zhongshujie
4 天以前 20f565e134743664045fc42376ef5acd826acbe3
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<template>
    <div class="chapter" num="4">
        <div class="page-box" page="78">
            <div v-if="showPageList.indexOf(78) > -1">
                <div class="header">
                    <span class="header-right"></span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <h1 class="firstTitle-l">项目三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;尖牙形态与功能</h1>
 
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0019-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">素质目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)树立实事求是的科学态度,养成精益求精的工匠精神。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)通过学习与实践积累,提升对空间布局进行合理规划的构图素质。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)强化尖牙对维持面型重要性的认知,树立保留尖牙的主动意识。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">知识目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)掌握:尖牙类牙体解剖形态;右上颌尖牙线图特征与描绘、石膏与蜡型牙体雕刻方法和步骤。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)熟悉:尖牙类牙体解剖功能;石膏牙、蜡型牙雕刻工具的使用方法。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)了解:上、下颌尖牙形态上的区别;右上颌尖牙描绘、雕刻及滴塑的评价标准。</p>
                    <p class="center">........................</p>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">能力目标</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)通过专业学习与实操训练,能熟练阐述尖类牙齿的解剖形态及生理功能。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)通过形态学知识积累与绘图练习,能准确、熟练描绘出右上颌尖牙线图。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)能规范、熟练完成右上颌尖牙三倍大、等倍大石膏牙雕刻;完成等倍大蜡型滴塑。</p>
 
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0019-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【案例】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        患者,男性,72岁。因口内多颗牙齿缺失导致进食不便,要求镶牙。经检查发现,口内仅余留上、下、左、右4颗尖牙,且未见龋坏及松动,牙周状况良好。根据以上检查情况,口腔修复医生拟利用4颗尖牙作为基牙,为患者进行可摘局部义齿修复治疗。义齿试戴完成后,患者对其修复效果较为满意,这是因为尖牙位于口角区,可以支撑其面部的外形,对维持正常的面容具有非常重要的意义。因此,患者进行义齿修复后,面部形态相对较饱满,显得较为年轻。
                    </p>
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">069</div>
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        </div>
 
 
 
        <div class="page-box" page="79">
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">【问题】</span></p>
                    <p class="content">1.尖牙的主要形态特征有哪些?</p>
                    <p class="content">2.尖牙为什么不容易发生龋坏?</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0087-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" /></div>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务一&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描述尖牙表面解剖标志及功能</h2>
 
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0088-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" /></div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、任务导入</h3>
                    <p class="content">通过对尖牙表面解剖标志的学习,进一步掌握牙体形态及其与功能的联系,从而为后续牙体雕刻练习打下坚实基础,为制作出符合患者要求的修复体提供必要保障。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、任务分析</h3>
                    <p class="content">尖牙位于口腔前部,口角处,又称前牙,它的形态和功能密切相关,要想雕刻出完美的牙齿,首先要熟练掌握尖牙的表面解剖标志和功能。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        尖牙介于切牙和前磨牙之间,包括上颌尖牙及下颌尖牙共4颗,上颌尖牙体积总体大于下颌尖牙。因切端相对切牙来说有一明显而突出的牙尖,故名尖牙,也称犬牙或虎牙,有刺穿、撕裂食物的作用。其轮廓清楚,为恒牙中最长的牙。其唇面唇轴嵴较突出,牙根粗壮,对支撑双侧口角起着重要作用,特别是上颌尖牙,如缺失或位置异常,都可使鼻唇沟塌陷、变形、影响面部美观。它通常是口内保留时间最长的牙,能为固定义齿或活动义齿提供良好的支持作用。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        尖牙还有一个特殊的功能,即引导下颌运动。当下颌做侧方运动时上颌尖牙的舌面起引导作用。也就是说,只有工作侧的上、下尖牙接触,其余牙齿都脱离咬合,下颌运动顺畅,无干扰,并保护后牙,使其避免受力,这种现象被称为尖牙导向(canine
                        guidance),也有人把尖牙称为前方颌关节。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)上颌尖牙</p>
                    <p class="content">上颌尖牙:体积宽大,牙冠唇舌径明显大于近远中径,颈1/3近颈部处最厚,是全口牙中牙体和牙根最长的牙。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.牙冠</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)唇面:牙冠外形为五边形,牙冠长度大于牙冠宽度,牙尖偏近中,近中牙尖嵴短,远中牙尖嵴长。近中缘较平直,略有凹陷,远中缘圆突凹陷较明显,牙颈部的近远中径显著变窄。唇面明显突出,中部有唇轴嵴,该嵴将唇面分为近中唇斜面和远中唇斜面。唇面有3个生长叶,两条发育沟。近远中斜缘在牙尖顶处相交近似90°。唇面外形高点在中1/3与颈1/3交界处的唇轴嵴上,略偏向近中(图3-1)。
                    </p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;尖牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">
                        (2)舌面:牙冠外形为菱形,近中边缘嵴窄且长,远中边缘嵴较宽且短。舌隆突显著,略偏远中,为舌侧外形高点。边缘嵴与舌隆突衔接处有斜切迹。由牙尖至舌面隆突有舌轴嵴,其两侧有较短的副嵴,远中副嵴比近中副嵴大而显著(图3-2)。下颌做侧方运动时,上颌尖牙舌侧导向面较平直,可以使下颌快速下降,后牙脱离咬合,从而保护后牙不受侧向力损伤。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0089-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌尖牙唇面</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0089-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌尖牙舌面</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)邻面:外形为三角形,邻面观牙尖偏向唇侧,近中面宽大平坦,远中面狭小圆突,从远中面可以看到远中副嵴。近中面外形高点较远中面外形高点更近牙尖且更偏向唇侧(图3-3)。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (4)切端:牙尖由4个斜面组成,其中远中唇斜面大于近中唇斜面,远中舌斜面大于近中舌斜面。近中唇侧轴面角较锐,远中唇侧轴面角较圆钝,唇缘远中向舌侧方向倾斜(图3-4)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0089-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌尖牙邻面</p>
                            <p class="imgdescript">A.近中面;B.远中面。</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0089-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌尖牙切缘</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.牙根</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;粗壮的单根,是全口牙中最长者,一般根长明显大于冠长,最长者约为冠长的2倍。牙根唇舌径大于近远中径,近远中根面有浅的纵向凹陷,近中面的中央部有向根尖方向的嵴隆起。根颈1/3处横剖面为卵圆三角形,根尖段偏远中。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.牙颈</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;唇舌面牙颈线凸向根方。近远中面牙颈线凸向冠方,且近中颈曲度大于远中颈曲度。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)下颌尖牙</p>
                    <p class="content">下颌尖牙与上颌尖牙形态相似,较上颌尖牙窄而薄,牙体显得细长。</p>
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                <div class="header">
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                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.牙冠</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)唇面:外形似五边形,牙冠细长,牙尖偏向近中,近远中斜缘相交大于90°。近中缘平直,且与近中根面近乎直线移行,远中缘较近中缘短而圆突。唇轴嵴及发育沟不如上颌尖牙明显(图3-5)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)舌面:外形为菱形,舌窝浅,舌轴嵴不如上颌尖牙明显,偶见远中副嵴(约占50%)(图3-6)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0090-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌尖牙唇面</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0090-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌尖牙舌面</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)邻面:外形似三角形,唇舌径小于上颌尖牙。近中面较大且平坦,在牙颈部有浅的凹陷,远中面较小且圆突。牙尖顶在牙体长轴上。近远中面外形高点均在切1/3,近中面外形高点比远中面外形高点更近牙尖(图3-7)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (4)切端:近中轴面角锐利,远中轴面角圆钝,近中缘与远中缘的长度差小于上颌尖牙。远中唇侧轴面角比近中唇侧轴面角更偏向舌侧,唇缘远中向舌侧方向倾斜比上颌尖牙更显著(图3-8)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0090-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌尖牙邻面</p>
