊面近远中缘的成形:参考浮雕图,描绘上颌第一磨牙近远中缘的形态,并转移到石膏牙相应的位置。结合近远中面近颊侧斜面的特点,形成颊面近远中缘的形态。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:舌侧的成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">1)舌侧牙根的成形方法参考颊面牙根的成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)舌面较为圆突,外形高点在中1/3:根据浮雕图描绘出舌面最突出部分的连线,在该线上下去除多余的石膏。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:上颌第一磨牙有三个牙根,其中舌根最为粗壮,为扁根,且舌根的舌面有纵行凹陷。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:近远中面的成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">参考浮雕图,描绘出浮雕图上近远中面的最突出部分的连线,根据浮雕图上斜面的特点,在石膏牙上去除多余的石膏,形成近远中面的形态,注意近远中面的接触区的形态特点。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(5)步骤五:<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />缘的成形。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">1)修整<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />缘外侧轴面<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />1/3形态:参考浮雕图,在浮雕图上画出<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面最突出部分的连线,这个最突出部分的连线实际也是<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面边缘嵴的连线。转移上述最突出部分的连线至石膏牙相应的位置,去除最突出部分连线外侧相应的石膏,形成牙冠轴面<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />的1/3部分,同时注意修整轴面<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />1/3的形态。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)初步形成<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面窝底部:参考浮雕图,发现上颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面有中央窝,中央窝两侧有近中窝和远中窝,把浮雕图上窝的位置转移到石膏牙相应的位置,用雕刻刀在窝的位置转动两下,去除少量石膏,形成一个小窝。</p>
                    <p class="content">3)形成<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面三角嵴的形态:把浮雕图上的牙尖三角嵴转移到石膏块上,用雕刻刀沿窝向三角嵴做斜面。</p>
                    <p class="content">4)形成发育沟、副沟:参考浮雕图,根据发育沟的形态与位置形成发育沟、副沟(图5-28)。</p>
 
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                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
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                        <img class="openImgBox t30" src="../../assets/images/0220-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-28&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面形成后</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.三倍大右上颌第一磨牙雕刻——精雕完成</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:颊面发育沟的修整。</p>
                    <p class="content">仔细观察右上颌第一磨牙颊面浮雕图上两条发育沟的形态和位置,在石膏牙相应的位置用红蓝铅笔进行准确的描绘,用雕刻刀进行修整。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:颊面发育沟是牙在生长发育过程中形成的浅沟,所以该发育沟与唇面的融合度非常高,发育沟两侧的斜面斜度大且衔接自然。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:轴面颈缘线的修整。</p>
                    <p class="content">再次准确地修整颈缘线,用雕刻刀在颈缘线上下进行切削,以使牙冠和牙根衔接自然。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:上颌第一磨牙的颈缘线为连续的圆缓的曲线。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:修饰牙体表面。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        在四面成形的基础上,用雕刻刀采用执笔式从根尖或从牙尖顶对牙体表面进行润饰,力求牙根表面光滑。上颌第一磨牙为三根牙,颊侧两根间距较远,舌侧牙根较粗壮。颊根和舌根间距较远。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:牙体表面流畅性的检查。</p>
                    <p class="content">检查石膏牙各轴面的外形高点、邻接点、凹凸衔接的自然程度(图5-29)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0220-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图5-29&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;放大三倍右上颌第一磨牙雕刻完成</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
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                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、任务评价</h3>
                    <p class="content">右上颌第一磨牙石膏牙雕刻评价标准见表5-11。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表5-11&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一磨牙石膏牙雕刻评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0221-01.jpg" alt=""
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                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0222-01.jpg" alt=""
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                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">放大三倍右上颌第二磨牙雕刻</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        在牙体修复的实际工作场景中,精准掌握各类牙体形态特点至关重要。上颌磨牙组作为上颌后牙的关键组合,除大家熟悉的上颌第一磨牙外,还包括上颌第二磨牙、上颌第三磨牙,且各个牙位均左右对称分布,左右各有一颗。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        此前,同学们已深入学习了最具典型性的上颌第一磨牙雕刻知识与技巧,然而,在日常实践操作里,上颌第二磨牙的形态恢复也非常重要。为切实强化同学们在本次学习任务中对磨牙组不同牙位形态雕刻的全方位理解,提升实操动手能力,同时着力培养大家的自我探究精神,现布置如下实践任务。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        请同学们灵活运用前面所学的放大三倍右上颌第一磨牙雕刻方法及详细步骤,紧密结合提供的右上颌第二磨牙线图(图5-30)、浮雕图(图5-31)及多面体图(图5-32),并依据表5-12中精准的三倍大右上颌第二磨牙数据,雕刻出一颗放大三倍右上颌第二磨牙。在完成雕刻作品后,总结归纳上颌第一磨牙与上颌第二磨牙在形态方面存在的显著差异,通过对比分析深化对两种牙齿形态特点的认知,为未来应对复杂多变的口腔修复工作筑牢坚实‌基础。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0222-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-30&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第二磨牙线图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0223-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图5-31&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第二磨牙浮雕图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0223-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图5-32&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第二磨牙多面体线图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面多面体;F.外形多面体。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表5-12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌第二磨牙的比例规格&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;单位:mm</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0223-05.jpg" alt=""
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                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;完成等倍大右上颌第一磨牙牙体雕刻</h2>
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、任务导入</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        完成三倍大右上颌第一磨牙雕刻后,在规定的时间内按照等倍石膏牙雕刻模型、数据、线图、多面体图、浮雕图,在规范安全的操作基础上,在石膏块上完成一颗等倍大右上颌第一磨牙雕刻。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、任务分析</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        完成这个任务必须在正确描绘等倍上颌第一磨牙的基础上,掌握上颌第一磨牙的形态基础。等倍右上颌第一磨牙雕刻是指1∶1右上颌第一磨牙数据(表5-13),进行的上颌第一磨牙牙体雕刻。上颌第一磨牙的线图、浮雕图在上颌第一磨牙描绘已详细介绍,上颌第一磨牙多面体指的是上颌磨牙的任意一面都不是单纯的平面,而是复杂的多面体。
                    </p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表5-13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌第一磨牙的比例规格&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;单位:mm</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0224-02.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、任务实施</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0224-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)实训器材的准备</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        右上颌第一磨牙线图、等倍大右上颌第一磨牙雕刻模型1套、石膏块(15mm×15mm×55mm)、石膏切刀、雕刻刀、绘图铅笔、红蓝铅笔、游标卡尺、直尺、毛刷、储水盆、橡胶垫板等。</p>
 
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                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)等倍大右上颌第一磨牙雕刻步骤</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.等倍大右上颌第一磨牙雕刻——石膏框架成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:绘制框架及标志线、切削框架成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        用游标卡尺测量等倍大右上颌第一磨牙雕刻模型的冠长、冠宽、冠厚、根长。在石膏块上,用游标卡尺轻轻刻出各面的冠根分界线和中轴线,绘制牙体外形框架(图5-33)。用石膏切刀切掉框线以外的石膏,先修整平行的两侧,再修整另外两侧,四周应平整(图5-34)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">要求:雕刻等倍大右上颌第一前磨牙的牙体总长是冠长加根的总和。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0225-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-33&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;绘制框架</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0225-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-34&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切削框架成形</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:确定基准面。</p>
                    <p class="content">确定颊面、舌面、近中面和远中面。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.等倍大右上颌第一磨牙雕刻——二面体成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:描绘颊舌面外形。</p>
                    <p class="content">参照等倍大右上颌第一磨牙雕刻模型和右上颌第一磨牙线图,将模型颊舌面与石膏块重合,在石膏块的颊舌面标出<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面的位置,将所测牙颈宽数据转移到石膏块上,参照右上颌第一磨牙雕刻模型的颊舌面轮廓外形,描绘出颊舌面的牙体外形线(图5-35)。</p>
                    <p class="content">要求:转移的参照点要准确,颊舌面的牙体外形线应为细线且线条流畅。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0225-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-35&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘颊舌面外形</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">A.颊面;B.舌面。</p>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:颊舌面切削成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">用石膏切刀沿颊舌面边缘线上下推拉切削,形成颊舌面外形(图5-36)。</p>
                    <p class="content">要求:不得损坏外形高点的突度,恰好切到线,不要切掉线,轴面外形轮廓需与右上颌第一磨牙线图一致。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.等倍大右上颌第一磨牙雕刻——四面体成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:描绘近远中面外形。</p>
                    <p class="content">参照等倍大右上颌第一磨牙雕刻模型和右上颌第一磨牙线图,将模型近中面、远中面与石膏块重合,在石膏块的近远中面标出<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面的位置,将所测牙颈厚数据转移到石膏块上,参照右上颌第一磨牙模型的近远中轮廓外形,描绘近远中面的牙体外形线(图5-37)。</p>
                    <p class="content">要求:同二面体描绘。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0226-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-36&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;二面体成形</p>
                            <p class="imgdescript">A.颊面;B.舌面。</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0226-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘近远中面外形</p>
                            <p class="imgdescript">A.近中面;B.远中面。</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:近远中面切削成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">用石膏切刀沿近远中边缘线上下推拉切削,形成近远中面外形(图5-38)。</p>
                    <p class="content">要求。同二面体成形。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0226-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-38&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四面体成形</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.等倍大右上颌第一磨牙雕刻——多面体成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:正确描绘多面体的各个轴面。</p>
                    <p class="content">参照右上颌第一磨牙雕刻模型<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面观,在石膏块上画出多面体外形的边缘线与中轴线的角度,各个轴面最突出部分的连线,冠根分界线与外形高点之间的连线(图5-39)。</p>
                    <p class="content">要求:尽可能使多面体边缘线与右上颌第一磨牙线图相一致。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0227-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面与多面体的位置关系参照图</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:切削多面体。</p>
                    <p class="content">按照多面体边缘线切削各斜面,最终形成多面体(图5-40)。</p>
                    <p class="content">要求:切削多面体时,不得损坏颊侧牙颈突度。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0227-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-40&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;多面体成形</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.等倍大右上颌第一磨牙雕刻——四面成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:颊面成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)颊面近远中缘、颊尖近远中斜缘和颊轴嵴成形:参照右上颌第一磨牙雕刻模型,在石膏块上标记出近远中缘、颊尖近远中斜缘和颊轴嵴的位置。用雕刻刀进行切削,每个颊尖形成近远中2个斜面和颊轴嵴,颊侧近远中缘要与颊侧颈缘、颊轴嵴流畅连接。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">2)颈部及牙根成形:标记出颊面近远中线角和牙颈部狭窄部分,形成颊侧牙颈线。</p>
                    <p class="content">3)颊面发育沟成形:在近中颊尖和远中颊尖之间描绘出颊沟,注意雕刻不宜太深,发育沟的凹陷需与周围突出部分流畅连接(图5-41)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:舌面成形</p>
                    <p class="content">1)舌面近远中边缘、舌尖近远中斜缘和舌轴嵴成形,舌轴嵴不明显。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)颈部及牙根成形:参照右上颌第一磨牙雕刻模型进行切削,颈部与牙根流畅连接。</p>
 