                            <p class="imgdescript">A.近中面;B.远中面。</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0090-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌尖牙切缘</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.牙根</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;单根,扁圆而细长,近远中根面上有较浅的纵向凹陷。近中根面与牙冠近中面几乎在同一平面上,根颈1/3处横切面为扁圆形,根尖段偏远中。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.牙颈</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;唇舌面牙颈线凸向根方。近远中面牙颈线凸向冠方,且近中颈曲度大于远中颈曲度。</p>
                    <p class="content">根据所学知识,在空格处填写解剖标志名称(图3-9)。</p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、任务实施</h3>
                </div>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;尖牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0091-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌尖牙唇面</p>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、任务评价</h3>
                    <p class="content">上颌尖牙牙体解剖形态描述评价见表3-1。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表3-1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌尖牙牙体解剖形态描述评价表</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0091-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0023-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="quotation">上颌尖牙和下颌尖牙的区别见表3-2。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表3-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌尖牙和下颌尖牙的区别</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0091-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务二&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;完成右上颌尖牙形态描绘</h2>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、任务导入</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        对尖牙形态描绘的练习,是进一步掌握牙体形态特征的有效途径,也能为牙体雕刻打下基础。前期已学习过右上颌中切牙牙体线图,和本次学习的右上颌尖牙形态有一定的相似性,然而,右上颌尖牙有明显、粗壮的牙尖,唇、舌面有明显的轴嵴,因此,本次课要求在学习中切牙的基础上,熟练掌握右上颌尖牙轴面图和切端图的线图特征(图3-10,表3-3)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0092-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌尖牙牙体线图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.切端。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表3-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌尖牙的比例规格&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;单位:mm</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0092-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;尖牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、任务分析</h3>
                    <p class="content">要完成右上颌尖牙牙体线图描绘这个任务,首先要读懂尖牙牙体线图,其次要掌握一定的绘图方法。详述如下。</p>
                    <p class="content">1.右上颌尖牙唇面、舌面线图认知要点见图3-11。上颌尖牙唇面、舌面比例或形态特点见表3-4。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0093-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-11&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;唇、舌面线图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">A.唇面;B.舌面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">注意:舌面有舌窝和边缘嵴结构,因此需要用曲线指示以和唇面区别。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表3-4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌尖牙唇面、舌面比例或形态特点</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0093-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">2.右上颌尖牙近中面、远中面线图认知要点见图3-12。上颌尖牙近中、远中面比例或形态特点见表3-5。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0094-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;近中、远中面线图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">A.近中面;B.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        注意:近中面线图舌侧约切1/4可见两条曲线,这是因为看到了牙冠舌面的舌轴嵴,实则靠近舌面边框的为舌轴嵴牙体线图,靠近唇面边框的为近中边缘嵴牙体线图;远中面线图舌侧约切1/3可见三条曲线,这是因为除了看到牙冠舌面的舌轴嵴,还有自远中看到了较高的近中边缘嵴,实则三条曲线由上到下依次为舌轴嵴牙体线图、近中边缘嵴牙体线图和远中边缘嵴牙体线图。
                    </p>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;尖牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="imgtitle">表3-5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌尖牙近中、远中面比例或形态特点</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0095-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">3.右上颌尖牙切端线图认知要点见图3-13。上颌尖牙切端比例或形态特点见表3-6。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0095-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切端线图</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表3-6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌尖牙切端比例或形态特点</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0095-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
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                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、任务实施</h3>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)实训器材的准备</p>
                    <p class="content">右上颌尖牙牙体模型、右上颌尖牙2倍大牙体线图、直尺、HB铅笔、橡皮擦、素描纸、透明硫酸纸等。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)右上颌尖牙线图绘制</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.右上颌尖牙唇面、舌面线图绘制(以唇面为例,图3-14)</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:绘制线框及中线和冠根分界线。①描绘唇面线图的宽度和长度,形成线框;②标记近远中的中线和冠根分界线。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①冠宽和冠长之比约3∶4;②冠长和根长之比约1∶1.7。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:确定关键点。①牙尖点;②近中外形高点;③远中外形高点;④近中冠根分界线;⑤远中冠根分界线;⑥牙颈线最低点;⑦根尖点。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①近中外形高点近切缘,远中外形高点低于近中外形高点;②根尖点在中线稍远中。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:绘制弧线。仔细观察牙齿线条走向,以步骤二提示的关键点绘制短弧线。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:使以上参照点成为弧线最突出的中心点。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:绘制其余线条。绘制弧线以外的牙体线条,完成牙体线图绘制。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①近、远中斜缘在牙尖顶处相交近90°;②牙颈线条内收较中切牙多。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0096-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-14&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌尖牙唇面线图</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.右上颌尖牙近中面、远中面线图绘制(以近中面为例,图3-15)</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:绘制线框、中线和冠根分界线。①描绘近中面线图的宽度和长度,形成线框;②标记唇舌冠厚的中线和冠根分界线。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①冠长和冠厚之比约5∶4;②冠长和根长之比约1∶1.7。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:确定关键点。①牙尖;②唇面外形高点;③舌面外形高点;④唇侧冠根分界线;⑤舌侧冠根分界线;⑥牙颈线最高点;⑦根尖点。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①舌侧外形高点稍高于唇侧外形高点;②牙尖、根尖点在中线唇侧;③牙颈线最高点在中线上。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:绘制弧线。仔细观察牙齿线条走向,以步骤二提示的关键点绘制短弧线。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:使以上参照点成为弧线最突出的中心点。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:绘制其余线条。绘制弧线以外的牙体线条,完成牙体线图绘制。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①唇侧外形高点至根尖点几成直线;②牙颈线条内收。</p>
 
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        <div class="page-box" page="88">