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                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="content">3)近舌轴面角和远舌轴面角成形:参照模型,用小雕刻刀切削形成近舌轴面角、远舌轴面角,与邻面、牙颈部流畅连接(图5-42)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0228-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-41&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颊面成形</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0228-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-42&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;舌面成形</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:邻面成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">参照近远中面外形,用雕刻刀削除多余石膏,近远中面外形高点都靠近<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />缘偏颊侧(图5-43)。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">6.等倍大右上颌第一磨牙雕刻——<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        参照模型,描绘出三角嵴和边缘嵴的走行,用雕刻刀沿三角嵴标记线的近远中方向进行切削,形成带曲度的2个斜面,雕刻三角嵴时,修整牙尖的斜度。近中舌尖三角嵴和远中颊尖三角嵴斜行相连形成斜嵴。雕刻出颊沟、近中沟、远中舌沟,修整近远中窝,润饰<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面(图5-44)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0228-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-43&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;邻面成形</p>
                            <p class="imgdescript">A.近中面;B.远中面。</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0228-07.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-44&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面成形</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">7.等倍大右上颌第一磨牙雕刻——牙颈线成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">参照模型,用铅笔在石膏块各面描绘出颈曲线,然后用雕刻刀与石膏块牙冠表面成45°角进行牙颈线的雕刻,调整牙冠与牙根的形态。</p>
                    <p class="content">要求:牙颈线较平,颈线各处的宽度、深度需协调一致,连接流畅。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">8.等倍大右上颌第一磨牙雕刻——精修完成</span></p>
                    <p class="content">对照模型,检查各部分尺寸,精修完成(图5-45)。</p>
 
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0229-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-45&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;精修完成</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、任务评价</h3>
                    <p class="content">右上颌第一磨牙石膏牙雕刻评价标准见表5-14。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表5-14&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一磨牙石膏牙雕刻评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0229-03.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
 
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0230-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0023-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">上下颌第一磨牙的咬合关系</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        1.咬合接触的关键点&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌第一磨牙的近中颊尖通常咬合在下颌第一磨牙的颊沟处。上颌第一磨牙的远中颊尖与下颌第一磨牙的中央窝形成接触。确保咀嚼时力量均匀分布,提高研磨效率。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        2.咬合平面与牙弓形态&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌第一磨牙的颊尖是Spee曲线弧顶的重要组成部分,其位置决定了曲线的深度和曲率。上颌第一磨牙的<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面形态需与下颌Spee曲线匹配,通过尖窝交错形成稳定的咬合接触点。第一磨牙是咀嚼力的主要承载者,Spee曲线通过其弧形结构将垂直咬合力转化为斜向分力,减少对牙周组织的冲击。
                    </p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;完成牙列中等倍大右上颌第一磨牙滴蜡塑形</h2>
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、任务导入</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        右上颌第一磨牙位于上颌骨右侧牙槽突的后端,是恒牙列中最早萌出的磨牙,在口腔上颌右侧牙弓的中段,靠近第二前磨牙与第二磨牙。是咀嚼食物的主要牙齿之一,对维持面部形态与牙列稳定,维持上颌骨的高度、面部垂直距离以及牙列的正常排列和稳定,维持牙列的稳定和正常咀嚼功能起着关键作用。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        通过蜡滴塑形的方式完成等倍大右上颌第一磨牙牙齿形态,是进一步掌握牙体形态特征的有效途径,也能提高牙科修复和美容的精确度,改善牙齿的外观和功能。在本任务中,将深入实践右上颌第一磨牙的滴蜡塑形技巧,通过亲手操作,对右上颌第一磨牙的结构有更深刻的理解,并在精益求精的工匠精神指引下,提升自己的专业技能,为未来的牙科医疗工作打下坚实基础。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、任务分析</h3>
                    <p class="content">完成这个任务要熟知右上颌第一磨牙的形态和功能,学会控制蜡的温度及滴塑的方法流程。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)右上颌第一磨牙形态</p>
                    <p class="content">见本项目任务一。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />关键</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.尖窝相对</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;其牙尖(主要是颊尖和舌尖)与对颌牙(下颌第一磨牙)的窝相吻合。例如,右上6的舌尖对应下颌第一磨牙的中央窝,这种尖窝相对的关系可以使咬合力垂直传导,有利于高效地咬碎和研磨食物。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                                alt="" />面形态</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;其<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面有复杂的沟、嵴结构。这些结构就像小的“轨道”,引导下颌磨牙在咀嚼运动时与之精确配合。比如,它的斜嵴可以引导下颌磨牙在咀嚼过程中进行侧向运动,使食物在左右方向上也能被充分研磨。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.牙体长轴倾斜</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上6牙体长轴是向近中倾斜的,这种倾斜角度在咬合时有助于将咬合力合理地分散到邻牙和牙周组织上,同时也与下颌磨牙的牙体长轴倾斜相匹配,保证在咀嚼循环过程中上下牙列能够稳定地接触,避免咬合力过度集中在个别牙尖上,减少牙齿折裂等损伤风险。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.咬合接触时间</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在咀嚼运动中,右上6与对颌牙接触时间有着重要意义。在闭口咀嚼时,右上6是较早接触并引导下颌运动方向的牙齿之一,其合适的接触时间能够确保整个咀嚼系统协调工作,让食物在合适的时间被充分嚼碎。
                    </p>
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                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(三)与下颌牙尖窝接触规律</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.正中<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                                alt="" />接触规律</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)颊尖接触:在正中咬合时,右上第一磨牙的近中舌尖在右下第一磨牙的颊侧近中窝,远中颊尖咬在右下第一磨牙的中央窝的颊侧部分。这种接触方式使得咬合力能够较为均匀地分布在右下第一磨牙的颊侧咬合区域,有利于对食物进行初步的压碎和磨细。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)舌尖接触:右上第一磨牙的近中舌尖咬在右下第一磨牙舌侧窝的近中部分,远中舌尖咬在舌侧窝的远中部分。舌尖的接触主要负责在咀嚼过程中对食物进行更精细的研磨,因为舌尖相对较为灵活,通过与舌侧窝的紧密接触,可以将食物磨碎成更小的颗粒。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.前伸运动接触规律</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;当进行前伸咬合运动时,右上第一磨牙舌尖的近中部分的舌斜面与右下第一磨牙舌尖的远中部分的颊斜面发生接触。这种接触能够引导下颌向前运动,并且在一定程度上控制前伸的幅度,同时也参与对食物的切割和磨碎,特别是对于一些需要在前方进行初步处理的食物。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.侧方运动接触规律</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)工作侧接触:在侧方咀嚼运动中,以向右咀嚼为例(此时右上第一磨牙为工作侧),右上第一磨牙的颊尖和舌尖沿着右下第一磨牙的<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面滑动。颊尖沿着右下第一磨牙颊侧边缘嵴滑动,舌尖在舌侧窝内向远中滑动。这种滑动接触使得食物能够被推向牙列的远中方向,并且通过牙尖和边缘嵴之间的相互作用,不断地磨碎食物,像研磨器一样,将食物研磨成适合吞咽的大小。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)非工作侧接触:当向左咀嚼时(右上第一磨牙为非工作侧),右上第一磨牙舌尖的内斜面与右下第一磨牙颊尖的外斜面接触。这种接触起到引导下颌运动方向的作用,避免在咀嚼过程中上下牙列之间出现碰撞干扰,保证咀嚼运动能够顺畅地进行。同时也能辅助平衡咬合力,防止工作侧承受过大的力量。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(四)上颌第一磨牙代型要求</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面:用铅笔在离右上第一磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面1.5~2.0mm处画一条标志线或做定深沟,沿标志线或沟的深度均匀去除石膏(牙体组织)。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)邻面:沿牙邻面颊舌向潜行性磨除,不断矫正磨除方向,直至预备出足够的间隙。磨切时应注意邻面预备方向与就位道一致,4个邻面轴壁方向相互平行或向切端聚合2°~5°。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)颊面:均匀去除唇面1.0~1.5mm石膏(牙体组织)</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)舌面:沿舌面解剖外形均匀去除唇面1.0~1.5mm石膏(牙体组织)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)肩台:宽度1.0~1.2mm,90°圆钝内角肩台或135°浅凹型,根据修复体固位、牙冠<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />跟高度、缺损或充填物与牙龈的位置关系、美观等因素,颈缘位置可设计如下。①平齐龈缘;②龈缘线以上;③龈缘线以下0.5mm边缘应连续一致、平滑,无锐边。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (6)代型制作外形轮廓应与原右上颌第一磨牙近似,侧方运动均没有颌干扰,保证咬合时,牙齿与各个方向不会接触,避免影响咀嚼和发音。在实际修复运用中去除石膏(牙体组织)的量可根据患者牙体颜色、所选择修复材料等进行调整。
                    </p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(五)上颌第一磨牙牙体滴塑的操作流程(图5-46)</p>
                    <p class="content">上颌第一磨牙滴塑流程见图5-46。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0233-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-46&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌第一磨牙牙体滴塑操作流程</p>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、任务实施</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0231-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
 
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)实训器材的准备</p>
                    <p class="content">右上颌第一磨牙牙体预备完成代型、滴蜡器、蜡、熔蜡器、标记笔、直尺、软毛刷、雕刻刀等(图5-47)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0233-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图5-47&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;器材准备</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)右上颌第一磨牙滴蜡塑形步骤</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.右上颌第一磨牙滴蜡塑形——涂分离剂</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:代型准备。</p>
                    <p class="content">要求:代型无缺损、表面无杂物。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:在右上颌第一磨牙预备体表面均匀涂布一层分离剂,达过颈缘线2mm以下,多余部分可用吸水纸除去(图5-48)。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.右上颌第一磨牙滴蜡塑形——堆内衬蜡</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;分离剂干燥后,画出代型颈缘线。持代型,用加热好的滴蜡器蘸取适量内衬蜡,厚度约为0.3mm(图5-49A),从各轴面再到<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面移动加蜡,重复数次,直至内衬蜡均匀覆盖整个牙体预备的区域(图5-49B)。
                    </p>
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                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">注意:加第二刀蜡时应覆盖前一刀蜡宽度的1/2,以保证蜡衔接良好。内衬蜡的主要作用是有利于冠和代型的密合,同时也因为内衬蜡的黏度大、脆性小,有利于脱模。</p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0234-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-48&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;涂布分离剂</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0234-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-49&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;堆内衬蜡</p>
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">A.堆内衬蜡颊面;B.堆内衬蜡完成。</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.右上颌第一磨牙滴蜡塑形——堆塑<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面平台</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:确定平台颊舌径。用直尺测量参照牙的颊舌径、近远中径,分别在颊、舌、近远中面中点处水平向外堆蜡形成蜡锥(图5-50A)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:形成平台。</p>
                    <p class="content">用蜡分别连接各个面的蜡锥,形成一个大小适宜的<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面平台。①在颊面颈1/3处堆蜡形成颊颈嵴,在近、远中位置纵向堆蜡,形成平台颊面近、远中缘。靠近颈部时,蜡条趋向颊面中线,使得颈部明显收缩。②纵向连接颊颈嵴与平台颊缘中点,隆起的蜡条形成颊轴嵴。在轴嵴近、远中堆蜡形成近、远中斜面,完成平台颊面形态。③同样方法堆蜡恢复舌面及邻面形态,用雕刻刀修整蜡型表面,完成平台(图5-50B)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0234-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图5-50&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;堆塑<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面平台</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.确定牙尖位置;B.完成<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                                alt="" />平台。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.右上颌第一磨牙滴蜡塑形——确定牙尖位置</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:画出标记线,确定各牙尖区域(图5-51A)。①<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面有中央沟,由于颊尖稍大于舌尖,故中央沟稍偏向舌侧,用标记笔画出中央沟的位置。②中央沟把<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面分为颊、舌两个牙尖区域,画出颊、舌尖三角嵴的走行方向。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)步骤二:确定牙尖顶位置形成蜡锥(图5-51B)。①非功能尖以及功能尖的横向和纵向距离几乎都是相等的,通过测量对侧及后牙牙列(图5-51C),确定颊尖的位置,并在<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面平台颊侧堆制蜡锥形成颊尖的牙尖顶(图5-51D)。②上颌第一磨牙远中颊尖和对侧第一前磨牙颊尖连线通过右上颌第一前磨牙舌尖,上颌第一磨牙舌尖对应下颌第一前磨牙远中边缘嵴,也可扩展到该牙远中窝处,<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />架闭合,依据标记线及同名(对照)牙模型<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />关系,<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面平台颊侧堆制蜡锥形成颊尖的牙尖顶,确定舌尖位置(图5-51E)。</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0235-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-51&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;确定牙尖位置</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.确定各牙尖区域;B.牙尖顶位置形成蜡锥;C.测量后牙牙列;D.完成颊尖牙尖顶;E.完成舌尖牙尖顶。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.右上颌第一磨牙滴蜡塑形——形成三角嵴、近中牙和远中牙尖嵴及边缘嵴</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:电蜡刀蘸取雕刻蜡,由牙尖顶开始,向牙尖三角嵴方向堆蜡,止于对应沟,根据参照牙堆制三角嵴的形态。前伸、侧向运动时不产生<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />干扰(图5-52A)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:由牙尖顶分别向近、远中堆蜡形成近、远中牙尖嵴,要求既有功能性咬合,又无<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />干扰(图5-52B)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:然后转向舌侧,与舌尖相连,形成近、远中边缘嵴,使近远中边缘嵴在近远中沟处形成凹陷。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:分别从颊面和<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面观察点角的位置,需与参照牙一致。在颊面和邻面堆蜡,完成轴面<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />1/3的形态(图5-52C)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0235-09.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图5-52&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成三角嵴、近中牙和远中牙尖嵴及边缘嵴</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.堆制三角嵴的形态;B.形成近、远中牙尖嵴;C.形成近、远中边缘嵴。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">6.右上颌第一磨牙滴蜡塑形——<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面修整</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:形成中央窝及近远中点隙,当颊舌两尖及近远中<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />边缘嵴形成后,用滴蜡器加蜡布满<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面剩余部分的同时、形成沟及点隙。</p>
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                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="floatPic-40">
                        <img class="openImgBox t100" src="../../assets/images/0236-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-53&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面修整</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:修饰及形成副沟。①用滴蜡器加蜡形成小的副沟及嵴,同时对<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面进行整体修饰,使各个部位达到完美、和谐与统一。用蜡刀雕刻出各个牙尖和沟的形态,确保<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面的解剖结构准确。②在滴蜡过程中,要不断与对颌模型进行咬合检查,调整咬合高度和接触点(图5-53)。</p>
 
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">7.右上颌第一磨牙滴蜡塑形——咬合检查</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:代型复位至<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />架上,检查咬<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />关系。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)步骤二:蜡型与对颌牙在正中咬合、前伸咬合和侧方咬合时,接触点分布均匀,咬合高度合适,无早接触或咬合干扰。要求咬合接触面积应达到天然牙咬合接触面积的80%以上(图5-54)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0236-08.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图5-54&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;咬合检查</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">8.右上颌第一磨牙滴蜡塑形——精修蜡型</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:用雕刻刀修整颊尖形态。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:用丝巾轻轻擦拭表面。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:完成最终蜡型(图5-55)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0236-09.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-55&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;精修蜡型</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面形态;B.<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                                alt="" />面形态。
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、任务评价</h3>
                    <p class="content">右上颌第一磨牙滴塑评价标准见表5-15。</p>
 