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;尖牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0097-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图3-15&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌尖牙近中面线图</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.右上颌尖牙切端线图绘制(图3-16)</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:绘制线框及中线。①描绘<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />面图的宽度和厚度,形成线框;②标记冠宽和冠厚的中线。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①冠宽比冠厚约1∶1,冠厚略大;②注意区分近中面和远中面。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:确定关键点。①唇侧外形高点;②舌侧外形高点;③近中外形高点;④远中外形高点;⑤切缘。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:①根据前面所学知识点准确定位关键点;②注意切缘在中线唇侧,呈翅形。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:绘制弧线。仔细观察牙齿线条走向,以步骤二提示的关键点绘制短弧线。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:使以上参照点成为弧线最突出的中心点。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:绘制其余线条。①绘制轴面外形高点线;②切缘;③绘制近远中边缘嵴。</p>
                    <p class="content">重点:仔细观察四个轴面角留白的形状和大小,进一步观察<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />切端线图。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0097-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图3-16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌尖牙<img class="s-pic"
                                src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />面线图</p>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、任务评价</h3>
                    <p class="content">上颌尖牙牙体线图各面形态描绘的评价标准见表3-7。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表3-7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌尖牙牙体线图评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0097-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
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        <div class="page-box" page="89">
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0023-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">尖牙唇面形态的轮廓与细节描绘</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">(一)上颌尖牙唇面形态的轮廓与细节描绘</p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        1.唇面形态&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;牙冠外形为五边形,牙冠长度大于牙冠宽度,牙尖偏向近中。近中牙尖嵴短,远中牙尖嵴长。中部有唇轴嵴,唇面有3个生长叶,两条发育沟介于3个生长叶之间。近、远中斜缘在牙尖顶处相交近似90°(图3-17A)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        2.描绘方法&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;找出牙尖点、近中切缘与近中面交界点、远中切缘与远中面交界点、牙颈部最低点等关键部位,描绘出牙体外形轮廓,其唇面的牙颈嵴、轴嵴、发育沟也可进行描绘。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">也可用透明硫酸纸进行描摹训练。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">(二)下颌尖牙唇面形态的轮廓与细节描绘</p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        1.唇面形态&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;外形似五边形,牙冠细长,牙尖偏向近中,两斜缘交角大于90°。近中缘平直,且与近中根面近于直线移行,远中缘较近中缘短且圆突。唇轴嵴及发育沟不如上颌尖牙明显,牙颈线凸向根方(图3-17B)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">下颌尖牙与上颌尖牙形态相似,较上颌尖牙窄而薄,牙体显得细长。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">2.描绘方法&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;同上颌尖牙。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0098-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-17&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;尖牙唇面形态</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.上颌尖牙唇面;B.下颌尖牙唇面。</p>
                    </div>
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        <div class="page-box" page="90">
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;尖牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;完成三倍大右上颌尖牙雕刻</h2>
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、任务导入</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        对上颌尖牙的雕刻练习,是掌握牙体形态特征的有效途径,有助于形成牙体形态的三维立体图像,为后续的专业课程打下形态学基础。按照放大三倍石膏牙雕刻要求,运用本节课的雕刻方法在石膏块上完成一颗三倍大右上颌尖牙雕刻。
                    </p>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、任务分析</h3>
                    <p class="content">要完成这个任务,需熟练掌握右上颌尖牙的形态特点,准确将三倍大右上颌尖牙线图描绘至石膏上,正确使用雕刻工具,从而顺利完成牙体雕刻。</p>
                    <p class="content">三倍大右上颌尖牙数据见表3-8。注意,在三倍大右上颌尖牙绘图及雕刻过程中,任意一面都不是单纯的平面,而是复杂的多个平面,在学习过程中,要有一定的空间思维能力。
                    </p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表3-8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌尖牙的比例规格&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;单位:mm</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0099-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、任务实施</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0099-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)实训器材的准备</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        77mm×25mm×25mm石膏块、三倍大右上颌尖牙数据表(表3-8)、三倍大右上颌尖牙线图(图3-18)、三倍大右上颌尖牙浮雕图(图3-19)、三倍大右上颌尖牙多面体线图(图3-20)石膏切刀、雕刻刀、直尺、红蓝铅笔、储水盆、橡胶垫板等。
                    </p>
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        <div class="page-box" page="91">
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0100-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-18&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌尖牙线图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.舌面多面体;F.外形多面体。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0100-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-19&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌尖牙浮雕图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.舌面多面体;F.外形多面体。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0100-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-20&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌尖牙多面体图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.舌面多面体;F.外形多面体。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)三倍大右上颌尖牙雕刻</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.三倍大右上颌尖牙雕刻——二面体的形成</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:标记石膏块的中线(图3-21)。</p>
                    <p class="content">用游标卡尺或者直尺测量出石膏块的宽度,用红蓝铅笔标记出石膏块的中线。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:红蓝铅笔不能太粗,可将笔芯直径削至0.5mm粗细。</p>
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        <div class="page-box" page="92">
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;尖牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:转移数据(图3-22)。</p>
                    <p class="content">根据放大三倍右上颌尖牙数据,在石膏块上标记出冠长、冠厚、根长。根据右上颌尖牙线图在石膏块上标记出牙尖顶点、唇面外形高点、舌面外形高点和牙根根尖位置。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:准确的数据是关键。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0101-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-21&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;标记中线</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0101-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-22&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;转移数据</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:描绘右上颌尖牙近中面初步形态(图3-23)。</p>