                </div>
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            </div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="228">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(228) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="imgtitle">表5-15&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌第一磨牙滴塑评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0237-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0023-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">中位结构</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        上下颌模型处于咬合状态时,后牙功能尖与对颌牙特定部位相接触,这些维持咬合关系的接触点所在的牙体结构统称为中位结构。其中功能尖称为主动中位,而与对颌牙功能尖接触的边缘嵴或中央窝则称为被动中位。牙尖交错位时,上颌磨牙的舌尖咬合于下颌磨牙的中央窝和边缘嵴,下颌磨牙的颊尖咬合于上颌磨牙的中央窝和边缘嵴。前磨牙的上下颌主动中位与被动中位的对应关系如下所示。
                    </p>
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">219</div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="229">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(229) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="quotation">1.上颌第一前磨牙舌尖对应下颌第一前磨牙远中边缘嵴,也可扩展到该牙远中窝处。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">2.上颌第二前磨牙舌尖对应下颌第二前磨牙远中边缘嵴,也可扩展到该牙远中窝处。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">3.下颌第一前磨牙颊尖对应上颌第一前磨牙近中边缘嵴。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">4.下颌第二前磨牙颊尖对应上颌第一前磨牙近中边缘嵴。</p>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务六&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;完成右下颌第一磨牙形态描绘</h2>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、任务导入</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        对右下颌第一磨牙形态描绘的练习,是进一步掌握牙体形态特征的有效途径,也能为牙体雕刻打下基础。图5-56示右下颌第一磨牙牙体线图,表5-16示右下颌第一磨牙牙体数据。根据图、表所示正确绘制右下颌第一磨牙各面牙体线图,并注意和上颌右下颌第一磨牙形态的区别。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0238-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图5-56&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第一磨牙牙体线图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表5-16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌第一磨牙的比例规格&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;单位:mm</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0238-03.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
                </div>
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            </div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="230">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(230) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、任务分析</h3>
                    <p class="content">以上案例提示,对于复杂的磨牙形态,要根据咬合情况与牙体的解剖形态特点,准确定位牙体<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面与轴面的关键点,精准把握牙体的形态特征,才能真正为患者设计功能良好的义齿。</p>
                    <p class="content">1.右下颌第一磨牙颊面、舌面线图认知要点见图5-57。下颌第一磨牙颊面、舌面比例或形态特点见表5-17。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0239-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-57&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颊、舌面线图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">A.颊面;B.舌面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表5-17&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌第一磨牙颊、舌面比例或形态特点</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0239-04.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">221</div>
            </div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="231">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(231) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0240-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">2.右下颌第一磨牙近中面、远中面线图认知要点见图5-58。下颌第一磨牙近中面、远中面比例或形态特点见表5-18。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0240-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-58&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;近中、远中面线图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">A.近中面;B.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <footer class="footerstyle">222</footer>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="232">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(232) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="imgtitle">表5-18&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌第一磨牙近中面、远中面比例或形态特点</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0241-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">右下颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面线图认知要点见图5-59。下颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面比例或形态特点见表5-19。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0241-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-59&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面线图</p>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">223</div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="233">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(233) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="imgtitle">表5-19&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面比例或形态特点</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0242-02.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、任务实施</h3>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)实训器材的准备</p>
                    <p class="content">右下颌第一磨牙牙体模型、右下颌第一磨牙三倍大牙体线图、直尺、HB铅笔、橡皮擦、素描纸、透明硫酸纸等。</p>
 
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                <footer class="footerstyle">224</footer>
            </div>
        </div>
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="234">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(234) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)右下颌第一磨牙线图绘制</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.右下颌第一磨牙颊面、舌面线图绘制(以颊面为例,图5-60)</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:绘制线框及中线和冠根分界线。①描绘颊面线图的宽度和长度,形成线框;②标记近远中冠宽的中线和冠根分界线。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①冠长和冠宽之比约3∶4;②冠长和根长之比约3∶5。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)步骤二:确定关键点。①近中外形高点;②远中外形高点;③近中颊尖;④远中颊尖;⑤远中尖;⑥近中冠根分界线;⑦远中冠根分界线;⑧近中根尖点;⑨远中根尖点;⑩牙颈线最低点。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①根据前面所学知识点准确定位关键点;②注意近中、远中的细微区别。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:绘制弧线。仔细观察牙齿线条走向,以步骤二提示的关键点绘制短弧线。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:使以上参照点成为弧线最突出的中心点。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:绘制其余线条。绘制弧线以外的牙体线条,完成牙体线图绘制。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①可以观察近中和远中的留白位置,如近中<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面角稍锐,与边框线留白少,远中<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面角较钝,与边框线留白多于近中;②根分叉距冠根分界线的长度约为根长的1/4。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0243-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图5-60&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第一磨牙颊面</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.右下颌第一磨牙近中面、远中面线图绘制(以近中面为例,图5-61)</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:绘制线框及中线和冠根分界线。①描绘近中面线图的宽度和长度,形成线框;②标记颊舌冠厚的中线和冠根分界线。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①冠长和冠厚之比约3∶4;②冠长和根长之比约3∶5。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:确定关键点。①颊侧外形高点;②舌侧外形高点;③近中颊尖;④近中舌尖;⑤颊侧冠根分界线;⑥舌侧冠根分界线;⑦近中根尖点;⑧牙颈线最高点。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①根据前面所学知识点准确定位关键点;②注意颊侧、舌侧定点的细微区别。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:绘制弧线。仔细观察牙齿线条走向,以步骤二提示的关键点绘制短弧线。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:使以上参照点成为弧线最突出的中心点。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:绘制其余线条。绘制弧线以外的牙体线条,完成牙体线图绘制。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①可以观察颊侧和舌侧的留白位置,如舌<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面角稍锐,与边框线留白少。颊<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面角较钝,与边框线留白多于舌侧;②牙颈线凸向<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />方。
                    </p>
 
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                <div class="footer-container">225</div>
            </div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="235">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(235) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0244-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-61&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第一磨牙近中面线图</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.右下颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面线图绘制(图5-62)</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:绘制线框及中线。①描绘<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面图的宽度和厚度,形成线框;②标记冠宽和冠厚的中线。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①约1∶1,冠宽略大;②注意和上颌第一磨牙区分。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)步骤二:确定关键点。①颊侧外形高点;②舌侧外形高点;③近中外形高点;④远中外形高点;⑤近中颊尖;⑥远中颊尖;⑦远中尖;⑧近中舌尖;⑨远中舌尖;⑩近中窝;⑪中央窝;⑫远中窝。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①根据前面所学知识点准确定位关键点;②注意中央窝在颊舌中轴线上,稍偏舌侧,近中窝和远中窝基本在近远中轴线上。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:绘制弧线。仔细观察牙齿线条走向,以步骤二提示的关键点绘制短弧线。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:使以上参照点成为弧线最突出的中心点。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:绘制其余线条。①绘制轴面外形高点线;②绘制颊、舌近中、远中边缘嵴;③绘制中央沟、发育沟、副沟。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①仔细观察四个轴面,近颊、近舌与边框留白少,远颊、远舌与边框留白多;②颊、舌边缘嵴间距小于近、远中边缘嵴间距,而冠的厚度亦小于冠的宽度。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0244-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-62&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面线图</p>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、任务评价</h3>
                    <p class="content">下颌第一磨牙牙体线图各面形态描绘的评价标准见表5-20。</p>
 
                </div>
                <footer class="footerstyle">226</footer>
            </div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="236">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(236) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="imgtitle">表5-20&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌第一磨牙牙体线图各面形态描绘评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0245-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0023-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">下颌磨牙的<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                                alt="" />面描绘训练</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">(一)下颌磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面形态
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">1.下颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;外形呈圆长方形或六边形,近中颊轴角为锐角,远中颊轴角为钝角。<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面观牙尖由大到小依次为:近中舌尖、远中舌尖、近中颊尖、远中颊尖、远中尖。近中边缘较直且清晰,远中边缘嵴圆突。近中边缘短,远中边缘嵴较长。<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面见颊沟、远颊沟、舌沟、近中沟和远中沟五条主沟。有较大的中央窝和较小的近中窝及远中窝,中央窝的深度最深,近中窝的深度最浅,近中窝和中央窝在中轴上,远中窝偏向舌侧。(图5-63A)
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">2.下颌第二磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;外形为方圆形,共有4个牙尖,颊舌侧各2个牙尖。沟多呈十字形分布,分为近中沟、远中沟、颊沟和舌沟。颊沟比舌沟显著。远中窝比近中窝偏向舌侧,位置较低且深。近中缘较直,远中缘呈曲线状。近中边缘宽大,远中边缘稍窄。牙尖的分布接近下颌第一磨牙,远中颊轴角比近中颊轴角更偏向舌侧。(图5-63B)
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">(二)下颌磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面形态描绘
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">描绘方法:找出牙尖点、邻面与颊面交界点、邻面与舌面交界点、<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面点隙等关键部位,描绘出牙体外形轮廓,其<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面的发育沟、中央沟、三角嵴,轴面的颊轴嵴、舌轴嵴等也可进行描绘。要特别注意比对下颌第一磨牙与下颌第二磨牙的形态区别、两者形成的邻接位置、外展隙等。也可用透明硫酸纸进行描摹训练。
                    </p>
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        <div class="page-box" page="237">
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t30" src="../../assets/images/0246-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图5-63&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面形态</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.下颌第一磨牙;B.下颌第二磨牙。</p>
                    </div>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务七&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;完成三倍大右下颌第一磨牙牙体雕刻</h2>
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、任务导入</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        对下颌第一磨牙的雕刻练习,是掌握牙体形态特征的有效途径,有助于在脑海中形成牙体形态的三维立体成像,为后续的专业课程打下形态学基础。按照放大三倍石膏牙雕刻数据、线图、多面体图、浮雕图,运用本节课的雕刻方法在石膏块上完成一颗三倍大右下颌第一磨牙雕刻。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、任务分析</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        完成这个任务,必须在能正确描绘放大三倍右下颌第一磨牙的基础上,熟练掌握右下颌第一磨牙的形态基础。放大三倍右下颌第一磨牙雕刻是把等倍大下颌第一磨牙放大三倍进行的石膏牙雕刻,具体数据见表5-21。下颌第一磨牙的线图、浮雕图已在下颌第一磨牙描绘章节里详细介绍(详见项目五、任务二)。下颌第一磨牙多面体图指的是下颌第一磨牙的任意一面都不是单纯的平面,而是复杂的多个平面。
                    </p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表5-21&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌第一磨牙的比例规格&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;单位:mm</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0246-04.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="238">
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、任务实施</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0246-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)实训器材的准备</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        58mm×32mm×35mm石膏块、三倍大右下颌第一磨牙数据表(表5-21)、三倍大右下颌第一磨牙线图(图5-64)、三倍大右下颌第一磨牙浮雕图(图5-65)、三倍大右下颌第一磨牙多面体线图(图5-66)、石膏切刀、雕刻刀、直尺、红蓝铅笔、储水盆、橡胶垫板等。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0247-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-64&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第一磨牙线图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0247-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图5-65&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第一磨牙浮雕图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
                    </div>
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            </div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="239">
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0248-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图5-66&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第一磨牙多面体图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面多面体;F.外形多面体。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)三倍大右下颌第一磨牙雕刻</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.三倍大右下颌第一磨牙雕刻——二面体的形成</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:标记石膏块的中线(图5-67)。</p>
                    <p class="content">用游标卡尺或者直尺测量出石膏块的宽度,用红蓝铅笔标记出石膏块的中线。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:红蓝铅笔不能太粗,可将笔芯直径削至0.5mm粗细。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:转移数据。</p>
                    <p class="content">根据放大三倍右下颌第一磨牙数据,在石膏块上标记出冠长、冠厚、根长。根据右下颌第一磨牙线图在石膏块上标记出<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面牙尖顶点、颊面外形高点、舌面外形高点和牙根根尖点(图5-68)。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:准确的数据是关键。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0248-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-67&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标记中线</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0248-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-68&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;转移数据</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:描绘右下颌第一磨牙近、远中面初步形态。</p>
                    <p class="content">用红蓝铅笔根据右下颌第一磨牙线图的形态特点,用圆缓的曲线在石膏块上描绘出右下颌第一磨牙近、远中面的线图(图5-69)。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:下颌第一磨牙的舌尖顶点高于颊尖顶点。除规定的点外,多标记几个点更加准确。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:去除线外多余的石膏。</p>
                    <p class="content">用石膏切牙去除近远中面线图以外多余石膏,二面体形成(图5-70)。</p>
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        <div class="page-box" page="240">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(240) > -1">
                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="content">注意:去除石膏时切削至线条标记处,但是要保留线条。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0249-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-69&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;远中面描绘图</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0249-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-70&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;二面体形成图</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.三倍大右下颌第一磨牙雕刻——四面体的形成</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:标记石膏块的中线。</p>
                    <p class="content">用游标卡尺或者直尺测量出石膏块的宽度,用红蓝铅笔标记出石膏块的中线。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:转移数据。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        根据放大三倍右下颌第一磨牙数据,在石膏块上标记出冠长、冠宽、根长。根据右下颌第一磨牙线图在石膏块上标记出近中面外形高点、远中面外形高点、近中颊尖顶点、远中颊尖顶点、远中尖顶点、近远中面颈部最凹陷点和两牙根根尖位置。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">注意:准确的数据是关键。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:描绘右下颌第一磨牙颊、舌面初步形态。</p>
                    <p class="content">用红蓝铅笔根据右下颌第一磨牙线图的形态特点,用圆缓的曲线在石膏块上描绘出右下颌第一磨牙颊、舌面的线图(图5-71)。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:下颌第一磨牙的舌尖高大锐利,颊尖较圆钝。除规定的点外,多标记几个点更加准确。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:去除线外多余的石膏。</p>
                    <p class="content">用石膏切刀去除颊、舌中面线图以外多余石膏,四面体形成(图5-72)。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:去除石膏时切削至线条标记处,但是要保留线条。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0249-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-71&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;舌面描绘图</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0249-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-72&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四面体形成图</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="241">
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.三倍大右下颌第一磨牙雕刻——多面体的形成</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:形成颊面多面体。</p>
                    <p class="content">参考放大三倍右下颌第一磨牙多面体线图,在石膏牙颊面上描绘出多面体图形,根据阴影部分的深浅去除多余的石膏(图5-73)。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:颊面的阴影是去除石膏的面积,而去除石膏的厚度取决于近远中面的阴影部分。切削多面体时,不得损坏颊侧牙颈突度。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0250-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-73&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘多面体图形</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:形成舌面多面体。</p>
                    <p class="content">参考放大三倍右下颌第一磨牙多面体线图,在石膏牙舌面上描绘出多面体图形,根据阴影部分的深浅去除多余的石膏。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:颊面去除石膏的面积取决于舌颊阴影部分的面积,而去除石膏的厚度取决于近远中面的阴影部分。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:形成近远中面多面体。</p>
                    <p class="content">参考放大三倍右下颌第一磨牙多面体线图,在石膏牙近远中面上描绘出多面体图形,根据阴影部分的深浅去除多余的石膏。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:在完成颊舌轴面角的过程中,近远中面的石膏去除已经完成。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:形成<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面多面体。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">参考放大三倍右下颌第一磨牙多面体线图,在石膏牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面上描绘出多面体图形,根据阴影部分的深浅去除多余的石膏(图5-74)。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:下颌第一磨牙的<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面舌尖高达锐利,颊尖较为圆钝。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.三倍大右下颌第一磨牙雕刻——四面成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:牙颈线的成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)描绘勾勒牙颈线:参照右上颌中切牙线图,在石膏棒唇、舌、近、远中面精确描绘牙颈线。经检查合格后,将雕刻刀刃端垂直于牙面,沿牙颈线刮去约0.2mm深的石膏,并沿牙颈线勾勒一周(图5-75)。
                    </p>
 
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0251-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-74&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;多面体切削完成</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0251-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-75&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘颈缘线</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">注意:近中面的颈曲度大于远中面。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)辅助线的绘制:在牙颈线冠方和根方各1mm处,绘制两条平行于牙颈线的辅助线。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        3)雕刻成形:自牙颈线根方1mm的线条处,使雕刻刀刃端与牙面成约45°角,并沿该线向牙颈线方向刮除适量的石膏。以上操作完成后,牙颈部形态基本形成。上述步骤可适当重复进行,直至合乎要求为止。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">4)修整顺滑:仔细和浮雕图比对,将牙颈线修整连续顺滑(图5-76)。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:不能形成明显的台阶。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:颊面的成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)颊面牙根的成形:参照浮雕图在石膏牙颊面牙根处描绘出颊面最突出部分的连线,在牙根的近远中面描绘出近远中面最突出部分的连线,根据最突出部分的斜面特点,即颊面牙根的形态结构特点,采用石膏切刀采用横握式和直握式对颊面牙根进行大体形态的成形雕刻。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">注意:下颌第一磨牙是双根牙,注意牙根分叉位置形态。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        2)颊面牙冠的形成:具体如下。①形成颈缘突度:颈缘突度即从近远中面到颊面近颈缘部分的弧度,在形成颈缘突度时,必须参照浮雕图,并观察浮雕图近颈缘部分的弧度,进行石膏的去除。</p>
 
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">
                        ②颊轴嵴的成形:下颌第一磨牙的近中颊面有较为明显的颊轴嵴,远中颊尖的颊轴嵴较不明显,在颊面描绘出颊轴嵴的形态,按照浮雕图形成两侧的斜面。③颊面近远中缘的成形:参考浮雕图,描绘下颌第一磨牙近远中缘的形态,并转移到石膏牙相应的位置。结合近远中面近颊侧斜面的特点,形成颊面近远中缘的形态。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0252-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-76&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;成形颈缘线</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:舌侧的成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">1)舌侧牙根的成形:方法参考颊面牙根的成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)舌面较为圆突,外形高点在中1/3。根据浮雕图描绘出舌面最突出部分的连线,在该线上下去除多余的石膏。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:下颌第一磨牙有两个牙根,近中根和远中根,近、远中根的颊侧和舌侧都较为圆突。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:近远中面的成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        参考浮雕图,描绘出浮雕图上近远中面最突出部分的连线,根据浮雕图上斜面的特点,在石膏牙上去除多余的石膏,形成近远中面的形态,注意近远中面的接触区的形态特点(图5-77、图5-78)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0252-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-77&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四面成形前</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                </div>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0253-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-78&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四面成形后</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(5)步骤五:<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面的成形。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">1)修整<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />缘外侧轴面<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />1/3形态:参考浮雕图,在浮雕图上画出<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面最突出部分的连线,这个最突出部分的连线实际也是<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面边缘嵴的连线。转移上述最突出部分的连线至石膏牙相应的位置,去除最突出部分连线外侧相应的石膏,形成牙冠轴面<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />的1/3部分,同时注意修整轴面<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />1/3的形态。</p>
 
 
                    <div class="floatPic-30">
                        <img class="openImgBox t100" src="../../assets/images/0253-12.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-79&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面成形后</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">2)初步形成<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面窝底部:参考浮雕图,发现下颌第一磨牙<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面有中央窝,中央窝两侧有近中窝和远中窝,把浮雕图上窝的位置转移到石膏牙相应的位置,用雕刻刀在窝的位置转动两下,去除少量石膏,形成一个小窝。</p>
                    <p class="content">3)形成<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面三角嵴的形态:把浮雕图上的牙尖三角嵴转移到石膏块上,用雕刻刀沿窝向三角嵴做斜面。</p>
                    <p class="content">4)形成发育沟、副沟:参考浮雕图,根据发育沟的形态与位置形成发育沟、副沟(图5-79)。</p>
 