                    <p class="content">用红蓝铅笔根据右上颌尖牙线图的形态特点,用圆缓的曲线在石膏块上描绘出右上颌尖牙近中面的线图。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:上颌尖牙的牙尖位于牙体长轴的唇侧。除规定的点外,可以多标记几个点,那样可能会更加准确。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:去除线外多余的石膏(图3-24)。</p>
                    <p class="content">用石膏切刀去除近远中面线图以外多余石膏,二面体形成。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:去除石膏时切削至线条标记处,但是要保留线条。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0101-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-23&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;近中面线图</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0101-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-24&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;二面体形成图</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.三倍大右上颌尖牙雕刻——四面体的形成</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:标记石膏块的中线。</p>
                    <p class="content">用游标卡尺或者直尺测量出石膏块的宽度,用红蓝铅笔标记出石膏块的中线。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:红蓝铅笔不能太粗。</p>
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        <div class="page-box" page="93">
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:转移数据。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        根据放大三倍右上颌尖牙数据,在石膏块上标出冠长、冠宽、根长。根据右上颌尖牙线图在石膏块上标记出牙尖顶点,近中面外形高点、远中面外形高点、近远中面颈部最凹陷点和牙根根尖位置。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:准确的数据是关键。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:描绘右上颌尖牙唇面初步形态(图3-25)。</p>
                    <p class="content">用红蓝铅笔根据右上颌尖牙线图的形态特点,用圆缓的曲线在石膏块上描绘出右上颌尖牙唇面的线图。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:上颌尖牙的近尖角高,远尖角低,牙尖偏向近中。除规定的点外,可以多标记几个点,那样可能会更加准确。</p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:去除线外多余的石膏(图3-26)。</p>
                    <p class="content">用石膏切刀去除唇舌面线图以外多余石膏,四面体形成。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:去除石膏时切削至线条标记处,但是要保留线条。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0102-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-25&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;唇面描绘图</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0102-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-26&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四面体形成图</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.三倍大右上颌尖牙雕刻——多面体的形成(图3-27、图3-28)</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:形成唇面多面体。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        参考放大三倍右上颌尖牙多面体线图,在石膏牙唇面上描绘出多面体图形,根据阴影部分的深浅去除多余的石膏。唇面的阴影是去除石膏的面积,而去除石膏的厚度取决于近远中面的阴影部分的深浅。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:切削多面体时,不得损坏唇侧牙颈突度。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:形成舌面多面体。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        参考放大三倍右上颌尖牙多面体线图,在石膏牙舌面上描绘出多面体图形,根据阴影部分的深浅去除多余的石膏。注意:舌面去除石膏的面积取决于舌面阴影部分的面积,而去除石膏的厚度取决于近远中面的阴影部分的深浅。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:形成近远中面多面体。</p>
                    <p class="content">参考放大三倍右上颌尖牙多面体线图,在石膏牙近远中面上描绘出多面体图形,根据阴影部分的深浅去除多余的石膏。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:在完成唇舌轴面角的过程中,近远中面的石膏去除已经完成。</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">项目三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;尖牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:形成切端多面体。</p>
                    <p class="content">参考放大三倍右上颌尖牙多面体线图,在石膏牙切端面上描绘出多面体图形,根据阴影部分的深浅去除多余的石膏。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:上颌尖牙的近切角较高,远切角较低。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0103-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-27&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;多面体描绘图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.切缘。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0103-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-28&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;多面体切削完成图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.切缘。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.三倍大右上颌尖牙雕刻——四面成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:颈缘线的成形(图3-29、图3-30)。</p>
                    <p class="content">1)描绘勾勒牙颈线:在石膏棒上描绘牙颈线,检查合格后,用雕刻刀将牙颈线勾勒一周,注意深度适宜。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)形成台阶:在牙颈线上方1mm处画线,用雕刻刀沿该线从根方向冠方顺着牙颈线方向轻轻切割,形成浅的台阶。</p>
                    <p class="content">3)消除台阶:在牙颈线上方1mm处画线,用雕刻刀沿该线从冠方向根方顺着牙颈线方向轻轻消除台阶。</p>
                    <p class="content">4)形成牙颈线:用雕刻刀轻轻勾勒出清晰地牙颈线。</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
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                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0104-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-29&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颈缘线图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0104-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-30&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;颈缘初步成形后</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:唇面的成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        1)唇面牙根的成形(图3-31、图3-32)。参照浮雕图在石膏牙唇面牙根处描绘出唇面的最突出部分的连线,在牙根的近远中面描绘出近远中面的最突出部分的连线,根据最突出部分的斜面特点,也就是唇面牙根的形态结构特点,用石膏切刀采用横握式和直握式对唇面牙根进行大体形态的成形。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">注意:唇面牙根较圆突。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        2)唇面牙冠的成形。①形成颈缘突度:颈缘突度即从近远中面到唇面近颈缘部分的弧度,在形成颈缘突度时,必须参照浮雕图,并观察浮雕图近颈缘部的弧度,完成石膏的去除。②唇面轴嵴的形成:上颌尖牙的唇面有较为明显的唇轴嵴,参考浮雕图,描绘唇面最突出部分的连线,观察轴嵴两侧斜面的形态特点,并用雕刻刀仔细去除多余的石膏(图3-33、图3-34)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:舌面的成形(图3-35、图3-36)。</p>
                    <p class="content">1)舌面牙根的成形(方法参考唇面牙根的成形)。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:舌面牙根较隆突。</p>
 
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                        <span class="header-title">项目三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;尖牙形态与功能</span>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content">
                        2)舌窝的成形:①参考浮雕图,在浮雕图上画出舌面最突出部分的连线,这个最突出部分的连线实际也是舌面近远中边缘嵴与舌隆突的连线和切嵴的连线,我们称之为外侧线。转移上述最突出部分的连线至石膏牙相应的位置,外侧线的外侧去除相应的石膏,形成近远中边缘嵴的近远中斜面部分,同时注意修整近远中面舌1/3的形态。②参考浮雕图,发现上颌尖牙舌面除最突出部分的连线外,还有最凹陷的部分的连线,我们称之为内侧面,描绘并去除两内侧线之间的石膏,形成舌窝部分。③去除外侧线与内侧线之间多余的石膏,形成近远中边缘嵴的舌窝面部分。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0105-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-31&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;唇面牙根成形前</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.近中面;C.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0105-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-32&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;唇面牙根成形后</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.近中面;C.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0105-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-33&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;唇面成形前</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0105-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-34&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;唇面成形后</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