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.三倍大右下颌第一磨牙雕刻——精雕完成</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:颊面发育沟的修整。</p>
                    <p class="content">仔细观察右下颌第一磨牙颊面浮雕图上两条发育沟的形态和位置,在石膏牙相应的位置用红蓝铅笔进行准确的描绘,用雕刻刀进行修整。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:颊面发育沟是牙在生长发育过程中形成的浅沟,所以该发育沟与唇面的融合度非常高,发育沟两侧的斜面斜度大且衔接自然。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:轴面颈缘线的修整。</p>
                    <p class="content">再次准确地修整颈缘线,用雕刻刀在颈缘线上下进行切削,以使牙冠和牙根衔接自然。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:下颌第一磨牙的颈缘线为连续的圆缓的曲线。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:修饰牙体表面。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        在四面成形的基础上,用雕刻刀采用执笔式从根尖或从牙尖顶对牙体表面进行润饰,力求牙根表面光滑,下颌第一磨牙的牙根为两个牙根,均为扁根,近中根较长且粗,远中根稍短且稍细,牙根的近远中面均有纵行凹陷,牙根分叉度较大。
                    </p>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:牙体表面流畅性的检查。</p>
                    <p class="content">检查石膏牙各轴面的外形高点、邻接点、凹凸衔接的自然程度(图5-80)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0254-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图5-80&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;放大三倍右下颌第一磨牙雕刻完成图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、任务评价</h3>
                    <p class="content">右下颌第一磨牙石膏牙雕刻评价标准见表5-22。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表5-22&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第一磨牙石膏牙雕刻评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0254-03.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" />
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0255-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" />
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                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0023-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">放大三倍右下颌第二磨牙雕刻</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        在牙体修复的实际工作场景中,精准掌握各类牙体形态特点至关重要。下颌磨牙组作为下颌后牙的关键组合,除大家熟悉的下颌第一磨牙外,还包括下颌第二磨牙、下颌第三磨牙,且各个牙位均左右对称分布,左右各有一颗。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        此前,同学们已深入学习了最具典型性的下颌第一磨牙雕刻知识与技巧,然而,在日常实践操作里,下颌第二磨牙的形态恢复也非常重要。为切实强化同学们在本次学习任务中对磨牙组不同牙位形态雕刻的全方位理解,提升实操动手能力,同时着力培养大家的自我探究精神,现布置如下实践任务。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        请同学们灵活运用前面所学的放大三倍右下颌第一磨牙雕刻方法及详细步骤,紧密结合提供的右下颌第二磨牙线图(图5-81)、浮雕图(图5-82)及多面体图(图5-83),并依据表5-23中精准的三倍大右下颌第二磨牙数据,雕刻出一颗放大三倍右下颌第二磨牙。在完成雕刻作品后,总结归纳下颌第一磨牙与下颌第二磨牙在形态方面存在的显著差异,对比分析深化对两种牙齿形态特点的认知,为未来应对复杂多变的口腔修复工作筑牢坚实基础。
                    </p>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0256-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-81&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第二磨牙线图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0256-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图5-82&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第二磨牙浮雕图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0256-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图5-83&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第二磨牙多面体图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面多面体;F.外形多面体。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表5-23&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌第二磨牙的比例规格&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;单位:mm</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0256-07.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" />
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务八&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;完成等倍大右下颌第一磨牙牙体雕刻</h2>
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、任务导入</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        完成三倍大右下颌第一磨牙雕刻后,在规定的时间内按照等倍石膏牙雕刻模型、数据、线图、多面体图、浮雕图,规范安全的操作基础上,在石膏块上完成一颗等倍大右下颌第一磨牙雕刻。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、任务分析</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        完成这个任务必须在正确描绘等倍下颌第一磨牙的基础上,掌握下颌第一磨牙的形态基础。等倍右下颌第一磨牙雕刻是指按照1∶1右下颌第一磨牙数据(表5-24),进行右下颌第一磨牙牙体雕刻。下颌第一磨牙的线图、浮雕图在上颌第一磨牙描绘章节里已详细介绍,下颌第一磨牙多面体指的是下颌磨牙的任意一面都不是单纯的平面,而是复杂的多面体。
                    </p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表5-24&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌第一磨牙的比例规格&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;单位:mm</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0257-03.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" />
                    </div>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、任务实施</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0257-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)实训器材的准备</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        右下颌第一磨牙线图、等倍大右下颌第一磨牙雕刻模型1套、石膏块(15mm×15mm×55mm)、石膏切刀、雕刻刀、绘图铅笔、红蓝铅笔、游标卡尺、直尺、毛刷、储水盆、橡胶垫板等。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)等倍大右下颌第一磨牙雕刻步骤</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.等倍大右下颌第一磨牙雕刻——石膏框架成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:绘制框架及标志线、切削框架成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        用游标卡尺测量等倍大右下颌第一磨牙雕刻模型的冠长、冠宽、冠厚、根长。在石膏块上,用游标卡尺轻轻刻出各面的冠根分界线和中轴线,绘制牙体外形框架(图5-84)。用石膏切刀切掉框线以外的石膏,先修整平行的两侧,再修整另外两侧,四周应平整(图5-85)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">要求:雕刻等倍大右上颌第一前磨牙的牙体总长是冠长加根长的总和。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0258-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-84&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;绘制框架</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0258-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-85&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;框架切削成形</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:确定基准面。</p>
                    <p class="content">确定颊面、舌面、近中面和远中面。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.等倍大右下颌第一磨牙雕刻——二面体成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:描绘颊舌面外形。</p>
                    <p class="content">参照等倍大右下颌第一磨牙雕刻模型和右下颌第一磨牙线图,将模型颊舌面与石膏块重合,在石膏块的颊舌面标出<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面的位置,将所测牙颈宽数据转移到石膏块上,参照右下颌第一磨牙雕刻模型的颊舌面轮廓外形,描绘出颊舌面的牙体外形线(图5-86)。</p>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="content">要求:转移的参照点要准确,颊舌面的牙体外形线应为细线且线条流畅。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:颊舌面切削成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">用石膏切刀沿颊舌面边缘线上下推拉切削,形成颊舌面外形(图5-87)。</p>
                    <p class="content">要求:不得损坏外形高点的突度,恰好切到线,不要切掉线,轴面外形轮廓需与右上颌第一磨牙线图一致。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0259-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-86&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘颊舌面外形</p>
                            <p class="imgdescript">A.颊面;B.舌面。</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0259-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-87&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;二面体成形</p>
                            <p class="imgdescript">A.颊面;B.舌面。</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.等倍大右下颌第一磨牙雕刻——四面体成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:描绘近远中面外形(图5-88)。</p>
                    <p class="content">参照等倍大右下颌第一磨牙雕刻模型和右下颌第一磨牙线图,将模型近中面、远中面与石膏块重合,在石膏块的近远中面标出<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面的位置,将所测牙颈厚数据转移到石膏块上,参照右下颌第一磨牙模型的近远中轮廓外形,描绘近远中面的牙体外形线。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">要求:同二面体描绘。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0259-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-88&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘近远中面外形</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">A.近中面;B.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:近远中面切削成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">用石膏切刀沿近远中边缘线上下推拉切削,形成近远中面外形(图5-89)。</p>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">要求:同二面体成形。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0260-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-89&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四面体成形</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="floatPic-40">
                        <img class="openImgBox t100" src="../../assets/images/0260-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-90&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面与多面体的位置关系参照图</p>
                    </div>
 
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.等倍大右下颌第一磨牙雕刻——多面体成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:正确描绘多面体的各个轴面。</p>
                    <p class="content">参照右下颌第一磨牙雕刻模型<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面观,在石膏块上画出多面体外形的边缘线与中轴线的角度、各个轴面最突出部分的连线、冠根分界线与外形高点之间的连线(图5-88)。</p>
                    <p class="content">要求:尽可能使多面体边缘线与右下颌第一磨牙线图相一致。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:切削多面体。</p>
                    <p class="content">按照多面体边缘线切削各斜面,最终形成多面体(图5-91)。</p>
                    <p class="content">要求:切削多面体时,不得损坏颊侧牙颈突度。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0260-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-91&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;多面体成形</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.等倍大右下颌第一磨牙雕刻——四面成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:颊面成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)颊面近远中缘、颊尖近远中斜缘和颊轴嵴成形:参照右下颌第一磨牙雕刻模型,在石膏块上标记出近远中缘、颊尖近远中斜缘和颊轴嵴的位置。用雕刻刀进行切削,每个颊尖形成近远中2个斜面和颊轴嵴,颊侧近远中缘要与颊侧颈缘、颊轴嵴流畅连接。
                    </p>
 