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                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0106-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-35&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;舌面成形前</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0106-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-36&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;舌面成形后</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:近远中面的成形。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        参考浮雕图,描绘出浮雕图上近远中面最突出部分的连线。根据浮雕图上斜面的特点,在石膏牙上去除多余的石膏,形成近远中面的形态,注意近远中面接触区的形态特点(图3-37、图3-38)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0106-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;近远中面成形前</p>
                            <p class="imgdescript">A.近中面;B.远中面。</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0106-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-38&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;近远中面成形后</p>
                            <p class="imgdescript">A.近中面;B.远中面。</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(5)步骤五:切缘的成形(图3-39)。</p>
                    <p class="content">1)参考浮雕图,描绘切缘形态,注意切缘的厚度。</p>
                    <p class="content">2)切缘形态切削成形,根据浮雕图对各轴面切1/3的形态进行修整。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:上颌尖牙的切缘有一定的厚度,在成形切缘时一定注意切缘观唇舌面的特点,并适当地进行修整。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0106-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切缘形成前后对比</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.切缘成形前;B.切缘成形后。</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">项目三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;尖牙形态与功能</span>
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                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.三倍大右上颌尖牙雕刻——精雕完成(图3-40)</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:唇面发育沟的修整。</p>
                    <p class="content">仔细观察右上颌尖牙唇面浮雕图上两条发育沟的形态和位置,在石膏牙相应的位置用红蓝铅笔进行准确的描绘,用雕刻刀进行修整。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:唇面发育沟是牙在生长发育过程中形成的浅沟,所以该发育沟与唇面的融合度非常高,发育沟两侧的斜面斜度非常大。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:轴面颈缘线的修整。</p>
                    <p class="content">再次准确的修整颈缘线,用雕刻刀在颈缘线上下进行切削,以使牙冠和牙根衔接自然。</p>
                    <p class="content">注意:上颌尖牙的颈缘线为连续的圆缓的曲线。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:修饰牙体表面。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        在四面成形的基础上,用雕刻刀采用执笔式从根尖或从切端对牙体表面进行润饰,力求牙根表面光滑,牙根的近中面较远中面大,近中面牙根有较为明显的纵行隆突牙根唇面宽于舌面,唇面相对较平坦,舌面窄小圆凸。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:牙体表面流畅性的检查。</p>
                    <p class="content">检查石膏牙各轴面的外形高点、邻接点、凹凸衔接的自然程度。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0107-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-40&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;雕刻完成图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.切端。</p>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、任务评价</h3>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表3-9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌尖牙石膏牙雕刻评价标准</p>
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                        <span class="header-title">项目三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;尖牙形态与功能</span>
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                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">放大三倍右下颌尖牙雕刻</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        在牙体修复的实际工作场景中,精准掌握各类牙体形态特点至关重要。尖牙组作为前牙的关键组合,除大家熟悉的上颌尖牙外,还包括下颌尖牙,且各个牙位均左右对称分布,各有一颗。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        此前,同学们已深入学习了最具典型性的上颌尖牙雕刻知识与技巧,然而,在日常实践操作里,下颌尖牙的形态恢复也非常重要。为切实强化同学们在本学习任务中对尖牙组不同牙位形态雕刻的全方位理解,提升实操动手能力,同时着力培养大家的自我探究精神,现布置如下实践任务。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        请同学们灵活运用之前所学的放大三倍右上颌尖牙雕刻方法及详细步骤,紧密结合提供的右下颌尖牙线图(图3-41)、浮雕图(图3-42)及多面体图(图3-43),并依据表3-10中精准的三倍大下颌尖牙数据,雕刻出一颗放大三倍的右下颌尖牙。在完成雕刻作品后,总结归纳上颌尖牙与下颌尖牙在形态方面存在的显著差异,通过对比分析深化对两种牙齿形态特点的认知,为未来应对复杂多变的口腔修复工作筑牢坚实基础。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0109-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-41&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌尖牙线图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.切缘。</p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0109-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-42&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌尖牙浮雕图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.切缘。</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
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                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0110-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-43&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右下颌尖牙多面体图</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.舌面多面体;F.外形多面体。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表3-10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下颌尖牙的比例规格&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;单位:mm</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0110-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务四&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;完成等倍大右上颌尖牙牙体雕刻</h2>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、任务导入</h3>
                    <p class="content">完成三倍大右上颌尖牙雕刻后,在规定的时间内按照等倍石膏牙雕刻模型、数据、线图、多面体图、浮雕图,规范安全的操作基础上,在石膏块上完成一颗等倍大右上颌尖牙雕刻。
                    </p>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;尖牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、任务分析</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        要完成这个任务,需对右上颌尖牙的形态熟练掌握,并能准确地描绘等倍大右上颌尖牙线图,等倍大牙体雕刻较三倍大牙体雕刻更为精细、难度较大,因此,要求学习者操作更为严谨、认真。</p>