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="content">2)颈部及牙根成形:标记出颊面近远中线角和牙颈部狭窄部分,形成颊侧牙颈线。</p>
                    <p class="content">3)颊面发育沟成形:在颊面描绘出颊沟、远颊沟,注意雕刻不宜太深,发育沟的凹陷需与周围突出部分流畅连接(图5-92)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:舌面成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">1)舌面近远中边缘、舌尖近远中斜缘和舌轴嵴成形,舌轴嵴不明显。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)颈部及牙根成形:参照右下颌第一磨牙雕刻模型进行切削,颈部与牙根流畅连接。</p>
                    <p class="content">3)近舌轴面角和远舌轴面角成形:参照模型,用小雕刻刀切削形成近舌轴面角、远舌轴面角,并与邻面、牙颈部流畅连接(图5-93)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0261-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-92&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颊面成形</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0261-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-93&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;舌面成形</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:邻面成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">参照近远中面外形,用雕刻刀削除多余石膏,近远中面外形高点都靠近<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />缘(图5-94)。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">6.等倍大右下颌第一磨牙雕刻——<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        参照模型,描绘出三角嵴和边缘嵴的走行,用雕刻刀沿三角嵴标记线的近远中方向进行切削,形成带曲度的2个斜面。雕刻三角嵴时,修整牙尖的斜度。雕刻出颊沟、远颊沟、舌沟、近中沟、远中沟,修整近中窝、远中窝、中央窝,并润饰<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面(图5-95)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0261-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-94&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;邻面成形</p>
                            <p class="imgdescript">A.近中面;B.远中面。</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0261-07.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-95&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面成形</p>
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                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">7.等倍大右下颌第一磨牙雕刻——牙颈线成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">参照模型,用铅笔在石膏块各面描绘出颈曲线,然后用雕刻刀与石膏块牙冠表面成45°角进行牙颈线的雕刻,调整牙冠与牙根的形态。</p>
                    <p class="content">要求:牙颈线较平,颈线各处的宽度、深度需协调一致,连接流畅。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">8.等倍大右下颌第一磨牙雕刻——精修完成</span></p>
                    <p class="content">参照模型,检查各部分尺寸,精修完成(图5-96)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0262-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-96&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;精修完成</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.颊面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、任务评价</h3>
                    <p class="content">右下颌第一磨牙石膏牙雕刻评价标准见表5-25。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表5-25&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第一磨牙石膏牙雕刻评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0262-03.jpg" alt=""
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0263-01.jpg" alt=""
                            active="true" />
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                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0023-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
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                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">磨牙的临床意义</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        1.易患龋病&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;第一磨牙因萌出早、窝沟深,易患龋齿,需重点关注窝沟封闭和早期充填,充填或修复时应注意恢复正常的解剖形态。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        2.咬合关键与正畸基准&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上下颌第一磨牙的位置关系,对建立正常咬合关系具有重要作用。第一磨牙的咬合关系是正畸治疗的“咬合关键”,也是错<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />分类的参照标准。因此,在正畸方案中常作为支抗牙,用于调整牙弓长度和牙齿移动。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        3.修复与缺失影响&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙缺失后会导致对颌牙伸长、邻牙倾斜,显著降低咀嚼效率,并可能引发颞下颌关节紊乱。一旦拔除第一磨牙,要及时修复,以免影响正常的咬合关系。
                    </p>
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                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务九&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;完成牙列中等倍大右下颌第一磨牙滴蜡塑形</h2>
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、任务导入</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        通过蜡滴塑形的方式完成等倍大右下颌第一磨牙牙齿形态塑造,是进一步掌握牙体形态特征的有效途径,也能提高牙科修复和美容的精确度,进而改善牙齿的外观和功能。具体而言,需准确把握右下颌第一磨牙的解剖形态,包括其独特的牙冠和牙根形态,并将其精确复现在蜡型中。掌握蜡型滴塑的技巧,使蜡型表面光滑、结构完整、无气泡和瑕疵。同时,确保蜡型与邻牙和对颌牙在形态和咬合功能上协调一致,为后续的口腔修复工作提供高质量的模型。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        在本任务中,将深入实践右下颌第一磨牙的滴蜡塑形技巧,通过亲手操作对右下颌第一磨牙的结构有更深刻的理解,并在精益求精的工匠精神的指引下,提升自己的专业技能,为未来的牙科医疗工作打下坚实基础。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、任务分析</h3>
                    <p class="content">完成这个任务,要熟知右下颌第一磨牙的形态和功能,学会控制蜡的温度及滴塑的方法流程。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)右下颌第一磨牙功能</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.咀嚼功能</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第一磨牙是口腔中重要的咀嚼牙齿之一,其<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面宽大并具备多个牙尖,因此能够有效地切割、研磨和捣碎食物,并将食物磨碎成细小颗粒,便于吞咽和消化。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.维持咬合平衡</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在上下颌牙齿的咬合过程中,右下颌第一磨牙与右上颌牙齿相互对应和配合,对维持正常的咬合关系和咬合平衡起关键作用,保证了咀嚼运动的稳定和协调。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.支持面部外形</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;与其他磨牙一样,在维持面部下1/3的高度和外形方面发挥着重要作用,有助于保持面部的丰满和协调,若缺失可能导致面部塌陷,影响美观。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)右下颌第一磨牙形态</p>
                    <p class="content">见本项目任务一。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(三)<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />关键</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.尖窝相对</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;其牙尖(主要是颊尖和舌尖)与对颌牙(上颌第一磨牙)的窝相吻合。例如,右上6的舌尖对应右下颌第一磨牙的中央窝,这种尖窝相对的关系可以使咬合力垂直传导,有利于高效地咬碎和研磨食物。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                                alt="" />面形态</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;其<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面有复杂的沟、嵴结构。这些结构就像小的“轨道”,引导上颌磨牙在咀嚼运动时与之精确配合。比如,其斜嵴可以引导下颌磨牙在咀嚼过程中进行侧向运动,使食物在左右方向上也能被充分研磨。
                    </p>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.咬合接触时间</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在咀嚼运动中,右下6与对颌牙接触时间有着重要意义。在闭口咀嚼时,其是较早接触并引导上颌运动方向的牙齿之一,合适的接触时间能够确保整个咀嚼系统协调工作,让食物在合适的时间内被充分嚼碎。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(四)与上颌牙尖、窝接触规律</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.牙尖交错位时</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)右下颌第一磨牙的近中颊尖对着上颌第一磨牙的近中颊沟,这是重要的咬合接触标志点。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)右下颌第一磨牙的远中颊尖对着上颌第一磨牙的远中颊尖的颊侧。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)右下颌第一磨牙的近中舌尖与右上颌第一磨牙的中央窝接触,承担较大的咀嚼压力。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)右下颌第一磨牙的远中舌尖与右上颌第二磨牙的近中舌尖相对,有一定的接触关系。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.侧方咬合时</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)工作侧,右下颌第一磨牙的颊尖与右上颌同名牙颊尖的舌斜面接触,下颌舌尖与上颌同名牙舌尖的颊斜面接触。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)非工作侧,下颌磨牙的舌尖与上颌磨牙的舌尖有一定的接触,起到平衡咬合的作用。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.前伸咬合时</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;当下颌前伸至上下前牙切缘相对时,右下颌第一磨牙的远中尖及远中颊尖的近中斜面与上颌第一磨牙的近中颊尖及远中颊尖的远中斜面可能有接触,以引导下颌前伸运动。
                    </p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(五)下颌第一磨牙代型要求</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                                alt="" />面</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用铅笔在离右下第一磨牙<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面1.5~2.0mm处画一条标志线或做定深沟,沿标志线或沟的深度均匀去除石膏(牙体组织)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.邻面</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;沿牙邻面颊舌向潜行性磨除,不断矫正磨除方向,直至预备出足够的间隙。磨切时应注意邻面预备方向与就位道一致,4个邻面轴壁方向相互平行或向切端聚合2°~5°。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.唇面</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;均匀去除唇面1.0~1.5mm石膏(牙体组织)</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.舌面</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;沿舌面解剖外形均匀去除唇面1.0~1.5mm石膏(牙体组织)。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.肩台</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;宽度为1.0~1.2mm,采用90°圆钝内角肩台或135°浅凹型,根据修复体固位、牙冠<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />跟高度、缺损或充填物与牙龈的位置关系、美观等因素,将颈缘位置设计为:①平齐龈缘;②龈缘线以上;③龈缘线以下0.5mm边缘应连续一致、平滑,无锐边。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        6.代型制作外形轮廓应与原右下颌第一磨牙近似,侧方运动均没有颌干扰。保证咬合时,牙齿与各个方向不会接触,以免影响咀嚼。在实际修复运用中去除石膏(牙体组织)的量可根据患者牙体颜色、所选择修复材料等进行调整。
                    </p>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(六)牙体滴塑的操作流程</p>
                    <p class="content">下颌第一磨牙滴塑操作流程见图5-97。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0266-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图5-97&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌第一磨牙滴塑操作流程</p>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、任务实施</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0264-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)实训器材的准备(图5-98)</p>
                    <p class="content">右下颌第一磨牙牙体预备完成代型、滴蜡器、蜡、熔蜡器、标记笔、直尺、软毛刷、雕刻刀等。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0266-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图5-98&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;实训器材准备</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)右下颌第一磨牙滴蜡塑形步骤</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.右下颌第一磨牙滴蜡塑形——涂分离剂</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:代型准备。</p>
                    <p class="content">要求:代型无缺损、表面无杂物。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:在右下颌第一磨牙预备体表面均匀涂布一层分离剂,达过颈缘线2mm以下,多余部分可用吸水纸除去(图5-99)。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.右下颌第一磨牙滴蜡塑形——堆内衬蜡</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;分离剂干燥后,画出代型颈缘线。</p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:画颈缘标记线(图5-100A)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:持代型,切端朝上,用加热好的滴蜡器蘸取适量内衬蜡,厚度约为0.3mm,从颈缘根方1mm处向<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面移动加蜡,重复数次,直至内衬蜡均匀覆盖整个牙体预备的区域(图5-100B)。注意加第二刀蜡时应覆盖前一刀蜡宽度的1/2,以保证蜡衔接良好。内衬蜡的主要作用是有利于冠和代型的密合,同时也因为内衬蜡的黏度大、脆性小,有利于脱模。
                    </p>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="image-row">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0267-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-99&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;涂分离剂</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0267-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-100&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;堆内衬蜡</p>
                            <p class="imgdescript-l">A.画颈缘标记线;B.加蜡堆内衬蜡。</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.右下颌第一磨牙滴蜡塑形——堆塑<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面平台(图5-101)</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:确定平台颊舌径、近远中径宽度,用直尺测量参照牙的颊舌径,分别在颊、舌面中点处水平向外堆蜡形成蜡锥。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:形成平台。①用蜡分别连接各个面的蜡锥,形成一个大小适宜的<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面平台。②在颊面颈1/3处堆蜡形成颊颈嵴。③在近、远中位置纵向堆蜡,形成平台颊面近、远中缘。④在靠近颈部时,蜡条趋向颊面中线,使得颈部明显收缩。⑤纵向连接颊颈嵴与平台颊缘中点,隆起的蜡条形成颊轴嵴。⑥在轴嵴近、远中堆蜡形成近、远中斜面,完成平台颊面形态。⑦同样方法堆蜡恢复舌面及邻面形态。⑧用雕刻刀修整蜡型表面,完成平台。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0267-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l-b">图5-101&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;堆塑<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面平台</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">
                            A.标记对照牙颊舌侧宽度;B.测量对照牙颊舌侧宽度;C.标记对照牙近远中宽度;D.测量对照牙近远中宽度;E.蜡锥标注颊舌面水平中点;F.蜡锥标注近远中面水平中点;G.蜡连接各面蜡锥。
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.右下颌第一磨牙滴蜡塑形——确定牙尖位置</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:画出标记线,确定各牙尖区域。①<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面有沟,由于颊尖稍大于舌尖,故中央沟稍偏向舌侧,用标记笔画出中央沟的位置。②沟把<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面分为颊、舌两个牙尖区域,画出颊、舌尖三角嵴的走行方向。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:确定牙尖顶位置形成蜡锥,非功能尖以及功能尖的横向和纵向距离几乎都是相等的,通过测量对侧及后牙牙列,确定颊尖的位置,并在<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面平台颊侧堆制蜡锥形成颊尖的牙尖顶。</p>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:确定牙尖顶位置形成蜡锥,<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />架闭合,依据标记线及同名(对照)牙模型<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />关系,<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面平台颊侧堆制蜡锥形成颊尖的牙尖顶,确定舌尖位置(图5-102)。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">5.右下颌第一磨牙滴蜡塑形——形成三角嵴</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;电蜡刀蘸取雕刻蜡,由牙尖顶开始,向牙尖三角嵴方向堆蜡,止于对应沟,根据参照牙堆制三角嵴的形态,且保证前伸、侧向运动时不产生<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />干扰(图5-103)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0268-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-102&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;确定牙尖位置</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0268-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-103&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成三角嵴</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">6.右下颌第一磨牙滴蜡塑形——形成近、远中牙尖嵴及边缘嵴</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:由牙尖顶分别向近、远中堆蜡形成近、远中牙尖嵴,要求既有功能性咬合,又无<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />干扰。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:转向舌侧,与舌尖相连,形成近、远中边缘嵴,使近远中边缘嵴在近远中沟处形成凹陷(图5-104)。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:分别从颊面和<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面观察点角的位置,需要与参照牙一致。在颊面和邻面堆蜡,完成轴面<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />1/3的形态。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">7.右下颌第一磨牙滴蜡塑形——<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面修整</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:形成中央窝及近远中点隙。当颊舌两尖及近远中<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />边缘嵴形成后,用滴蜡器加蜡布满<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面剩余部分的同时,形成沟及点隙。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二;修饰及形成副沟。用滴蜡器加蜡形成小的副沟及嵴,同时对<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面进行整体修饰,使各个部位达到完美和谐的统一。用蜡刀雕刻出各个牙尖和沟的形态,确保<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面的解剖结构准确(图5-105)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:修饰及形成副沟。在滴蜡过程中,需不断对颌模型进行咬合检查,调整咬合高度和接触点。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
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                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0268-13.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-104&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成近、远中牙尖嵴及边缘嵴</p>
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                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0268-14.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图5-105&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img class="s-pic"
                                    src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面修整</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">8.右下颌第一磨牙滴蜡塑形——咬合检查</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:代型复位至<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />架,检查<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />关系。</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
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                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:蜡型与对颌牙在正中<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />(图5-106A)、前伸<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />和侧方<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />时(图5-106B),接触点分布均匀,咬合高度合适,无早接触或<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />干扰。注意咬合接触面积应达到天然牙咬合接触面积的80%以上(图5-106)。
                    </p>
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                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0269-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图5-106&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;咬合检查</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">A.正中<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                                alt="" />;B.侧方<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />。</p>
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                        <img class="openImgBox t100" src="../../assets/images/0269-08.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图5-107&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;精修蜡型</p>
                    </div>
 