                    <p class="content">等倍大右上颌尖牙雕刻是指按照1∶1右上颌尖牙数据(表3-11)进行的上颌尖牙牙体雕刻。注意,上颌尖牙的任意一面都是不是单纯的平面,而是复杂的多面体。</p>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表3-11&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌尖牙的比例规格&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;单位:mm</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0111-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、任务实施</h3>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)实训器材的准备</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        右上颌尖牙线图、等倍大右上颌尖牙雕刻模型1套、石膏块(15mm×15mm×55mm)、石膏切刀、雕刻刀、绘图铅笔、红蓝铅笔、游标卡尺、直尺、毛刷、储水盆、橡胶垫板等。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)等倍大右上颌尖牙雕刻</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.等倍大右上颌尖牙雕刻——石膏框架成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)步骤一:绘制框架及标志线、切削框架成形。用游标卡尺测量等倍大右上颌尖牙雕刻模型的冠长、冠宽、冠厚、根长,在石膏块上,用游标卡尺轻轻刻出各面的冠根分界线和中轴线,绘制牙体外形框架(图3-44)。用石膏切刀切掉框线以外的石膏,先修整平行的两侧,再修整另外两侧,四周应平整(图3-45)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">要求:雕刻等倍大右上颌尖牙的牙体总长是冠长加根长的总和。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:确定基准面。参照模型和牙线图确定唇面、舌面、近中面、远中面和切缘面。</p>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0112-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-44&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;绘制框架</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0112-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-45&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切削框架成形</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.等倍大右上颌尖牙雕刻——二面体成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)步骤一:描绘唇舌面外形。参照等倍大右上颌尖牙雕刻模型和右上颌尖牙线图,将模型唇舌面与石膏块重合,在石膏块的唇舌面标出牙尖顶的位置,将所测牙颈宽数据转移到石膏块上,参照右上颌尖牙雕刻模型的唇舌面轮廓外形,描绘出唇舌面的牙体外形线(图3-46)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">要求:转移的参照点要准确,唇舌面的牙体外形线应为细线且线条流畅。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:唇舌面切削成形。用石膏切刀沿唇舌面边缘线上下推拉切削,形成唇舌面外形(图3-47)。</p>
                    <p class="content">要求:不得损坏外形高点的突度,恰好切到线,不要切掉线,轴面外形轮廓需与右上颌尖牙线图一致。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0112-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-46&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘唇舌面外形</p>
                            <p class="imgdescript">A.唇面;B.舌面。</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0112-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-47&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;二面体成形</p>
                            <p class="imgdescript">A.唇面;B.舌面。</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.等倍大右上颌尖牙雕刻——四面体成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)步骤一:描绘近远中面外形。参照等倍大右上颌尖牙雕刻模型和右上颌尖牙线图,将模型近中面、远中面与石膏块重合,在石膏块的近远中面标出牙尖顶的位置,将所测牙颈厚数据转移到石膏块上,参照右上颌尖牙模型的近远中轮廓外形,描绘近远中面的牙体外形线(图3-48)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">要求:同二面体描绘。</p>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;尖牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0113-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-48&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;描绘近远中面外形</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">A.近中面;B.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:近远中面切削成形。用石膏切刀沿近远中边缘线上下推拉切削,形成近远中面外形(图3-49)。</p>
                    <p class="content">要求:同二面体成形。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0113-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-49&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四面体成形</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">4.等倍大右上颌尖牙雕刻——多面体成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)步骤一:正确描绘多面体的各个轴面。参照右上颌尖牙雕刻模型切端面观,在石膏块上画出多面体外形的边缘线与中轴线的角度,各个轴面最突出部分的连线,冠根分界线与外形高点之间的连线(图3-50)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0113-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">图3-50&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切端面与多面体的位置关系参照图</p>
                    </div>
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                <div class="header">
                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:切削多面体。按照多面体边缘线切削各斜面,最终形成多面体(图3-51)。</p>
                    <p class="content">要求:切削多面体时,不得损坏唇侧牙颈突度。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0114-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-51&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;多面体成形</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.等倍大右上颌尖牙雕刻——四面成形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)步骤一:唇面成形。参照模型,修整唇面外形。注意近中缘与远中缘外展的角度不同,与近中斜缘和远中斜缘形成的角度也不同,近远中外形高点到牙颈部处略微内收。参照模型在唇面描绘出2条发育沟,注意不宜雕刻太深,发育沟的凹陷需与周围突出部分流畅连接。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        要求:从唇面观察,牙冠外形为五边形,牙尖偏向近中。近中缘较平直,略有凹陷,远中缘圆突,凹陷较明显。从牙尖顶面观察,近唇轴面角锐利,远唇轴面角圆钝,唇侧近中缘高于远中缘。唇侧近远中缘需与唇侧颈缘及唇轴嵴流畅连接(图3-52)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:舌面成形。参照模型,标记出近远中边缘嵴、舌隆突、舌轴嵴和舌窝的位置。用雕刻刀修整,形成舌窝的凹陷特征。雕刻近远中边缘嵴时,注意走向、宽度和高度。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">
                        要求:近中边缘嵴锐利,远中边缘嵴圆钝,舌面近中边缘嵴窄,远中边缘嵴略宽,舌侧近中边缘嵴高于远中边缘嵴。舌隆突需与舌侧近远中边缘嵴及舌轴嵴、近远中牙颈线流畅连接;舌窝不宜过深(图3-53)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0114-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-52&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;唇面成形</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0114-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-53&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;舌面成形</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">
                        (3)步骤三:邻面成形。描绘出舌侧近远中边缘嵴,用雕刻刀从近远中轴面角起,沿外形高点下方由唇侧向舌侧平直内收,直到舌侧近远中边缘嵴附近,牙根需与牙冠流畅连接(图3-54)。</p>
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;尖牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0115-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-54&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;邻面成形</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript">A.近中面;B.远中面。</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">6.等倍大右上颌尖牙雕刻——切端成形</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;从切端面观察,与模型牙比较,进一步调整唇、舌面外形。需注意牙尖的厚度,调整牙尖嵴的外形(图3-55)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t30" src="../../assets/images/0115-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-55&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切端成形</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">7.等倍大右上颌尖牙雕刻——牙颈线成形</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;参照模型,用铅笔在石膏块各面描绘出颈曲线,然后用雕刻刀与石膏块牙冠表面成45°角进行牙颈线的雕刻,调整牙冠与牙根的形态。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">要求:近中颈曲度大于远中颈曲度,唇侧牙颈线不得低于舌侧。颈线各处的宽度、深度需协调一致,流畅连接。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">8.等倍大右上颌尖牙雕刻——精修完成</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;对照模型,检查各部分尺寸,精修完成(图3-56)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0115-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript-b">图3-56&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;精修完成</p>
                        <p class="imgdescript-l">A.唇面;B.舌面;C.近中面;D.远中面;E.切端。</p>
                    </div>
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                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、任务评价</h3>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表3-12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌尖牙石膏牙雕刻评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0116-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