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">9.右下颌第一磨牙滴蜡塑形——精修蜡型</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:用雕刻刀修整颊尖形态。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:用丝巾轻轻擦拭表面。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:完成最终蜡型(图5-107)。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、任务评价</h3>
                    <p class="content">右下颌第一磨牙滴塑评价标准见表5-26。</p>
                    <p class="content"><br /></p>
                    <p class="content"><br /></p>
                    <p class="content"><br /></p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表5-26&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌第一磨牙滴塑评价标准</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
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                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">右下颌第一磨牙咬合调整与防嵌塞设计修复</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">(一)病例分析</p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        患者,男,45岁,主诉为“右下后牙咀嚼不适,食物频繁嵌塞,冷热敏感”。病史:右下颌第一磨牙(46)曾行复合树脂充填,充填体脱落2次,邻面龋坏达牙本质深层,牙髓活力正常,牙周探诊深度≤3mm,牙龈轻度红肿。影像学检查:X线片显示远中邻面龋损近髓角,未累及牙髓,牙槽骨高度正常。诊断:右下颌第一磨牙(46)邻面深龋继发充填体脱落,邻接关系丧失导致食物嵌塞,咬合面磨耗不均匀伴咬合高点。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">(二)修复要求</p>
                    <p class="quotation">1.消除咬合干扰点,恢复生理性咬合关系(正中咬合、前伸及侧方运动无早接触)。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">2.咬合面颊舌径宽度与对颌牙协调,降低咬合面尖嵴陡度以减少侧向分力。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">3.防嵌塞设计核心&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;恢复邻面接触点至龈向1/3处,接触面积≥2mm<span
                            class="super">2</span>,松紧度以牙线通过时略有阻力为宜。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">4.形成外展隙与龈外展隙的流畅过渡,颊舌侧边缘嵴高度与邻牙一致。</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">项目五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;磨牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                    <p class="quotation">5.咬合面窝沟设计为浅凹形,避免尖锐嵴结构,近远中边缘嵴应连续且高度≥1.5mm。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(三)操作流程</p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        1.准备&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;材料与器械:模型、氧化锆全冠修复体、咬合纸(200μm)、高速手机+金刚砂车针(TF-13、TF-18)。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">2.咬合调整步骤</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(1)动态咬合检查:使用咬合纸标记正中咬合、前伸及侧方运动中的早接触点。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(2)调磨原则:优先调整修复体而非对颌牙;降低非功能尖(上颌舌尖、下颌颊尖)高度,保留功能尖垂直高度;磨改早接触点每次≤0.1mm,分次调磨。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        3.防嵌塞设计关键技术&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;邻面接触点重建:使用邻面成形片+楔子恢复邻面形态,确保接触点位于龈向1/3;边缘嵴形态优化:近远中边缘嵴高度与邻牙一致(约1.5~2.0mm),呈圆凸形;外展隙宽度:颊侧1.0mm,舌侧0.8mm,形成“溢出通道”。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        4.修复体试戴&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;邻接关系测试:使用牙线确认接触点阻力适中;咬合稳定性测试:T-Scan咬合力分析系统验证咬合力分布均匀性(偏差≤15%)。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        5.最终粘固与医嘱&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;粘接剂选择:树脂改良型玻璃离子水门汀。术后医嘱:24小时内避免咀嚼硬物,使用牙间隙刷清洁邻面,6个月复诊检查。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(四)评分标准(满分100分)</p>
                    <p class="quotation">1.咬合调整质量&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;正中咬合无早接触,侧方运动无干扰,咬合力分布均匀:(25分)。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">2.防嵌塞设计效果&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;邻接点位置准确,牙线通过阻力适中,外展隙形态流畅(25分)。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">3.修复体密合度&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;边缘间隙≤50μm,无悬突或台阶(20分)。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">4.患者功能反馈&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;咀嚼效率恢复≥90%,无嵌塞主诉(15分)。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">5.操作规范性&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙体预备符合生物学原则,调磨量控制精准,器械使用规范(15分)。</p>
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                    <h1 class="firstTitle-l">参考文献</h1>
                    <p class="content">[1]牛东平.牙体形态与功能[M].2版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2021.</p>
                    <p class="content">[2]赵铱民.口腔修复学[M].8版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2020.</p>
                    <p class="content">[3]辛金红.牙体形态与功能[M].2版.北京:北京科学技术出版社,2020.</p>
                    <p class="content">[4]许复贞.牙体解剖与雕刻技术[M].北京:中国医药科技出版社,2011.</p>
                    <p class="content">[5]何三纲.口腔解剖生理学[M].8版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2020.</p>
                    <p class="content">[6]孟项涛,李宪.口腔基础医学概要[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2020.</p>
                    <p class="content">[7]蒋菁,赵军.全口义齿工艺技术[M].4版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2021.</p>
                    <p class="content">[8]李长义,任旭.口腔固定修复工艺技术[M].4版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2021.</p>
                    <p class="content">[9]全国卫生专业技术资格考试用书编写专家委员会.2025口腔医学技术[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2024.</p>
                    <p class="content">[10]马惠萍.口腔解剖生理学[M].4版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2020.</p>
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