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                <div class="header-container">
                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;尖牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0117-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0023-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">尖牙导向</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">
                        1.尖牙导向&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;是指下颌进行侧方运动时,仅尖牙接触并引导运动轨迹,其他牙齿(如前牙或后牙)不参与咬合。这种引导作用确保下颌运动的流畅性和咬合稳定性。尖牙导向确保下颌运动的精确性和协调性,依赖尖牙的斜面形态与牙周支持。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">2.尖牙导向功能&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;①提供平滑的侧方运动路径,避免其他牙齿的干扰;②在咀嚼时减少非功能性接触,防止牙齿过度磨损。
                    </p>
                    <p class="quotation">3.尖牙导向局限性&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;①若尖牙牙周条件差或形态异常,可能导致咬合不稳定;②部分患者可能更适合“组牙功能<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />”。</p>
                    <p class="quotation">总之,应根据患者牙列状况、<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />力分布及美观需求,选择尖牙保护<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />、组牙功能<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />或其他咬合模式。</p>
                    <h2 class="secondTitle">任务五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;完成牙列中等倍大右上颌尖牙滴蜡塑形</h2>
 
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">一、任务导入</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        尖牙位于口角牙弓转折的位置,发挥着切割、穿透和撕裂食物,运动导向及支撑口角等重要功能。尖牙的导向功能主要是指在下颌做侧方运动时,下颌尖牙的远中唇斜面可以沿着上颌尖牙近中舌斜面向侧下滑行,运动的过程中只有工作侧的上、下颌尖牙接触,其余牙齿都脱离咬合,这样可以减轻后牙的磨耗,从而保护牙颌系统的健康。在口腔医学教学与实践中,深入理解尖牙的形态与功能对于保护口腔健康至关重要,同时口腔健康和美学方面,尖牙的健康状态对于维持面部轮廓和微笑美观也至关重要。因此,在进行口腔修复或正畸治疗时,应充分考虑尖牙的保护和功能恢复。
                    </p>
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                    <div class="header-divider"></div>
                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">二、任务分析</h3>
                    <p class="content">
                        完成这个任务要掌握上颌尖牙的形态特点,包括其牙冠的长度、宽度,牙尖的形态和位置等,这将有助于我们在滴蜡塑形时更准确地捕捉其外形。其次,掌握尖牙的功能特性,如其在咀嚼过程中的作用,以及它在口腔中的位置和与其他牙齿的相互关系,这对于我们塑造出既美观又实用的尖牙模型至关重要。在滴蜡过程中,温度的控制是关键。蜡的温度过高会导致其流动性过强,难以塑形;温度过低则会使蜡变得过硬,不易操作。因此,需要反复练习,以掌握最佳的蜡温。同时,滴塑的方法流程也需要熟练掌握,包括如何滴蜡、如何塑造、如何修整等步骤,每一步都需要细致入微,以确保最终塑造出的尖牙模型符合实际要求。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">通过反复练习和不断改进,我们可以逐渐提高自己在滴蜡塑形方面的技能水平,为未来的口腔修复或正畸治疗打下坚实的基础。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">1.右上颌尖牙形态</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;详见本项目任务一。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">2.尖牙的功能</span></p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (1)尖牙位于口角处,牙冠较直,且唇颈嵴、唇轴嵴突出,牙根粗壮,故对支撑口角维持面部的丰满度有重要作用。特别是上颌尖牙缺失或错位萌出,都可使鼻唇沟塌陷或变形而影响美观。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)尖牙保护<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />:以尖牙作支撑,对其他牙齿起到保护作用。特点:正中关系<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />与正中<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />协调;侧方咬合运动时,工作侧只有尖牙保持接触,非工作侧牙齿不接触;在做前伸咬合运动时,上下颌前牙切缘相对接触,后牙不接触。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)尖牙的有利条件:①尖牙具有适合制导的舌面窝,可导致<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />力趋于轴向;②根长且粗大,支持力强;③尖牙位居牙弓前部,在咀嚼时构成第Ⅲ类杠杆,能抵御较大的咀嚼力;④牙周膜感受器丰富,对刺激敏感,能及时调整反应。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">3.上颌尖牙代型要求</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)牙尖:分别于牙尖顶和近、远中斜缘均匀去除石膏(牙体组织)1.5~2.0mm。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)唇面:均匀去除唇面石膏(牙体组织)1.0~1.5mm石膏(牙体组织)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)舌面:沿舌面解剖外形均匀去除唇面石膏(牙体组织)1.0~1.5mm。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (4)邻面:沿牙邻面颊舌向潜行性磨除,不断矫正磨除方向,直至预备出足够的间隙。磨切时应注意邻面预备方向与就位道一致,2个邻面轴壁方向相互平行或向切端聚合2°~5°。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)肩台:用雕刻刀往龈下0.5mm处将唇、邻、舌面牙颈部预备成宽度约1mm的90°或135°肩台(不可残留无机釉)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(6)代型外形轮廓与尖牙近似,前伸与侧方运动均没有<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />干扰,保证咬合时,牙齿与各个方向不会早接触,影响咀嚼和切咬食物。在实际修复运用中去除石膏(牙体组织)的量可根据患者牙体颜色、所选择修复材料等进行调整。</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;尖牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.上颌尖牙牙体滴塑的操作流程</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌尖牙滴塑操作流程见图3-57。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0119-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-57&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上颌尖牙滴塑操作流程</p>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">三、任务实施</h3>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t30" src="../../assets/images/0117-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(一)实训器材的准备</p>
                    <p class="content">右上颌尖牙牙体预备完成代型、滴蜡器、蜡、熔蜡器、标记笔、直尺、软毛刷、雕刻刀等。</p>
                    <p class="poemtitle-l">(二)右上颌尖牙滴蜡塑形</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">1.右上颌尖牙滴蜡塑形——涂分离剂</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在上颌尖牙预备体表面均匀涂布一层分离剂,达过颈缘线2mm以下,多余部分可用吸水纸除去(图2-74)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">2.右上颌尖牙滴蜡塑形——堆内衬蜡</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;分离剂干燥后,画出代型颈缘线。手持代型,切端朝下,用加热好的滴蜡器蘸取适量内衬蜡,厚度约为0.3mm,从颈缘根方1mm处向切端纵向移动加蜡,重复数次,直至内衬蜡均匀覆盖整个牙体预备的区域(图2-75、图2-76)。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content">注意:加第二刀蜡时应覆盖前一刀蜡宽度的1/2,以保证蜡衔接良好。内衬蜡的主要作用是有利于冠和代型的密合,同时也因为内衬蜡的黏度大、脆性小,有利于脱模。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">3.右上颌尖牙滴蜡塑形——画辅助线</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用标记笔分别画出唇面颈曲线顶点和牙尖顶的连线、邻面颈曲线顶点和切角的连线,帮助确定牙尖顶、近、远中切角的位置。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">4.右上颌尖牙滴蜡塑形——牙尖顶成形</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;测量参照牙的牙尖顶到唇面颈曲线顶点的距离,确定制作牙尖顶的高度。尖牙牙尖顶偏近中,用电蜡刀蘸取雕刻蜡,在代型切缘所画辅助线的位置堆蜡,形成蜡柱。测量蜡柱顶端到颈曲线顶点的距离,应与参照牙一致(图3-58)。
                    </p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0119-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-58&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;堆塑牙尖蜡柱</p>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">5.右上颌尖牙滴蜡塑形——切缘塑形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:形成近、远中切角。分别测量近、远中切角与牙尖顶、邻面颈曲线顶点的距离,确定切角的位置,与参照牙一致(图3-59)。</p>
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                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:形成近、远中斜缘。近中斜缘短,远中斜缘长,两斜缘在牙尖顶处相交成90°角(图3-60)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0120-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-59&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成近、远中切角</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0120-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-60&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成近、远中斜缘</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">6.右上颌尖牙滴蜡塑形——唇面塑形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:形成唇面颈部外形高点。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:形成近、远中缘。近、远中缘构成尖牙的唇面轮廓,决定着牙齿视觉上的大小。近中缘曲率小于远中缘曲率(图3-61)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:形成唇轴嵴。用雕刻蜡连接颈部外形高点与牙尖顶,形成唇轴嵴。唇轴嵴的中部稍向近中弯曲,呈弓形(图3-62)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0120-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-61&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成近、远中缘</p>
                        </div>
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                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0120-04.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-62&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成唇轴嵴</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(4)步骤四:形成近、远中唇斜面。近中唇斜面小而突,远中唇斜面大而平,在远中颈部有一浅的凹陷(图3-63)。</p>
                    <div class="qrbodyPic">
                        <img class="openImgBox t50" src="../../assets/images/0120-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                        <p class="imgdescript">图3-63&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成近、远中唇斜面</p>
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                    <div class="header-content">
                        <span class="header-title">项目三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;尖牙形态与功能</span>
                        <img class="cs" src="../../assets/images/yuan.png" alt="" />
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                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">7.右上颌尖牙滴蜡塑形——舌面塑形</span></p>
                    <p class="content">(1)步骤一:形成舌隆突(图3-64)。</p>
                    <p class="content">(2)步骤二:形成近、远中边缘嵴。近、远中边缘嵴分别与对<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />牙形成咬合接触。近中边缘嵴长而直,远中边缘嵴粗短,且曲率较大(图3-65)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0121-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-64&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成舌隆突</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0121-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-65&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成近、远中边缘嵴</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content">(3)步骤三:形成舌轴嵴。用电蜡刀蘸取雕刻蜡从牙尖顶向舌隆突方向堆蜡,形成舌轴峭,把舌窝分为近中舌窝和远中舌窝(图3-66)。</p>
                    <p class="content">
                        (4)步骤四:形成切嵴。用加热的滴蜡器蘸取雕刻蜡,在近中斜缘舌侧从近中切角开始,向远中斜向牙尖顶堆蜡,形成近中牙尖嵴。同样方法形成远中牙尖嵴。近、远中牙尖嵴相交于牙尖顶形成切嵴。</p>
                    <p class="content">(5)步骤五:完成舌面形态。在舌面框架内填蜡,完成舌面形态。上颌尖牙舌窝不如上颌中切牙内凹明显,这使尖牙呈明显的尖锥状,适合于穿透食物。</p>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">8.右上颌尖牙滴蜡塑形——邻面塑形</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在邻面框架内,堆雕刻蜡填充。近中面平直,外形高点距切角较近;远中面稍圆突,外形高点切角相远。
                    </p>
                    <p class="content"><span class="bold">9.右上颌尖牙滴蜡塑形——咬合检查</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;代型复位至<img
                            class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />架,检查咬合关系,下颌尖牙的远中牙尖嵴咬合于上颌尖牙的近中边缘嵴,下颌第一前磨牙颊尖的近中牙尖嵴咬合于上颌尖牙的远中边缘嵴(图3-67)。</p>
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0121-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-66&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;形成舌轴嵴</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0121-06.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-67&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;咬合检查</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <p class="content"><span
                            class="bold">10.右上颌尖牙滴蜡塑形——精修</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;用雕刻刀修整蜡型,用手帕轻轻擦拭表面(图3-68、图3-69)。
                    </p>
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                    <span class="header-right">牙体形态与功能</span>
                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
                    <div class="image-row1">
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0122-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-68&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;精修完成——唇面</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="qrbodyPic">
                            <img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0122-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                            <p class="imgdescript">图3-69&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;精修完成——舌面</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <h3 class="thirdTitle">四、任务评价</h3>
                    <p class="imgtitle">表3-13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右上颌尖牙蜡型滴塑评价标准</p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0122-03.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
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                        <span class="header-title">项目三&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;尖牙形态与功能</span>
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                </div>
                <div class="bodystyle">
 
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0123-01.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="t80" src="../../assets/images/0023-02.jpg" alt="" active="true" /></div>
                    <p class="center"><span class="bold">尖牙保护<img class="s-pic" src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                                alt="" />对其他牙齿的保护作用</span></p>
                    <p class="quotation">下颌进行侧向咬合运动时,工作侧只有上下颌尖牙保持接触,非工作侧牙齿不接触。尖牙保护<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png" alt="" />在咀嚼过程中能够有效分散<img class="s-pic"
                            src="../../assets/images/0009_01.png"
                            alt="" />力,保护其他牙齿免受过大压力的影响。在形成上颌尖牙与下颌尖牙及第一前磨牙的接触关系时,可以用红蜡将这两处接触点加高,一直到与下颌尖牙的远中牙尖嵴和下颌第一前磨牙的近中牙尖嵴形成咬合接触,并修整接触点外形。
                    </p>
                    <div class="bodyPic"><img class="openImgBox t80" src="../../assets/images/0123-05.jpg" alt="" active="true" />
                    </div>
                    <p class="right-info">(李少华&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;黄蓉&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;周子善)</p>
                </div>
                <div class="footer-container">105</div>
            </div>
        </div>
 
    </div>
</template>
 
 
<script>
export default {
    name: "chapterThree",
    props: {
        showPageList: {
            type: Array,
        },
        data() {
            return {};
        },
    },
};
</script>
 
<style></style>